[ { "id": "fire", "name": "火", "nameEn": "Fire", "wikiEn": "Control of fire by early humans", "aliases": [ "用火", "控制火", "Control of fire" ], "year": -300000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hearth", "cooking", "fire_drill" ], "desc": "人类主动控制并使用火，取暖、照明、熟食与防御的文明基石。" }, { "id": "spear", "name": "长矛", "nameEn": "Spear", "wikiEn": "Spear", "aliases": [ "Schöningen spears", "木矛" ], "year": -300000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hafting", "bow_and_arrow", "spear_thrower" ], "desc": "削尖或加石镞的长柄刺击武器，最古老的狩猎兵器之一。" }, { "id": "stone_tools", "name": "打制石器", "nameEn": "Stone tools", "wikiEn": "Stone tool", "aliases": [ "旧石器", "Oldowan", "奥杜威石器" ], "year": -300000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hand_axe", "levallois_technique", "ground_stone" ], "desc": "以敲击打制石片制成的最早工具，人类物质技术的开端。" }, { "id": "hafting", "name": "装柄术", "nameEn": "Hafting", "wikiEn": "Hafting", "aliases": [ "装柄", "复合工具", "安柄" ], "year": -280000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "adhesive", "spear" ], "desc": "将石尖石刃固定到木柄上的装柄技术，造出复合工具。" }, { "id": "woodworking", "name": "木工", "nameEn": "Woodworking", "wikiEn": "Woodworking", "aliases": [ "木材加工" ], "year": -280000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "adze", "axe", "boat_canoe" ], "desc": "加工木材以制造器具、矛杆与建筑构件的工艺。" }, { "id": "cooking", "name": "烹饪", "nameEn": "Cooking", "wikiEn": "Cooking", "aliases": [ "熟食", "火烤" ], "year": -260000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fire" ], "related": [ "bread", "earth_oven" ], "desc": "用火加热熟食，提升营养吸收与食物安全。" }, { "id": "hand_axe", "name": "手斧", "nameEn": "Hand axe", "wikiEn": "Hand axe", "aliases": [ "阿舍利手斧", "Acheulean", "Biface", "两面器" ], "year": -250000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "levallois_technique" ], "desc": "阿舍利文化两面打制的泪滴状手斧，沿用逾百万年。" }, { "id": "hearth", "name": "火塘", "nameEn": "Hearth", "wikiEn": "Hearth", "aliases": [ "壁炉", "灶坑" ], "year": -250000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fire" ], "related": [ "cooking", "oven" ], "desc": "固定生火的火塘，控制用火与群居生活的中心。" }, { "id": "levallois_technique", "name": "勒瓦娄哇技法", "nameEn": "Levallois technique", "wikiEn": "Levallois technique", "aliases": [ "预制石核技术", "Prepared-core technique" ], "year": -250000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "stone_blade" ], "desc": "预制石核以打出预定形状石片的莫斯特打片技法。" }, { "id": "adhesive", "name": "胶黏剂", "nameEn": "Adhesive", "wikiEn": "Adhesive", "aliases": [ "Birch tar", "桦树焦油", "胶水" ], "year": -200000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hafting", "bitumen" ], "desc": "蒸馏桦树皮制取焦油以黏合工具，已知最早胶黏剂。" }, { "id": "bedding", "name": "寝具", "nameEn": "Bedding", "wikiEn": "Bed", "aliases": [ "草席床铺", "Bed", "草垫" ], "year": -200000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hut" ], "desc": "以灰烬草类铺设的寝具，改善睡眠与居住卫生。" }, { "id": "food_storage", "name": "食物储存", "nameEn": "Food storage", "wikiEn": "Food storage", "aliases": [ "储粮", "食物贮藏" ], "year": -200000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "basket", "grain_storage", "food_preservation" ], "desc": "窖藏、埋藏或容器封存余粮，应对饥荒的生存技术。" }, { "id": "scraper", "name": "刮削器", "nameEn": "Scraper", "wikiEn": "Scraper (archaeology)", "aliases": [ "石刮削器" ], "year": -200000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "leather", "bone_tool" ], "desc": "用于刮削兽皮、木材的石制刮削器。" }, { "id": "bone_tool", "name": "骨器", "nameEn": "Bone tool", "wikiEn": "Bone tool", "aliases": [ "骨制工具", "角器" ], "year": -120000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "sewing_needle", "awl", "harpoon", "flute" ], "desc": "以动物骨角制作的锥、针、鱼叉等器具。" }, { "id": "leather", "name": "皮革", "nameEn": "Leather", "wikiEn": "Leather", "aliases": [ "Hide", "鞣制皮革", "History of hide materials" ], "year": -120000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "scraper" ], "related": [ "clothing", "tent", "shoe" ], "desc": "经刮制鞣制的兽皮，制衣搭棚的重要材料。" }, { "id": "beads", "name": "串珠", "nameEn": "Beads", "wikiEn": "Bead", "aliases": [ "珠子", "贝壳珠", "Nassarius beads" ], "year": -100000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "ochre", "rock_art" ], "desc": "贝壳兽牙制成的串珠，最早的装饰与身份符号。" }, { "id": "clothing", "name": "缝制衣物", "nameEn": "Clothing", "wikiEn": "Clothing", "aliases": [ "衣服", "衣物", "History of clothing and textiles" ], "year": -100000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "leather" ], "related": [ "sewing_needle", "shoe" ], "desc": "以皮革毛皮缝制衣物，助人类进入寒冷地带。" }, { "id": "kinship_system", "name": "氏族与亲属组织", "nameEn": "Kinship organization", "wikiEn": "Kinship", "aliases": [ "亲属制度", "氏族组织", "clan", "lineage" ], "year": -100000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "旧石器时代中期的亲属称谓与社会结构，靠民族学与考古证据推定", "era": "prehistory", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "band_society", "marriage", "exogamy" ], "desc": "以血缘姻亲界定成员身份、互助与责任的最早社会组织，是一切治理规则的起点。" }, { "id": "language", "name": "语言", "nameEn": "Language", "wikiEn": "Language", "aliases": [ "Origin of language", "言语", "有声语言" ], "year": -100000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rock_art", "tally_stick" ], "desc": "有声语言形成，知识与文化得以代际传承。" }, { "id": "ochre", "name": "赭石颜料", "nameEn": "Ochre", "wikiEn": "Ochre", "aliases": [ "赭石", "红赭石", "Red ochre", "颜料" ], "year": -100000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rock_art", "dyeing", "cosmetics" ], "desc": "研磨赭石制成红色颜料，用于绘画与身体装饰。" }, { "id": "oral_tradition", "name": "口传知识体系", "nameEn": "Oral tradition", "wikiEn": "Oral tradition", "aliases": [ "口耳相传", "口头传统" ], "year": -100000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "文字出现前唯一可靠的知识代际传递通道", "era": "prehistory", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "kinship_system" ], "desc": "以韵文、歌谣与仪式背诵保存技艺谱系与法度，是文字之前的存储系统。" }, { "id": "harpoon", "name": "鱼叉", "nameEn": "Harpoon", "wikiEn": "Harpoon", "aliases": [ "骨鱼叉", "倒刺鱼叉" ], "year": -90000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bone_tool" ], "related": [ "fish_hook", "fishing_net", "boat_canoe" ], "desc": "带倒刺的骨制鱼叉，用于刺捕大鱼与水生动物。" }, { "id": "band_society", "name": "游群社会", "nameEn": "Band society", "wikiEn": "Band society", "aliases": [ "血族群团", "游婚群体" ], "year": -80000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以数十人流动群体为单位的采集狩猎组织形态", "era": "prehistory", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kinship_system" ], "related": [ "gerontocracy", "consensus_decision_making" ], "desc": "小型流动群体依靠亲缘与互惠维持秩序，是人类长期存在的最原始政治单元。" }, { "id": "raft", "name": "木筏", "nameEn": "Raft", "wikiEn": "Raft", "aliases": [ "筏", "筏子" ], "year": -80000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodworking" ], "related": [ "boat_canoe", "reed_boat" ], "desc": "捆扎原木而成的木筏，最早的水上运载工具之一。" }, { "id": "stone_blade", "name": "石叶", "nameEn": "Blade", "wikiEn": "Blade (archaeology)", "aliases": [ "石刃", "bladelet" ], "year": -70000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "microlith", "burin" ], "desc": "细长规则的石叶，一石核可产出多件刃具。" }, { "id": "microlith", "name": "细石器", "nameEn": "Microlith", "wikiEn": "Microlith", "aliases": [ "细石叶", "几何细石器" ], "year": -65000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stone_blade" ], "related": [ "sickle", "bow_and_arrow" ], "desc": "细小几何形石刃，嵌于木骨作箭镞与镰刃。" }, { "id": "bow_and_arrow", "name": "弓箭", "nameEn": "Bow and arrow", "wikiEn": "Bow and arrow", "aliases": [ "Bow", "Arrow", "弓矢" ], "year": -64000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "woodworking" ], "related": [ "spear", "sling_weapon", "domestic_dog" ], "desc": "以弓蓄能发射箭矢的远程武器，革新狩猎与战争。" }, { "id": "rock_art", "name": "岩画", "nameEn": "Rock art", "wikiEn": "Rock art", "aliases": [ "洞穴壁画", "Cave painting", "岩刻", "Petroglyph" ], "year": -62000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ochre" ], "related": [ "venus_figurine", "star_chart", "language" ], "desc": "绘刻于岩壁的图像，人类最早的符号表达之一。" }, { "id": "sewing_needle", "name": "缝衣针", "nameEn": "Sewing needle", "wikiEn": "Sewing needle", "aliases": [ "骨针", "Needle" ], "year": -60000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bone_tool" ], "related": [ "clothing", "leather" ], "desc": "带针眼的骨针，可缝制合身的保暖衣物。" }, { "id": "dentistry", "name": "牙科", "nameEn": "Dentistry", "wikiEn": "Dentistry", "aliases": [ "古埃及牙医", "牙医学", "牙病治疗", "牙科", "钻牙" ], "year": -55000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "prehistoric_medicine", "stone_tools", "surgical_suture", "trepanation" ], "desc": "旧石器时代已见牙病处理，新石器时代出现钻牙。" }, { "id": "awl", "name": "锥子", "nameEn": "Awl", "wikiEn": "Stitching awl", "aliases": [ "Awl", "尖锥", "骨锥" ], "year": -50000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bone_tool" ], "related": [ "sewing_needle", "leather" ], "desc": "在皮革、木骨上钻孔的锥状工具。" }, { "id": "gerontocracy", "name": "长老议事制", "nameEn": "Gerontocracy", "wikiEn": "Gerontocracy", "aliases": [ "长老政治", "长老会议" ], "year": -50000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "依据经验与年龄分配权威的原始治理形式", "era": "prehistory", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "band_society" ], "related": [ "consensus_decision_making", "chiefdom" ], "desc": "年长者凭经验与谱系知识主持裁决，形成最早的常设议事权威。" }, { "id": "ground_stone", "name": "磨制石器", "nameEn": "Ground stone", "wikiEn": "Ground stone", "aliases": [ "磨制石器技术", "polished stone tools" ], "year": -45000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "axe", "quern_stones", "megalith" ], "desc": "以研磨成型的石器，新石器时代的标志性工艺。" }, { "id": "tally_stick", "name": "刻痕计数棒", "nameEn": "Tally stick", "wikiEn": "Tally stick", "aliases": [ "计数棒", "Lebombo bone", "Ishango bone" ], "year": -44000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "proto_writing", "calendar" ], "desc": "在骨木上刻痕记数，最早的计数与记账方式。" }, { "id": "mining", "name": "采矿", "nameEn": "Mining", "wikiEn": "Mining", "aliases": [ "史前采矿", "燧石矿", "Lion Cavern" ], "year": -43000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "ochre", "ground_stone" ], "desc": "开挖矿坑获取赭石、燧石等矿物的开采活动。" }, { "id": "flute", "name": "笛子", "nameEn": "Flute", "wikiEn": "Flute", "aliases": [ "骨笛", "Paleolithic flutes" ], "year": -42000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bone_tool" ], "related": [ "bullroarer", "drum" ], "desc": "鸟骨或象牙制成的骨笛，现存最早可演奏乐器。" }, { "id": "burin", "name": "雕刻器", "nameEn": "Burin", "wikiEn": "Burin (lithic flake)", "aliases": [ "Burin", "刻刀" ], "year": -40000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "stone_blade" ], "related": [ "rock_art", "bone_tool" ], "desc": "带凿形刃口的石器，用于雕刻骨角与木器。" }, { "id": "consensus_decision_making", "name": "共识议事", "nameEn": "Consensus decision-making", "wikiEn": "Consensus decision-making", "aliases": [ "一致同意制", "原始民主议事" ], "year": -40000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "无强制权力下的集体协商决策传统", "era": "prehistory", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "band_society" ], "related": [ "gerontocracy", "athenian_democracy" ], "desc": "群体事务经全员协商取得一致方可执行，是后世民主程序的远古雏形。" }, { "id": "fire_drill", "name": "钻木取火", "nameEn": "Fire drill", "wikiEn": "Fire drill", "aliases": [ "摩擦取火", "火钻", "Fire plough", "Fire saw", "Bow drill", "弓钻" ], "year": -40000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fire" ], "related": [ "hearth", "rumford_heat_friction", "torch" ], "desc": "以摩擦生热人工取火的技术，含钻木、弓钻等法。" }, { "id": "torch", "name": "火把", "nameEn": "Torch", "wikiEn": "Torch", "aliases": [ "火炬" ], "year": -40000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "fire" ], "related": [ "oil_lamp", "hearth" ], "desc": "蘸有油脂的燃木火把，便携照明工具。" }, { "id": "mortar_pestle", "name": "臼与杵", "nameEn": "Mortar and pestle", "wikiEn": "Mortar and pestle", "aliases": [ "研钵研杵", "石臼" ], "year": -37000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ground_stone" ], "related": [ "quern_stones", "bread" ], "desc": "以杵在臼中舂捣，研磨谷物、颜料与药物。" }, { "id": "dyeing", "name": "染色", "nameEn": "Dyeing", "wikiEn": "Dyeing", "aliases": [ "染色工艺", "染料" ], "year": -34000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ochre" ], "related": [ "textile", "cosmetics" ], "desc": "用天然矿物与植物染料为纤维着色。" }, { "id": "textile", "name": "纺织品", "nameEn": "Textile", "wikiEn": "Textile", "aliases": [ "织物", "亚麻纤维", "Dyed flax" ], "year": -34000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "weaving", "sewing_needle", "dyeing" ], "desc": "将天然纤维捻织成布，最早织物距今三万余年。" }, { "id": "rope", "name": "绳索", "nameEn": "Rope", "wikiEn": "Rope", "aliases": [ "绳", "Cord", "String", "twine" ], "year": -32000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "knot", "textile", "bow_and_arrow" ], "desc": "捻搓植物纤维而成的绳索，捆扎牵引的基础。" }, { "id": "amputation", "name": "截肢术", "nameEn": "Amputation", "wikiEn": "Amputation", "aliases": [ "外科截肢", "史前外科手术" ], "year": -31000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "trepanation", "prehistoric_medicine" ], "desc": "旧石器晚期已施行截肢且患者存活，最早外科手术。" }, { "id": "blood_feud", "name": "血亲复仇", "nameEn": "Blood feud", "wikiEn": "Feud", "aliases": [ "世仇", "族际复仇" ], "year": -30000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "国家法出现前以群体相互报复执行的习惯法", "era": "prehistory", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kinship_system" ], "related": [ "lex_talionis" ], "desc": "侵害由受害方群体对等报复来追究，是公共司法缺位时的执法机制。" }, { "id": "earth_oven", "name": "地灶", "nameEn": "Earth oven", "wikiEn": "Earth oven", "aliases": [ "坑烤", "土窑", "Pit oven" ], "year": -30000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cooking", "fire" ], "related": [ "oven" ], "desc": "掘坑埋入热石焖烤食物的地灶。" }, { "id": "knot", "name": "绳结", "nameEn": "Knot", "wikiEn": "Knot", "aliases": [ "打结", "结绳" ], "year": -30000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "rope" ], "related": [ "basket", "fishing_net", "textile" ], "desc": "以绳打结连接固定，结绳还曾用于记事。" }, { "id": "prehistoric_medicine", "name": "史前医学", "nameEn": "Prehistoric medicine", "wikiEn": "Prehistoric medicine", "aliases": [ "草药", "Herbal medicine", "原始医学" ], "year": -30000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "awl", "fire", "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "amputation", "trepanation", "dentistry" ], "desc": "以草药与简单外科处理伤病的史前医疗实践。" }, { "id": "quern_stones", "name": "石磨盘", "nameEn": "Quern-stones", "wikiEn": "Quern-stones", "aliases": [ "Quern", "Saddle quern", "磨石" ], "year": -30000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ground_stone" ], "related": [ "mortar_pestle", "agriculture" ], "desc": "两块磨石相搓碾磨谷物的鞍形磨盘。" }, { "id": "tent", "name": "帐篷", "nameEn": "Tent", "wikiEn": "Tent", "aliases": [ "帐棚", "兽皮帐篷" ], "year": -30000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "leather", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "hut" ], "desc": "木骨撑张皮革的可移动居所，适合游猎迁徙。" }, { "id": "kiln", "name": "窑", "nameEn": "Kiln", "wikiEn": "Kiln", "aliases": [ "陶窑", "窑炉" ], "year": -29000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fire" ], "related": [ "pottery", "fired_brick", "smelting" ], "desc": "可获可控高温的窑炉，用于烧陶、烧砖与冶金。" }, { "id": "weaving", "name": "织造", "nameEn": "Weaving", "wikiEn": "Weaving", "aliases": [ "织布", "机织", "编织" ], "year": -28000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "textile", "rope" ], "related": [ "weaving_loom", "basket" ], "desc": "经纬交织成布的织造工艺，先于织机出现。" }, { "id": "basket", "name": "篮子", "nameEn": "Basket", "wikiEn": "Basket", "aliases": [ "筐", "编织篮", "Basketry" ], "year": -25000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "weaving" ], "related": [ "rope", "pottery", "food_storage" ], "desc": "以枝条纤维编织的篮筐，轻便盛储器具。" }, { "id": "venus_figurine", "name": "维纳斯小像", "nameEn": "Venus figurine", "wikiEn": "Venus figurines", "aliases": [ "母神小像", "陶塑小像", "Dolní Věstonice" ], "year": -24000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pottery", "rock_art", "stone_tools" ], "desc": "旧石器晚期女性小雕像，现存最早的陶塑艺术品。" }, { "id": "boomerang", "name": "回力镖", "nameEn": "Boomerang", "wikiEn": "Boomerang", "aliases": [ "飞去来器", "回旋镖", "飞旋镖" ], "year": -23000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "woodworking" ], "related": [ "spear_thrower" ], "desc": "可旋回的投掷木器，最早的飞行狩猎器具之一。" }, { "id": "domestic_dog", "name": "家犬", "nameEn": "Domestication of the dog", "wikiEn": "Domestication of the dog", "aliases": [ "狗", "Dog", "家养狗", "驯犬" ], "year": -23000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "animal_husbandry", "bow_and_arrow", "sled" ], "desc": "人类最早驯化的动物狗，协助狩猎、警戒与运输。" }, { "id": "fish_hook", "name": "鱼钩", "nameEn": "Fish hook", "wikiEn": "Fish hook", "aliases": [ "贝钩", "骨鱼钩" ], "year": -22000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bone_tool" ], "related": [ "harpoon", "fishing_net" ], "desc": "以贝壳骨制成的鱼钩，使钓鱼成为稳定食源。" }, { "id": "bullroarer", "name": "牛吼器", "nameEn": "Bullroarer", "wikiEn": "Bullroarer", "aliases": [ "吼板", "Bull-roarer" ], "year": -20000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "rope" ], "related": [ "flute", "drum" ], "desc": "挥绳旋动鸣响的骨木板，古老的仪式发声器。" }, { "id": "exogamy", "name": "外婚制", "nameEn": "Exogamy", "wikiEn": "Exogamy", "aliases": [ "族外婚", "禁婚规则" ], "year": -20000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "禁止近亲通婚、强制跨群体联姻的习俗", "era": "prehistory", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kinship_system" ], "related": [ "marriage", "band_society" ], "desc": "强制与本群体之外通婚，把婚姻变成结盟与交换网络的制度工具。" }, { "id": "pit_house", "name": "半地穴房屋", "nameEn": "Pit-house", "wikiEn": "Pit-house", "aliases": [ "半地穴式房屋", "穴居" ], "year": -20000, "year_basis": "range_midpoint", "year_span": [ -21000, -19000 ], "year_note": "以东欧草原洞穴遗址的圆形凹穴屋为代表，碳测年区间取中值", "era": "prehistory", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "rope" ], "related": [ "megalith", "masonry" ], "desc": "下挖浅穴立木柱覆顶，以地温御寒，是最早的定型住所。" }, { "id": "sickle", "name": "镰刀", "nameEn": "Sickle", "wikiEn": "Sickle", "aliases": [ "石镰", "收割镰" ], "year": -19000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "microlith", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "bread" ], "desc": "嵌细石刃的木镰，用于收割野生与栽培谷物。" }, { "id": "spear_thrower", "name": "投矛器", "nameEn": "Spear-thrower", "wikiEn": "Spear-thrower", "aliases": [ "Atlatl", "Woomera", "梭镖投射器" ], "year": -17500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "spear", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "bow_and_arrow" ], "desc": "杠杆式投矛器，显著提升长矛射程与穿透力。" }, { "id": "oil_lamp", "name": "油灯", "nameEn": "Oil lamp", "wikiEn": "Oil lamp", "aliases": [ "石灯", "Lascaux lamp" ], "year": -17000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fire" ], "related": [ "torch", "hearth" ], "desc": "盛油脂燃灯芯的石灯，洞穴中的稳定照明。" }, { "id": "star_chart", "name": "星图", "nameEn": "Star chart", "wikiEn": "Star chart", "aliases": [ "星象图", "星点壁画" ], "year": -17000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rock_art" ], "related": [ "calendar" ], "desc": "洞穴壁画中的星点标记，最早的天文观测记录。" }, { "id": "bolas", "name": "投石绊索", "nameEn": "Bolas", "wikiEn": "Bolas", "aliases": [ "流星索", "绊兽索" ], "year": -15000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "rope" ], "related": [ "sling_weapon", "spear" ], "desc": "系重球的绳索，掷出缠绕以绊捕猎物。" }, { "id": "fishing_net", "name": "渔网", "nameEn": "Fishing net", "wikiEn": "Fishing net", "aliases": [ "Net", "鱼网" ], "year": -15000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "weaving", "rope" ], "related": [ "fish_hook", "harpoon" ], "desc": "编织而成的渔网，大幅提高捕鱼效率。" }, { "id": "hut", "name": "棚屋", "nameEn": "Hut", "wikiEn": "Hut", "aliases": [ "茅屋", "猛犸骨棚屋", "Mezhirich hut" ], "year": -15000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "rope" ], "related": [ "tent", "village" ], "desc": "以木骨、兽皮或猛犸骨搭建的棚屋，最早人工居所。" }, { "id": "bread", "name": "面包", "nameEn": "Bread", "wikiEn": "Bread", "aliases": [ "面饼", "Flatbread", "Shubayqa bread" ], "year": -14500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cooking" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "beer", "quern_stones" ], "desc": "约旦遗址出土的无酵面饼，比农业还早数千年。" }, { "id": "barter", "name": "以物易物", "nameEn": "Barter", "wikiEn": "Barter", "aliases": [ "物物交换", "互易" ], "year": -12000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "黑曜石等远距离交换证据可早至旧石器晚期", "era": "prehistory", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gift_economy", "commodity_money" ], "desc": "不借助货币直接互换物品，是最原始的分工与远程贸易结算方式。" }, { "id": "digging_stick", "name": "掘土棒", "nameEn": "Digging stick", "wikiEn": "Digging stick", "aliases": [ "掘棒", "尖木棍" ], "year": -12000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "woodworking" ], "related": [ "hoe", "agriculture" ], "desc": "尖头木棒，用于挖取块根与点种的原始农具。" }, { "id": "food_preservation", "name": "食物保存", "nameEn": "Food preservation", "wikiEn": "Food preservation", "aliases": [ "风干", "烟熏", "Smoking", "Drying" ], "year": -12000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "food_storage", "fire" ], "related": [ "bread", "salt_production" ], "desc": "以风干、烟熏等方法延长食物的存放时间。" }, { "id": "taboo_prohibition", "name": "塔布禁忌", "nameEn": "Taboo Prohibition", "wikiEn": "Taboo", "aliases": [ "禁忌", "塔布" ], "year": -12000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "旧石器时代晚期约定值，禁忌无成文纪年", "era": "prehistory", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kinship_system" ], "related": [ "exogamy", "blood_feud", "law_code" ], "desc": "以神圣禁令划定不可触碰的行为边界，把秩序内化于信仰而非刑罚，是最早的不成文法。" }, { "id": "village", "name": "定居村落", "nameEn": "Village", "wikiEn": "Village", "aliases": [ "定居点", "Sedentism", "Ain Mallaha" ], "year": -12000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hut" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "grain_storage", "mudbrick" ], "desc": "纳图夫人营建的常年定居村落，先于农业出现。" }, { "id": "acephalous_society", "name": "无首领社会", "nameEn": "Acephalous Society", "wikiEn": "Acephalous society", "aliases": [ "无头社会", "无国家社会" ], "year": -10000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "指国家出现前的长期形态，年代为约定值", "era": "prehistory", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "band_society", "gerontocracy" ], "related": [ "consensus_decision_making", "chiefdom", "big_man_leader" ], "desc": "靠亲属对等与舆论制衡维持秩序而无需首脑，证明集权并非治理的唯一解。" }, { "id": "sling_weapon", "name": "投石索", "nameEn": "Sling", "wikiEn": "Sling (weapon)", "aliases": [ "Sling", "投石器", "甩石索" ], "year": -10000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "textile", "rope" ], "related": [ "bow_and_arrow", "bolas" ], "desc": "以索带甩掷石弹的远程武器。" }, { "id": "spindle_whorl", "name": "纺轮", "nameEn": "Spindle whorl", "wikiEn": "Spindle whorl", "aliases": [ "纺坠", "Spindle", "纺锤轮" ], "year": -10000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "textile" ], "related": [ "weaving_loom", "wool" ], "desc": "纺锤上的重轮，借重力捻纺毛线，最早轮状工具。" }, { "id": "trepanation", "name": "环钻术", "nameEn": "Trepanning", "wikiEn": "Trepanning", "aliases": [ "穿颅术", "开颅术" ], "year": -10000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "prehistoric_medicine", "amputation" ], "desc": "在颅骨上钻孔的古老外科手术，多地史前遗址可见。" }, { "id": "grain_storage", "name": "粮仓", "nameEn": "Granary", "wikiEn": "Granary", "aliases": [ "谷物储存", "Grain storage", "Dhra granary" ], "year": -9500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "food_storage", "village" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "pottery" ], "desc": "专门囤积谷物的仓廪设施，定居社会的保障。" }, { "id": "megalith", "name": "巨石建筑", "nameEn": "Megalith", "wikiEn": "Megalith", "aliases": [ "巨石纪念物", "Göbekli Tepe", "巨石结构" ], "year": -9500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ground_stone" ], "related": [ "stone_circle", "village" ], "desc": "搬运巨型石料营建的纪念性建筑，如哥贝克力石阵。" }, { "id": "adze", "name": "锛", "nameEn": "Adze", "wikiEn": "Adze", "aliases": [ "石锛", "横刃斧" ], "year": -9000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ground_stone", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "axe" ], "desc": "横向装刃的锛，用于刨削木材、造船建房。" }, { "id": "barley", "name": "大麦", "nameEn": "Barley", "wikiEn": "Barley", "aliases": [ "稜大麦", "驯化大麦" ], "year": -9000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -10500, -8000 ], "year_note": "与小麦同期在新月沃地驯化", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "grain_storage" ], "related": [ "cereal", "beer", "bread" ], "desc": "耐寒早熟的驯化谷物，酿酒与高原农业的重要作物。" }, { "id": "cereal", "name": "谷物驯化", "nameEn": "Cereal", "wikiEn": "Cereal", "aliases": [ "Cereal grain", "禾谷类作物", "Founder crops" ], "year": -9000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新月沃地小麦、大麦约前9000年驯化", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "digging_stick", "sickle" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "irrigation", "plow" ], "desc": "小麦大麦等禾本科谷物的驯化，定居文明的能量底座。" }, { "id": "masonry", "name": "砌体结构", "nameEn": "Masonry", "wikiEn": "Masonry", "aliases": [ "砌筑", "石砌体" ], "year": -9000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "安纳托利亚与黎凡特早期石砌墙体", "era": "prehistory", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stone_tools" ], "related": [ "ashlar", "fired_brick", "arch" ], "desc": "砖石错缝砌筑并靠自重承重的建造技艺。" }, { "id": "mudbrick", "name": "土坯", "nameEn": "Mudbrick", "wikiEn": "Mudbrick", "aliases": [ "泥砖", "日晒砖", "Adobe" ], "year": -9000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fired_brick", "village", "plaster" ], "desc": "泥草脱模晒干的土坯砖，早期聚落主要建材。" }, { "id": "plaster", "name": "灰泥", "nameEn": "Plaster", "wikiEn": "Plaster", "aliases": [ "石灰灰泥", "白灰面", "Lime plaster" ], "year": -9000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kiln" ], "related": [ "mudbrick" ], "desc": "烧制石灰调成灰泥，涂抹墙面与地面。" }, { "id": "wheat", "name": "小麦", "nameEn": "Wheat", "wikiEn": "Wheat", "aliases": [ "普通小麦", "小麦驯化" ], "year": -9000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -10500, -8000 ], "year_note": "新月沃地驯化，碳十四与考古学估计区间大", "era": "prehistory", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "grain_storage" ], "related": [ "cereal", "bread", "food_storage" ], "desc": "新月沃地驯化的基石谷物，养活了欧亚非无数农耕文明。" }, { "id": "paddle", "name": "独木桨", "nameEn": "Oar", "wikiEn": "Oar", "aliases": [ "桨", "Paddle", "木桨", "Star Carr paddle" ], "year": -8500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodworking" ], "related": [ "boat_canoe" ], "desc": "划水推进的木桨，与独木舟配套使用。" }, { "id": "shoe", "name": "鞋履", "nameEn": "Shoe", "wikiEn": "Shoe", "aliases": [ "鞋", "Sandal", "草鞋", "Fort Rock sandal" ], "year": -8500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "leather" ], "related": [ "clothing" ], "desc": "最早的草鞋与皮鞋，保护足部便于长途奔走。" }, { "id": "well", "name": "水井", "nameEn": "Well", "wikiEn": "Well", "aliases": [ "Water well", "古井" ], "year": -8400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "irrigation", "village" ], "desc": "人工开挖的水井，提供稳定洁净的饮用水。" }, { "id": "boat_canoe", "name": "独木舟", "nameEn": "Canoe", "wikiEn": "Canoe", "aliases": [ "Dugout canoe", "独木船", "Pesse canoe" ], "year": -8200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "prehistory", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "fire" ], "related": [ "paddle", "raft", "sail" ], "desc": "整木挖空制成的独木舟，现存最早的船。" }, { "id": "agriculture", "name": "农业", "nameEn": "Agriculture", "wikiEn": "Agriculture", "aliases": [ "农耕", "作物栽培", "Neolithic Revolution" ], "year": -8000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "village", "sickle" ], "related": [ "irrigation", "animal_husbandry", "grain_storage" ], "desc": "驯化栽培作物、定居耕作的农业革命，文明根基。" }, { "id": "animal_husbandry", "name": "畜牧", "nameEn": "Animal husbandry", "wikiEn": "Animal husbandry", "aliases": [ "家畜饲养", "驯化动物", "Domestication" ], "year": -8000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "domestic_dog", "village" ], "related": [ "dairy", "wool", "working_animal", "agriculture" ], "desc": "驯化饲养羊、猪、牛等家畜，提供肉奶毛皮。" }, { "id": "calendar", "name": "历法", "nameEn": "Calendar", "wikiEn": "Calendar", "aliases": [ "太阴历", "Lunar calendar", "Warren Field" ], "year": -8000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "tally_stick", "star_chart" ], "related": [ "proto_writing" ], "desc": "依据月相天象纪时的早期历法，用以安排农时。" }, { "id": "clay_token", "name": "陶筹", "nameEn": "Clay token", "wikiEn": "History of ancient numeral systems", "aliases": [ "Clay token", "Bulla (seal)", "Bullae", "计数陶筹" ], "year": -8000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tally_stick" ], "related": [ "proto_writing", "stamp_seal" ], "desc": "不同形状的小陶筹用于记数记账，是文字的先声。" }, { "id": "fermentation", "name": "发酵酿造", "nameEn": "Fermentation", "wikiEn": "Fermentation", "aliases": [ "Alcoholic fermentation", "Ethanol fermentation", "酿造" ], "year": -8000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "wine", "beer", "bread", "pottery" ], "desc": "利用微生物发酵酿酒、制面食与加工乳品。" }, { "id": "native_copper", "name": "自然铜器", "nameEn": "Native copper", "wikiEn": "Native copper", "aliases": [ "天然铜", "冷锻铜器", "Old Copper Complex" ], "year": -8000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "smelting", "goldworking" ], "desc": "不经冶炼直接锻打自然铜制成的小件铜器。" }, { "id": "pottery", "name": "陶器", "nameEn": "Pottery", "wikiEn": "Pottery", "aliases": [ "陶", "Ceramics", "制陶" ], "year": -8000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kiln" ], "related": [ "pottery_wheel", "fermentation", "food_storage" ], "desc": "黏土塑形烧制的陶器，用于炊煮、储存与酿造。" }, { "id": "slash_and_burn", "name": "刀耕火种", "nameEn": "Slash-and-burn", "wikiEn": "Slash-and-burn", "aliases": [ "火耕", "游耕", "Swidden" ], "year": -8000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fire" ], "related": [ "agriculture" ], "desc": "烧荒开辟农田的火耕法，早期农作方式之一。" }, { "id": "cattle_domestication", "name": "家牛驯化", "nameEn": "Cattle domestication", "wikiEn": "Cattle", "aliases": [ "牛驯化" ], "year": -7500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -8500, -6000 ], "year_note": "近东与南亚多地独立驯化，年代有争议", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry" ], "related": [ "dairy", "agriculture", "plow", "ox_yoke" ], "desc": "近东与南亚驯化家牛，提供役力、乳肉与肥料。" }, { "id": "big_man_leader", "name": "能人首领制", "nameEn": "Big Man Leadership", "wikiEn": "Big man (anthropology)", "aliases": [ "能人", "大人物" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新石器时代再分配社会约定值", "era": "neolithic", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "acephalous_society", "consensus_decision_making" ], "related": [ "chiefdom", "gift_economy", "grain_storage" ], "desc": "以积累余粮并大办宴请换取追随者，权威来自个人经营而非世袭，是权力的可复制配方。" }, { "id": "bitumen", "name": "沥青", "nameEn": "Bitumen", "wikiEn": "Bitumen", "aliases": [ "天然沥青", "地沥青" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "adhesive", "reed_boat" ], "desc": "天然沥青用作胶黏剂、防水涂料与嵌缝材料。" }, { "id": "charcoal", "name": "木炭", "nameEn": "Charcoal", "wikiEn": "Charcoal", "aliases": [ "Charcoal burning", "木炭", "木炭烧制", "烧炭", "硬木炭" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fire", "kiln" ], "related": [ "bronze_metallurgy", "kiln", "pottery", "smelting" ], "desc": "缺氧烧制成的高温燃料，用于冶金与制陶。" }, { "id": "dairy", "name": "乳制品", "nameEn": "Dairy", "wikiEn": "Dairy", "aliases": [ "奶类", "Milk", "挤奶" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry" ], "related": [ "cheese" ], "desc": "饮用利用家畜奶，人群随之演化出乳糖耐受。" }, { "id": "foxtail_millet", "name": "粟", "nameEn": "Foxtail millet", "wikiEn": "Foxtail millet", "aliases": [ "小米", "谷子" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -8000, -6000 ], "year_note": "华北磁山等遗址炭化粟遗存", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cereal" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "slash_and_burn" ], "desc": "华北驯化的耐旱谷物，北方旱作农业的基础作物。" }, { "id": "lime_mortar", "name": "石灰胶结砂浆", "nameEn": "Lime mortar", "wikiEn": "Mortar (masonry)", "aliases": [ "砂浆", "石灰浆" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "近东与中国新石器时代晚期的石灰砂浆与抹灰遗存，年代取约值", "era": "neolithic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "masonry", "mudbrick" ], "related": [ "ashlar", "fired_brick", "roman_concrete", "concrete" ], "desc": "胶料填砌块缝隙以传力防渗，砌体才成为整体。" }, { "id": "maize", "name": "玉米", "nameEn": "Maize", "wikiEn": "Maize", "aliases": [ "Corn", "玉蜀黍", "Teosinte" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "墨西哥巴尔萨斯河谷由类蜀黍驯化", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cereal", "slash_and_burn" ], "related": [ "potato", "food_preservation", "terrace_farming" ], "desc": "由类蜀黍驯化的美洲主粮，养活了前哥伦布诸文明。" }, { "id": "pig_domestication", "name": "猪的驯化", "nameEn": "Pig domestication", "wikiEn": "Pig farming", "aliases": [ "家猪" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -9000, -5000 ], "year_note": "近东与中国分别独立驯化，取约值", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "food_storage" ], "desc": "欧亚两地独立驯化家猪，将谷物剩余高效转化为肉食。" }, { "id": "pillow", "name": "枕", "nameEn": "Pillow", "wikiEn": "Pillow", "aliases": [ "枕头", "枕具" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新石器时代以石枕、木枕垫头，填充软枕出现较晚", "era": "neolithic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bedding" ], "related": [ "carpet", "bedding", "longhouse" ], "desc": "睡眠时垫承头颈的软具，与席、褥共同构成卧具组合。" }, { "id": "sled", "name": "雪橇", "nameEn": "Sled", "wikiEn": "Sled", "aliases": [ "Sledge", "狗拉雪橇", "Dog sled" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "domestic_dog" ], "related": [ "ski" ], "desc": "冰面雪地滑行的载具，后以犬只牵引。" }, { "id": "sugarcane_domestication", "name": "甘蔗驯化", "nameEn": "Sugarcane domestication", "wikiEn": "Sugarcane", "aliases": [ "甘蔗起源", "驯化甘蔗" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -8000, -6000 ], "year_note": "新几内亚起源地，取约值", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [ "sugar", "screw_press", "sugarcane_mill" ], "desc": "新几内亚驯化的甜茎禾草，糖业与乙醇的源头。" }, { "id": "wattle_and_daub", "name": "木骨泥墙", "nameEn": "Wattle and daub", "wikiEn": "Wattle and daub", "aliases": [ "抹灰篱笆墙", "泥笆墙" ], "year": -7000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "mudbrick" ], "related": [ "longhouse" ], "desc": "枝条编墙再涂泥的建房工艺，新石器农舍常见。" }, { "id": "proto_writing", "name": "原始文字", "nameEn": "Proto-writing", "wikiEn": "Proto-writing", "aliases": [ "前文字", "Jiahu symbols", "Vinča symbols", "贾湖符号" ], "year": -6600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "tally_stick" ], "related": [ "clay_token", "rock_art" ], "desc": "表意符号系统（贾湖、温查符号），文字的雏形。" }, { "id": "concrete", "name": "混凝土", "nameEn": "Concrete", "wikiEn": "Concrete", "aliases": [ "水泥混凝土", "Concrete structure" ], "year": -6500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "黎凡特与纳巴泰最早的石灰基混凝土", "era": "neolithic", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "plaster", "bitumen" ], "related": [ "roman_concrete", "reinforced_concrete", "fired_brick" ], "desc": "胶凝料、骨料与水硬化而成的人工石，现代用量最大的建材。" }, { "id": "private_property", "name": "私有产权", "nameEn": "Private Property", "wikiEn": "Private property", "aliases": [ "财产私有", "所有权" ], "year": -6500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "定居农业带来排他占有，年代为约定值", "era": "neolithic", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "grain_storage", "kinship_system" ], "related": [ "land_tenure", "irrigation", "code_of_hammurabi", "taxation_system" ], "desc": "以排他占有界定物与人的归属，使侵害可计量、可赔偿，契约与诉讼才有立足点。" }, { "id": "smelting", "name": "金属冶炼", "nameEn": "Smelting", "wikiEn": "Smelting", "aliases": [ "Lead smelting", "Copper smelting", "炼铅", "炼铜" ], "year": -6500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "kiln", "charcoal" ], "related": [ "native_copper", "lost_wax_casting", "goldworking" ], "desc": "从矿石中熔出金属，始于炼铅，继以炼铜。" }, { "id": "map", "name": "地图", "nameEn": "Map", "wikiEn": "Map", "aliases": [ "Ga-Sur map", "Çatalhöyük map", "努齐地图", "地图绘制", "泥板地图" ], "year": -6200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "proto_writing", "rock_art" ], "related": [ "calendar", "surveying" ], "desc": "在壁画上描绘聚落与火山地理，最早的地图。" }, { "id": "axe", "name": "石斧", "nameEn": "Axe", "wikiEn": "Axe", "aliases": [ "磨制石斧", "Polished stone axe", "Celt" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ground_stone", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "adze", "stilt_house" ], "desc": "磨制石斧装柄使用，伐林垦田与木工的重器。" }, { "id": "beekeeping", "name": "养蜂", "nameEn": "Beekeeping", "wikiEn": "Beekeeping", "aliases": [ "Apiculture", "人工养蜂", "养蜂业", "蜂巢养殖", "蜜蜂饲养", "采蜜" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [ "pottery" ], "desc": "饲养蜜蜂采蜜取蜡，史前岩画已见相关场景。" }, { "id": "cassava_cultivation", "name": "木薯栽培", "nameEn": "Cassava cultivation", "wikiEn": "Cassava", "aliases": [ "树薯", "曼奥卡" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -8000, -4000 ], "year_note": "亚马逊西南缘早期遗存，年代有争议", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [ "maize", "potato", "food_preservation" ], "desc": "南美驯化的块根粮作物，供养热带数亿人口。" }, { "id": "chiefdom", "name": "酋邦", "nameEn": "Chiefdom", "wikiEn": "Chiefdom", "aliases": [ "酉邦", "部落联盟" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新石器时代村落集约化后出现的等级化政体", "era": "neolithic", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kinship_system" ], "related": [ "monarchy", "gerontocracy" ], "desc": "由世袭首领再分配剩余产品的区域聚落体系，介于平等村落与国家之间。" }, { "id": "chisel", "name": "凿子", "nameEn": "Chisel", "wikiEn": "Chisel", "aliases": [ "石凿", "木工凿" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ground_stone", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "adze", "saw" ], "desc": "刃口平直的凿，用于木工、骨器与建筑。" }, { "id": "common_bean", "name": "菜豆", "nameEn": "Common bean", "wikiEn": "Phaseolus vulgaris", "aliases": [ "四季豆", "普通菜豆" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -7000, -5000 ], "year_note": "中美洲与安第斯分别驯化", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "maize" ], "related": [ "potato", "soybean", "irrigation" ], "desc": "美洲驯化的主粮豆类，与玉米南瓜间作互利。" }, { "id": "gift_economy", "name": "礼物经济", "nameEn": "Gift economy", "wikiEn": "Gift economy", "aliases": [ "互惠交换", "夸富宴", "potlatch" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新石器村落与首领制下的互惠馈赠体系", "era": "neolithic", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "barter" ], "related": [ "chiefdom" ], "desc": "以馈赠和回礼义务维系信用与联盟，在货币之前承担了再分配功能。" }, { "id": "irrigation", "name": "灌溉", "nameEn": "Irrigation", "wikiEn": "Irrigation", "aliases": [ "渠灌", "灌溉渠" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "well" ], "related": [ "terrace_farming" ], "desc": "开渠引水浇灌农田，突破旱作产量限制。" }, { "id": "jade_working", "name": "玉器", "nameEn": "Jade", "wikiEn": "Jade", "aliases": [ "玉", "玉雕", "Jade carving" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ground_stone" ], "related": [ "axe" ], "desc": "琢碾玉石制作礼器饰品，中国新石器文化尤盛。" }, { "id": "manure", "name": "粪肥", "nameEn": "Manure", "wikiEn": "Manure", "aliases": [ "施肥", "厩肥" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry", "agriculture" ], "related": [ "irrigation" ], "desc": "以家畜粪肥肥田，维持耕地的持续产出。" }, { "id": "mirror", "name": "镜子", "nameEn": "Mirror", "wikiEn": "Mirror", "aliases": [ "黑曜石镜", "Obsidian mirror" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ground_stone" ], "related": [ "cosmetics" ], "desc": "打磨黑曜石制成的镜子，最早的照容用具。" }, { "id": "oven", "name": "烤炉", "nameEn": "Oven", "wikiEn": "Oven", "aliases": [ "陶炉", "Tannur", "面包炉" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "earth_oven", "fire" ], "related": [ "bread", "pottery" ], "desc": "封闭式烘烤炉具，用于烤面包与炊爨。" }, { "id": "proso_millet", "name": "黍", "nameEn": "Proso millet", "wikiEn": "Proso millet", "aliases": [ "糜子" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -7000, -5000 ], "year_note": "华北与欧亚草原边缘多地驯化", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cereal" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "slash_and_burn" ], "desc": "耐旱短熟的黍子，支撑旱作区并随游牧传播欧洲。" }, { "id": "stamp_seal", "name": "印章", "nameEn": "Stamp seal", "wikiEn": "Stamp seal", "aliases": [ "戳印", "哈拉夫印章" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "clay_token" ], "related": [ "proto_writing", "pottery" ], "desc": "刻纹石质戳印，在黏土上压印标记以标识所有。" }, { "id": "weaving_loom", "name": "织机", "nameEn": "Loom", "wikiEn": "Loom", "aliases": [ "织布机", "Loom weights", "腰机" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "weaving" ], "related": [ "spindle_whorl", "sericulture" ], "desc": "以框架张经线织造的织机，提高布匹产量。" }, { "id": "wine", "name": "葡萄酒", "nameEn": "Wine", "wikiEn": "Wine", "aliases": [ "果酒", "Winemaking" ], "year": -6000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fermentation", "pottery" ], "related": [ "beer" ], "desc": "以葡萄发酵酿酒，高加索地区酿造历史最久。" }, { "id": "salt_production", "name": "制盐", "nameEn": "Salt production", "wikiEn": "Salt production", "aliases": [ "Salt", "煮盐", "岩盐" ], "year": -5700, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "pottery", "fire" ], "related": [ "food_preservation" ], "desc": "煮卤或开采岩盐制盐，调味兼腌制食物。" }, { "id": "cheese", "name": "奶酪", "nameEn": "Cheese", "wikiEn": "Cheese", "aliases": [ "干酪", "乳酪" ], "year": -5500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dairy", "pottery" ], "related": [ "fermentation" ], "desc": "以凝乳过滤制成奶酪，易消化且耐储存。" }, { "id": "longhouse", "name": "长屋", "nameEn": "Longhouse", "wikiEn": "Longhouse", "aliases": [ "长屋建筑", "LBK longhouse" ], "year": -5500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "wattle_and_daub" ], "related": [ "stilt_house" ], "desc": "多户共居的长条木构房屋，早期农耕社群居所。" }, { "id": "reed_boat", "name": "芦苇船", "nameEn": "Reed boat", "wikiEn": "Reed boat", "aliases": [ "苇舟", "Reed raft", "纸莎草船" ], "year": -5500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "basket", "weaving" ], "related": [ "raft", "sail" ], "desc": "捆束芦苇成船，两河流域与尼罗河广泛使用。" }, { "id": "rice_cultivation", "name": "水稻栽培", "nameEn": "Rice", "wikiEn": "Rice", "aliases": [ "Rice cultivation", "稻作" ], "year": -5500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "长江中下游驯化，河姆渡遗存约前5000年", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cereal" ], "related": [ "irrigation", "terrace_farming", "aquaculture" ], "desc": "东亚主粮，水田与灌排体系塑造了稻作社会。" }, { "id": "sail", "name": "帆", "nameEn": "Sail", "wikiEn": "Sail", "aliases": [ "Sailing", "船帆", "风帆" ], "year": -5500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "weaving", "boat_canoe" ], "related": [ "reed_boat" ], "desc": "借助风力推进的帆，开启风帆航行时代。" }, { "id": "banana_cultivation", "name": "香蕉栽培", "nameEn": "Banana cultivation", "wikiEn": "Banana", "aliases": [ "芭蕉", "大蕉" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -7000, -4000 ], "year_note": "巴新库克沼泽证据可早至约前七千年", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [ "slash_and_burn", "terrace_farming" ], "desc": "新几内亚沼泽地最早无性繁殖栽培的果类作物。" }, { "id": "comb", "name": "梳子", "nameEn": "Comb", "wikiEn": "Comb", "aliases": [ "骨梳", "木梳" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bone_tool" ], "related": [ "cosmetics" ], "desc": "梳理毛发的骨木梳，兼具除虱与妆饰功能。" }, { "id": "cotton", "name": "棉花", "nameEn": "Cotton", "wikiEn": "Cotton", "aliases": [ "棉线", "草棉" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "weaving_loom" ], "related": [ "wool" ], "desc": "梅赫尔格尔出土棉线，是最早的棉花利用。" }, { "id": "drum", "name": "鼓", "nameEn": "Drum", "wikiEn": "Drum", "aliases": [ "陶鼓", "土鼓" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pottery" ], "related": [ "flute", "bullroarer" ], "desc": "陶框蒙皮的鼓，用于仪典、信号与乐舞。" }, { "id": "hoe", "name": "锄", "nameEn": "Hoe", "wikiEn": "Hoe (tool)", "aliases": [ "石锄", "锄具" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "ground_stone" ], "related": [ "ard", "digging_stick" ], "desc": "松土除草的锄，由掘土棒发展而来。" }, { "id": "lacquer", "name": "天然漆（大漆）", "nameEn": "Lacquer", "wikiEn": "Lacquer", "aliases": [ "漆", "大漆", "Lacquerware" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pottery" ], "desc": "割漆树取天然大漆髹涂器物，中国特有工艺。" }, { "id": "potato", "name": "马铃薯", "nameEn": "Potato", "wikiEn": "Potato", "aliases": [ "土豆", "Andean potato" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "安第斯山区秘鲁一带驯化", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "digging_stick" ], "related": [ "maize", "food_preservation", "terrace_farming" ], "desc": "安第斯块茎作物，冷凉高地上稳定的热量来源。" }, { "id": "saw", "name": "锯子", "nameEn": "Saw", "wikiEn": "Saw", "aliases": [ "Copper saw", "Flint saw", "石锯", "铜锯", "锯" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smelting", "stone_tools", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "chisel", "lathe" ], "desc": "带齿切割的石锯，用于加工木材与骨料。" }, { "id": "seawall", "name": "海堤", "nameEn": "Seawall", "wikiEn": "Seawall", "aliases": [ "海塘", "防波堤" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ground_stone" ], "related": [ "village" ], "desc": "沿岸砌筑海堤，保护聚落免受海潮侵袭。" }, { "id": "ski", "name": "滑雪板", "nameEn": "Ski", "wikiEn": "Ski", "aliases": [ "Skiing", "木滑雪板" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "woodworking" ], "related": [ "sled" ], "desc": "缚于足下的木滑雪板，雪地狩猎与通行工具。" }, { "id": "sorghum", "name": "高粱", "nameEn": "Sorghum", "wikiEn": "Sorghum", "aliases": [ "蜀黍" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -6000, -4000 ], "year_note": "非洲萨赫勒地带驯化，年代学界有分歧", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cereal" ], "related": [ "irrigation", "terrace_farming" ], "desc": "非洲萨赫勒驯化的抗旱谷物，后传亚洲与美洲。" }, { "id": "stilt_house", "name": "干栏屋", "nameEn": "Stilt house", "wikiEn": "Stilt house", "aliases": [ "干栏式建筑", "桩上屋", "Pile dwelling", "湖居" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "axe" ], "related": [ "longhouse" ], "desc": "木桩架高的干栏建筑，滨湖湿地防潮防虫。" }, { "id": "terrace_farming", "name": "梯田", "nameEn": "Terrace", "wikiEn": "Terrace (earthworks)", "aliases": [ "Terracing", "梯田农业" ], "year": -5000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "irrigation", "agriculture" ], "related": [], "desc": "坡地修成阶台，保水保土以种植作物。" }, { "id": "stone_circle", "name": "石圈", "nameEn": "Stone circle", "wikiEn": "Stone circle", "aliases": [ "环状列石", "Nabta Playa", "巨石环" ], "year": -4800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "megalith" ], "related": [ "calendar" ], "desc": "环形排布立石的巨石纪念建筑，兼具天文意义。" }, { "id": "goldworking", "name": "金器", "nameEn": "Gold", "wikiEn": "Gold", "aliases": [ "黄金加工", "Varna gold", "金饰" ], "year": -4600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "native_copper", "smelting" ], "desc": "锤揲天然黄金制作饰物，瓦尔纳墓葬金器最古。" }, { "id": "ard", "name": "刮犁", "nameEn": "Ard", "wikiEn": "Ard (plough)", "aliases": [ "简易犁", "Scratch plough" ], "year": -4500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "agriculture" ], "related": [ "plow", "working_animal" ], "desc": "划破地表的简易木犁，犁耕农业的最初形态。" }, { "id": "faience", "name": "釉砂", "nameEn": "Egyptian faience", "wikiEn": "Egyptian faience", "aliases": [ "Faience", "埃及釉砂", "费昂斯", "釉砂", "釉陶珠" ], "year": -4500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "kiln", "pottery" ], "related": [ "glassmaking" ], "desc": "石英砂胎施釉烧成的釉砂饰品，玻璃工艺前身。" }, { "id": "lost_wax_casting", "name": "失蜡法", "nameEn": "Lost-wax casting", "wikiEn": "Lost-wax casting", "aliases": [ "Cire perdue", "Investment casting", "失蜡铸造", "熔模铸造", "脱蜡法" ], "year": -4500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pottery", "smelting" ], "related": [ "chinese_ritual_bronzes", "metal_casting" ], "desc": "以蜡模翻铸复杂金属器的失蜡铸造法。" }, { "id": "fired_brick", "name": "烧结砖", "nameEn": "Fired brick", "wikiEn": "Brick", "aliases": [ "烧砖", "窑砖", "Fired brick" ], "year": -4400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mudbrick", "kiln" ], "related": [ "lime_mortar", "plaster" ], "desc": "入窑高温烧成的砖，坚固耐水的建材革新。" }, { "id": "beer", "name": "啤酒", "nameEn": "Beer", "wikiEn": "Beer", "aliases": [ "麦酒", "大麦啤酒" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fermentation", "pottery", "bread" ], "related": [ "wine" ], "desc": "以发芽谷物发酵酿造啤酒，两河早期重要饮品。" }, { "id": "cosmetics", "name": "化妆品", "nameEn": "Cosmetics", "wikiEn": "Cosmetics", "aliases": [ "Eye paint", "Kohl", "古埃及化妆品", "妆粉", "眼妆", "眼影膏" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ochre" ], "related": [ "mirror", "mummification" ], "desc": "以矿物颜料修饰面容身体，前王朝埃及已盛行。" }, { "id": "drinking_vessel", "name": "饮器", "nameEn": "Drinking vessel", "wikiEn": "Drinking vessel", "aliases": [ "酒器", "杯盏" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新石器晚期彩陶杯为初型，礼制化饮酒器随后出现", "era": "neolithic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pottery", "fermentation" ], "related": [ "teapot", "glassmaking", "spoon" ], "desc": "承装饮液的容器，从陶杯到礼器构成宴饮与身份秩序的载体。" }, { "id": "dry_stone", "name": "干砌石垒砌", "nameEn": "Dry stone", "wikiEn": "Dry stone", "aliases": [ "干垒石", "乱石干砌" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新石器晚期至青铜时代地中海与黄河沿岸的干砌石墙，取约值", "era": "neolithic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "masonry", "mudbrick" ], "related": [ "megalith", "ashlar", "city_wall", "terrace_farming" ], "desc": "石块错缝干垒不用胶料，靠摩擦与自重站稳且易排水。" }, { "id": "plow", "name": "犁", "nameEn": "Plough", "wikiEn": "Plough", "aliases": [ "犁耕", "Plow", "Ploughing" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ard", "working_animal" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "irrigation" ], "desc": "畜力牵引、翻土成垄的犁，深耕农业的关键。" }, { "id": "plumbing", "name": "给排水管道", "nameEn": "Plumbing", "wikiEn": "Plumbing", "aliases": [ "陶管", "Clay pipes", "输水管道" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "pottery", "kiln" ], "related": [ "well", "irrigation" ], "desc": "烧制陶管并铺设给排水管道系统。" }, { "id": "pottery_wheel", "name": "陶轮", "nameEn": "Potter's wheel", "wikiEn": "Potter's wheel", "aliases": [ "辘轳", "制陶轮盘", "Slow wheel" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pottery" ], "related": [ "wheel_axle" ], "desc": "旋转成形的陶轮，大幅提高制陶效率，车轮前身。" }, { "id": "road", "name": "道路", "nameEn": "Road", "wikiEn": "Road", "aliases": [ "Roads", "铺砌道路", "Paved road" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ground_stone" ], "related": [ "village" ], "desc": "人工铺筑的道路，连接聚落、便利运输。" }, { "id": "secondary_products_revolution", "name": "次级产品革命", "nameEn": "Secondary Products Revolution", "wikiEn": "Secondary products revolution", "aliases": [ "二次产品革命" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": [ -5000, -3000 ], "year_note": "夏瓦特1981年提出的假说，年代存争议", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry" ], "related": [ "dairy", "wool", "horse_domestication" ], "desc": "从吃肉转向取奶役毛的畜利用法转变，重塑欧亚农业。" }, { "id": "wool", "name": "羊毛", "nameEn": "Wool", "wikiEn": "Wool", "aliases": [ "Woolen textile", "毛纺", "毛线", "毛织物", "羊毛", "羊毛纺织" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry", "spindle_whorl" ], "related": [ "textile", "weaving_loom" ], "desc": "选育毛用羊取毛纺线，毛织衣料逐渐普及。" }, { "id": "working_animal", "name": "役畜", "nameEn": "Working animal", "wikiEn": "Working animal", "aliases": [ "畜力", "Draft animal", "役用动物" ], "year": -4000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry", "rope" ], "related": [ "ard", "plow", "sled" ], "desc": "以牛等家畜挽曳犁橇，将畜力转化为动力。" }, { "id": "sericulture", "name": "养蚕", "nameEn": "Sericulture", "wikiEn": "Sericulture", "aliases": [ "Silk", "丝织", "养蚕业", "养蚕缫丝", "桑蚕丝织", "蚕丝", "蚕丝业" ], "year": -3630, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "neolithic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "weaving_loom" ], "related": [ "textile" ], "desc": "中国最早养蚕缫丝织绸，约公元前三千六百年。" }, { "id": "hydraulic_society", "name": "治水社会", "nameEn": "Hydraulic Society", "wikiEn": "Hydraulic empire", "aliases": [ "水利文明", "治水国家" ], "year": -3600, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "两河流域大规模渠系年代学界有争议，取魏特夫假说的通行值", "era": "neolithic", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "irrigation" ], "related": [ "corvee_labor", "canal", "dam", "bureaucracy_ancient" ], "desc": "统一调度渠系与洪水需要常设管理机构，水利协作把分散村落焊成最早的国家机器。" }, { "id": "arsenical_bronze", "name": "砷铜合金", "nameEn": "Arsenical bronze", "wikiEn": "Arsenical bronze", "aliases": [ "砷青铜", "Arsenical copper" ], "year": -3500, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smelting" ], "related": [ "bronze_metallurgy", "sword" ], "desc": "铜中加砷提高硬度，是锡青铜之前的早期合金。" }, { "id": "horse_domestication", "name": "马的驯化", "nameEn": "Domestication of the horse", "wikiEn": "Domestication of the horse", "aliases": [ "家马驯化", "Horse domestication" ], "year": -3500, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry" ], "related": [ "chariot", "horse_bit" ], "desc": "欧亚草原先民驯化野马，为后来的骑马与战车奠定基础。" }, { "id": "cylinder_seal", "name": "滚筒印章", "nameEn": "Cylinder seal", "wikiEn": "Cylinder seal", "aliases": [ "圆筒印章", "滚印", "Cylinder seals" ], "year": -3400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "clay_tablet", "cuneiform_writing" ], "desc": "两河乌鲁克文化的圆柱形印章，滚压泥板以认证身份。" }, { "id": "mosaic", "name": "镶嵌工艺", "nameEn": "Mosaic", "wikiEn": "Mosaic", "aliases": [ "马赛克", "锥状镶嵌", "Cone mosaic" ], "year": -3400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ziggurat" ], "desc": "乌鲁克神庙以彩色陶锥嵌成几何图案，最早的马赛克。" }, { "id": "opium", "name": "阿片", "nameEn": "Opium", "wikiEn": "Opium", "aliases": [ "鸦片", "罂粟制剂", "罂粟" ], "year": -3400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [ "edwin_smith_papyrus", "wine" ], "desc": "两河流域与地中海东部种植罂粟，用其汁液镇痛。" }, { "id": "tattoo", "name": "文身", "nameEn": "Tattoo", "wikiEn": "Tattoo", "aliases": [ "纹身", "刺青", "Tattoos" ], "year": -3400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cosmetics", "ochre", "sewing_needle" ], "desc": "南欧与冰人奥茨遗存表明青铜时代早期已行文身。" }, { "id": "bronze_metallurgy", "name": "青铜冶炼", "nameEn": "Bronze", "wikiEn": "Bronze", "aliases": [ "青铜", "锡青铜", "Bronze metallurgy", "铜锡合金" ], "year": -3300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "smelting" ], "related": [ "tin_smelting", "arsenical_bronze", "metal_casting" ], "desc": "铜锡合金硬度高、易铸造，催生青铜文明与长距离锡贸易。" }, { "id": "clay_tablet", "name": "文字泥板", "nameEn": "Clay tablet", "wikiEn": "Clay tablet", "aliases": [ "泥板", "泥板文书", "Clay tablets" ], "year": -3300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "proto_writing" ], "related": [ "cuneiform_writing", "clay_envelope", "cylinder_seal" ], "desc": "苏美尔人在湿泥板上刻字晒干，是最早的耐久书写载体。" }, { "id": "sword", "name": "剑", "nameEn": "Sword", "wikiEn": "Sword", "aliases": [ "青铜剑", "Swords" ], "year": -3300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arsenical_bronze" ], "related": [ "composite_bow", "dagger_axe" ], "desc": "土耳其阿斯兰特佩出土约60厘米砷铜剑，为最早的剑。" }, { "id": "hat", "name": "帽子", "nameEn": "Hat", "wikiEn": "Hat", "aliases": [ "皮帽", "Hats" ], "year": -3250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "clothing" ], "related": [], "desc": "冰人奥茨头戴兽皮带颚帽，为现存最早的帽子实物。" }, { "id": "clay_envelope", "name": "泥板信封", "nameEn": "Envelope", "wikiEn": "Envelope", "aliases": [ "封泥信封", "陶封套", "Clay envelope" ], "year": -3200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "clay_tablet" ], "related": [ "cylinder_seal" ], "desc": "近东以空心泥球封装记数泥板并盖印，为最早的信封。" }, { "id": "cuneiform_writing", "name": "楔形文字", "nameEn": "Cuneiform", "wikiEn": "Cuneiform", "aliases": [ "钉头字", "Cuneiform script" ], "year": -3200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "proto_writing" ], "related": [ "clay_tablet", "egyptian_hieroglyphs", "law_code", "taxation_system" ], "desc": "苏美尔人以芦苇杆压刻泥板，是已知最早的成熟文字系统。" }, { "id": "ink", "name": "墨", "nameEn": "Ink", "wikiEn": "Ink", "aliases": [ "墨水", "古埃及墨", "Black ink" ], "year": -3200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "papyrus", "reed_pen" ], "desc": "古埃及以炭黑与树胶制墨书写，是最早的书写墨之一。" }, { "id": "metal_casting", "name": "铸造术", "nameEn": "Casting", "wikiEn": "Casting", "aliases": [ "金属铸造", "浇铸", "Casting (metalworking)" ], "year": -3200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "smelting" ], "related": [ "lost_wax_casting", "piece_mold_casting", "bronze_metallurgy" ], "desc": "将熔化金属注入范模成形，两河流域已大规模铸器。" }, { "id": "toilet", "name": "厕所", "nameEn": "Toilet", "wikiEn": "Toilet", "aliases": [ "旱厕", "蹲厕", "Latrine" ], "year": -3200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "indus_sanitation", "copper_pipes" ], "desc": "乌鲁克城出现砖砌蹲坑与陶管排污的旱厕。" }, { "id": "wheel_axle", "name": "车轮与车轴", "nameEn": "Wheel", "wikiEn": "Wheel", "aliases": [ "车轮", "车轴", "轮轴", "Wheel and axle" ], "year": -3200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "pottery_wheel" ], "related": [ "spoked_wheel", "chariot" ], "desc": "实心木轮配固定车轴用于车辆，陆路运输由此革命。" }, { "id": "chair", "name": "椅", "nameEn": "Chair", "wikiEn": "Chair", "aliases": [ "椅子", "seat" ], "year": -3100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "早王朝埃及出现带靠背座椅，此前人以席、箱为座", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "table_furniture", "bedding", "wardrobe" ], "desc": "带靠背的单人坐具，长期作为身份与礼仪秩序的标识物。" }, { "id": "city_state", "name": "城邦", "nameEn": "City-state", "wikiEn": "City-state", "aliases": [ "城市国家", "polis" ], "year": -3100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "苏美尔城邦起源年代，学界区间较宽", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "medieval_commune", "roman_republic", "athenian_democracy" ], "desc": "以城墙都市统辖周边农村并自主立法征税，是公民政治与地方自治的容器。" }, { "id": "egyptian_hieroglyphs", "name": "埃及象形文字", "nameEn": "Egyptian hieroglyphs", "wikiEn": "Egyptian hieroglyphs", "aliases": [ "圣书体", "古埃及文字", "Hieroglyphs" ], "year": -3100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "proto_writing" ], "related": [ "cuneiform_writing", "egyptian_pyramid", "mummification", "papyrus" ], "desc": "那尔迈调色板上的成熟圣书体，与楔形文字并立而独立起源。" }, { "id": "monarchy", "name": "世袭王权", "nameEn": "Monarchy", "wikiEn": "Monarchy", "aliases": [ "王制", "君主制" ], "year": -3100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以埃及早王朝统一为标志时间点", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chiefdom" ], "related": [ "primogeniture", "city_state" ], "desc": "把军事与祭祀权集中于一家一族并世代继承，成为大规模治理的枢纽。" }, { "id": "senet", "name": "塞奈特棋", "nameEn": "Senet", "wikiEn": "Senet", "aliases": [ "赛那特棋", "塞尼特棋" ], "year": -3100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "dice" ], "desc": "古埃及墓葬中流行的棋盘游戏，掷杖行棋。" }, { "id": "taxation_system", "name": "赋税制度", "nameEn": "Taxation", "wikiEn": "Tax", "aliases": [ "税制", "贡赋", "租税" ], "year": -3100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃及早王朝以谷物与劳役纳贡", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "census_system", "corvee_labor", "single_whip_law" ], "desc": "按田亩人丁定期征收谷物劳力，供养官僚、军队与公共工程。" }, { "id": "ziggurat", "name": "金字形神塔", "nameEn": "Ziggurat", "wikiEn": "Ziggurat", "aliases": [ "吉古拉特塔", "塔庙", "吉库拉塔" ], "year": -3100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mudbrick" ], "related": [ "city_wall", "mosaic" ], "desc": "美索不达米亚砖砌层叠高台神庙，乌鲁克时期已出现。" }, { "id": "arch", "name": "拱券", "nameEn": "Arch", "wikiEn": "Arch", "aliases": [ "Brick arch", "True arch", "拱门", "真拱", "石拱", "砖砌拱" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mudbrick" ], "related": [ "column", "arkadiko_bridge", "aqueduct", "segmental_arch_bridge" ], "desc": "美索不达米亚出现砖砌筒拱，开启拱顶承重结构。" }, { "id": "bureaucracy_ancient", "name": "书吏官僚制", "nameEn": "Ancient Bureaucracy", "wikiEn": "Bureaucracy", "aliases": [ "官僚制", "文官行政" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "挂词条上位概念：苏美尔与埃及最早出现职级行政", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "proto_writing", "private_property", "city_state" ], "related": [ "archive_institution", "corvee_labor", "weber_bureaucracy", "censorate" ], "desc": "以职级、文书和俸禄代替亲族分封来治国，使政令能离开国王本人而持续运转。" }, { "id": "candle", "name": "蜡烛", "nameEn": "Candle", "wikiEn": "Candle", "aliases": [ "蜡炬", "Candles" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "oil_lamp" ], "related": [ "beekeeping", "candle_clock", "torch" ], "desc": "古埃及以动物脂肪浸灯芯制烛，提供便携照明。" }, { "id": "city_wall", "name": "城墙", "nameEn": "Defensive wall", "wikiEn": "Defensive wall", "aliases": [ "防御城墙", "夯土城墙", "City walls" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mudbrick" ], "related": [ "planned_city", "ziggurat", "battering_ram" ], "desc": "乌鲁克等城邦环筑高大夯土砖墙，是城市防御的标志。" }, { "id": "cookware_and_bakeware", "name": "炊具与烤具", "nameEn": "Cookware and bakeware", "wikiEn": "Cookware and bakeware", "aliases": [ "锅具", "烹饪器皿" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "陶炊器更早，金属铜炊具约公元前第三千纪普及", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pottery", "oven" ], "related": [ "cooking", "metal_casting", "stove", "waffle_iron" ], "desc": "在火上承载、传热并完成烹调的容器群，由陶范走向金属铸造。" }, { "id": "corvee_labor", "name": "徭役制", "nameEn": "Corvée labor", "wikiEn": "Corvée", "aliases": [ "力役", "劳役地租" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃及与两河流域早期国家征发农闲劳力", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "taxation_system", "slavery", "feudalism" ], "desc": "国家按户征发无偿劳力修水利与城池，在货币税收之前动员人力。" }, { "id": "cupellation", "name": "灰吹法", "nameEn": "Cupellation", "wikiEn": "Cupellation", "aliases": [ "烤钵冶金法", "炼银法" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smelting" ], "related": [ "bronze_metallurgy" ], "desc": "借铅氧化在灰钵中分离金银，安纳托利亚已用于炼银。" }, { "id": "dam", "name": "水坝", "nameEn": "Dam", "wikiEn": "Dam", "aliases": [ "拦河坝", "贾瓦水坝" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "reservoir", "levee" ], "desc": "约旦贾瓦遗址出现石砌重力坝，是最早的拦水坝之一。" }, { "id": "date_palm_cultivation", "name": "海枣栽培", "nameEn": "Date palm cultivation", "wikiEn": "Date palm", "aliases": [ "椰枣" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -4000, -2500 ], "year_note": "美索不达米亚灌溉绿洲农业兴起期", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "irrigation" ], "related": [ "qanat", "dam" ], "desc": "两河流域灌溉绿洲的招牌果树，耐盐高热能量主食。" }, { "id": "dice", "name": "骰子", "nameEn": "Dice", "wikiEn": "Dice", "aliases": [ "色子", "陶骰", "Dice" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "senet" ], "desc": "塞奈特棋等游戏以掷杖、陶骰定步数，流行于埃及与印度河。" }, { "id": "donkey_domestication", "name": "驴的驯化", "nameEn": "Donkey", "wikiEn": "Donkey", "aliases": [ "家驴", "Domestic donkey" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry" ], "related": [ "horse_domestication" ], "desc": "埃及与努比亚驯化野驴，成为近东主要驮运动物。" }, { "id": "dress", "name": "连衣裙", "nameEn": "Dress", "wikiEn": "Dress", "aliases": [ "裙装", "长袍式服装" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃及与两河的整幅缠绕式长衣为最早形态", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "clothing", "weaving" ], "related": [ "brassiere", "jeans", "thimble" ], "desc": "以整片织物覆体的连身衣裳，其剪裁与裙长长期承担礼俗与身份信号。" }, { "id": "egyptian_numerals", "name": "埃及数字", "nameEn": "Egyptian numerals", "wikiEn": "Egyptian numerals", "aliases": [ "古埃及十进制记数", "十进制记数" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "sexagesimal", "mathematics_early" ], "desc": "古埃及以十进等级符号记数，用于行政与工程核算。" }, { "id": "key", "name": "钥匙", "nameEn": "Key", "wikiEn": "Key (lock)", "aliases": [ "钥", "锁钥" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃及木栓锁与两河大型木钥匙为最早实物", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pin_tumbler_lock", "warded_lock", "padlock" ], "desc": "与锁配合的可携式开启凭证，把财产占有权浓缩为一件随身小器。" }, { "id": "lunar_calendar", "name": "阴历", "nameEn": "Lunar calendar", "wikiEn": "Lunar calendar", "aliases": [ "太阴历", "苏美尔阴历", "阴阳历" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "babylonian_astronomy", "calendar", "early_calendar" ], "desc": "苏美尔人以月相盈亏定月份，为最早的成文历法之一。" }, { "id": "marriage", "name": "婚姻制度", "nameEn": "Marriage", "wikiEn": "Marriage", "aliases": [ "婚制", "婚娶礼" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "有文献与仪式证据的最早形态，史前已存在", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kinship_system", "exogamy" ], "related": [ "primogeniture", "exogamy", "feudalism" ], "desc": "以公开仪式约定配偶、财产与子嗣归属，把血缘群体联结为稳定社会单元。" }, { "id": "mathematics_early", "name": "早期数学", "nameEn": "History of mathematics", "wikiEn": "History of mathematics", "aliases": [ "巴比伦数学", "古埃及数学", "Babylonian mathematics" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "sexagesimal", "egyptian_numerals", "measuring_rod" ], "desc": "苏美尔与埃及发展记数、算术、面积与分数等系统数学。" }, { "id": "nail", "name": "钉子", "nameEn": "Nail (fastener)", "wikiEn": "Nail (fastener)", "aliases": [ "金属钉", "铜钉", "Bronze nail" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [], "desc": "古埃及以铜、青铜锻钉连接木构件。" }, { "id": "olive_oil", "name": "橄榄油", "nameEn": "Olive oil", "wikiEn": "Olive oil", "aliases": [ "橄榄油压榨", "Olive oil production" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [], "desc": "克里特与黎凡特压榨橄榄制油，用于食用、照明与涂身。" }, { "id": "ox_yoke", "name": "牛轭", "nameEn": "Yoke", "wikiEn": "Yoke", "aliases": [ "轭", "牛轭具", "Ox yoke" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "plow", "bronze_agricultural_tools" ], "desc": "木轭架于牛肩，把畜力用于拉犁与拖车。" }, { "id": "papyrus", "name": "纸莎草", "nameEn": "Papyrus", "wikiEn": "Papyrus", "aliases": [ "莎草纸", "纸草", "Papyrus scroll" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ink", "reed_pen", "edwin_smith_papyrus" ], "desc": "古埃及将莎草茎压制成轻便书写页，主导地中海文书千年。" }, { "id": "pile_foundation", "name": "桩基础", "nameEn": "Piling", "wikiEn": "Piling", "aliases": [ "Deep foundation", "桩基工程" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "阿尔卑斯湖滨桩居与湖上聚落", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "woodworking" ], "related": [ "masonry", "maritime_dock", "three_gorges_dam" ], "desc": "把上部荷载穿过软弱土层传至深部硬土的施工工艺。" }, { "id": "prosthesis", "name": "假肢", "nameEn": "Prosthesis", "wikiEn": "Prosthesis", "aliases": [ "义眼", "人工假体", "Prosthetics" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy", "leather", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "mummification" ], "desc": "伊朗与埃及出土沥青镀金义眼，为最早的人体假体。" }, { "id": "rammed_earth", "name": "夯土筑墙", "nameEn": "Rammed earth", "wikiEn": "Rammed earth", "aliases": [ "板筑", "夯筑" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "range_midpoint", "year_span": [ -3500, -2500 ], "year_note": "中国新石器晚期至青铜早期版筑夯土遗存，区间取中值", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mudbrick", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "masonry", "city_wall", "great_wall" ], "desc": "分层填土以版筑夯实成墙，可筑高台与城墙。" }, { "id": "reed_pen", "name": "芦苇笔", "nameEn": "Reed pen", "wikiEn": "Reed pen", "aliases": [ "芦秆笔", "纸莎草笔", "Reed stylus" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ink" ], "related": [ "papyrus", "cuneiform_writing" ], "desc": "古埃及把芦苇秆削尖蘸墨，在纸莎草上书写的主要工具。" }, { "id": "reservoir", "name": "水库", "nameEn": "Reservoir", "wikiEn": "Reservoir", "aliases": [ "蓄水池", "Reservoirs" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "dam", "levee" ], "desc": "印度河流域吉尔纳尔修筑人工水库蓄水调洪。" }, { "id": "rhinoplasty", "name": "鼻整形术", "nameEn": "Rhinoplasty", "wikiEn": "Rhinoplasty", "aliases": [ "鼻再造术", "古代鼻整形" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "adhesive", "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [ "edwin_smith_papyrus" ], "desc": "古埃及已有修复缺损鼻形的整形外科手术记载。" }, { "id": "sailing_ship", "name": "帆船", "nameEn": "Sailing ship", "wikiEn": "Sailing ship", "aliases": [ "古埃及帆船", "Sailing vessel", "方帆海船" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "sail", "boat_canoe" ], "related": [ "galley", "khufu_ship", "maritime_dock" ], "desc": "埃及与两河出现装单一方帆的木板海船，开启风帆航运。" }, { "id": "sexagesimal", "name": "六十进制", "nameEn": "Sexagesimal", "wikiEn": "Sexagesimal", "aliases": [ "巴比伦数字", "六十进位制", "Babylonian numerals" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mathematics_early", "egyptian_numerals", "hour" ], "desc": "苏美尔—巴比伦以60为基数记数，影响至今的时间与角度。" }, { "id": "slavery", "name": "奴隶制", "nameEn": "Slavery", "wikiEn": "Slavery", "aliases": [ "奴役", "蓄奴制度" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "楔形文字中已见战俘与债务奴役记载", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "corvee_labor", "serfdom", "roman_citizenship" ], "desc": "把人作为可买卖财产强制劳动，为早期国家提供了大规模人力组织方式。" }, { "id": "soldering", "name": "锡焊", "nameEn": "Soldering", "wikiEn": "Soldering", "aliases": [ "软钎焊", "低温焊接", "钎焊" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "metal_casting" ], "related": [ "lost_wax_casting" ], "desc": "两河工匠以低熔点金属填料接合金属部件。" }, { "id": "spoon", "name": "匙", "nameEn": "Spoon", "wikiEn": "Spoon", "aliases": [ "勺子", "调羹" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新石器蚌壳与骨勺更早，金属匙随青铜铸造普及", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cooking" ], "related": [ "chopsticks", "fork", "drinking_vessel" ], "desc": "带凹头柄器的取食工具，专司流质与颗粒食物，是餐具谱系的基础件。" }, { "id": "steering_oar", "name": "操舵桨", "nameEn": "Rudder", "wikiEn": "Rudder", "aliases": [ "舵桨", "尾侧操船桨", "Steering oar" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "boat_canoe" ], "related": [ "sailing_ship", "galley" ], "desc": "船尾侧置长大桨控制航向，为尾舵的前身。" }, { "id": "surgical_suture", "name": "外科缝合", "nameEn": "Surgical suture", "wikiEn": "Surgical suture", "aliases": [ "缝合术", "伤口缝线", "Sutures" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "rope", "sewing_needle", "textile" ], "related": [ "edwin_smith_papyrus" ], "desc": "古埃及用线缝合伤口，最早的外科缝合技术之一。" }, { "id": "surveying", "name": "土地测量", "nameEn": "Surveying", "wikiEn": "Surveying", "aliases": [ "测量术", "古埃及测量", "Rope-stretching" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "measuring_rod", "mathematics_early" ], "desc": "尼罗河泛滥后古埃及人拉绳测地重划田界，几何学由此萌芽。" }, { "id": "table_furniture", "name": "桌", "nameEn": "Table", "wikiEn": "Table (furniture)", "aliases": [ "桌子", "案几" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃及与两河早期桌案，多为可拆装的板面加足", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chair", "cookware_and_bakeware", "spoon" ], "desc": "抬离地面的水平工作面，支撑进食、书写与手工等桌面活动。" }, { "id": "timber_framing", "name": "木骨架结构", "nameEn": "Timber framing", "wikiEn": "Timber framing", "aliases": [ "Half-timbered", "木构架" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "欧洲新石器时代长屋的柱架体系", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "adze" ], "related": [ "cross_laminated_timber", "truss", "wattle_and_daub" ], "desc": "以榫卯梁柱组成骨架、间柱填充围护的木结构体系。" }, { "id": "tin_smelting", "name": "炼锡", "nameEn": "Tin", "wikiEn": "Tin", "aliases": [ "锡矿开采", "锡冶炼", "Tin mining", "Tin extraction" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bronze_metallurgy" ], "desc": "中亚率先采炼锡砂，锡料长途贸易支撑青铜生产。" }, { "id": "toy", "name": "玩具", "nameEn": "Toy", "wikiEn": "Toy", "aliases": [ "儿戏之具", "游戏器具" ], "year": -3000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃及与印度河出土小型人偶、车马模型为最早成批玩具", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "kite", "teddy_bear", "lego_brick" ], "desc": "以游戏而非实用为目的制造的器物，构成训练、娱乐与教化的入口。" }, { "id": "early_calendar", "name": "早期历法", "nameEn": "Egyptian calendar", "wikiEn": "Egyptian calendar", "aliases": [ "古埃及历法", "三季历", "365天历" ], "year": -2900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lunar_calendar", "hour" ], "desc": "古埃及定365天为一年、分三季12月，是最早太阳历。" }, { "id": "embankment_dam", "name": "填土坝", "nameEn": "Embankment dam", "wikiEn": "Embankment dam", "aliases": [ "土石坝", "填筑坝" ], "year": -2900, "year_basis": "range_midpoint", "year_span": [ -3000, -2800 ], "year_note": "约旦 Jawa 填土坝的测年区间，学界有分歧，取中值", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dam", "pile_foundation" ], "related": [ "arch_dam", "three_gorges_dam", "terrace_farming" ], "desc": "土料分层压实成堤，靠自重挡水，对地基变形最宽容。" }, { "id": "soap", "name": "肥皂", "nameEn": "Soap", "wikiEn": "Soap", "aliases": [ "早期肥皂", "油脂灰皂", "硬肥皂", "高卢肥皂" ], "year": -2800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fire" ], "related": [ "great_bath", "hard_soap", "mummification" ], "desc": "巴比伦以动物脂肪与草木灰熬制皂状物洗涤。" }, { "id": "lyre", "name": "里拉琴", "nameEn": "Lyre", "wikiEn": "Lyre", "aliases": [ "乌尔竖琴", "里拉", "Lyre" ], "year": -2700, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "drum", "flute", "rope" ], "desc": "苏美尔乌尔王陵出土牛头里拉琴，为最早的弦乐器之一。" }, { "id": "measuring_rod", "name": "量尺", "nameEn": "Measuring rod", "wikiEn": "Measuring rod", "aliases": [ "肘尺", "尼普尔铜尺", "测量杆", "Ruler", "Nippur cubit" ], "year": -2650, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "weighing_scale", "surveying", "mathematics_early" ], "desc": "苏美尔尼普尔铜肘尺刻有标准分度，是最早的长度量具。" }, { "id": "ashlar", "name": "琢石砌体", "nameEn": "Ashlar", "wikiEn": "Ashlar", "aliases": [ "方石", "细方石", "Ashlar masonry" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smelting" ], "related": [ "egyptian_pyramid", "column" ], "desc": "把石材精切成规整方石错缝砌筑，用于金字塔与神庙。" }, { "id": "column", "name": "石柱", "nameEn": "Column", "wikiEn": "Column", "aliases": [ "圆柱", "列柱", "石柱廊" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arch" ], "related": [ "ashlar", "obelisk" ], "desc": "左塞尔建筑群出现仿束草束的石材凹槽圆柱。" }, { "id": "egyptian_pyramid", "name": "埃及金字塔", "nameEn": "Egyptian pyramids", "wikiEn": "Egyptian pyramids", "aliases": [ "金字塔", "法老金字塔", "Pyramid" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "inclined_plane", "lever", "ashlar" ], "desc": "古王国以巨石垒筑巨型王陵，吉萨大金字塔为其巅峰。" }, { "id": "great_bath", "name": "摩亨佐-达罗大浴池", "nameEn": "Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro", "wikiEn": "Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro", "aliases": [ "大浴场", "大浴池", "Great Bath" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "indus_sanitation" ], "desc": "防水砖砌大型公共浴池，是最早的城市公共浴设施。" }, { "id": "inclined_plane", "name": "斜面", "nameEn": "Inclined plane", "wikiEn": "Inclined plane", "aliases": [ "斜坡道", "施工坡道", "Ramp" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lever", "egyptian_pyramid" ], "desc": "借斜坡道省力把巨石运上金字塔，斜面原理的应用。" }, { "id": "indus_sanitation", "name": "城市排污系统", "nameEn": "Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation", "wikiEn": "Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation", "aliases": [ "印度河城市卫生系统", "公共下水道" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "toilet" ], "related": [ "great_bath", "copper_pipes" ], "desc": "印度河文明住宅接砖砌下水道，城市排污覆盖全城。" }, { "id": "indus_script", "name": "印度河文字", "nameEn": "Indus script", "wikiEn": "Indus script", "aliases": [ "哈拉帕文字", "印度河印章文字" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cylinder_seal" ], "desc": "印度河文明印章上的符号文字，尚未成功释读。" }, { "id": "levee", "name": "堤防", "nameEn": "Levee", "wikiEn": "Levee", "aliases": [ "土堤", "防洪堤" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "dam", "reservoir" ], "desc": "印度河沿岸修筑土堤约束洪水、保护城市。" }, { "id": "lever", "name": "杠杆", "nameEn": "Lever", "wikiEn": "Lever", "aliases": [ "杠杆原理", "撬棍" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "inclined_plane", "pulley" ], "desc": "古埃及建造金字塔时大量用杠杆撬举巨石。" }, { "id": "mummification", "name": "木乃伊制作", "nameEn": "Mummy", "wikiEn": "Mummy", "aliases": [ "古埃及木乃伊", "干尸防腐", "Mummification" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "prosthesis", "cosmetics" ], "desc": "古埃及摘除内脏、用泡碱干燥尸体并缠裹防腐。" }, { "id": "planned_city", "name": "城市规划", "nameEn": "Planned city", "wikiEn": "Planned city", "aliases": [ "规划城市", "方格网城市", "Grid plan" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "city_wall" ], "related": [ "indus_sanitation", "great_bath" ], "desc": "摩亨佐-达罗等城按方格路网与排水系统统一营建。" }, { "id": "weighing_scale", "name": "天平", "nameEn": "Weighing scale", "wikiEn": "Weighing scale", "aliases": [ "等臂天平", "德本砝码", "Balance scale", "Deben weights" ], "year": -2600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "measuring_rod", "touchstone", "shell_money" ], "desc": "古埃及第四王朝用等臂天平与德本砝码精确称重交易。" }, { "id": "maritime_dock", "name": "海港码头", "nameEn": "Dock (maritime)", "wikiEn": "Dock (maritime)", "aliases": [ "船坞", "瓦迪贾尔夫港", "Dock" ], "year": -2556, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "sailing_ship" ], "related": [ "khufu_ship" ], "desc": "红海瓦迪贾尔夫有胡夫时代的人工港坞与停泊设施。" }, { "id": "khufu_ship", "name": "胡夫船", "nameEn": "Khufu ship", "wikiEn": "Khufu ship", "aliases": [ "太阳船", "胡夫葬船", "Sewn plank ship" ], "year": -2550, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "sailing_ship" ], "related": [ "galley" ], "desc": "43米雪松木缝合板船，代表古埃及高超造船工艺。" }, { "id": "census_system", "name": "户口普查", "nameEn": "Census", "wikiEn": "Census", "aliases": [ "户籍", "计账", "人口调查" ], "year": -2500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃及与两河为征税征兵而行的人口登记", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "taxation_system", "corvee_labor", "domesday_book" ], "desc": "定期清点人口与田畜，把治国从经验判断变成可计算的数字管理。" }, { "id": "corbel_arch", "name": "叠涩拱", "nameEn": "Corbel arch", "wikiEn": "Corbel arch", "aliases": [ "叠涩顶", "假拱" ], "year": -2500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "两河与埃及早期叠涩墓室与暗渠，取约值", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "masonry", "ashlar" ], "related": [ "arch", "vault_construction", "egyptian_pyramid" ], "desc": "石块逐层内挑合拢成跨，不需拱架，真拱之前的跨顶法。" }, { "id": "eduba_scribal_school", "name": "泥板书写学校", "nameEn": "Edubba", "wikiEn": "Eduba", "aliases": [ "书吏学校", "埃杜巴" ], "year": -2500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "苏美尔书吏培训机构见于公元前三千纪文书", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "archive_institution", "apprenticeship" ], "desc": "专设校舍按题板与范本训练书吏，把读写从个人经验变成可复制的专业。" }, { "id": "galley", "name": "桨帆船", "nameEn": "Galley", "wikiEn": "Galley", "aliases": [ "桨舰", "划桨战船", "桨帆战船" ], "year": -2500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "boat_canoe", "sailing_ship" ], "related": [ "steering_oar", "anchor" ], "desc": "古王国埃及的桨帆长船运兵远征，地中海桨舰之始。" }, { "id": "helmet", "name": "头盔", "nameEn": "Helmet", "wikiEn": "Helmet", "aliases": [ "青铜头盔", "苏美尔金盔" ], "year": -2500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [ "scale_armor", "shield" ], "desc": "乌尔王陵出土金盔与铜盔，近战护头的制式装具。" }, { "id": "library", "name": "图书馆", "nameEn": "Library", "wikiEn": "Library", "aliases": [ "泥板档案馆", "埃勃拉档案", "Library archive" ], "year": -2500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "clay_tablet" ], "related": [ "dictionary" ], "desc": "苏美尔神庙与埃勃拉王宫系统收藏分类泥板文书。" }, { "id": "primogeniture", "name": "嫡长子继承制", "nameEn": "Primogeniture", "wikiEn": "Primogeniture", "aliases": [ "长子继承", "嫡长制" ], "year": -2500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "王位与家产单传规则在早期国家成型", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "monarchy" ], "related": [ "marriage", "code_of_hammurabi" ], "desc": "把权力与财产交给单一继承人，减少夺位内争但牺牲其余子嗣的权利。" }, { "id": "stonehenge", "name": "巨石阵", "nameEn": "Stonehenge", "wikiEn": "Stonehenge", "aliases": [ "斯通亨奇", "巨石环" ], "year": -2500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nebra_sky_disc", "stone_circle" ], "desc": "英国巨型砂岩石圈，榫卯接合且具天文方位对齐。" }, { "id": "shield", "name": "盾牌", "nameEn": "Shield", "wikiEn": "Shield", "aliases": [ "盾", "重装盾阵" ], "year": -2450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "helmet", "sword" ], "desc": "苏美尔秃鹫石碑刻有成排持盾步兵方阵。" }, { "id": "abacus", "name": "算盘", "nameEn": "Abacus", "wikiEn": "Abacus", "aliases": [ "苏美尔算板", "算筹板", "Counting board" ], "year": -2400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sexagesimal" ], "related": [ "mathematics_early" ], "desc": "苏美尔出现按位列置算珠的计数板，算盘的远祖。" }, { "id": "archive_institution", "name": "档案文书制度", "nameEn": "Archive", "wikiEn": "Archive", "aliases": [ "档案库", "文书存档" ], "year": -2400, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以埃勃拉与舒鲁帕克泥板文书库为代表", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "census_system" ], "desc": "系统登记并长期保存契约与账籍，使产权、税收和政令可被追溯核验。" }, { "id": "copper_pipes", "name": "铜质管道", "nameEn": "History of water supply and sanitation", "wikiEn": "History of water supply and sanitation", "aliases": [ "铜排水管", "Copper pipes", "Copper drainage" ], "year": -2400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smelting" ], "related": [ "indus_sanitation", "toilet" ], "desc": "阿布西尔萨胡拉金字塔神庙铺设铜制排水管网。" }, { "id": "fork", "name": "餐叉", "nameEn": "Fork", "wikiEn": "Fork", "aliases": [ "叉", "骨叉", "Qijia fork" ], "year": -2400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [], "desc": "中国齐家文化遗址出土三齿骨质餐叉。" }, { "id": "postal_service", "name": "驿传信使", "nameEn": "Postal history", "wikiEn": "Postal history", "aliases": [ "邮驿", "信使制度", "Courier" ], "year": -2400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "clay_envelope" ], "desc": "古埃及法老设信使沿途传递王命与文书。" }, { "id": "quipu", "name": "奇普结绳", "nameEn": "Quipu", "wikiEn": "Quipu", "aliases": [ "基普", "结绳记事", "khipu" ], "year": -2400, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "秘鲁阿斯佩罗等地出土结绳可上溯公元前三千纪，印加时期成熟", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tally_stick" ], "related": [ "census_system", "chinese_characters", "clay_tablet", "cuneiform_writing" ], "desc": "安第斯文明以绳结的方位、颜色与数目记账叙事，是美洲唯一成熟的前文字系统。" }, { "id": "touchstone", "name": "试金石", "nameEn": "Touchstone (assaying tool)", "wikiEn": "Touchstone (assaying tool)", "aliases": [ "试金棒", "验金石" ], "year": -2400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "weighing_scale" ], "desc": "印度河巴纳瓦利出土黑色硅岩试金石，用于鉴定金纯度。" }, { "id": "dictionary", "name": "词典", "nameEn": "Dictionary", "wikiEn": "Dictionary", "aliases": [ "楔形词表", "双语词书", "Lexical list" ], "year": -2300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cuneiform_writing" ], "related": [ "library" ], "desc": "美索不达米亚书吏编纂苏美尔—阿卡德对照词汇表。" }, { "id": "bronze_agricultural_tools", "name": "青铜农具", "nameEn": "Bronze agricultural tools", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "青铜镰", "青铜锄", "青铜犁铧", "Bronze sickle", "Bronze plowshare" ], "year": -2200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy", "plow" ], "related": [ "ox_yoke", "seed_drill" ], "desc": "青铜铸造的镰、锄、犁铧逐步替代石骨农具，提高耕作。" }, { "id": "protractor", "name": "量角器", "nameEn": "Protractor", "wikiEn": "Protractor", "aliases": [ "角度刻槽器", "角尺" ], "year": -2200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mathematics_early", "measuring_rod" ], "desc": "洛塔尔出土带直角刻槽的海螺圆柱，被认为是角度量具。" }, { "id": "law_code", "name": "乌尔纳姆法典", "nameEn": "Code of Ur-Nammu", "wikiEn": "Code of Ur-Nammu", "aliases": [ "乌尔纳姆律", "成文法典", "Law code" ], "year": -2100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cuneiform_writing" ], "related": [ "clay_tablet" ], "desc": "现存最早的成文法典泥板，以楔形文字载明刑罚与赔偿。" }, { "id": "unit_of_measurement", "name": "度量衡标准化", "nameEn": "Standardized weights and measures", "wikiEn": "Unit of measurement", "aliases": [ "度量衡", "标准单位", "weights and measures" ], "year": -2100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "乌尔第三王朝颁行标准砝码与容量单位", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "commodity_money", "taxation_system", "metric_system" ], "desc": "由政权颁行统一量器与砝码，使税收、贸易与工程计算可以彼此核对。" }, { "id": "anchor", "name": "锚", "nameEn": "Anchor", "wikiEn": "Anchor", "aliases": [ "石锚", "船锚", "Stone anchor" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sailing_ship" ], "related": [ "maritime_dock" ], "desc": "地中海船员以穿孔重石或带爪木锚固定船位。" }, { "id": "battering_ram", "name": "攻城槌", "nameEn": "Battering ram", "wikiEn": "Battering ram", "aliases": [ "冲车", "破城槌", "撞城槌" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "city_wall" ], "related": [], "desc": "古埃及中王国已用带顶棚的悬木撞槌攻破城墙。" }, { "id": "bellows", "name": "风箱", "nameEn": "Bellows", "wikiEn": "Bellows", "aliases": [ "鼓风器", "陶风嘴", "Pot bellows" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bronze_metallurgy", "charcoal" ], "desc": "以皮囊鼓风提高炉温，是青铜冶炼的关键助燃装置。" }, { "id": "camel_domestication", "name": "骆驼的驯化", "nameEn": "Camel", "wikiEn": "Camel", "aliases": [ "单峰驼驯化", "家驼", "Domestic camel" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry" ], "related": [ "donkey_domestication" ], "desc": "阿拉伯与中亚驯化双峰驼、单峰驼，用于荒漠驮运。" }, { "id": "chariot", "name": "战车", "nameEn": "Chariot", "wikiEn": "Chariot", "aliases": [ "马拉战车", "驷马战车", "Chariots" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wheel_axle", "horse_domestication" ], "related": [ "spoked_wheel", "horse_bit", "composite_bow" ], "desc": "辛塔什塔文化的轻轮辐式双马战车，改写青铜时代战争。" }, { "id": "composite_bow", "name": "复合弓", "nameEn": "Composite bow", "wikiEn": "Composite bow", "aliases": [ "角弓", "合成弓" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bow_and_arrow" ], "related": [ "chariot", "sword" ], "desc": "木、角、筋胶合而成的弓，短小劲大，适合骑射与车战。" }, { "id": "horse_bit", "name": "马衔", "nameEn": "Bit (horse)", "wikiEn": "Bit (horse)", "aliases": [ "马嚼子", "铜马衔", "Horse bit" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "horse_domestication" ], "related": [ "chariot" ], "desc": "置于马口的青铜衔铁配缰绳，实现对驭马的精确操控。" }, { "id": "hour", "name": "二十四时制", "nameEn": "Hour", "wikiEn": "Hour", "aliases": [ "小时", "古埃及时段制", "昼夜各十二时" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "early_calendar" ], "related": [ "water_clock", "sexagesimal" ], "desc": "古埃及依星象把昼夜各分十二时，二十四小时制之源。" }, { "id": "land_tenure", "name": "土地保有制", "nameEn": "Land Tenure", "wikiEn": "Land tenure", "aliases": [ "田制", "领地保有" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "泛指前现代土地权利体系，无单一创立年", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "taxation_system", "primogeniture", "corvee_labor", "surveying" ], "related": [ "feudalism", "serfdom", "domesday_book", "iqta_grant" ], "desc": "规定谁以何种义务持有土地，把地权、税负与兵役捆成一套可核查的账。" }, { "id": "noodle", "name": "面条", "nameEn": "Noodle", "wikiEn": "Noodle", "aliases": [ "小米面条", "喇家面条", "Noodles" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [], "desc": "中国齐家文化喇家遗址出土粟米制长面条，为最早面条。" }, { "id": "outrigger_boat", "name": "舷外支架船", "nameEn": "Outrigger boat", "wikiEn": "Outrigger boat", "aliases": [ "边架艇", "浮架独木舟", "Outrigger canoe" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "boat_canoe" ], "related": [ "sailing_ship" ], "desc": "船侧加装浮木支架防覆，支撑南岛语族远洋扩张。" }, { "id": "scissors", "name": "剪刀", "nameEn": "Scissors", "wikiEn": "Scissors", "aliases": [ "青铜剪", "弹簧剪" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [], "desc": "美索不达米亚出现两片相连的青铜弹簧剪。" }, { "id": "shaduf", "name": "桔槔", "nameEn": "Shaduf", "wikiEn": "Shaduf", "aliases": [ "沙杜夫", "桔槔提水器", "Shadoof" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "irrigation" ], "related": [ "dam" ], "desc": "杠杆式长杆吊桶提水灌溉，埃及与两河广泛使用。" }, { "id": "spoked_wheel", "name": "辐条轮", "nameEn": "Spoke", "wikiEn": "Spoke", "aliases": [ "辐式车轮", "辐条车轮", "Spoked wheel" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wheel_axle" ], "related": [ "chariot" ], "desc": "以辐条取代实心轮盘，车轮更轻便快捷，催生高速战车。" }, { "id": "sweet_potato", "name": "甘薯", "nameEn": "Sweet potato", "wikiEn": "Sweet potato", "aliases": [ "番薯", "地瓜" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": [ -4000, -1000 ], "year_note": "中美洲驯化年代争议大；16世纪末传入中国", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "maize" ], "related": [ "potato", "grain_storage", "food_storage" ], "desc": "美洲驯化块根作物，明清传入后极大扩充口粮。" }, { "id": "water_clock", "name": "水钟", "nameEn": "Water clock", "wikiEn": "Water clock", "aliases": [ "Clepsydra", "刻漏", "水钟", "漏刻", "漏壶", "铜壶滴漏" ], "year": -2000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alarm_clock", "escapement", "hour", "sundial" ], "desc": "古巴比伦以容器滴水或受水计量时间，可夜间计时。" }, { "id": "obelisk", "name": "方尖碑", "nameEn": "Obelisk", "wikiEn": "Obelisk", "aliases": [ "方尖石柱", "奥贝利斯克" ], "year": -1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "column", "ashlar" ], "related": [ "egyptian_pyramid" ], "desc": "塞努斯雷特一世在赫利奥波利斯立整块花岗岩方尖碑。" }, { "id": "laws_eshnunna", "name": "埃什嫩那法典", "nameEn": "Laws of Eshnunna", "wikiEn": "Laws of Eshnunna", "aliases": [ "埃什嫩那法律" ], "year": -1930, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": [ -1963, -1924 ], "year_note": "年代依抄本与王表推定，学界取前20世纪末", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "law_code", "bureaucracy_ancient" ], "related": [ "code_of_hammurabi", "lex_talionis", "hittite_laws", "cylinder_seal" ], "desc": "率先公布粮价、工价与人身伤害赔偿标准，用法条给市场定价而非由个案裁断。" }, { "id": "breakwater", "name": "防波堤", "nameEn": "Breakwater", "wikiEn": "Breakwater (structure)", "aliases": [ "防波坝", "消浪堤" ], "year": -1900, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃及红海岸港口遗址的砌石防波设施，取约值", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "masonry", "ashlar", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "seawall", "maritime_dock", "dry_dock" ], "desc": "港外筑堤消减浪能，使泊稳水，土石量极大的海事构造。" }, { "id": "chocolate", "name": "可可饮料", "nameEn": "Chocolate", "wikiEn": "Chocolate", "aliases": [ "巧克力", "可可", "Cacao beverage" ], "year": -1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [ "mesoamerican_rubber" ], "desc": "中美洲已发酵调制可可饮品，为巧克力的最早形态。" }, { "id": "commodity_money", "name": "商品货币", "nameEn": "Commodity money", "wikiEn": "Commodity money", "aliases": [ "实物货币", "金属称量货币" ], "year": -1900, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "两河与埃及以银铜按重量计价，早于铸币", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "barter" ], "related": [ "unit_of_measurement" ], "desc": "以金属等通用商品按重量充当计价与支付手段，克服物物交换的双重巧合难题。" }, { "id": "palace_economy", "name": "宫殿再分配经济", "nameEn": "Palace economy", "wikiEn": "Palace economy", "aliases": [ "宫殿经济", "再分配经济", "palatial economy" ], "year": -1900, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以克里特与安纳托利亚宫殿档案为据，年代取中青铜时代", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "grain_storage", "cuneiform_writing" ], "related": [ "taxation_system", "commodity_money" ], "desc": "宫殿统一收纳粮食牲畜与手工产品再行配给，靠泥板账目运转。" }, { "id": "pulley", "name": "滑轮", "nameEn": "Pulley", "wikiEn": "Pulley", "aliases": [ "滑车", "定滑轮" ], "year": -1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lever" ], "related": [ "inclined_plane" ], "desc": "两河与古埃及使用绳槽轮吊物，为最早的起重滑轮。" }, { "id": "scale_armor", "name": "鳞甲", "nameEn": "Scale armour", "wikiEn": "Scale armour", "aliases": [ "鳞片甲", "鱼鳞甲", "Scale armor" ], "year": -1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [ "helmet", "shield" ], "desc": "把青铜鳞片缝缀于革底的铠甲，古埃及与迈锡尼使用。" }, { "id": "proto_sinaitic_script", "name": "原始西奈字母", "nameEn": "Proto-Sinaitic script", "wikiEn": "Proto-Sinaitic script", "aliases": [ "原始迦南字母", "Proto-alphabet", "Proto-Canaanite" ], "year": -1850, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "egyptian_hieroglyphs" ], "related": [], "desc": "西奈矿工借圣书体符号创制辅音字母，为字母文字源头。" }, { "id": "linear_a", "name": "线形文字A", "nameEn": "Linear A", "wikiEn": "Linear A", "aliases": [ "线形文字甲", "米诺斯文字" ], "year": -1800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "linear_b", "cuneiform_writing" ], "desc": "克里特米诺斯宫殿行政泥板上使用的音节文字，未释读。" }, { "id": "pythagorean_triples", "name": "勾股数组与普林顿322泥板", "nameEn": "Pythagorean triple", "wikiEn": "Pythagorean triple", "aliases": [ "毕氏三元数", "勾股数", "整勾股数", "Plimpton 322", "Pythagorean triples" ], "year": -1800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pythagorean_theorem", "egyptian_rhind_papyrus" ], "desc": "巴比伦泥板列出十五组勾股数及其生成参数，显示上古已系统掌握直角三角形数律。" }, { "id": "code_of_hammurabi", "name": "汉谟拉比法典", "nameEn": "Code of Hammurabi", "wikiEn": "Code of Hammurabi", "aliases": [ "汉穆拉比法典", "巴比伦法典" ], "year": -1754, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -1792, -1750 ], "year_note": "按中年表推定，学界存在年代争议", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lex_talionis", "twelve_tables", "tang_code" ], "desc": "以石柱公示二百余条判例，确立按情节量刑与举证责任的成文法范式。" }, { "id": "usury_regulation", "name": "利息与债务限令", "nameEn": "Usury regulation", "wikiEn": "Usury", "aliases": [ "高利贷限制", "利率上限", "债役豁免" ], "year": -1754, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取汉谟拉比在位年表通行值，法典条文本属古巴比伦长期惯例；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "code_of_hammurabi", "commodity_money" ], "related": [ "pawnbroker", "state_monopoly" ], "desc": "法典规定谷物与银钱借贷利率上限并定期豁免欠债。" }, { "id": "lex_talionis", "name": "同态复仇法则", "nameEn": "Lex talionis", "wikiEn": "Eye for an eye", "aliases": [ "同态复仇", "以眼还眼", "talion" ], "year": -1750, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以法典条文限定报复程度，早于成文法已有口头习惯法", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blood_feud" ], "related": [ "code_of_hammurabi" ], "desc": "把报复限制在与损害同等的幅度内，首次给暴力定价并防止仇杀升级。" }, { "id": "dagger_axe", "name": "戈", "nameEn": "Dagger-axe", "wikiEn": "Dagger-axe", "aliases": [ "青铜戈", "勾兵", "Ge" ], "year": -1700, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [ "sword", "chinese_ritual_bronzes" ], "desc": "二里头文化出现的青铜勾啄长兵，是中国特有兵器。" }, { "id": "piece_mold_casting", "name": "范铸法", "nameEn": "Piece-mold casting", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "分范铸造", "块范法", "Piece-mold casting", "Piece mould" ], "year": -1700, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "metal_casting", "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [ "chinese_ritual_bronzes", "lost_wax_casting" ], "desc": "中国以多块陶范合范浇铸青铜器，可铸繁缛纹饰铭文。" }, { "id": "egyptian_rhind_papyrus", "name": "莱茵德纸草书与单位分数", "nameEn": "Rhind Mathematical Papyrus", "wikiEn": "Rhind Mathematical Papyrus", "aliases": [ "莱茵德纸草书", "阿梅斯纸草书", "埃及分数", "Egyptian fraction", "Rhind Papyrus" ], "year": -1650, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mathematics_early" ], "related": [ "egyptian_numerals", "sexagesimal" ], "desc": "书记官阿梅斯抄录的算题集，系统使用单位分数，为现存最长古埃及数学文献。" }, { "id": "babylonian_astronomy", "name": "巴比伦天文学", "nameEn": "Babylonian astronomy", "wikiEn": "Babylonian astronomy", "aliases": [ "阿米萨杜卡金星泥板", "Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa" ], "year": -1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cuneiform_writing", "lunar_calendar" ], "related": [ "early_calendar", "nebra_sky_disc" ], "desc": "系统记录行星运行与天象预兆，金星泥板为最早天文文献。" }, { "id": "chinese_ritual_bronzes", "name": "青铜礼器", "nameEn": "Chinese ritual bronzes", "wikiEn": "Chinese ritual bronzes", "aliases": [ "中国青铜器", "商周礼器", "鼎彝" ], "year": -1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "piece_mold_casting" ], "related": [ "bronze_metallurgy", "oracle_bone_script" ], "desc": "商周铸造鼎簋等成套青铜礼器，用于祭祀与礼制统治。" }, { "id": "edwin_smith_papyrus", "name": "艾德温·史密斯纸草文稿", "nameEn": "Edwin Smith Papyrus", "wikiEn": "Edwin Smith Papyrus", "aliases": [ "史密斯纸草书", "外科纸草书" ], "year": -1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "egyptian_hieroglyphs", "papyrus" ], "related": [ "surgical_suture", "rhinoplasty" ], "desc": "现存最早外科专著，理性描述48例创伤诊断与治疗。" }, { "id": "fire_setting", "name": "火烧法采矿", "nameEn": "Fire-setting", "wikiEn": "Fire-setting", "aliases": [ "烧矿法", "火爆法", "Fire setting mining" ], "year": -1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "fire" ], "related": [ "tin_smelting" ], "desc": "点火加热岩壁再泼水激裂，用于开采铜锡矿脉。" }, { "id": "nebra_sky_disc", "name": "内布拉星象盘", "nameEn": "Nebra Sky Disc", "wikiEn": "Nebra Sky Disc", "aliases": [ "内布拉天盘", "Nebra disk" ], "year": -1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "babylonian_astronomy", "early_calendar" ], "desc": "德国出土嵌金日月星辰的青铜盘，欧洲最古天象具象图。" }, { "id": "proto_celadon", "name": "原始青瓷", "nameEn": "Proto-celadon", "wikiEn": "Proto-celadon", "aliases": [ "原始瓷", "釉陶" ], "year": -1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pottery", "kiln" ], "related": [ "faience" ], "desc": "商代高温烧造施青灰釉的硬陶，是瓷器的直接前身。" }, { "id": "shell_money", "name": "贝币", "nameEn": "Shell money", "wikiEn": "Shell money", "aliases": [ "海贝货币", "货贝", "Cowrie money" ], "year": -1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "weighing_scale" ], "desc": "商代以南海海贝为交换媒介，是中国最早的实物货币。" }, { "id": "tyrian_purple", "name": "泰尔紫", "nameEn": "Tyrian purple", "wikiEn": "Tyrian purple", "aliases": [ "推罗紫", "腓尼基紫", "骨螺紫" ], "year": -1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "wool" ], "desc": "腓尼基人从骨螺提取名贵紫色染料，价比黄金。" }, { "id": "ebers_papyrus", "name": "埃伯斯纸草卷", "nameEn": "Ebers Papyrus", "wikiEn": "Ebers Papyrus", "aliases": [ "埃伯斯纸草书", "埃及医方纸草" ], "year": -1550, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "papyrus" ], "related": [ "edwin_smith_papyrus", "opium" ], "desc": "记载数百种草药方剂与病症，古埃及药物学集大成。" }, { "id": "bathtub", "name": "浴缸", "nameEn": "Bathtub", "wikiEn": "Bathtub", "aliases": [ "浴盆", "澡盆" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "克诺索斯王宫已有陶制浴盆与给排水配套", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pottery" ], "related": [ "great_bath", "indus_sanitation", "towel" ], "desc": "可供人浸入的盛水浴器，与上下水设施共同构成室内洗浴条件。" }, { "id": "beam_bridge", "name": "简支梁桥", "nameEn": "Beam bridge", "wikiEn": "Beam bridge", "aliases": [ "梁桥", "平桥" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "最早的木石梁桥难确考，取文献所记早期年代", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "timber_framing", "saw", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "truss", "arkadiko_bridge", "anji_bridge" ], "desc": "木石横架两岸墩台即成桥，最直接也最限跨。" }, { "id": "broom", "name": "扫帚", "nameEn": "Broom", "wikiEn": "Broom (tool)", "aliases": [ "扫把", "笤帚" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "捆扎植物茎秆的帚具在多个早期农耕社会独立出现", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "rope" ], "related": [ "mop", "bucket", "bathtub" ], "desc": "以束状纤维刷扫地面的清洁工具，把除尘从手捡变成刷扫。" }, { "id": "bucket", "name": "水桶", "nameEn": "Bucket", "wikiEn": "Bucket", "aliases": [ "桶", "吊桶" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃及墓葬木桶与提梁取水器为早期实物", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rope", "pottery" ], "related": [ "well", "bathtub", "broom" ], "desc": "带提梁的取水与盛装容器，把人力搬运液体从抱持变为提吊。" }, { "id": "carpet", "name": "地毯", "nameEn": "Carpet", "wikiEn": "Carpet", "aliases": [ "绒毯", "结绒毯" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "游牧织结传统为源头，巴泽雷克实物属公元前五千纪末", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "weaving", "wool" ], "related": [ "bedding", "pillow", "tent" ], "desc": "以结绒或织植构成的铺地织物，兼顾保暖、隔潮与空间界定。" }, { "id": "forging", "name": "锻造", "nameEn": "Forging", "wikiEn": "Forging", "aliases": [ "锻压", "Hammer forging" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "青铜时代锤击成形，铁器时代成熟", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy", "bellows" ], "related": [ "trip_hammer", "steam_hammer", "crucible_steel" ], "desc": "以冲击力使金属塑性流动成形并细化晶粒。" }, { "id": "glassmaking", "name": "玻璃", "nameEn": "Glass", "wikiEn": "Glass", "aliases": [ "玻璃制造", "玻璃器", "Glassmaking" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "faience", "kiln" ], "related": [ "lost_wax_casting" ], "desc": "两河与埃及稳定熔制玻璃容器，玻璃成为独立人造材料。" }, { "id": "hittite_laws", "name": "赫梯法典", "nameEn": "Hittite Laws", "wikiEn": "Hittite laws", "aliases": [ "赫梯法律" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "现存抄本约前15世纪，条款累经修订", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "code_of_hammurabi", "law_code" ], "related": [ "treaty_kadesh", "lex_talionis", "laws_eshnunna", "stamp_seal" ], "desc": "把同态复仇改写为定额赔偿，显示同一法理传统可由刑罚转向补偿。" }, { "id": "poultry_farming", "name": "家禽饲养", "nameEn": "Poultry farming", "wikiEn": "Poultry farming", "aliases": [ "养鸡业", "Poultry" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "东南亚家鸡驯化约公元前1500年", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry", "agriculture" ], "related": [ "dairy", "beekeeping", "food_preservation" ], "desc": "规模化饲养鸡鸭取蛋肉，最省料的高效动物蛋白来源。" }, { "id": "seed_drill", "name": "条播机", "nameEn": "Seed drill", "wikiEn": "Seed drill", "aliases": [ "Jethro Tull seed drill", "Seeder plow", "三脚耧", "塔尔条播机", "多管条播机", "耧车", "耧车雏形" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "plow" ], "related": [ "bronze_agricultural_tools", "moldboard_plow", "norfolk_crop_rotation", "threshing_machine" ], "desc": "巴比伦人使用带管的播种犁把种子成行播入土中。" }, { "id": "sundial", "name": "日晷", "nameEn": "Sundial", "wikiEn": "Sundial", "aliases": [ "Gnomon", "太阳钟", "影钟", "日规" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "clock_tower", "hour", "water_clock" ], "desc": "古埃及与巴比伦以表影方位测定白昼时刻。" }, { "id": "team_sport", "name": "团队运动", "nameEn": "Team sport", "wikiEn": "Team sport", "aliases": [ "集体竞技项目", "球类对抗运动" ], "year": -1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以固定人数与规则对抗为界，古代球戏与军阵演练为其雏形", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ancient_olympic_games", "history_of_football", "mesoamerican_rubber" ], "desc": "两队按成文规则对抗竞技的组织形式，是现代职业体育的母题。" }, { "id": "fresco", "name": "湿壁画", "nameEn": "Fresco", "wikiEn": "Fresco", "aliases": [ "壁画", "fresco painting" ], "year": -1450, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以克里特米诺斯宫殿壁画为最早成熟实例", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ochre" ], "related": [ "tempera_painting", "oil_painting", "mosaic" ], "desc": "在湿灰泥上以矿物颜料作画、色料随石灰结晶固着的墙面绘画工艺。" }, { "id": "linear_b", "name": "线形文字B", "nameEn": "Linear B", "wikiEn": "Linear B", "aliases": [ "线形文字乙", "迈锡尼文字" ], "year": -1450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "linear_a" ], "related": [ "cuneiform_writing" ], "desc": "迈锡尼希腊人改写线形文字A记录希腊语，后被释读。" }, { "id": "mesoamerican_rubber", "name": "橡胶", "nameEn": "Mesoamerican rubber balls", "wikiEn": "Mesoamerican rubber balls", "aliases": [ "中美洲橡胶球", "天然橡胶", "Natural rubber" ], "year": -1400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chocolate" ], "desc": "中美洲以橡胶树乳胶硫化制球，用于宗教球赛。" }, { "id": "arkadiko_bridge", "name": "阿卡蒂科桥", "nameEn": "Arkadiko Bridge", "wikiEn": "Arkadiko Bridge", "aliases": [ "迈锡尼石拱桥", "科耳察石桥", "Kazarma bridge" ], "year": -1300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "arch" ], "related": [ "city_wall" ], "desc": "迈锡尼文明以叠涩拱修筑仍在使用的石砌公路桥。" }, { "id": "lathe", "name": "车床", "nameEn": "Lathe", "wikiEn": "Lathe", "aliases": [ "木工车床", "旋床" ], "year": -1300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [ "saw" ], "desc": "古埃及出现两人操作的弓绳车床，旋转切削木器。" }, { "id": "windcatcher", "name": "风塔", "nameEn": "Windcatcher", "wikiEn": "Windcatcher", "aliases": [ "Badgir", "Malqaf", "捕风塔", "通风塔" ], "year": -1300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "yakhchal" ], "desc": "古埃及十九王朝建筑用引风口给室内被动降温通风。" }, { "id": "treaty_kadesh", "name": "埃及赫梯和约", "nameEn": "Egyptian-Hittite Peace Treaty", "wikiEn": "Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty", "aliases": [ "卡叠什和约", "银板和约" ], "year": -1259, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": [ -1259, -1257 ], "year_note": "订立年依双方纪年互校，通行取前1259", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "archive_institution", "hittite_laws" ], "related": [ "international_law", "peace_of_westphalia", "stamp_seal" ], "desc": "两个帝国把边界、互不侵犯与引渡义务刻成双向对等文本，是留存至今的最早国际条约。" }, { "id": "chinese_characters", "name": "汉字", "nameEn": "Chinese characters", "wikiEn": "Chinese characters", "aliases": [ "中文方块字", "汉语文字", "Hanzi" ], "year": -1250, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以殷墟甲骨文为最早确证形态，源头或更早；字形体系沿用至今未断", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "proto_writing", "clay_token" ], "related": [ "oracle_bone_script", "woodblock_printing", "movable_type_printing", "hangul" ], "desc": "以形、音、义结合的方块字记录汉语，历甲骨、篆隶至印刷与屏幕，沿用不绝。" }, { "id": "cyclopean_masonry", "name": "巨石垒砌城防", "nameEn": "Cyclopean masonry", "wikiEn": "Cyclopean masonry", "aliases": [ "独目石砌体", "巨石墙" ], "year": -1250, "year_basis": "range_midpoint", "year_span": [ -1350, -1150 ], "year_note": "迈锡尼山堡城墙的建造期，区间取中值", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "masonry", "ashlar" ], "related": [ "city_wall", "megalith", "arch" ], "desc": "巨砾错缝干垒成壁，靠块体自重抗冲击与攀爬。" }, { "id": "oracle_bone_script", "name": "甲骨文", "nameEn": "Oracle bone script", "wikiEn": "Oracle bone script", "aliases": [ "殷墟甲骨文字", "卜辞", "Oracle bone inscriptions" ], "year": -1250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "bronze_age", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chinese_ritual_bronzes" ], "desc": "商代晚期刻于龟甲兽骨的成熟汉字体系，用于占卜记事。" }, { "id": "distillation", "name": "蒸馏", "nameEn": "Distillation", "wikiEn": "Distillation", "aliases": [ "亚历山大蒸馏", "蒸馏提香", "蒸馏术" ], "year": -1200, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alchemy", "tyrian_purple" ], "desc": "阿卡德泥板记载以蒸馏法提炼香水香精的工序。" }, { "id": "iron_smelting", "name": "铁器冶炼", "nameEn": "Iron smelting", "wikiEn": "Ferrous metallurgy", "aliases": [ "赫梯冶铁", "Hittite iron" ], "year": -1200, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [ "cast_iron", "wootz_steel" ], "desc": "赫梯人始炼块炼铁，铁器时代由此开启。" }, { "id": "babylonian_star_catalogue", "name": "巴比伦星表", "nameEn": "Babylonian star catalogues", "wikiEn": "Babylonian star catalogues", "aliases": [ "MUL.APIN", "Three Stars Each" ], "year": -1100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cuneiform_writing" ], "related": [ "julian_calendar", "ptolemaic_astronomy" ], "desc": "系统记录恒星与星座，最早的星表传统。" }, { "id": "zhou_official_rites", "name": "周官职典", "nameEn": "Rites of Zhou", "wikiEn": "Rites of Zhou", "aliases": [ "周礼", "六典" ], "year": -1100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "成书年代争议大，取西周初建制之约定值", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "code_of_hammurabi", "land_tenure" ], "related": [ "tang_code", "censorate", "bureaucracy_ancient", "stamp_seal" ], "desc": "把官职、俸禄、田制与礼仪编为一份可复原的行政设计图，供后世据以立制。" }, { "id": "alphabet", "name": "字母文字", "nameEn": "Alphabet", "wikiEn": "Alphabet", "aliases": [ "腓尼基字母", "希腊字母", "拉丁字母" ], "year": -1050, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "latin_grammar" ], "desc": "腓尼基人创辅音—音素字母，希腊人补元音。" }, { "id": "backgammon", "name": "西洋双陆棋", "nameEn": "Backgammon", "wikiEn": "Backgammon", "aliases": [ "双陆", "十五子棋" ], "year": -1000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "伊朗沙赫里索克特棋盘与罗马十五子戏为其谱系", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "dice" ], "related": [ "senet", "chess", "go_game" ], "desc": "掷骰驱动棋子沿路行进的赛跑类棋戏，运气与算路并重。" }, { "id": "calligraphy", "name": "书法", "nameEn": "Calligraphy", "wikiEn": "Calligraphy", "aliases": [ "书道", "writing as art" ], "year": -1000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以甲骨、金文为源头，汉末魏晋独立为一门艺术", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cuneiform_writing", "ink" ], "related": [ "ink_wash_painting", "illuminated_manuscript", "ink_brush" ], "desc": "把书写符号的线条、结构与节奏提升为独立视觉艺术的技艺传统。" }, { "id": "soybean", "name": "大豆", "nameEn": "Soybean", "wikiEn": "Soybean", "aliases": [ "黄豆", "Glycine max" ], "year": -1000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "黄河流域周代已栽培", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cereal" ], "related": [ "crop_rotation", "manure", "fermentation" ], "desc": "原产中国的豆科作物，兼供植物蛋白与恢复地力。" }, { "id": "thimble", "name": "顶针", "nameEn": "Thimble", "wikiEn": "Thimble", "aliases": [ "顶指", "针箍" ], "year": -1000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "中国西周青铜顶针为已知早期金属实例", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "sewing_needle" ], "related": [ "sewing_machine", "button", "scissors" ], "desc": "套指护具，用来顶推缝针穿透厚密织物，是针线活的基本随身器。" }, { "id": "umbrella", "name": "伞", "nameEn": "Umbrella", "wikiEn": "Umbrella", "aliases": [ "雨伞", "华盖" ], "year": -1000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "中国、埃及与亚述的遮阳伞盖几乎同期出现", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "weaving" ], "related": [ "hat", "clothing" ], "desc": "可开合的撑架覆面器具，最初蔽日示贵，后来才防水蔽雨。" }, { "id": "chopsticks", "name": "筷子", "nameEn": "Chopsticks", "wikiEn": "Chopsticks", "aliases": [ "箸", "筷" ], "year": -900, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "商周青铜箸与漆箸为早期实物，汉代东亚通行", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cooking" ], "related": [ "spoon", "cookware_and_bakeware", "teapot" ], "desc": "以两根细杆夹取食物的餐具，与分食、热食烹调习惯相互塑造。" }, { "id": "siege_tower", "name": "攻城塔", "nameEn": "Siege tower", "wikiEn": "Siege tower", "aliases": [ "Belfry", "攻城楼" ], "year": -850, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "亚述攻城战浮雕所见早期形态", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "wheel_axle" ], "related": [ "battering_ram", "castle", "counterweight_trebuchet" ], "desc": "带轮多层木塔，使攻城兵与守军在同一高度接战。" }, { "id": "cavalry", "name": "骑兵", "nameEn": "Cavalry", "wikiEn": "Cavalry", "aliases": [ "Mounted warfare", "骑兵团" ], "year": -800, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "亚述骑兵作为独立兵种约公元前800年", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "horse_domestication" ], "related": [ "chariot", "composite_bow", "stirrup" ], "desc": "骑马作战的兵种，冷兵器时代的机动与冲击主力。" }, { "id": "greek_alphabet", "name": "希腊字母表", "nameEn": "Greek alphabet", "wikiEn": "Greek alphabet", "aliases": [ "希腊音素文字", "Greek letters", "元音字母表" ], "year": -800, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "alphabet" ], "related": [ "proto_sinaitic_script", "codex", "chinese_characters", "unicode" ], "desc": "在闪族辅音字母上补出元音，形成首个完整音素字母表，拉丁与西里尔文字同出其系。" }, { "id": "ancient_olympic_games", "name": "古代奥林匹克竞技会", "nameEn": "Ancient Olympic Games", "wikiEn": "Ancient Olympic Games", "aliases": [ "古希腊奥运会", "奥林匹亚赛会" ], "year": -776, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "传统定年为前 776 年，考古显示赛会实际更早", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "modern_olympic_games", "history_of_swimming", "history_of_boxing" ], "desc": "希腊城邦周期性宗教竞技集会，第一次把体育纳入固定赛制。" }, { "id": "epic_poetry", "name": "史诗", "nameEn": "Epic poem", "wikiEn": "Epic poem", "aliases": [ "叙事史诗", "英雄长诗" ], "year": -750, "year_basis": "range_midpoint", "year_span": [ -800, -700 ], "year_note": "荷马诗篇成文年代通行取前八世纪", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "language" ], "related": [ "greek_theatre", "fairy_tale", "don_quixote" ], "desc": "以韵文吟诵英雄与族群记忆的长篇叙事体裁，小说兴起前的最高叙事形式。" }, { "id": "qanat", "name": "坎儿井", "nameEn": "Qanat", "wikiEn": "Qanat", "aliases": [ "Karez", "暗渠", "Kariz" ], "year": -700, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "aqueduct", "dujiangyan" ], "desc": "波斯地下暗渠引水系统，跨流域输水。" }, { "id": "saddle", "name": "马鞍", "nameEn": "Saddle", "wikiEn": "Saddle", "aliases": [ "亚述鞍垫" ], "year": -700, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "stirrup" ], "desc": "亚述骑兵使用鞍垫，提升骑乘稳定。" }, { "id": "trireme", "name": "三列桨战舰", "nameEn": "Trireme", "wikiEn": "Trireme", "aliases": [ "三桡战船" ], "year": -700, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sail" ], "related": [], "desc": "三层桨座战舰，希腊城邦海军主力。" }, { "id": "crossbow", "name": "弩", "nameEn": "Crossbow", "wikiEn": "Crossbow", "aliases": [ "弩机", "Chinese crossbow" ], "year": -650, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "repeating_crossbow", "ballista" ], "desc": "中国春秋时期出现，靠扳机机构延时发射。" }, { "id": "library_ashurbanipal", "name": "亚述巴尼拔图书馆", "nameEn": "Library of Ashurbanipal", "wikiEn": "Library of Ashurbanipal", "aliases": [ "尼尼微图书馆" ], "year": -650, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "card_catalog", "library_alexandria" ], "desc": "三万块泥板按形制分类，最早的图书馆目录。" }, { "id": "phalanx_infantry", "name": "重装步兵方阵", "nameEn": "Phalanx", "wikiEn": "Phalanx", "aliases": [ "Hoplite phalanx", "方阵" ], "year": -650, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "希腊重装步兵方阵约公元前7世纪出现", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "spear" ], "related": [ "pike", "cavalry", "roman_legion" ], "desc": "密集持盾枪阵，希腊城邦公民步兵的战术骨架。" }, { "id": "wax_tablet", "name": "蜡板", "nameEn": "Wax Tablet", "wikiEn": "Wax tablet", "aliases": [ "蜡牍", "涂蜡木板" ], "year": -650, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -700, -600 ], "year_note": "希腊与亚述出土蜡板约当公元前7世纪", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alphabet" ], "related": [ "papyrus", "codex", "eduba_scribal_school" ], "desc": "木板涂蜡以尖笔刻写，可熔平重写，是古典时代日常书写载体" }, { "id": "amphictyonic_league", "name": "近邻同盟", "nameEn": "Amphictyonic League", "wikiEn": "Amphictyonic league", "aliases": [ "德尔菲同盟" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "同盟古史可追溯更早，成制之纪年约前6世纪", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "city_state", "treaty_kadesh" ], "related": [ "hanseatic_league", "league_of_nations", "international_law", "greek_alphabet" ], "desc": "诸城邦按席位共掌圣所并约定战时禁区，是最早以投票权组织的跨国机构。" }, { "id": "aquaculture", "name": "水产养殖", "nameEn": "Aquaculture", "wikiEn": "Aquaculture", "aliases": [ "养鱼业", "Fish farming" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "中国范蠡养鱼约公元前5世纪已有记载", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "irrigation", "animal_husbandry" ], "related": [ "fishing_net", "fish_hook", "hydroponics" ], "desc": "人工投喂与繁殖水产物种，最早成规模于中国池塘。" }, { "id": "cartography", "name": "地图学", "nameEn": "Cartography", "wikiEn": "Cartography", "aliases": [ "Anaximander map" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pei_xiu_grid", "earth_circumference" ], "desc": "阿那克西曼德绘制首幅按比例的世界地图。" }, { "id": "coinage", "name": "钱币", "nameEn": "Coin", "wikiEn": "Coin", "aliases": [ "铸币", "吕底亚钱币", "Lydian coin" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cupellation", "metal_casting", "unit_of_measurement" ], "related": [ "commodity_money", "shell_money", "touchstone" ], "desc": "吕底亚/腓尼基发行标准金属铸币。" }, { "id": "crop_rotation", "name": "轮作制", "nameEn": "Crop rotation", "wikiEn": "Crop rotation", "aliases": [ "换茬", "Four-course rotation" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "先秦已有豆谷茬作，近代由诺福克体系完善", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "manure" ], "related": [ "norfolk_crop_rotation", "three_field_system", "soybean" ], "desc": "按季轮换作物种类以维持地力并抑制草害的耕作制度。" }, { "id": "diolkos", "name": "轨道陆路", "nameEn": "Diolkos", "wikiEn": "Diolkos", "aliases": [ "科林斯地峡轨道", "wagonway" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "roman_roads" ], "desc": "科林斯地峡上的石轨拖船道，铁路雏形。" }, { "id": "rotary_quern", "name": "旋转磨盘", "nameEn": "Rotary quern", "wikiEn": "Quern-stone", "aliases": [ "曲柄手磨", "rotary hand mill" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "watermill" ], "desc": "迦太基出现曲柄驱动的旋转谷物磨。" }, { "id": "sushruta_samhita", "name": "《妙闻本集》", "nameEn": "Sushruta Samhita", "wikiEn": "Sushruta Samhita", "aliases": [ "苏斯鲁多本集", "印度外科学" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy", "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "hippocratic_medicine" ], "desc": "印度医典，系统记载外科与白内障拨障术。" }, { "id": "thales_theorem", "name": "泰勒斯定理", "nameEn": "Thales's theorem", "wikiEn": "Thales's theorem", "aliases": [ "半圆圆周角定理", "泰勒斯半圆定理", "Thales theorem", "直径所对圆周角为直角" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "geometry_deductive", "pythagorean_theorem", "surveying" ], "desc": "泰勒斯证明直径所对圆周角必为直角，被视为古希腊演绎证明几何定理的开端。" }, { "id": "truss", "name": "桁架", "nameEn": "Truss", "wikiEn": "Truss", "aliases": [ "屋架", "Triangular truss" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "希腊神庙木桁架约公元前7至6世纪", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "woodworking", "chisel" ], "related": [ "timber_framing", "cable_stayed_bridge", "dome" ], "desc": "以三角形单元把弯矩化为轴力的杆系，大跨屋盖的骨架。" }, { "id": "wootz_steel", "name": "乌兹钢", "nameEn": "Wootz steel", "wikiEn": "Wootz steel", "aliases": [ "坩埚钢", "Crucible steel", "印度钢" ], "year": -600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "cast_iron", "iron_pillar_delhi" ], "desc": "南印度闭坩埚炼出高碳钢，早期钢的代表。" }, { "id": "cadastre_survey", "name": "地籍田亩登记", "nameEn": "Cadastre", "wikiEn": "Cadastre", "aliases": [ "地籍", "鱼鳞图册", "土地登记" ], "year": -594, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以鲁国初税亩为最早的确切按亩丈录取税记录，埃及与罗马亦有地籍；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "antiquity", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "surveying", "taxation_system" ], "related": [ "domesday_book", "census_system", "single_whip_law" ], "desc": "逐块丈量登记田亩等级与业主，把疆土换算成可核查的税基。" }, { "id": "pythagorean_theorem", "name": "毕达哥拉斯定理", "nameEn": "Pythagorean theorem", "wikiEn": "Pythagorean theorem", "aliases": [ "勾股定理", "商高定理", "百牛定理", "Pythagoras' theorem" ], "year": -550, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mathematics_early" ], "related": [ "geometry_deductive", "irrational_numbers", "shulba_sutras" ], "desc": "直角三角形两直角边平方和等于斜边平方，古希腊首给严格证明，贯通几何与代数。" }, { "id": "similar_triangles", "name": "相似三角形理论", "nameEn": "Similar triangles", "wikiEn": "Similarity (geometry)", "aliases": [ "相似形理论", "比例线段", "相似判定", "Similarity of triangles", "Similar triangles" ], "year": -550, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "thales_theorem" ], "related": [ "egyptian_pyramid", "eudoxus_proportion_theory", "geometry_deductive" ], "desc": "泰勒斯以相似比例测金字塔高，《原本》系统给出对应角相等、对应边成比例理论。" }, { "id": "greek_theatre", "name": "古希腊戏剧", "nameEn": "Theatre of ancient Greece", "wikiEn": "Theatre of ancient Greece", "aliases": [ "希腊悲剧与喜剧", "古典戏剧" ], "year": -534, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以公元前 534 年雅典首次悲剧竞赛为通行起点", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "epic_poetry" ], "related": [ "opera", "puppet_theatre", "commedia_dell_arte" ], "desc": "由酒神祭祀合唱演化出的演员、舞台与竞赛体制，西方戏剧的母体。" }, { "id": "satrapy", "name": "行省制", "nameEn": "Satrapy", "wikiEn": "Satrap", "aliases": [ "波斯行省", "总督制" ], "year": -520, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "大流士一世行政重组时期定型", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "monarchy", "taxation_system" ], "related": [ "censorate", "civil_service", "international_law" ], "desc": "把广袤疆域划为固定税区遣官治理并互相监查，解决超大政体的管理难题。" }, { "id": "crane", "name": "起重机", "nameEn": "Crane (machine)", "wikiEn": "Crane (machine)", "aliases": [ "希腊起重机" ], "year": -515, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "treadwheel_crane", "winch" ], "desc": "希腊人用滑轮绞车起重，节省劳力。" }, { "id": "roman_republic", "name": "共和制", "nameEn": "Roman Republic", "wikiEn": "Roman Republic", "aliases": [ "罗马共和国", "res publica" ], "year": -509, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "传统以推翻王政之年为起点", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "city_state" ], "related": [ "roman_senate", "twelve_tables", "censorate" ], "desc": "以任期制官职、院令与权力制衡替代世袭王权，奠定后世共和理论。" }, { "id": "athenian_democracy", "name": "雅典民主制", "nameEn": "Athenian democracy", "wikiEn": "Athenian democracy", "aliases": [ "公民大会制", "demokratia" ], "year": -508, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "克利斯提尼改革年，学界通行定年；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "city_state", "consensus_decision_making" ], "related": [ "roman_republic", "universal_suffrage", "twelve_tables" ], "desc": "公民大会直接立法与抽签任官，第一次把主权在法律上交给全体公民。" }, { "id": "calipers", "name": "卡尺", "nameEn": "Calipers", "wikiEn": "Calipers", "aliases": [ "青铜卡尺", "滑动卡尺" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "measuring_rod" ], "related": [ "groma", "protractor", "technical_drawing" ], "desc": "沉船出土固定爪与活动爪木卡尺。" }, { "id": "canal", "name": "运河", "nameEn": "Canal", "wikiEn": "Canal", "aliases": [ "古苏伊士运河", "灵渠", "Lingqu" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "canal_lock" ], "desc": "法老至托勒密王朝开凿连通水系的运河。" }, { "id": "cloaca_maxima", "name": "马克西姆下水道", "nameEn": "Cloaca Maxima", "wikiEn": "Cloaca Maxima", "aliases": [ "罗马大下水道" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "arch" ], "related": [], "desc": "罗马巨型排水渠，城市排污工程先驱。" }, { "id": "cradle", "name": "摇篮", "nameEn": "Cradle", "wikiEn": "Cradle (bed)", "aliases": [ "Cradle", "rocking cradle", "婴儿摇篮" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "希腊罗马文献与墓葬模型见其早期形制", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bedding" ], "related": [ "toy", "pillow", "tent" ], "desc": "可摇摆的婴儿睡具，以摆动哄睡并便于看护与夜间迁移。" }, { "id": "doll", "name": "玩偶", "nameEn": "Doll", "wikiEn": "Doll", "aliases": [ "人偶玩具" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "古希腊罗马已有陶木偶；产业在近代", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "toy" ], "related": [ "teddy_bear", "venus_figurine" ], "desc": "仿人形象的可抱玩具，从祭祀陶偶到瓷脸关节偶，承载养育与想象。" }, { "id": "go_game", "name": "围棋", "nameEn": "Go", "wikiEn": "Go (game)", "aliases": [ "弈", "weiqi", "baduk" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "春秋战国文献已见弈语，规则在汉代定型", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "backgammon", "chaturanga", "chess", "touchstone" ], "desc": "以围地多寡决胜负的完全信息棋类，成为后世机器博弈研究的试金石。" }, { "id": "gurukula", "name": "林住师承制", "nameEn": "Gurukula", "wikiEn": "Gurukula", "aliases": [ "古鲁库拉", "师徒住读制" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "吠陀时代成型，年代存争议", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "oral_tradition" ], "related": [ "apprenticeship" ], "desc": "古印度弟子寄居师家口耳相传经典的住读教育" }, { "id": "irrational_numbers", "name": "无理数的发现", "nameEn": "Irrational number", "wikiEn": "Irrational number", "aliases": [ "不可公度量", "希帕索斯发现", "Irrational numbers", "Hippasus" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "pythagorean_theorem" ], "related": [ "dedekind_cuts", "mathematics_early" ], "desc": "希帕索斯发现根号二不可表为整数比，动摇毕达哥拉斯万物皆数，推动数系扩张。" }, { "id": "lamellar_armour", "name": "扎甲", "nameEn": "Lamellar armour", "wikiEn": "Lamellar armour", "aliases": [ "Lamellar armor", "札甲" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "欧亚草原与中原战国时期普及", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "scale_armor", "chain_mail", "plate_armour" ], "desc": "小甲片相互编缀成身，草原与中原长期通用。" }, { "id": "roman_senate", "name": "元老院", "nameEn": "Senate", "wikiEn": "Roman Senate", "aliases": [ "元老院议事", "senatus" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "共和初期已成型的贵族咨询与决策机构", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "roman_republic" ], "related": [ "parliament", "roman_citizenship", "gerontocracy" ], "desc": "少数资深成员常设议事并主导财政外交，成为上议院的制度原型。" }, { "id": "royal_road", "name": "波斯御道", "nameEn": "Royal Road", "wikiEn": "Royal Road", "aliases": [ "御道", "Angarium" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "roman_roads" ], "desc": "大流士一世修建，配驿站接力邮传。" }, { "id": "shulba_sutras", "name": "《绳法经》", "nameEn": "Shulba Sutras", "wikiEn": "Shulba Sutras", "aliases": [ "吠陀几何" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mathematics_early" ], "related": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "desc": "印度祭坛几何，含勾股数与面积变换。" }, { "id": "spherical_earth", "name": "地圆说", "nameEn": "Spherical Earth", "wikiEn": "Spherical Earth", "aliases": [ "地球球形说", "大地为球形", "Spherical Earth model", "地圆学说" ], "year": -500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "classical_elements", "aristarchus_heliocentrism", "earth_circumference" ], "desc": "古希腊学者确立大地为球形，亚里士多德给出经验证据。" }, { "id": "tribune_of_plebs", "name": "平民保民官", "nameEn": "Tribune of the Plebs", "wikiEn": "Tribune of the plebs", "aliases": [ "保民官", "否决权" ], "year": -494, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "传统定年前494年第一次撤离运动后设置", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "roman_senate", "roman_republic" ], "related": [ "twelve_tables", "universal_suffrage", "parliament", "alphabet" ], "desc": "由被统治者选出专职官员，以人身不可侵犯与否决权实时制衡上层决策。" }, { "id": "winch", "name": "绞车", "nameEn": "Winch", "wikiEn": "Winch", "aliases": [ "绞盘" ], "year": -480, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "crane" ], "desc": "希罗多德记其用于张紧浮桥缆索。" }, { "id": "atomism", "name": "原子论", "nameEn": "Atomism", "wikiEn": "Atomism", "aliases": [ "德谟克利特原子论" ], "year": -450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alchemy" ], "desc": "留基伯与德谟克利特提出万物由原子构成。" }, { "id": "cast_iron", "name": "生铁铸造", "nameEn": "Cast iron", "wikiEn": "Cast iron", "aliases": [ "铸铁", "中国铸铁" ], "year": -450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "blast_furnace_china", "finery_forge" ], "desc": "中国春秋末掌握铸铁，批量铸造农具。" }, { "id": "classical_elements", "name": "四元素说", "nameEn": "Classical element", "wikiEn": "Classical element", "aliases": [ "四元素", "Empedocles" ], "year": -450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alchemy" ], "desc": "恩培多克勒提出水火土气四元素学说。" }, { "id": "grid_plan", "name": "方格城市规划", "nameEn": "Grid plan", "wikiEn": "Grid plan", "aliases": [ "希波丹姆规划", "Hippodamian plan" ], "year": -450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "planned_city", "roman_roads" ], "desc": "希波丹姆确立棋盘式城市布局。" }, { "id": "pin_tumbler_lock", "name": "弹子锁", "nameEn": "Pin tumbler lock", "wikiEn": "Pin tumbler lock", "aliases": [ "希腊锁", "Ballanos lock" ], "year": -450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodworking" ], "related": [ "mainspring", "timber_framing" ], "desc": "希腊出现靠插销弹子开启的木锁。" }, { "id": "twelve_tables", "name": "十二铜表法", "nameEn": "Twelve Tables", "wikiEn": "Twelve Tables", "aliases": [ "十二表法", "leges duodecim tabularum" ], "year": -450, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -451, -450 ], "year_note": "传统定为前451—前450年制定", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "code_of_hammurabi" ], "related": [ "roman_republic", "justinian_digest", "common_law" ], "desc": "把习惯法明文刻表公布，限制贵族法官任意解释法律的权力。" }, { "id": "zeno_paradoxes", "name": "芝诺悖论", "nameEn": "Zeno's paradoxes", "wikiEn": "Zeno's paradoxes", "aliases": [ "芝诺悖论", "阿基里斯追龟", "飞矢不动", "Zeno paradoxes" ], "year": -450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "method_of_exhaustion", "madhava_infinite_series" ], "desc": "芝诺以二分、追龟等悖论揭示运动、无穷与连续性的矛盾，影响后世极限思想。" }, { "id": "ballista", "name": "弩炮", "nameEn": "Ballista", "wikiEn": "Ballista", "aliases": [ "扭力弩炮", "扭力投石机" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "traction_trebuchet", "crossbow" ], "desc": "希腊扭力发射器，射矢或石弹。" }, { "id": "bamboo_slips", "name": "竹简木牍", "nameEn": "Bamboo and Wooden Slips", "wikiEn": "Bamboo and wooden slips", "aliases": [ "简牍", "竹简" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -700, -300 ], "year_note": "现存实物以战国曾侯乙墓简最早，通行期跨战国至魏晋", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chinese_characters" ], "related": [ "papyrus", "parchment", "archive_institution" ], "desc": "竹木简以绳编联成册，构成中国早期典籍的主要载体" }, { "id": "camera_obscura", "name": "小孔成像", "nameEn": "Camera obscura", "wikiEn": "Camera obscura", "aliases": [ "暗箱", "墨子光学" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "book_of_optics", "magic_lantern", "sundial" ], "desc": "《墨子》记载光沿直线穿过小孔成倒像。" }, { "id": "gear", "name": "齿轮", "nameEn": "Gear", "wikiEn": "Gear", "aliases": [ "齿轮机构" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chain_drive", "antikythera_mechanism" ], "desc": "中国与希腊独立发展出传动齿轮。" }, { "id": "hippocratic_medicine", "name": "希波克拉底医学", "nameEn": "Hippocratic medicine", "wikiEn": "Hippocrates", "aliases": [ "希波克拉底", "Hippocratic Oath" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "classical_elements", "papyrus" ], "related": [ "galen_medicine", "herophilos_anatomy" ], "desc": "以体液与自然病因观建立理性医学传统。" }, { "id": "humorism", "name": "四体液学说", "nameEn": "Humorism", "wikiEn": "Humorism", "aliases": [ "体液学说", "四体液病理学说", "Humorism", "体液平衡论" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "classical_elements" ], "related": [ "atomism", "galen_medicine", "hippocratic_medicine" ], "desc": "血液黏液黄胆汁黑胆汁四液平衡决定健康，主导西方医学两千年。" }, { "id": "kite", "name": "风筝", "nameEn": "Kite", "wikiEn": "Kite", "aliases": [ "纸鸢", "风鸢" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "墨翟木鸢传说之后的竹纸风筝约成于战国至汉", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "weaving", "rope" ], "related": [ "toy", "balloon_flight", "puppet_theatre" ], "desc": "借风力升空并以线牵引的轻结构器，兼作游乐、通信与测量工具。" }, { "id": "panini_grammar", "name": "波你尼语法", "nameEn": "Pāṇini", "wikiEn": "Pāṇini", "aliases": [ "八章书", "Aṣṭādhyāyī" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "latin_grammar" ], "desc": "波你尼以形式化规则描写梵语语法。" }, { "id": "platonic_solids", "name": "柏拉图立体", "nameEn": "Platonic solid", "wikiEn": "Platonic solid", "aliases": [ "正多面体", "五种正多面体", "Regular polyhedron", "Platonic solids" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "eudoxus_proportion_theory", "eulers_identity", "geometry_deductive" ], "desc": "泰阿泰德证明仅存五种正多面体，柏拉图在《蒂迈欧》以其对应元素，象征几何宇宙观。" }, { "id": "puppet_theatre", "name": "傀儡戏", "nameEn": "Puppetry", "wikiEn": "Puppet", "aliases": [ "木偶戏", "提线傀儡" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "希腊文献与中国周代傀儡记载均属早期证据", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "greek_theatre" ], "related": [ "commedia_dell_arte", "animation", "toy" ], "desc": "以线、杆或手操纵偶人表演的叙事形式，是动画与定格影像的观念前身。" }, { "id": "socratic_method", "name": "苏格拉底问答法", "nameEn": "Socratic method", "wikiEn": "Socratic method", "aliases": [ "产婆术", "Elenchus" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "公元前五世纪末柏拉图所记对话", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "oral_tradition" ], "related": [ "platonics_academy" ], "desc": "以连环诘难引人自知的对话教学法，西方思辨训练之源" }, { "id": "warded_lock", "name": "障片锁", "nameEn": "Warded lock", "wikiEn": "Warded lock", "aliases": [ "障片锁", "旧式弹子锁前身" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃及与罗马的障片式木锁，中世纪铁锁沿用其理", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "key" ], "related": [ "pin_tumbler_lock", "padlock", "safe" ], "desc": "靠固定障片筛除错误钥匙的早期锁式，结构简单而极易被撬。" }, { "id": "yakhchal", "name": "亚赫恰尔冰窖", "nameEn": "Yakhchāl", "wikiEn": "Yakhchāl", "aliases": [ "波斯冰窖" ], "year": -400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "windcatcher" ], "desc": "波斯穹顶冰库，隔热储冰实现冷藏。" }, { "id": "platonics_academy", "name": "学园", "nameEn": "Platonic Academy", "wikiEn": "Platonic Academy", "aliases": [ "柏拉图学园", "亚里士多德吕克昂" ], "year": -385, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "柏拉图约于前 387 年在雅典办学园", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "oral_tradition" ], "related": [ "guozijian" ], "desc": "在固定园所围绕几何、辩证与自然哲学长期研讨，是研究院式教学的前身。" }, { "id": "method_of_exhaustion", "name": "穷竭法", "nameEn": "Method of exhaustion", "wikiEn": "Method of exhaustion", "aliases": [ "欧多克索斯" ], "year": -370, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mathematics_early" ], "related": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "desc": "欧多克索斯创立，用极限思想求面积体积。" }, { "id": "eudoxus_proportion_theory", "name": "欧多克索斯比例论", "nameEn": "Eudoxus of Cnidus", "wikiEn": "Eudoxus of Cnidus", "aliases": [ "欧多克索斯比例理论", "比例论", "Theory of proportions", "Eudoxan proportion" ], "year": -360, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "irrational_numbers" ], "related": [ "dedekind_cuts", "geometry_deductive", "method_of_exhaustion" ], "desc": "欧多克索斯以量的比例统一处理可公度与不可公度量，载于《原本》第五卷。" }, { "id": "aristotelian_logic", "name": "亚里士多德逻辑学", "nameEn": "Aristotelian logic", "wikiEn": "Term logic", "aliases": [ "三段论", "Organon" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "desc": "建立三段论与形式逻辑体系。" }, { "id": "aristotle_biology", "name": "亚里士多德生物学", "nameEn": "Aristotle's biology", "wikiEn": "Aristotle's biology", "aliases": [ "动物志", "亚氏博物学" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "aristotelian_logic", "bronze_metallurgy" ], "related": [ "herophilos_anatomy", "library_alexandria" ], "desc": "系统观察分类动物，奠定比较生物学。" }, { "id": "breaststrap_harness", "name": "胸带式马具", "nameEn": "Breaststrap harness", "wikiEn": "Horse harness", "aliases": [ "胸挽具", "软胸带" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "saddle" ], "desc": "楚国以胸带承力，减轻马颈压迫。" }, { "id": "counting_rods", "name": "算筹", "nameEn": "Counting rods", "wikiEn": "Counting rods", "aliases": [ "筹算", "rod calculus" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mathematics_early" ], "related": [ "nine_chapters" ], "desc": "以小棍摆位进行十进位值制运算。" }, { "id": "jixia_academy", "name": "稷下学宫", "nameEn": "Jixia Academy", "wikiEn": "Jixia Academy", "aliases": [ "稷下" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "战国齐威宣王时期，约前四世纪", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "oral_tradition" ], "related": [ "platonics_academy" ], "desc": "战国齐都养士讲学的官办学宫，百家争鸣的制度温床" }, { "id": "pike", "name": "长枪", "nameEn": "Pike", "wikiEn": "Pike (weapon)", "aliases": [ "Sarissa", "Pike square", "超长枪" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "马其顿萨里沙长矛约公元前4世纪定型", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "iron_smelting", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "phalanx_infantry", "sword", "shield" ], "desc": "四至六米超长枪，配密集队形主宰冷兵器战场。" }, { "id": "rule_of_law", "name": "法治原则", "nameEn": "Rule of Law", "wikiEn": "Rule of law", "aliases": [ "法律至上", "礼法之治" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "亚里士多德《政治学》表述成熟期，取约前350", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "twelve_tables", "code_of_hammurabi", "greek_alphabet" ], "related": [ "athenian_democracy", "constitution_written", "common_law", "judicial_review" ], "desc": "主张统治应服从既定法律而非统治者情绪，为限权与复审提供了可检验的标准。" }, { "id": "screw", "name": "螺旋机构", "nameEn": "Screw", "wikiEn": "Screw", "aliases": [ "阿基塔斯螺旋", "screw mechanism" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "screw_press", "archimedes_screw" ], "desc": "阿基塔斯最早描述螺旋这一简单机械。" }, { "id": "traction_trebuchet", "name": "牵引投石机", "nameEn": "Traction trebuchet", "wikiEn": "Mangonel", "aliases": [ "砲", "人力拽索投石机" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ballista" ], "desc": "中国战国出现，众人拽索端抛掷石弹。" }, { "id": "trapezoidal_rule", "name": "梯形法则", "nameEn": "Trapezoidal rule", "wikiEn": "Trapezoidal rule", "aliases": [ "梯形公式", "梯形积分法", "Trapezoid rule", "弦线求积" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "babylonian_astronomy", "newton_cotes_formulas", "simpson_rule" ], "desc": "以梯形面积之和近似定积分，公元前巴比伦天文学已用于计算木星位移。" }, { "id": "zero", "name": "数字零", "nameEn": "Zero", "wikiEn": "0", "aliases": [ "Indian zero", "〇", "巴比伦零", "数字零", "玛雅零", "零", "零的概念" ], "year": -350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "mathematics_early" ], "related": [ "hindu_arabic_numerals", "hindu_numerals" ], "desc": "巴比伦以空位符表示零，玛雅独立发明。" }, { "id": "lyceum_athens", "name": "吕克昂学园", "nameEn": "Lyceum", "wikiEn": "Lyceum (classical)", "aliases": [ "亚里士多德学园", "逍遥学派" ], "year": -335, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "亚里士多德约前335年建校", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "platonics_academy" ], "related": [ "library_alexandria" ], "desc": "亚里士多德在雅典创办的讲学园，分科研究的摇篮" }, { "id": "aqueduct", "name": "输水道", "nameEn": "Aqueduct", "wikiEn": "Aqueduct (water supply)", "aliases": [ "罗马输水道", "渡槽" ], "year": -312, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "arch" ], "related": [ "qanat", "cloaca_maxima" ], "desc": "罗马重力长距离输水渠系，辅以拱架。" }, { "id": "roman_roads", "name": "罗马大道", "nameEn": "Roman roads", "wikiEn": "Roman roads", "aliases": [ "罗马道路网", "viae" ], "year": -312, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "diolkos", "odometer" ], "desc": "多层结构石铺大道，配里程碑驿站。" }, { "id": "arthashastra_statecraft", "name": "利论治国术", "nameEn": "Arthashastra Statecraft", "wikiEn": "Arthashastra", "aliases": [ "实利论", "考底利耶" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -321, -300 ], "year_note": "层累成书，取孔雀王朝初通行值", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bureaucracy_ancient", "land_tenure", "touchstone" ], "related": [ "taxation_system", "state_monopoly", "censorate", "edicts_ashoka" ], "desc": "系统写出税目、度量、矿监与密探的岗位规程，是最早成体系的政府运营手册。" }, { "id": "cam_mechanism", "name": "凸轮", "nameEn": "Cam (mechanism)", "wikiEn": "Cam (mechanism)", "aliases": [ "凸轮机构" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "water_clock" ], "desc": "希腊化时期以凸轮驱动水力自动装置。" }, { "id": "chain_mail", "name": "锁子甲", "nameEn": "Chain mail", "wikiEn": "Chain mail", "aliases": [ "环锁铠", "Mail armour" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "iron_smelting" ], "related": [], "desc": "凯尔特人以铁环相扣编成柔性铠甲。" }, { "id": "divisor", "name": "因数", "nameEn": "Divisor", "wikiEn": "Divisor", "aliases": [ "约数", "因子", "因数概念", "Divisor" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "euclidean_algorithm", "greatest_common_divisor" ], "desc": "若整数a能被b整除则b是a的因数，是整除关系与素因子分解的基础概念。" }, { "id": "euclidean_algorithm", "name": "欧几里得算法", "nameEn": "Euclidean algorithm", "wikiEn": "Euclidean algorithm", "aliases": [ "辗转相除法", "欧氏算法", "Euclid's algorithm", "Greatest common divisor algorithm" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "algorithm", "equal_temperament", "nine_chapters", "sieve_eratosthenes" ], "desc": "《原本》记载的辗转相除求最大公度法，是沿用至今最古老的非平凡算法。" }, { "id": "geometry_deductive", "name": "演绎几何", "nameEn": "Euclid's Elements", "wikiEn": "Euclid's Elements", "aliases": [ "欧几里得几何", "几何原本" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mathematics_early" ], "related": [ "aristotelian_logic", "conic_sections", "archimedes_statics" ], "desc": "欧几里得《几何原本》以公理演绎证明几何定理。" }, { "id": "golden_ratio", "name": "黄金分割", "nameEn": "Golden ratio", "wikiEn": "Golden ratio", "aliases": [ "黄金比", "中外比", "神圣比例", "Golden section", "Golden mean" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "fibonacci_sequence", "platonic_solids" ], "desc": "欧几里得定义中外比，后世以其为美的比例，并与斐波那契数列、对数螺线相通。" }, { "id": "greatest_common_divisor", "name": "最大公因数", "nameEn": "Greatest common divisor", "wikiEn": "Greatest common divisor", "aliases": [ "最大公约数", "最大公因子", "gcd", "Greatest common divisor", "HCF" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "divisor" ], "related": [ "euclidean_algorithm", "bezouts_identity" ], "desc": "若干整数公有因数中的最大者，欧几里得算法求之，是数论最基本对象之一。" }, { "id": "herophilos_anatomy", "name": "希罗菲卢斯解剖学", "nameEn": "Herophilos", "wikiEn": "Herophilos", "aliases": [ "赫罗菲卢斯" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "aristotle_biology", "hippocratic_medicine", "water_clock" ], "related": [ "galen_medicine", "library_alexandria", "papyrus" ], "desc": "亚历山大城解剖人体，奠定解剖学。" }, { "id": "ink_brush", "name": "毛笔", "nameEn": "Ink brush", "wikiEn": "Ink brush", "aliases": [ "中国毛笔" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "papermaking" ], "desc": "战国毛笔普及，适应简帛书写。" }, { "id": "lacquerware", "name": "漆器", "nameEn": "Lacquerware", "wikiEn": "Lacquerware", "aliases": [ "中国漆器", "大漆" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "lacquer" ], "related": [ "proto_porcelain" ], "desc": "战国汉代漆器工艺鼎盛，耐蚀华美。" }, { "id": "power_of_a_point", "name": "圆幂定理", "nameEn": "Power of a point", "wikiEn": "Power of a point", "aliases": [ "点幂", "相交弦定理", "切割线定理", "Power of a point", "斯坦纳圆幂" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "inversion_geometry", "conic_sections" ], "desc": "欧几里得给出相交弦与切割线关系，施泰纳命名为点对圆的幂，统一割线切线情形。" }, { "id": "prime_number", "name": "素数", "nameEn": "Prime number", "wikiEn": "Prime number", "aliases": [ "质数", "素数集" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "欧几里得《几何原本》卷七、卷九给出无穷性证明与唯一分解相关命题", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "euclidean_algorithm", "greatest_common_divisor", "divisor", "rsa" ], "desc": "只能被一与自身整除的自然数，其分布与难分解性从欧几里得直通 RSA 密码。" }, { "id": "propositional_calculus", "name": "命题逻辑", "nameEn": "Propositional logic", "wikiEn": "Propositional logic", "aliases": [ "命题演算", "陈述逻辑", "零阶逻辑", "Propositional calculus" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "斯多亚学派（克吕西波斯）约前3世纪系统化；真值表语义至1921年方定型", "era": "antiquity", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "aristotelian_logic" ], "related": [ "boolean_algebra", "first_order_logic", "artificial_neural_network" ], "desc": "以命题为单位、用联结词构造推理的演算，电路设计与程序分支判断的底层逻辑。" }, { "id": "roman_citizenship", "name": "公民权与身份制度", "nameEn": "Roman citizenship", "wikiEn": "Roman citizenship", "aliases": [ "罗马市民权", "civitas" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "共和中期扩展；前86年与212年两次大范围授予", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "twelve_tables", "census_system" ], "related": [ "slavery", "roman_senate", "nation_state" ], "desc": "以法定身份绑定权利义务与投票征税资格，把被统治者变成共同体成员。" }, { "id": "roman_legion", "name": "罗马军团", "nameEn": "Roman army", "wikiEn": "Roman army", "aliases": [ "Roman legion", "罗马军队" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "共和中期三线列队编制", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "phalanx_infantry" ], "related": [ "roman_roads", "ballista", "cavalry" ], "desc": "以百人队为单元的职业陆军，兼修道路与野战工事。" }, { "id": "theophrastus_botany", "name": "特奥夫拉斯图斯植物学", "nameEn": "Historia Plantarum", "wikiEn": "Theophrastus", "aliases": [ "植物志", "植物学之父", "Historia Plantarum", "Theophrastus" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "aristotelian_logic", "aristotle_biology", "irrigation" ], "related": [], "desc": "系统描述植物形态繁殖与分类，被誉为植物学之父。" }, { "id": "water_wheel", "name": "水车", "nameEn": "Water wheel", "wikiEn": "Water wheel", "aliases": [ "水轮", "立式水轮" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "watermill", "noria", "trip_hammer" ], "desc": "斐洛记述以水力驱动轮轴的机械。" }, { "id": "zinc_smelting", "name": "炼锌", "nameEn": "Zinc production", "wikiEn": "Zinc", "aliases": [ "Zawar 炼锌" ], "year": -300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "brass" ], "desc": "印度佐瓦尔最早规模冶炼金属锌。" }, { "id": "aristarchus_heliocentrism", "name": "阿利斯塔克日心说", "nameEn": "Aristarchus's heliocentrism", "wikiEn": "Heliocentrism", "aliases": [ "日心地动说" ], "year": -280, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ptolemaic_astronomy" ], "desc": "提出地球绕太阳运行的最早日心模型。" }, { "id": "canal_lock", "name": "船闸", "nameEn": "Canal lock", "wikiEn": "Lock (water navigation)", "aliases": [ "Bridgewater Canal", "Canal lock", "Mitre lock", "Pound lock", "人字门船闸", "古船闸", "布林德利运河", "达·芬奇船闸", "运河船闸", "闸室船闸" ], "year": -280, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "canal" ], "related": [ "canal_du_midi", "macadam", "steamship" ], "desc": "托勒密二世运河上调节水位的闸室。" }, { "id": "floating_bridge", "name": "浮桥", "nameEn": "Floating bridge", "wikiEn": "Pontoon bridge", "aliases": [ "Floating bridge", "浮梁", "舟桥" ], "year": -280, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "文献所载战国时期跨渭水浮梁，年代取约值", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rope", "timber_framing", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "simple_suspension_bridge", "grand_canal", "canal_lock" ], "desc": "舟筏并列铺面成桥，可拆装迁移，涨水即解。" }, { "id": "library_alexandria", "name": "亚历山大图书馆", "nameEn": "Library of Alexandria", "wikiEn": "Library of Alexandria", "aliases": [ "缪斯宫图书馆" ], "year": -280, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "library_ashurbanipal" ], "desc": "托勒密王朝国家学术图书馆，藏卷宏富。" }, { "id": "lighthouse", "name": "灯塔", "nameEn": "Lighthouse", "wikiEn": "Lighthouse", "aliases": [ "法罗斯灯塔", "Pharos of Alexandria" ], "year": -280, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fired_brick", "oil_lamp" ], "related": [ "compass_navigation", "fresnel_lens", "maritime_dock" ], "desc": "亚历山大港法罗斯灯塔，古代七大奇观之一。" }, { "id": "alarm_clock", "name": "水钟报时器", "nameEn": "Alarm clock", "wikiEn": "Alarm clock", "aliases": [ "克特西比乌斯闹钟" ], "year": -270, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "water_clock" ], "related": [], "desc": "克特西比乌斯水钟到点抛石鸣锣。" }, { "id": "dujiangyan", "name": "都江堰", "nameEn": "Dujiangyan", "wikiEn": "Dujiangyan", "aliases": [ "都江堰水利工程" ], "year": -256, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "irrigation" ], "related": [ "canal", "qanat" ], "desc": "李冰父子无坝分水，灌溉成都平原。" }, { "id": "archimedes_buoyancy", "name": "阿基米德浮力定律", "nameEn": "Archimedes' principle", "wikiEn": "Archimedes' principle", "aliases": [ "浮力原理", "阿基米德原理", "Archimedes' principle", "浮力" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "archimedes_statics" ], "related": [ "hydrometer" ], "desc": "阿基米德提出浮力等于所排液体重量，奠定流体静力学基础。" }, { "id": "archimedes_pi_calculation", "name": "阿基米德圆周率计算", "nameEn": "Measurement of a Circle", "wikiEn": "Measurement of a Circle", "aliases": [ "《圆的度量》", "阿基米德割圆", "π上下界", "Measurement of a Circle" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "liu_hui_circle_cutting", "zu_chongzhi_pi", "method_of_exhaustion" ], "desc": "阿基米德以九十六边形夹逼得圆周率介于三又七十一分之十与七分之二十二之间。" }, { "id": "archimedes_screw", "name": "阿基米德螺旋泵", "nameEn": "Archimedes' screw", "wikiEn": "Archimedes' screw", "aliases": [ "螺旋提水器" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "screw" ], "related": [ "force_pump", "noria" ], "desc": "螺旋叶片旋转提水灌溉排水。" }, { "id": "archimedes_statics", "name": "阿基米德静力学", "nameEn": "Archimedean statics", "wikiEn": "Archimedes", "aliases": [ "浮力定律", "杠杆原理" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "hydrometer" ], "desc": "确立浮力原理与杠杆力矩定律。" }, { "id": "blast_furnace_china", "name": "高炉雏形", "nameEn": "Blast furnace (early China)", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Blast furnace", "中国古代高炉", "汉代高炉" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "cast_iron", "waterpowered_bellows" ], "desc": "中国战国末至汉代高炉连续炼出生铁。" }, { "id": "chain_drive", "name": "链传动", "nameEn": "Chain drive", "wikiEn": "Chain drive", "aliases": [ " endless chain", "天梯", "链条传动" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gear" ], "related": [ "astronomical_clock", "chain_pump", "repeating_crossbow" ], "desc": "斐洛以链条与链轮传递动力。" }, { "id": "edicts_ashoka", "name": "阿育王石刻敕令", "nameEn": "Edicts of Ashoka", "wikiEn": "Edicts of Ashoka", "aliases": [ "法敕", "石柱诏令" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "敕令群刻于前3世纪中叶，取约前250", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "arthashastra_statecraft", "bureaucracy_ancient" ], "related": [ "archive_institution", "elizabethan_poor_law", "roman_province", "column" ], "desc": "把政令、医疗与恤民义务刻石公示于道路，让中央意图绕过官吏直达地方。" }, { "id": "erya_dictionary", "name": "《尔雅》", "nameEn": "Erya", "wikiEn": "Erya", "aliases": [ "尔雅" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "shuowen_jiezi" ], "desc": "中国最早按词义分类的词典。" }, { "id": "escapement", "name": "擒纵机构", "nameEn": "Escapement", "wikiEn": "Escapement", "aliases": [ "擒纵器" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "water_clock" ], "related": [], "desc": "斐洛水钟中节制转动的擒纵装置。" }, { "id": "force_pump", "name": "压力泵", "nameEn": "Force pump", "wikiEn": "Piston pump", "aliases": [ "克特西比乌斯泵", "活塞泵" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "screw" ], "related": [ "archimedes_screw", "water_organ" ], "desc": "双动活塞泵压送水或空气。" }, { "id": "gimbal", "name": "常平架", "nameEn": "Gimbal", "wikiEn": "Gimbal", "aliases": [ "平衡环", "万向支架", "被中香炉" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wheel_axle" ], "related": [ "armillary_sphere", "astrolabe", "compass_navigation" ], "desc": "同心环使中央物体任意转动仍保持水平。" }, { "id": "legalist_administration", "name": "法家吏治术", "nameEn": "Legalist Statecraft", "wikiEn": "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)", "aliases": [ "Legalism", "法家", "法术势" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "集于韩非子，取约前250", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "code_of_hammurabi", "bureaucracy_ancient", "stamp_seal" ], "related": [ "rule_of_law", "commandery_county", "censorate", "zhou_official_rites" ], "desc": "主张以公开法令、考核与刑赏驱动官僚，把治国从德性争论变成可操作的控制工程。" }, { "id": "maya_script", "name": "玛雅文字", "nameEn": "Maya script", "wikiEn": "Maya script", "aliases": [ "玛雅象形文字" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "maya_calendar" ], "desc": "美洲成熟的意音—音节混合文字。" }, { "id": "odometer", "name": "里程计", "nameEn": "Odometer", "wikiEn": "Odometer", "aliases": [ "记里鼓车", "hodometer" ], "year": -250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gear" ], "related": [ "roman_roads" ], "desc": "车行带齿轮计数，自动报里程。" }, { "id": "archimedean_solids", "name": "阿基米德半正多面体", "nameEn": "Archimedean solid", "wikiEn": "Archimedean solid", "aliases": [ "阿基米德立体", "半正多面体", "十三种半正多面体", "Archimedean solids" ], "year": -240, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "platonic_solids" ], "related": [ "euler_polyhedron_formula", "fullerene", "geometry_deductive" ], "desc": "阿基米德发现十三种各顶点构型相同、面为两种以上正多边形的凸半正多面体。" }, { "id": "earth_circumference", "name": "地球周长测量", "nameEn": "Earth's circumference (Eratosthenes)", "wikiEn": "Eratosthenes", "aliases": [ "埃拉托色尼测地" ], "year": -240, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cartography", "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [], "desc": "埃拉托色尼用日影角差算出地球周长。" }, { "id": "sieve_eratosthenes", "name": "埃拉托色尼筛法", "nameEn": "Sieve of Eratosthenes", "wikiEn": "Sieve of Eratosthenes", "aliases": [ "质数筛法" ], "year": -240, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mathematics_early" ], "related": [], "desc": "用倍数剔除系统化求取素数。" }, { "id": "three_masted_ship", "name": "三桅商船", "nameEn": "Three-masted ship", "wikiEn": "Syracusia", "aliases": [ "叙拉古号" ], "year": -240, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "sail" ], "related": [ "junk_ship" ], "desc": "叙拉古号最早记载三桅远洋商船。" }, { "id": "water_organ", "name": "水力管风琴", "nameEn": "Water organ", "wikiEn": "Water organ", "aliases": [ "Hydraulis", "水风琴" ], "year": -230, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "force_pump" ], "related": [], "desc": "克特西比乌斯以恒压水流供风的键盘乐器。" }, { "id": "roman_province", "name": "罗马行省制", "nameEn": "Roman Province System", "wikiEn": "Roman province", "aliases": [ "罗马行省", "元首省与元老省" ], "year": -227, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "常设行省始于前3世纪，取前227", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "roman_republic", "satrapy", "roman_roads" ], "related": [ "censorate", "tax_farming", "commandery_county", "bureaucracy_ancient" ], "desc": "把征服地划为按年派遣长官、定额定税的行政区，使帝国扩张转为可管理的常规。" }, { "id": "apollonius_circles", "name": "阿波罗尼奥斯圆", "nameEn": "Circles of Apollonius", "wikiEn": "Circles of Apollonius", "aliases": [ "阿波罗尼斯圆", "定点距离比轨迹", "Apollonius circle", "Apollonian circles" ], "year": -225, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "conic_sections", "analytic_geometry" ], "desc": "阿波罗尼奥斯指出到两定点距离之比为常数的点轨迹为圆，是经典轨迹问题代表。" }, { "id": "censorate", "name": "监察御吏制度", "nameEn": "Censorate", "wikiEn": "Censorate", "aliases": [ "御史台", "刺史", "监察制度" ], "year": -221, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "秦置御史大夫，汉代发展为刺史巡郡；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "satrapy", "archive_institution" ], "related": [ "civil_service", "tang_code", "imperial_examination" ], "desc": "设独立官署纠察百官、复核刑狱，以制度化监察约束庞大官僚体系。" }, { "id": "commandery_county", "name": "郡县制", "nameEn": "Commandery and County System", "wikiEn": "Commandery (China)", "aliases": [ "郡县", "二级行政区划" ], "year": -221, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "秦并天下推行天下；无独立条目，挂上位词条Commandery (China)；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bureaucracy_ancient", "satrapy", "legalist_administration", "surveying" ], "related": [ "roman_province", "censorate", "tang_code", "imperial_examination" ], "desc": "以流官治理划定的郡县取代世袭封国，政令、赋役与户籍自此按同一边界汇总。" }, { "id": "seal_script_standard", "name": "小篆", "nameEn": "Small seal script", "wikiEn": "Small seal script", "aliases": [ "书同文", "秦篆" ], "year": -220, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "shuowen_jiezi" ], "desc": "秦统一文字，以小篆规范六国异文。" }, { "id": "tax_farming", "name": "包税制", "nameEn": "Tax farming", "wikiEn": "Tax farming", "aliases": [ "Tax Farming", "publicani", "包税", "包税人", "承包征税" ], "year": -215, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "罗马于第二次布匿战争期间正式授权私人集团承包税收，托勒密埃及更早", "era": "antiquity", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "taxation_system", "census_system", "touchstone", "coinage" ], "related": [ "roman_citizenship", "state_monopoly", "single_whip_law", "joint_stock_company" ], "desc": "政府把征税权定期拍卖给承包团体，用私人资本垫付行政开支。" }, { "id": "denarius", "name": "第纳里乌斯银币", "nameEn": "Denarius", "wikiEn": "Denarius", "aliases": [ "罗马银币", "第纳尔" ], "year": -211, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "约前 211 年开始大量铸造，通行数百年", "era": "antiquity", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "unit_of_measurement" ], "related": [ "solidus", "roman_republic", "taxation_system" ], "desc": "以国家担保的固定成色银币支付军饷与税收，把货币信用与政权绑定。" }, { "id": "dry_dock", "name": "干船坞", "nameEn": "Dry dock", "wikiEn": "Dry dock", "aliases": [ "干坞", "托勒密干船坞", "旱坞", "浮坞", "船坞" ], "year": -210, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "carrack", "paddle_wheel_ship" ], "desc": "托勒密四世抽干水池修船的干坞。" }, { "id": "great_wall", "name": "长城", "nameEn": "Great Wall of China", "wikiEn": "Great Wall of China", "aliases": [ "秦长城", "万里长城" ], "year": -210, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "city_wall" ], "related": [ "battering_ram", "corvee_labor", "crossbow" ], "desc": "秦连缀列国夯土边墙，宏大防御工程。" }, { "id": "astrolabe", "name": "星盘", "nameEn": "Astrolabe", "wikiEn": "Astrolabe", "aliases": [ "平面天球仪", "平面星盘" ], "year": -200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "antikythera_mechanism", "armillary_sphere", "compass_navigation", "quadrant" ], "desc": "阿波罗尼乌斯发明，测天体高度与方位。" }, { "id": "conic_sections", "name": "圆锥曲线论", "nameEn": "Conic sections", "wikiEn": "Conic section", "aliases": [ "阿波罗尼乌斯圆锥曲线" ], "year": -200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [], "desc": "阿波罗尼乌斯系统研究椭圆抛物双曲线。" }, { "id": "huangdi_neijing", "name": "《黄帝内经》", "nameEn": "Huangdi Neijing", "wikiEn": "Huangdi Neijing", "aliases": [ "内经" ], "year": -200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy", "chinese_characters" ], "related": [ "acupuncture", "huatuo_anesthesia", "oracle_bone_script", "zhang_zhongjing" ], "desc": "中医奠基经典，论阴阳五行经络藏象。" }, { "id": "noria", "name": "筒车", "nameEn": "Noria", "wikiEn": "Noria", "aliases": [ "戽水车轮", "bucket wheel" ], "year": -200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "water_wheel" ], "related": [ "saqiyah", "archimedes_screw" ], "desc": "水冲带罐大轮自动提水入渠。" }, { "id": "parchment", "name": "羊皮纸", "nameEn": "Parchment", "wikiEn": "Parchment", "aliases": [ "vellum", "犊皮纸" ], "year": -200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "codex", "library_alexandria" ], "desc": "帕加马以兽皮制书写材料，耐久可双面写。" }, { "id": "pawnbroker", "name": "典当质押", "nameEn": "Pawnbroking", "wikiEn": "Pawnbroker", "aliases": [ "当铺", "质押贷款", "质借" ], "year": -200, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "希腊寺庙与汉代质库均已见质押放贷", "era": "antiquity", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bank", "negotiable_instrument" ], "desc": "以实物担保换取短期现款，为无信用记录的贫民提供了唯一融资通道。" }, { "id": "pingala_binary", "name": "平伽拉二元编码", "nameEn": "Pingala", "wikiEn": "Pingala", "aliases": [ "二进制雏形" ], "year": -200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mathematics_early" ], "related": [], "desc": "以长短音节组合编码，含二进制思想。" }, { "id": "repeating_crossbow", "name": "连弩", "nameEn": "Repeating crossbow", "wikiEn": "Repeating crossbow", "aliases": [ "诸葛弩", "polybolos" ], "year": -200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "crossbow", "chain_drive" ], "related": [], "desc": "一次上弦可连续发射的弩。" }, { "id": "saqiyah", "name": "畜力提水轮", "nameEn": "Saqiyah", "wikiEn": "Saqiyah", "aliases": [ "萨基耶", "animal-driven wheel" ], "year": -200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gear" ], "related": [ "noria" ], "desc": "希腊化埃及畜力齿轮提水装置。" }, { "id": "sinan", "name": "司南", "nameEn": "Sinan", "wikiEn": "History of the compass", "aliases": [ "指南针前身", "south pointer" ], "year": -200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "compass_navigation", "epistola_de_magnete", "south_pointing_chariot" ], "desc": "汉代以天然磁石雕勺指示南北的器具。" }, { "id": "isoperimetric_zenodorus", "name": "芝诺多罗斯等周问题", "nameEn": "Isoperimetric inequality", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Dido's problem", "Isoperimetric inequality", "Isoperimetric problem", "等周定理", "等周问题", "芝诺多罗斯" ], "year": -180, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "isoperimetric_inequality_modern", "calculus_of_variations" ], "desc": "芝诺多罗斯论证等周图形中圆面积最大、同面积立体中球体积最小，开创等周研究。" }, { "id": "antikythera_mechanism", "name": "安提基特拉机械", "nameEn": "Antikythera mechanism", "wikiEn": "Antikythera mechanism", "aliases": [ "安提凯希拉装置" ], "year": -150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gear" ], "related": [ "astrolabe" ], "desc": "青铜齿轮模拟计算机，可预测日月食。" }, { "id": "finery_forge", "name": "炒钢法", "nameEn": "Finery forge", "wikiEn": "Finery forge", "aliases": [ "puddling", "炒铁炉", "熟铁精炼炉", "瓦隆炒铁炉", "百炼钢" ], "year": -150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cast_iron" ], "related": [ "cementation_process", "slitting_mill", "wootz_steel" ], "desc": "汉代将生铁炒炼脱碳成熟铁与钢。" }, { "id": "roman_concrete", "name": "罗马混凝土", "nameEn": "Roman concrete", "wikiEn": "Roman concrete", "aliases": [ "Opus caementicium", "火山灰混凝土" ], "year": -150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lime_mortar" ], "related": [ "dome", "arch" ], "desc": "火山灰砂浆可水中凝结，坚固耐久。" }, { "id": "wok", "name": "炒锅", "nameEn": "Wok", "wikiEn": "Wok", "aliases": [ "镬" ], "year": -150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "汉代出现，宋代因省薪普及", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cookware_and_bakeware", "cast_iron" ], "related": [ "stove" ], "desc": "薄壁圆底铁锅导热快受热匀，翻炒省薪又保风味，奠定东亚厨房。" }, { "id": "hipparchus_precession_catalogue", "name": "喜帕恰斯岁差与星表", "nameEn": "Hipparchus: precession and star catalogue", "wikiEn": "Hipparchus", "aliases": [ "依巴谷", "喜帕恰斯星表", "岁差发现", "Hipparchus precession" ], "year": -130, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "babylonian_star_catalogue", "ptolemaic_astronomy" ], "desc": "喜帕恰斯发现岁差并编制精密星表，深刻影响托勒密。" }, { "id": "taixue_han", "name": "太学", "nameEn": "Taixue", "wikiEn": "Taixue", "aliases": [ "汉代太学" ], "year": -124, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "汉武帝元朔五年立；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "jixia_academy" ], "related": [ "guozijian", "imperial_examination" ], "desc": "汉武帝设五经博士置弟子的中央官学，儒学入仕开端" }, { "id": "state_monopoly", "name": "盐铁专卖制", "nameEn": "State monopoly", "wikiEn": "Government monopoly", "aliases": [ "禁榷", "盐铁官营", "专卖制度" ], "year": -117, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "汉武帝天汉前陆续推行盐铁酒官营", "era": "antiquity", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "taxation_system" ], "related": [ "kaiyuan_tongbao", "single_whip_law" ], "desc": "把盐铁等必需品产销收归官府定价，以隐蔽税源支撑战争与大型工程。" }, { "id": "acupuncture", "name": "针灸", "nameEn": "Acupuncture", "wikiEn": "Acupuncture", "aliases": [ "针刺疗法" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bronze_metallurgy", "chinese_characters", "huangdi_neijing" ], "related": [], "desc": "以经络穴位针刺调治疾病的疗法。" }, { "id": "armillary_sphere", "name": "浑仪", "nameEn": "Armillary sphere", "wikiEn": "Armillary sphere", "aliases": [ "浑天仪" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "astrolabe" ], "related": [ "seismoscope" ], "desc": "多重金属环组成的天体坐标观测仪。" }, { "id": "groma", "name": "格罗马测量仪", "nameEn": "Groma", "wikiEn": "Groma (surveying)", "aliases": [ "罗马测绘十字仪" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "measuring_rod", "surveying" ], "related": [ "grid_plan", "roman_roads", "theodolite" ], "desc": "罗马土地丈量与道路定线的十字标尺。" }, { "id": "hypocaust", "name": "火炕式供暖", "nameEn": "Hypocaust", "wikiEn": "Hypocaust", "aliases": [ "罗马地暖", "热空气供暖" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fired_brick", "masonry" ], "related": [ "chimney", "great_bath" ], "desc": "地板下热气道循环为浴室豪宅供暖。" }, { "id": "law_of_manu", "name": "摩奴法论", "nameEn": "Laws of Manu", "wikiEn": "Manusmriti", "aliases": [ "曼奴法论", "达摩经" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ -200, 200 ], "year_note": "成书区间跨前2世纪至2世纪，取中值附近约定前100", "era": "antiquity", "category": "governance", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "code_of_hammurabi", "stamp_seal" ], "related": [ "lex_talionis", "primogeniture", "islamic_sharia_law", "canon_law_of_the_church" ], "desc": "按出身规定各阶层的权利、税赋与刑罚，把社会等级写成可援引的规范文本。" }, { "id": "maya_calendar", "name": "玛雅历法", "nameEn": "Maya calendar", "wikiEn": "Maya calendar", "aliases": [ "长纪历" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "maya_script" ], "desc": "玛雅多轨循环与长纪历精确纪日。" }, { "id": "moldboard_plow", "name": "犁壁", "nameEn": "Moldboard plow", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "犁镜", "翻土犁壁", "mouldboard" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "plow", "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "seed_drill" ], "desc": "汉代铁犁壁翻土成垄，深耕增产。" }, { "id": "natural_gas_salt", "name": "天然气煮盐", "nameEn": "Natural gas used for salt wells", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "临邛火井", "竹笕输气", "Natural gas" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "natural_gas_distribution", "oil_well" ], "desc": "四川以竹管引天然气熬煮卤水制盐。" }, { "id": "padlock", "name": "挂锁", "nameEn": "Padlock", "wikiEn": "Padlock", "aliases": [ "锁头", "吊锁" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "罗马军营与民居的悬挂式锁具，可脱离门体使用", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "warded_lock", "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "key", "safe", "suitcase" ], "desc": "自带锁体、可随身挪移的独立锁具，把防护从建筑扩展到器物。" }, { "id": "tofu", "name": "豆腐", "nameEn": "Tofu", "wikiEn": "Tofu", "aliases": [ "豆花" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "一般归于西汉，托名刘安说不可靠", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "soybean", "salt_production" ], "related": [ "dairy", "food_preservation" ], "desc": "以盐卤点豆浆成块的植物蛋白加工术，源于汉代。" }, { "id": "towel", "name": "毛巾", "nameEn": "Towel", "wikiEn": "Towel", "aliases": [ "巾", "浴巾" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "罗马浴场用亚麻擦身巾，棉制起圈毛巾后世普及", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "weaving", "cotton" ], "related": [ "bathtub", "shampoo", "cosmetics" ], "desc": "以高吸水织物拭干身体的日用品，起圈结构大幅提升吸水力。" }, { "id": "vault_construction", "name": "拱顶", "nameEn": "Vault", "wikiEn": "Vault (architecture)", "aliases": [ "筒形拱顶", "Barrel vault", "穹棱拱" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "共和晚期至帝国初的混凝土拱顶", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "arch", "roman_concrete" ], "related": [ "dome", "truss", "reinforced_concrete" ], "desc": "连续拱构成的空间曲面顶盖，古典时代的大跨手段。" }, { "id": "watermill", "name": "水磨", "nameEn": "Watermill", "wikiEn": "Watermill", "aliases": [ "水力磨坊", "水磨坊" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "water_wheel", "gear" ], "related": [ "noria", "trip_hammer", "hierapolis_sawmill" ], "desc": "以水流驱动水轮、齿轮带动磨盘的水力磨坊。" }, { "id": "wheelbarrow", "name": "独轮车", "nameEn": "Wheelbarrow", "wikiEn": "Wheelbarrow", "aliases": [ "木牛流马", "单轮车" ], "year": -100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wheel_axle" ], "related": [ "diolkos", "stagecoach" ], "desc": "中国出现单轮手推车，省力运货。" }, { "id": "tironian_notes", "name": "泰罗速记", "nameEn": "Tironian notes", "wikiEn": "Tironian notes", "aliases": [ "拉丁文速记" ], "year": -63, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "latin_grammar" ], "desc": "西塞罗释奴泰罗创制的拉丁文速记符号。" }, { "id": "acta_diurna", "name": "每日纪闻", "nameEn": "Acta Diurna", "wikiEn": "Acta Diurna", "aliases": [ "罗马官报" ], "year": -59, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "alphabet" ], "related": [ "roman_senate" ], "desc": "恺撒时期元老院与民众事务公告。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "ever_normal_granary", "name": "常平仓储备调节", "nameEn": "Ever-normal granary", "wikiEn": "Buffer stock scheme", "aliases": [ "常平仓", "平准", "缓冲储备" ], "year": -54, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "前54年耿寿昌奏设常平仓；英文无独立条目，挂于缓冲储备制度词条", "era": "antiquity", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "grain_storage", "unit_of_measurement" ], "related": [ "assize_of_bread", "state_monopoly", "taxation_system" ], "desc": "丰年收储荒年平粜，用官方库存把粮价波动压在窄幅内。" }, { "id": "caesar_cipher", "name": "凯撒密码", "nameEn": "Caesar cipher", "wikiEn": "Caesar cipher", "aliases": [ "凯撒移位密码", "shift cipher", "替换密码" ], "year": -50, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "苏埃托尼乌斯记载恺撒军信以位移三字母加密", "era": "antiquity", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "alphabet" ], "related": [ "cryptography", "frequency_analysis", "roman_legion", "vigenere_cipher" ], "desc": "把字母按固定位移整体替换的军事密码，是最早成规模使用的加密手段。" }, { "id": "clock_tower", "name": "钟楼", "nameEn": "Clock tower", "wikiEn": "Clock tower", "aliases": [ "报时钟楼", "钟塔", "风之塔" ], "year": -50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "sundial", "water_clock" ], "related": [ "turret_clock", "weather_vane" ], "desc": "风之塔集日晷水钟风向标于一身。" }, { "id": "green_manure", "name": "绿肥", "nameEn": "Green manure", "wikiEn": "Green manure", "aliases": [ "肥田草", "压青" ], "year": -50, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "《氾胜之书》载苕草压肥，为最早系统记载之一", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "crop_rotation" ], "related": [ "manure", "rice_cultivation", "irrigation" ], "desc": "翻压活草肥田的培肥法，中国首载于汉代农书。" }, { "id": "segmental_arch_bridge", "name": "坦拱石桥", "nameEn": "Segmental arch bridge", "wikiEn": "Segmental bridge", "aliases": [ "分段拱桥" ], "year": -50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "arch", "roman_concrete" ], "related": [], "desc": "罗马人以小于半圆的坦拱造石桥。" }, { "id": "weather_vane", "name": "风向标", "nameEn": "Weather vane", "wikiEn": "Weather vane", "aliases": [ "风信标" ], "year": -50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "clock_tower" ], "desc": "雅典风之塔顶青铜海神指示风向。" }, { "id": "julian_calendar", "name": "儒略历", "nameEn": "Julian calendar", "wikiEn": "Julian calendar", "aliases": [ "恺撒历" ], "year": -46, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "babylonian_star_catalogue" ], "related": [ "sundial" ], "desc": "恺撒推行365.25日太阳历。" }, { "id": "latin_grammar", "name": "拉丁语语法", "nameEn": "Latin grammar and dictionary", "wikiEn": "Latin grammar", "aliases": [ "瓦罗《论拉丁语》" ], "year": -45, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alphabet" ], "related": [ "tironian_notes" ], "desc": "瓦罗系统描写拉丁语，奠定语法研究。" }, { "id": "trip_hammer", "name": "杵锤", "nameEn": "Trip hammer", "wikiEn": "Trip hammer", "aliases": [ "杵锤", "水力杵锤", "水力锻锤", "水碓", "水碓锻锤" ], "year": -40, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "water_wheel" ], "related": [ "water_powered_bellows", "waterpowered_bellows" ], "desc": "水力带动重锤舂谷捣矿锻铁。" }, { "id": "glassblowing", "name": "玻璃吹制", "nameEn": "Glassblowing", "wikiEn": "Glassblowing", "aliases": [ "吹玻璃" ], "year": -37, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "glassmaking" ], "related": [ "dichroic_glass" ], "desc": "耶路撒冷一带发明吹管吹制玻璃器。" }, { "id": "sunspot_observation", "name": "太阳黑子观测", "nameEn": "Sunspot observation", "wikiEn": "Sunspot", "aliases": [ "甘石星经黑子" ], "year": -28, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "babylonian_star_catalogue" ], "related": [], "desc": "甘德最早将黑子视为太阳自身现象。" }, { "id": "treadwheel_crane", "name": "踏轮起重机", "nameEn": "Treadwheel crane", "wikiEn": "Treadwheel crane", "aliases": [ "人踏起重机", "踏车吊机", "踏车起重机" ], "year": -25, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "crane" ], "related": [ "dry_dock" ], "desc": "人踩大木轮驱动巨型起重绞车。" }, { "id": "arch_dam", "name": "拱坝", "nameEn": "Arch dam", "wikiEn": "Arch dam", "aliases": [ "格拉努姆拱坝" ], "year": -20, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arch" ], "related": [ "aqueduct" ], "desc": "高卢格拉努姆最早的拱形挡水坝。" }, { "id": "brass", "name": "黄铜", "nameEn": "Brass", "wikiEn": "Brass", "aliases": [ "锌黄铜", "sestertius" ], "year": -20, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "zinc_smelting" ], "related": [], "desc": "罗马以炉甘石渗碳法批量制黄铜。" }, { "id": "belt_drive", "name": "皮带传动", "nameEn": "Belt drive", "wikiEn": "Belt (mechanical)", "aliases": [ "丝绕绳传动" ], "year": -15, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chain_drive" ], "desc": "中国汉代以皮带在轴轮间传递动力。" }, { "id": "raised_relief_map", "name": "立体地图", "nameEn": "Raised-relief map", "wikiEn": "Raised-relief map", "aliases": [ "浮雕地图" ], "year": -14, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cartography" ], "related": [ "pei_xiu_grid" ], "desc": "马援以糯米堆塑地形立体模型。" }, { "id": "waterpowered_bellows", "name": "水排", "nameEn": "Water-powered bellows", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Bellows", "杜诗水排", "水力鼓风" ], "year": 31, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bellows", "blast_furnace_china", "water_wheel" ], "related": [ "trip_hammer" ], "desc": "杜诗以水轮往复鼓风冶铁，省人力。" }, { "id": "roller_bearing", "name": "滚柱轴承", "nameEn": "Roller bearing", "wikiEn": "Bearing (mechanical)", "aliases": [ "尼米湖船轴承" ], "year": 40, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "lathe", "wheel_axle" ], "related": [ "gear", "paddle_wheel_boat", "synthetic_graphite" ], "desc": "罗马尼米湖船使用圆柱形滚柱轴承。" }, { "id": "aeolipile", "name": "汽转球", "nameEn": "Aeolipile", "wikiEn": "Aeolipile", "aliases": [ "希罗蒸汽机" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "windmill_proto" ], "desc": "希罗记载蒸汽喷流驱动旋转球。" }, { "id": "chain_pump", "name": "翻车", "nameEn": "Chain pump", "wikiEn": "Chain pump", "aliases": [ "龙骨水车", "dragon backbone" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chain_drive" ], "related": [ "archimedes_screw" ], "desc": "链带刮板连续提水灌高地。" }, { "id": "codex", "name": "册子本", "nameEn": "Codex", "wikiEn": "Codex", "aliases": [ "册页书", "羊皮书" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "parchment" ], "related": [ "bamboo_slips", "scriptorium" ], "desc": "罗马以页册装订取代卷轴，便于翻阅。" }, { "id": "galloroman_reaper", "name": "罗马收割机", "nameEn": "Gallo-Roman reaper", "wikiEn": "Reaper", "aliases": [ "vallus", "推割机" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "sickle", "wheel_axle", "working_animal" ], "related": [ "horse_collar", "mechanical_reaper", "seed_drill" ], "desc": "高卢畜力推割机具，机械收割谷物。" }, { "id": "hushing", "name": "水力冲矿", "nameEn": "Hushing", "wikiEn": "Hushing", "aliases": [ "水力采矿" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "aqueduct" ], "related": [], "desc": "引水冲刷表土暴露金矿脉。" }, { "id": "junk_ship", "name": "中国帆船", "nameEn": "Junk", "wikiEn": "Junk (ship)", "aliases": [ "Junk (ship)", "jun", "中国帆船", "中式帆船", "戎克船", "福船" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sail" ], "related": [ "stern_rudder", "sternpost_rudder", "watertight_bulkhead" ], "desc": "汉代平底多层水密隔舱的远洋帆船。" }, { "id": "nine_chapters", "name": "《九章算术》", "nameEn": "The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art", "wikiEn": "The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art", "aliases": [ "九章算经" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "counting_rods" ], "related": [ "surveying", "taxation_system", "zero" ], "desc": "中国算学经典，含负数与线性方程术。" }, { "id": "pantograph", "name": "缩放仪", "nameEn": "Pantograph", "wikiEn": "Pantograph", "aliases": [ "比例缩放尺" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "calipers", "camera_obscura", "technical_drawing" ], "desc": "希罗描述按比例复制图形的连杆仪。" }, { "id": "screw_press", "name": "螺旋压榨机", "nameEn": "Screw press", "wikiEn": "Screw press", "aliases": [ "葡萄压榨机", "橄榄压榨机" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "screw" ], "related": [], "desc": "罗马以螺旋重压榨葡萄与橄榄。" }, { "id": "vending_machine", "name": "自动售货机雏形", "nameEn": "Vending machine", "wikiEn": "Vending machine", "aliases": [ "希罗圣水机" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "coinage", "water_clock" ], "related": [ "aeolipile", "force_pump", "odometer" ], "desc": "投币重量开启阀门定量放圣水的装置。" }, { "id": "windmill_proto", "name": "风动轮雏形", "nameEn": "Wind-powered wheel (proto)", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Windmill", "希罗风动风琴" ], "year": 50, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "aeolipile" ], "desc": "希罗描述风力驱动风琴的设想装置。" }, { "id": "de_materia_medica", "name": "《药物论》", "nameEn": "De Materia Medica", "wikiEn": "De materia medica", "aliases": [ "迪奥斯科里德斯药物论" ], "year": 60, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "classical_elements", "hippocratic_medicine", "papyrus" ], "related": [ "galen_medicine", "library_alexandria" ], "desc": "迪奥斯科里德斯药典，详述六百种药草。" }, { "id": "heronian_triangle", "name": "海伦三角形", "nameEn": "Heronian triangle", "wikiEn": "Heronian triangle", "aliases": [ "海伦三角形", "整数边整数面积三角形", "Heron triangle", "Integer triangle" ], "year": 60, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "herons_formula" ], "related": [ "pythagorean_theorem" ], "desc": "三边与面积皆为整数的三角形，以海伦公式为判定工具，沟通数论与几何。" }, { "id": "herons_formula", "name": "海伦公式", "nameEn": "Heron's formula", "wikiEn": "Heron's formula", "aliases": [ "希罗公式", "海伦-秦九韶公式", "Hero's formula" ], "year": 60, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "euclidean_algorithm", "qin_jiushao_treatise" ], "desc": "海伦在《度量论》给出由三边求三角形面积的公式，中国秦九韶后亦独立得之。" }, { "id": "pliny_natural_history", "name": "《博物志》", "nameEn": "Natural History (Pliny)", "wikiEn": "Natural History (Pliny)", "aliases": [ "自然史" ], "year": 77, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alchemy", "buffon_natural_history" ], "desc": "老普林尼百科全书，总汇古代自然知识。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "institutio_oratoria", "name": "雄辩家教育原理", "nameEn": "Institutio Oratoria", "wikiEn": "Institutio Oratoria", "aliases": [ "昆体良《雄辩术原理》" ], "year": 95, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "昆体良约公元95年成书", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "latin_grammar" ], "related": [ "trivium" ], "desc": "昆体良总结罗马修辞训练的教本，西方课程论先驱" }, { "id": "abundant_number", "name": "过剩数", "nameEn": "Abundant number", "wikiEn": "Abundant number", "aliases": [ "盈数", "富裕数", "过剩数", "Abundant number" ], "year": 100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "divisor" ], "related": [], "desc": "真因数之和大于自身的正整数，尼科马库斯按盈缺对数作古典分类。" }, { "id": "alchemy", "name": "炼金术", "nameEn": "Alchemy", "wikiEn": "Alchemy", "aliases": [ "赫尔墨斯炼金术" ], "year": 100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "distillation", "classical_elements" ], "desc": "希腊化埃及兴起，近代化学的前身。" }, { "id": "coal_fuel", "name": "煤炭作燃料", "nameEn": "Coal as fuel", "wikiEn": "Coal", "aliases": [ "煤饼", "石炭" ], "year": 100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "natural_gas_salt" ], "desc": "汉代以煤粉掺黏土制饼入炉作燃料。" }, { "id": "crank_handle", "name": "曲柄摇柄", "nameEn": "Crank handle", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Crank (mechanism)", "手摇曲柄" ], "year": 100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rotary_winnower", "crank_connecting_rod" ], "desc": "汉代陶塑与罗马铁器出现手摇曲柄。" }, { "id": "drawloom", "name": "提花织机", "nameEn": "Drawloom", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "花机", "花本提花机" ], "year": 100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "weaving_loom" ], "related": [ "lacquerware" ], "desc": "汉代以花本控制经线织出复杂纹样。" }, { "id": "gravity_dam", "name": "重力坝", "nameEn": "Gravity dam", "wikiEn": "Gravity dam", "aliases": [ "混凝土重力坝" ], "year": 100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以罗马时期伊比利亚重力坝遗迹为最早确证一类，取约值", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "masonry", "roman_concrete", "arch_dam" ], "related": [ "three_gorges_dam", "aqueduct", "dam" ], "desc": "以三角形坝体自重抵抗水推，砌石与混凝土皆宜。" }, { "id": "menelaus_theorem", "name": "梅涅劳斯定理", "nameEn": "Menelaus's theorem", "wikiEn": "Menelaus's theorem", "aliases": [ "梅涅劳斯", "截线定理", "梅氏定理", "Menelaus theorem" ], "year": 100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "ceva_theorem", "ptolemy_theorem", "spherical_trigonometry" ], "desc": "梅涅劳斯在《球面学》给出截线与三角形三边交点的有向线段乘积关系。" }, { "id": "proto_porcelain", "name": "原始瓷器", "nameEn": "Proto-porcelain", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "原始青瓷", "东汉青瓷", "Porcelain" ], "year": 100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pottery" ], "related": [ "lacquerware", "porcelain" ], "desc": "东汉高温烧出胎质致密的原始青瓷。" }, { "id": "shuowen_jiezi", "name": "《说文解字》", "nameEn": "Shuowen Jiezi", "wikiEn": "Shuowen Jiezi", "aliases": [ "说文" ], "year": 100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "seal_script_standard" ], "related": [ "erya_dictionary" ], "desc": "许慎首部按部首编排的汉字字典。" }, { "id": "stern_rudder", "name": "船尾舵", "nameEn": "Stern-mounted rudder", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Rudder", "尾舵", "轴向舵" ], "year": 100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steering_oar" ], "related": [ "junk_ship" ], "desc": "船尾竖舵取代尾桨，大幅提升操纵性。" }, { "id": "papermaking", "name": "造纸术", "nameEn": "Papermaking", "wikiEn": "Papermaking", "aliases": [ "蔡伦纸", "侯官纸" ], "year": 105, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "bamboo_slips" ], "related": [ "codex", "imperial_examination", "ink_brush", "paper_money" ], "desc": "蔡伦以树皮麻头破布改进造纸工艺。" }, { "id": "zhang_heng_huntian", "name": "浑天说", "nameEn": "Huntian theory", "wikiEn": "Zhang Heng", "aliases": [ "张衡浑天说", "浑天宇宙论", "天如鸡子地如黄", "Celestial sphere cosmology" ], "year": 117, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "armillary_sphere" ], "desc": "张衡系统阐述浑天说，主张天包水、地如鸡中黄。" }, { "id": "dome", "name": "穹顶", "nameEn": "Dome", "wikiEn": "Dome", "aliases": [ "万神殿穹顶", "monumental dome" ], "year": 126, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arch", "roman_concrete" ], "related": [], "desc": "罗马以混凝土浇筑万神殿巨型穹顶。" }, { "id": "seismoscope", "name": "地动仪", "nameEn": "Zhang Heng's seismoscope", "wikiEn": "Seismometer", "aliases": [ "候风地动仪" ], "year": 132, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "armillary_sphere" ], "related": [], "desc": "张衡以倒立摆触发龙口吐珠报震向。" }, { "id": "ptolemaic_astronomy", "name": "托勒密天文学", "nameEn": "Ptolemaic astronomy", "wikiEn": "Almagest", "aliases": [ "天文学大成", "地心体系" ], "year": 150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "babylonian_star_catalogue", "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "astrolabe", "ptolemy_trigonometry" ], "desc": "本轮均轮地心模型与星表，沿用千年。" }, { "id": "ptolemy_theorem", "name": "托勒密定理", "nameEn": "Ptolemy's theorem", "wikiEn": "Ptolemy's theorem", "aliases": [ "托勒密弦图定理", "圆内接四边形定理", "Ptolemy theorem" ], "year": 150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "brahmagupta_formula", "menelaus_theorem", "ptolemaic_astronomy", "ptolemy_trigonometry" ], "desc": "圆内接四边形两对角线乘积等于两组对边乘积之和，托勒密据此推算弦表。" }, { "id": "ptolemy_trigonometry", "name": "托勒密弦表三角学", "nameEn": "Almagest", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "《天文学大成》", "托勒密弦表", "Ptolemy's table of chords", "Almagest" ], "year": 150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive", "babylonian_astronomy" ], "related": [ "ptolemaic_astronomy", "spherical_trigonometry", "tusi_trigonometry" ], "desc": "托勒密《天文学大成》编制逐度弦表并证弦图定理，奠定西方三角学与天文计算基础。" }, { "id": "rotary_winnower", "name": "风扇车", "nameEn": "Rotary winnowing fan", "wikiEn": "Winnowing", "aliases": [ "扬谷扇车", "飏车" ], "year": 150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "crank_handle" ], "related": [], "desc": "手摇风轮鼓风分离谷粒与糠秕。" }, { "id": "galen_medicine", "name": "盖伦医学", "nameEn": "Galenic medicine", "wikiEn": "Galen", "aliases": [ "盖伦" ], "year": 180, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "herophilos_anatomy", "hippocratic_medicine", "library_alexandria", "papyrus" ], "related": [ "codex", "de_materia_medica" ], "desc": "盖伦集古代医学大成，影响至近代。" }, { "id": "huatuo_anesthesia", "name": "麻沸散", "nameEn": "Hua Tuo's anesthesia", "wikiEn": "Hua Tuo", "aliases": [ "华佗麻醉" ], "year": 200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chinese_characters", "huangdi_neijing", "wine" ], "related": [], "desc": "华佗以麻沸散施行外科手术麻醉。" }, { "id": "lantern", "name": "灯笼", "nameEn": "Lantern", "wikiEn": "Lantern", "aliases": [ "灯彩", "纸灯笼" ], "year": 200, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "纸与纱料糊制的可提移灯具约成于东汉至魏晋", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "papermaking", "oil_lamp" ], "related": [ "candle", "argand_lamp", "oil_lamp" ], "desc": "以透光罩保护火焰、可提移照明的便携式灯具，兼作节庆装饰。" }, { "id": "lateen_sail", "name": "三角拉丁帆", "nameEn": "Lateen sail", "wikiEn": "Lateen", "aliases": [ "Lateen", "三角帆", "拉丁帆", "斜桁三角帆" ], "year": 200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sail" ], "related": [ "junk_ship", "longship" ], "desc": "地中海出现纵帆式三角帆，可逆风航行。" }, { "id": "stepwell", "name": "阶梯井", "nameEn": "Stepwell", "wikiEn": "Stepwell", "aliases": [ "印度阶井" ], "year": 200, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "qanat" ], "desc": "印度下掘多级台阶直达水位的取水建筑。" }, { "id": "zhang_zhongjing", "name": "《伤寒杂病论》", "nameEn": "Shanghan Lun", "wikiEn": "Zhang Zhongjing", "aliases": [ "伤寒论", "金匮要略" ], "year": 219, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chinese_characters", "huangdi_neijing", "seal_script_standard" ], "related": [], "desc": "张仲景辨证论治体系，后世方书之祖。" }, { "id": "crank_connecting_rod", "name": "曲柄连杆机构", "nameEn": "Crank and connecting rod", "wikiEn": "Connecting rod", "aliases": [ "连杆机构" ], "year": 240, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "crank_handle", "water_wheel" ], "related": [ "hierapolis_sawmill" ], "desc": "把旋转运动转为往复直线运动。" }, { "id": "binomial_polynomial", "name": "二项式", "nameEn": "Binomial (polynomial)", "wikiEn": "Binomial (polynomial)", "aliases": [ "二项多项式", "两项式", "Binomial polynomial", "Binomial" ], "year": 250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pascal_triangle", "newton_generalized_binomial" ], "desc": "由两个单项式相加构成的多项式，二项式定理研究其幂次展开。" }, { "id": "diophantine_equations", "name": "丢番图方程", "nameEn": "Diophantine equation", "wikiEn": "Diophantine equation", "aliases": [ "不定方程", "丢番图分析", "Diophantine equations", "Arithmetica" ], "year": 250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chinese_remainder_theorem" ], "desc": "丢番图《算术》系统研究整系数方程的有理解，开创数论一大分支并启发费马。" }, { "id": "south_pointing_chariot", "name": "指南车", "nameEn": "South-pointing chariot", "wikiEn": "South-pointing chariot", "aliases": [ "差速指南车", "马钧" ], "year": 250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gear" ], "related": [ "sinan" ], "desc": "以差速齿轮使木人恒指南，不涉磁性。" }, { "id": "sugar_crystallization", "name": "结晶糖", "nameEn": "Crystallized sugar", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Sugar", "gur", "蔗糖结晶" ], "year": 250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fire", "pottery" ], "related": [ "distillation", "natural_gas_salt", "sugar", "sugarcane_mill" ], "desc": "印度笈多时期掌握蔗糖结晶造粒技术。" }, { "id": "liu_hui_circle_cutting", "name": "刘徽割圆术", "nameEn": "Liu Hui", "wikiEn": "Liu Hui", "aliases": [ "割圆术", "刘徽求圆周率", "Liu Hui's π algorithm", "Circle cutting" ], "year": 263, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nine_chapters" ], "related": [ "zu_chongzhi_pi", "method_of_exhaustion" ], "desc": "刘徽注《九章》以圆内接正多边形倍增逼近圆面积，含极限思想，求得π约3.1416。" }, { "id": "pei_xiu_grid", "name": "制图六体", "nameEn": "Pei Xiu's grid cartography", "wikiEn": "Pei Xiu", "aliases": [ "计里画方" ], "year": 267, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cartography" ], "related": [ "raised_relief_map" ], "desc": "裴秀提出比例尺与方格网制图六原则。" }, { "id": "hierapolis_sawmill", "name": "希拉波利斯水力锯坊", "nameEn": "Hierapolis sawmill", "wikiEn": "Hierapolis sawmill", "aliases": [ "罗马水力锯" ], "year": 270, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "water_wheel", "crank_connecting_rod" ], "related": [], "desc": "已知最早以曲柄连杆水轮锯石木的工厂。" }, { "id": "water_turbine", "name": "水轮机雏形", "nameEn": "Roman water turbine", "wikiEn": "Water turbine", "aliases": [ "Fourneyron turbine", "Francis turbine", "Water turbine", "富尔内龙水轮机", "水轮机", "突尼斯水轮" ], "year": 280, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "water_wheel" ], "related": [ "hydraulic_press", "steam_engine", "watermill" ], "desc": "罗马北非出现轴流式水力涡轮磨。" }, { "id": "dichroic_glass", "name": "二色性玻璃", "nameEn": "Dichroic glass", "wikiEn": "Dichroic glass", "aliases": [ "莱克格斯杯", "Lycurgus Cup" ], "year": 300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "glassblowing" ], "related": [], "desc": "含纳米金银微粒，透光变色的罗马玻璃。" }, { "id": "stirrup", "name": "马镫", "nameEn": "Stirrup", "wikiEn": "Stirrup", "aliases": [ "双马镫", "脚踏马镫" ], "year": 300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "horse_domestication", "saddle" ], "related": [ "breaststrap_harness", "horse_collar", "horseshoe" ], "desc": "中国西晋出现成对铁马镫，骑手借力。" }, { "id": "solidus", "name": "索利都斯金币", "nameEn": "Solidus", "wikiEn": "Solidus", "aliases": [ "拜占庭金币", "贝桑" ], "year": 312, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "君士坦丁一世改革币制，约 309—312 年", "era": "antiquity", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "denarius" ], "related": [ "kaiyuan_tongbao" ], "desc": "近七百年维持稳定含金量的国际结算金币，支撑地中海长程贸易。" }, { "id": "pappus_hexagon_theorem", "name": "帕普斯六边形定理", "nameEn": "Pappus's hexagon theorem", "wikiEn": "Pappus's hexagon theorem", "aliases": [ "帕普斯定理", "帕普斯六点定理", "Pappus theorem", "Pappus's theorem" ], "year": 340, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "linear_perspective", "pascal_theorem", "projective_geometry" ], "desc": "两直线上各取三点，交叉连线的三个交点共线，是射影几何最古老的定理之一。" }, { "id": "oil_well", "name": "油井", "nameEn": "Oil well", "wikiEn": "Oil well", "aliases": [ "Drake Well", "Edwin Drake", "德雷克油井", "深井钻探", "火井", "近代石油钻井" ], "year": 347, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "natural_gas_salt" ], "related": [ "lenoir_gas_engine" ], "desc": "中国钻凿深达二百余米的石油天然气井。" }, { "id": "fishing_reel", "name": "渔线轮", "nameEn": "Fishing reel", "wikiEn": "Fishing reel", "aliases": [ "钓车" ], "year": 350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "fish_hook", "rope" ], "related": [ "aquaculture", "fishing_net", "winch" ], "desc": "中国晋代文献最早记载手摇收线渔轮。" }, { "id": "simple_suspension_bridge", "name": "简易悬索桥", "nameEn": "Simple suspension bridge", "wikiEn": "Simple suspension bridge", "aliases": [ "藤索桥", "绳索桥" ], "year": 350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "rope", "winch" ], "related": [ "arkadiko_bridge", "segmental_arch_bridge", "suspension_bridge" ], "desc": "以多股藤竹绳索悬垂跨越峡谷的桥。" }, { "id": "chinese_remainder_theorem", "name": "中国剩余定理", "nameEn": "Chinese remainder theorem", "wikiEn": "Chinese remainder theorem", "aliases": [ "孙子问题", "物不知数", "韩信点兵", "Chinese remainder theorem", "CRT" ], "year": 400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "nine_chapters" ], "related": [ "diophantine_equations", "qin_jiushao_treatise" ], "desc": "《孙子算经》提出物不知数同余问题，后由秦九韶推广大衍求一术，今称中国剩余定理。" }, { "id": "hindu_numerals", "name": "印度位置制数字", "nameEn": "Hindu numerals", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Hindu–Arabic numeral system", "十进位值数字", "印度数字" ], "year": 400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "zero" ], "related": [ "aryabhata_astronomy" ], "desc": "印度形成含零的十进位值记数数字。" }, { "id": "hydrometer", "name": "比重计", "nameEn": "Hydrometer", "wikiEn": "Hydrometer", "aliases": [ "液体比重计" ], "year": 400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "archimedes_statics" ], "related": [], "desc": "叙涅修斯信中描述测液体密度的浮计。" }, { "id": "iron_pillar_delhi", "name": "德里铁柱", "nameEn": "Iron pillar of Delhi", "wikiEn": "Iron pillar of Delhi", "aliases": [ "防锈铁柱" ], "year": 400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "wootz_steel" ], "desc": "笈多王朝铸造千年不锈的高纯铁柱。" }, { "id": "paddle_wheel_boat", "name": "明轮船雏形", "nameEn": "Paddle-wheel boat", "wikiEn": "Paddle wheel", "aliases": [ "牛转明轮船" ], "year": 400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "paddle", "water_wheel", "wheel_axle" ], "related": [ "galley", "saqiyah", "watermill" ], "desc": "《论军事》设想畜力带动两侧明轮的船。" }, { "id": "watertight_bulkhead", "name": "水密隔舱", "nameEn": "Watertight bulkhead", "wikiEn": "Compartment (ship)", "aliases": [ "Bulkhead (partition)", "分舱防水", "舱壁", "隔舱" ], "year": 400, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "junk_ship" ], "related": [ "junk_ship", "stern_rudder" ], "desc": "船舱横隔为互不透水舱区，沉船避险。" }, { "id": "bible_translation", "name": "圣经翻译", "nameEn": "Bible translation", "wikiEn": "Bible translation", "aliases": [ "七十士译本", "武加大译本" ], "year": 405, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以哲罗姆拉丁文武加大译本完成年为锚；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "alphabet" ], "related": [ "illuminated_manuscript", "movable_type_printing", "bookbinding" ], "desc": "反复把经典转写为各民族语言的大规模翻译实践，塑造了书面语与印刷需求。" }, { "id": "nalanda", "name": "那烂陀僧院学府", "nameEn": "Nalanda", "wikiEn": "Nalanda mahavihara", "aliases": [ "那烂陀寺", "摩诃毗诃罗" ], "year": 427, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "笈多王朝时期创建，年代有争议", "era": "antiquity", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gurukula" ], "related": [ "madrasa" ], "desc": "印度僧院兼讲学的佛教学府，住读与辩论制度完备" }, { "id": "chaturanga", "name": "恰图兰加", "nameEn": "Chaturanga", "wikiEn": "Chaturanga", "aliases": [ "印度象棋", "国际象棋前身" ], "year": 450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "dice", "game_theory", "senet" ], "desc": "笈多印度四军棋，国际象棋的前身。" }, { "id": "proclus_parallel_postulate", "name": "普罗克洛斯平行公设讨论", "nameEn": "Parallel postulate", "wikiEn": "Parallel postulate", "aliases": [ "第五公设之争", "平行公设批判", "普罗克洛斯注释", "Parallel postulate debate" ], "year": 450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "lobachevsky_non_euclidean", "bolyai_non_euclidean" ], "desc": "普罗克洛斯注释《原本》时试图证明第五公设并记载前人尝试，开启两千年公设之争。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "zu_chongzhi_pi", "name": "祖冲之密率", "nameEn": "Zu Chongzhi", "wikiEn": "Zu Chongzhi", "aliases": [ "祖率", "圆周率密率", "3.1415926", "Milü", "Zu Chongzhi π" ], "year": 480, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "liu_hui_circle_cutting" ], "related": [ "armillary_sphere", "counting_rods", "nine_chapters" ], "desc": "祖冲之将π精算至小数点后七位，并定密率355/113，领先世界近千年。" }, { "id": "aryabhata_astronomy", "name": "阿耶波多历算", "nameEn": "Aryabhata", "wikiEn": "Aryabhata", "aliases": [ "阿耶波多", "Āryabhaṭīya" ], "year": 499, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "antiquity", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hindu_numerals", "zero" ], "related": [ "ptolemaic_astronomy" ], "desc": "阿耶波多论圆周率、正弦与地转解释。" }, { "id": "divisibility_rule", "name": "整除规则", "nameEn": "Divisibility rule", "wikiEn": "Divisibility rule", "aliases": [ "整除判定法则", "倍数判别法", "整除特征", "Divisibility criteria" ], "year": 499, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "divisor" ], "related": [ "congruence_relation" ], "desc": "仅凭数字各位快速判别能否被特定数整除的法则，古印度数学已有系统记载。" }, { "id": "trigonometric_functions", "name": "三角函数", "nameEn": "Trigonometric functions", "wikiEn": "Trigonometric functions", "aliases": [ "正弦余弦函数", "圆函数", "circular functions" ], "year": 499, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "阿耶波多给出正弦差分表；欧拉1748年把它确立为角的函数；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "antiquity", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ptolemy_trigonometry" ], "related": [ "fourier_analysis", "alternating_current", "sexagesimal", "shannon_sampling_theorem" ], "desc": "以角与边长比定义的正弦余弦等函数，成为测量、航海、交流电与信号分析的通用语言。" }, { "id": "scriptorium", "name": "抄写坊", "nameEn": "Scriptorium", "wikiEn": "Scriptorium", "aliases": [ "修道院抄写间", "缮书房" ], "year": 500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "修道院抄写制度于晚古典至6世纪成型", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cathedral_school", "bookbinding" ], "desc": "寺院分工校勘抄写并装订旧籍，在战乱中保存了大部分古典文本。" }, { "id": "zu_geng_principle", "name": "祖暅原理", "nameEn": "Zu Gengzhi", "wikiEn": "Zu Gengzhi", "aliases": [ "祖暅之", "幂势既同则积不容异", "祖式公理", "Zu Geng principle" ], "year": 500, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "liu_hui_circle_cutting" ], "related": [ "cavalieri_principle", "zu_chongzhi_pi" ], "desc": "祖暅提出幂势既同则积不容异，据等高处截面面积相等推出球体积公式。" }, { "id": "anno_domini", "name": "公元纪年", "nameEn": "Anno Domini", "wikiEn": "Anno Domini", "aliases": [ "基督纪年", "AD纪年", "Common Era" ], "year": 525, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "medieval_university" ], "desc": "修士狄奥尼修斯制定以耶稣降生为起点的公元纪年体系。" }, { "id": "impetus_theory", "name": "冲力说", "nameEn": "Theory of impetus", "wikiEn": "Theory of impetus", "aliases": [ "Impetus theory", "菲洛波努斯冲力说", "布里丹冲力说" ], "year": 530, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "aristotelian_logic" ], "related": [ "ballista", "galilean_kinematics", "sling_weapon" ], "desc": "菲洛波努斯提出抛体获得冲力，后世布里丹发展，近接惯性概念。" }, { "id": "trivium", "name": "三艺课纲", "nameEn": "Trivium", "wikiEn": "Trivium", "aliases": [ "文法修辞辩证法", "七艺上半" ], "year": 530, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "卡西奥多鲁斯《制度》体系化", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "institutio_oratoria" ], "related": [ "cathedral_school", "medieval_university" ], "desc": "文法修辞逻辑构成的基础课纲，中世纪七艺之上半" }, { "id": "justinian_digest", "name": "学说汇纂", "nameEn": "Digest of Justinian", "wikiEn": "Digest (Roman law)", "aliases": [ "查士丁尼法典", "国法大全", "Corpus Iuris Civilis" ], "year": 533, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "533 年颁行，529—534 年陆续编纂", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "twelve_tables" ], "related": [ "common_law", "napoleonic_code", "tang_code" ], "desc": "系统汇编千年法学判说，使罗马法成为欧陆成文法传统的共同底本。" }, { "id": "ship_mill", "name": "船磨", "nameEn": "Ship mill", "wikiEn": "Ship mill", "aliases": [ "浮磨坊", "船上磨坊", "Ship mill" ], "year": 540, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "water_wheel" ], "related": [ "tide_mill" ], "desc": "磨坊建于船上借水流驱动，6世纪罗马围城时已使用。" }, { "id": "cofusion_steel", "name": "灌钢", "nameEn": "Co-fusion steel", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "灌钢法", "宿铁", "Co-fusion steelmaking" ], "year": 550, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "damascus_steel" ], "desc": "南北朝綦毋怀文以生铁熟铁合炼成钢，即灌钢法。" }, { "id": "byzantine_silk", "name": "拜占庭丝织", "nameEn": "Byzantine silk", "wikiEn": "Byzantine silk", "aliases": [ "拜占庭丝绸", "Roman silk" ], "year": 552, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "porcelain" ], "desc": "查士丁尼时期引入蚕种，拜占庭建立官营丝织业。" }, { "id": "pendentive", "name": "帆拱", "nameEn": "Pendentive", "wikiEn": "Pendentive", "aliases": [ "三角穹隅", "穹隅" ], "year": 556, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以弗所与君士坦丁堡早期实例的建成年代，非收建筑本身；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dome", "vault_construction", "arch" ], "related": [ "column", "gothic_architecture", "spherical_trigonometry" ], "desc": "球面三角拱承托圆顶，把圆形穹落到方形平面上。" }, { "id": "match", "name": "火柴", "nameEn": "Match", "wikiEn": "Match", "aliases": [ "发烛", "火寸", "引火火柴", "Sulfur match" ], "year": 577, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fireworks" ], "desc": "北齐宫女用硫磺制发烛引火，是火柴的雏形。" }, { "id": "toilet_paper", "name": "卫生纸", "nameEn": "Toilet paper", "wikiEn": "Toilet paper", "aliases": [ "厕纸", "草纸" ], "year": 589, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "papermaking" ], "related": [ "paper_money" ], "desc": "隋代已有用纸拭秽的记载，后在宋元广泛使用。" }, { "id": "cathedral_school", "name": "主教座堂学校", "nameEn": "Cathedral school", "wikiEn": "Cathedral school", "aliases": [ "堂校", "教会学校" ], "year": 600, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "西欧教堂附设学校在中世纪早期普及", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "scriptorium" ], "related": [ "madrasa" ], "desc": "附设于教堂的常教学机构，教授文法与算学并为大学输送生源。" }, { "id": "chess", "name": "国际象棋", "nameEn": "Chess", "wikiEn": "Chess", "aliases": [ "西洋棋", "shatranj" ], "year": 600, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "由恰图兰卡经波斯象棋演化，十五世纪定型后走法", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chaturanga" ], "related": [ "go_game", "backgammon", "game_theory" ], "desc": "由印度棋戏经波斯定型的双人对弈制度，是现代棋类与博弈研究的原型。" }, { "id": "germanic_thing_assembly", "name": "庭大会", "nameEn": "Germanic Thing Assembly", "wikiEn": "Thing (assembly)", "aliases": [ "民众庭", "提恩" ], "year": 600, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "日耳曼各部庭会文献化于迁徙时代，取约600", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gerontocracy", "consensus_decision_making" ], "related": [ "parliament", "acephalous_society", "common_law", "codex" ], "desc": "定期在指定地点由自由民到场作证与表决，习惯法靠集会而非官吏得以执行。" }, { "id": "tide_mill", "name": "潮汐磨坊", "nameEn": "Tide mill", "wikiEn": "Tide mill", "aliases": [ "潮磨", "潮汐水车" ], "year": 600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "water_wheel" ], "related": [ "ship_mill" ], "desc": "利用潮差蓄水推动水轮，6世纪爱尔兰沿岸已出现。" }, { "id": "anji_bridge", "name": "赵州桥", "nameEn": "Anji Bridge", "wikiEn": "Anji Bridge", "aliases": [ "安济桥", "赵州大石桥" ], "year": 605, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "grand_canal" ], "desc": "李春设计的敞肩石拱桥，世界现存最古老的敞肩石拱桥。" }, { "id": "imperial_examination", "name": "科举取士", "nameEn": "Imperial examination", "wikiEn": "Imperial examination", "aliases": [ "科举", "贡举", "八股取士" ], "year": 605, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "隋炀帝置进士科，学界对起始年代有分歧", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "censorate" ], "related": [ "civil_service", "guozijian" ], "desc": "以分级笔试选拔官员，把门第取士改为可备考、可复核的能力竞争。" }, { "id": "grand_canal", "name": "大运河", "nameEn": "Grand Canal (China)", "wikiEn": "Grand Canal (China)", "aliases": [ "京杭大运河", "隋大运河" ], "year": 609, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pound_lock" ], "desc": "隋代贯通南北水系的大运河，后世持续扩建，交通命脉。" }, { "id": "porcelain", "name": "瓷器", "nameEn": "Porcelain", "wikiEn": "Porcelain", "aliases": [ "成熟瓷", "白瓷", "China ware" ], "year": 618, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "pottery", "proto_porcelain" ], "related": [ "celadon" ], "desc": "唐代烧成胎质致密的成熟瓷器，宋元技艺登峰并远销海外。" }, { "id": "toothbrush", "name": "牙刷", "nameEn": "Toothbrush", "wikiEn": "Toothbrush", "aliases": [ "鬃毛刷", "杨柳枝" ], "year": 619, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "awl", "bone_tool" ], "related": [ "comb", "dentistry", "soap" ], "desc": "唐代出现植毛牙刷，以鬃毛穿骨柄制成。" }, { "id": "kaiyuan_tongbao", "name": "开元通宝", "nameEn": "Kaiyuan Tongbao", "wikiEn": "Kaiyuan Tongbao", "aliases": [ "唐钱", "通宝钱制" ], "year": 621, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "武德四年颁行，结束以铢计重的旧制", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "solidus", "state_monopoly" ], "desc": "改以“通宝”计枚而非计重的宝文钱制，成为东亚千年铸币范式。" }, { "id": "additive_identity", "name": "加法单位元", "nameEn": "Additive identity", "wikiEn": "Additive identity", "aliases": [ "加法恒等元", "零元", "加性单位元", "Additive identity" ], "year": 628, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "zero", "identity_element" ], "desc": "加法中与任一元素相加仍得该元素的零元，婆罗摩笈多系统论述零的运算。" }, { "id": "brahmagupta_formula", "name": "婆罗摩笈多圆内接四边形公式", "nameEn": "Brahmagupta's formula", "wikiEn": "Brahmagupta's formula", "aliases": [ "婆罗摩笈多公式", "圆内接四边形面积公式", "Brahmagupta formula" ], "year": 628, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "herons_formula", "ptolemy_theorem", "hindu_numerals" ], "desc": "婆罗摩笈多给出由圆内接四边形四边求面积的根式公式，是海伦公式的四边形推广。" }, { "id": "byzantine_theme_system", "name": "拜占庭军区制", "nameEn": "Byzantine Theme System", "wikiEn": "Theme (Byzantine district)", "aliases": [ "色雷斯西亚军区", "军政合一区划" ], "year": 650, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "军区制成型于7世纪，取约650", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "satrapy", "corvee_labor" ], "related": [ "feudalism", "land_tenure", "city_wall", "commandery_county" ], "desc": "把辖区军政合于一人、以份地养兵，用本地兵源替帝国省下远征驻军的开支。" }, { "id": "tang_code", "name": "唐律疏议", "nameEn": "Tang Code", "wikiEn": "Tang Code", "aliases": [ "唐律", "永徽律疏" ], "year": 653, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "永徽四年颁疏议，现存最早完整东亚法典；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "censorate" ], "related": [ "justinian_digest", "imperial_examination", "feudalism" ], "desc": "以律条配疏议统一解释，确立分级量刑与官僚责任，成为东亚法系母本。" }, { "id": "greek_fire", "name": "希腊火", "nameEn": "Greek fire", "wikiEn": "Greek fire", "aliases": [ "海洋之火", "海火" ], "year": 672, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gunpowder" ], "desc": "拜占庭的军用燃烧剂，可在水面燃烧，凭虹吸管喷射御敌。" }, { "id": "incense_clock", "name": "香钟", "nameEn": "Incense clock", "wikiEn": "Incense clock", "aliases": [ "香篆钟", "印香钟" ], "year": 680, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mechanical_clock" ], "desc": "以燃香长度或香灰轨迹计时，东亚与伊斯兰世界长期使用。" }, { "id": "islamic_sharia_law", "name": "伊斯兰教法", "nameEn": "Sharia Law", "wikiEn": "Sharia", "aliases": [ "沙里亚", "伊斯兰法" ], "year": 700, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "法学派形成于7—8世纪，取约700", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "law_of_manu", "justinian_digest", "papermaking" ], "related": [ "canon_law_of_the_church", "taiho_code", "waqf_endowment", "iqta_grant" ], "desc": "由法学家从经训推导义务与契约细则，形成独立于君主意志并可跨王朝沿用的法统。" }, { "id": "taiho_code", "name": "大宝律令", "nameEn": "Taiho Code", "wikiEn": "Taihō Code", "aliases": [ "律令制", "大宝令" ], "year": 701, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "日本天平令前成文，701年颁行", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tang_code", "zhou_official_rites" ], "related": [ "islamic_sharia_law", "commandery_county", "justinian_digest", "papermaking" ], "desc": "整搬唐制为本国官位、户籍与田赋法，示范了一整套治理制度如何跨文明移植。" }, { "id": "heavy_plow", "name": "重犁", "nameEn": "Carruca", "wikiEn": "Carruca", "aliases": [ "Moldboard plow", "带壁重犁" ], "year": 750, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "plow" ], "related": [ "three_field_system", "horse_collar" ], "desc": "莱茵地区普及的带壁重犁，可翻垦北欧黏重沃土。" }, { "id": "palimpsest", "name": "重写羊皮卷", "nameEn": "Palimpsest", "wikiEn": "Palimpsest", "aliases": [ "重写本", "刮皮抄本" ], "year": 750, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "刮写复用为8—12世纪常见做法，取世纪中值", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "parchment", "wax_tablet" ], "related": [ "codex", "scriptorium", "concordance" ], "desc": "刮去旧字重写羊皮纸，古代文本因反复利用而意外传世" }, { "id": "tea", "name": "茶", "nameEn": "Tea", "wikiEn": "Tea", "aliases": [ "茶饮", "茗饮" ], "year": 780, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "teapot" ], "desc": "唐代饮茶成风，陆羽《茶经》系统总结茶的种植与饮用。" }, { "id": "tin_glazed_pottery", "name": "锡釉陶", "nameEn": "Tin-glazed pottery", "wikiEn": "Tin-glazed pottery", "aliases": [ "锡白釉陶", "马约利卡陶", "Maiolica" ], "year": 780, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pottery" ], "related": [ "lustreware" ], "desc": "伊斯兰陶工以氧化锡制不透明白釉，后传欧洲成马约利卡陶。" }, { "id": "longship", "name": "维京长船", "nameEn": "Longship", "wikiEn": "Longship", "aliases": [ "维京船", "Viking longship" ], "year": 785, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sail" ], "related": [ "cog_ship", "lateen_sail" ], "desc": "维京人吃水浅、首尾对称的长船，用于远洋劫掠与殖民。" }, { "id": "horseshoe", "name": "马蹄铁", "nameEn": "Horseshoe", "wikiEn": "Horseshoe", "aliases": [ "蹄铁", "马掌" ], "year": 790, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "horse_domestication" ], "related": [ "horse_collar", "stirrup", "spur" ], "desc": "钉掌蹄铁保护马蹄，使马在硬质道路长途负重行进。" }, { "id": "three_field_system", "name": "三圃制", "nameEn": "Three-field system", "wikiEn": "Three-field system", "aliases": [ "三区轮作", "三田制" ], "year": 790, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "plow" ], "related": [ "heavy_plow" ], "desc": "耕地分三区年轮作，提升中世纪农业产出与地力。" }, { "id": "pharmacy", "name": "药房", "nameEn": "Pharmacy", "wikiEn": "Pharmacy", "aliases": [ "药店", "Saydalani" ], "year": 795, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alchemy", "distillation" ], "related": [ "alembic", "bimaristan" ], "desc": "巴格达出现专门药铺与药剂师，药材配制与药学开始独立。" }, { "id": "alembic", "name": "蒸馏器", "nameEn": "Alembic", "wikiEn": "Alembic", "aliases": [ "蒸馏头", "安瓿蒸馏器" ], "year": 800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "distilled_liquor", "kerosene" ], "desc": "伊斯兰炼金家完善的蒸馏装置，可冷凝收集挥发液体。" }, { "id": "horse_collar", "name": "马肩轭", "nameEn": "Horse collar", "wikiEn": "Horse collar", "aliases": [ "软肩套", "垫肩马轭" ], "year": 800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "horse_domestication" ], "related": [ "heavy_plow", "horseshoe", "stirrup" ], "desc": "软垫肩轭让马全力拉犁挽车，农用马力大增。" }, { "id": "house_of_wisdom", "name": "智慧宫", "nameEn": "House of Wisdom", "wikiEn": "House of Wisdom", "aliases": [ "Bayt al-Hikma", "智慧之宫" ], "year": 800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "medieval_university", "algebra" ], "desc": "阿拔斯王朝的学术机构，翻译希腊波斯典籍并推动原创科学。" }, { "id": "illuminated_manuscript", "name": "泥金写本", "nameEn": "Illuminated manuscript", "wikiEn": "Illuminated manuscript", "aliases": [ "手抄本彩绘", "泥金装饰手抄本" ], "year": 800, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "凯尔经等岛国写本为鼎盛代表，晚期罗马已开其端", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "calligraphy" ], "related": [ "bookbinding", "library", "woodblock_printing" ], "desc": "以金箔与矿物彩装饰手写书的综合工艺，中世纪知识与图像的主要载体。" }, { "id": "ink_wash_painting", "name": "水墨画", "nameEn": "Ink wash painting", "wikiEn": "Ink wash painting", "aliases": [ "文人画", "南画", "墨画" ], "year": 800, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "唐代水墨肇兴，宋代文人画使其成为主流", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ink", "ink_brush" ], "related": [ "calligraphy", "oil_painting", "sericulture" ], "desc": "以水墨浓淡与笔势造型的绘画体系，重意趣甚于再现光影。" }, { "id": "panemone_windmill", "name": "波斯立轴风车", "nameEn": "Panemone windmill", "wikiEn": "Panemone windmill", "aliases": [ "立轴风车", "波斯风车" ], "year": 800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "windmill", "windpump" ], "desc": "波斯地区垂直轴、翼板转筒的风车，用于磨谷与提水。" }, { "id": "pointed_arch", "name": "尖拱", "nameEn": "Pointed arch", "wikiEn": "Pointed arch", "aliases": [ "尖券", "折角拱" ], "year": 800, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "萨珊至早期伊斯兰建筑已见尖券，取约值", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arch", "masonry" ], "related": [ "gothic_architecture", "anji_bridge", "vault_construction" ], "desc": "两心错开的尖券把推力更竖直下传，跨度与矢高可调。" }, { "id": "bimaristan", "name": "医院", "nameEn": "Bimaristan", "wikiEn": "Bimaristan", "aliases": [ "比马里斯坦", "伊斯兰医院", "Dar al-Shifa" ], "year": 805, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "papermaking" ], "related": [ "aqueduct", "canon_of_medicine", "pharmacy", "plumbing" ], "desc": "伊斯兰综合医院，分科施诊并含精神护理，对平民开放。" }, { "id": "gunpowder", "name": "火药", "nameEn": "Gunpowder", "wikiEn": "Gunpowder", "aliases": [ "黑火药", "硝磺药" ], "year": 808, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fire_arrow", "cannon", "fireworks" ], "desc": "唐代炼丹家以硝硫炭配成黑火药，炼丹典籍载有明确配方。" }, { "id": "algebra", "name": "代数学", "nameEn": "Algebra", "wikiEn": "Algebra", "aliases": [ "al-jabr", "方程学" ], "year": 820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mathematics_early" ], "related": [ "algorithm", "hindu_arabic_numerals" ], "desc": "花剌子米创立移项合并的方程解法，代数成为独立学科。" }, { "id": "algebraic_equation", "name": "代数方程", "nameEn": "Algebraic equation", "wikiEn": "Algebraic equation", "aliases": [ "多项式方程", "方程式", "Polynomial equation", "Algebraic equation" ], "year": 820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algebra" ], "related": [ "diophantine_equations", "surveying", "symbolic_algebra" ], "desc": "由多项式等于零构成的方程，花拉子米《代数学》给出移项合并与系统解法。" }, { "id": "hindu_arabic_numerals", "name": "阿拉伯数字", "nameEn": "Hindu–Arabic numeral system", "wikiEn": "Hindu–Arabic numeral system", "aliases": [ "印度-阿拉伯数字", "十进位值制数字" ], "year": 825, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hindu_numerals", "zero" ], "related": [ "algorithm", "double_entry_bookkeeping" ], "desc": "印度数字经花剌子米传入伊斯兰世界，后传欧洲。" }, { "id": "algorithm", "name": "算法", "nameEn": "Algorithm", "wikiEn": "Algorithm", "aliases": [ "演算法", "algoritmi" ], "year": 850, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "hindu_arabic_numerals" ], "related": [ "algebra" ], "desc": "花剌子米名字拉丁化为algoritmi，算法概念由此得名。" }, { "id": "cryptography", "name": "密码学", "nameEn": "Cryptography", "wikiEn": "Cryptography", "aliases": [ "秘密写法", "cryptology", "加密学" ], "year": 850, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以阿尔·金迪《破解古代密码书简》为最早系统论述；此前已有隐写与替换", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "alphabet" ], "related": [ "caesar_cipher", "one_time_pad", "public_key_cryptography", "frequency_analysis" ], "desc": "以变换与密钥保护信息内容的学问，从军事外交通信贯通到今日的网络金融。" }, { "id": "frequency_analysis", "name": "频率分析", "nameEn": "Frequency analysis", "wikiEn": "Frequency analysis", "aliases": [ "密码分析", "字母频率破译" ], "year": 850, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alphabet", "caesar_cipher" ], "related": [ "cryptography", "probability_theory", "vigenere_cipher" ], "desc": "肯迪以字母频率规律破解替换密码，奠定密码分析基础。" }, { "id": "hawala_remit", "name": "哈瓦拉信任汇兑", "nameEn": "Hawala", "wikiEn": "Hawala", "aliases": [ "哈瓦拉", "非正式汇款" ], "year": 850, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取九世纪中叶：阿拔斯时代商路文献已见类似清算做法", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "coinage" ], "related": [ "negotiable_instrument", "swift_network", "mobile_payment" ], "desc": "凭信任网络与对冲账目异地兑付，资金无须跨境即可结清。" }, { "id": "lustreware", "name": "光泽釉陶", "nameEn": "Lustreware", "wikiEn": "Lustreware", "aliases": [ "虹彩陶", "金属光泽釉" ], "year": 850, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "tin_glazed_pottery" ], "related": [ "porcelain" ], "desc": "伊斯兰陶工在釉上烧出金属虹彩光泽，畅销地中海。" }, { "id": "music_sequencer", "name": "自动长笛机", "nameEn": "Music sequencer", "wikiEn": "Music sequencer", "aliases": [ "可编程自动笛", "Banu Musa flute" ], "year": 850, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "camshaft" ], "desc": "巴努·穆萨的自动长笛以旋转圆柱换音，被视为最早的可编程装置之一。" }, { "id": "madrasa", "name": "马德拉萨", "nameEn": "Madrasa", "wikiEn": "Madrasa", "aliases": [ "伊斯兰学校", "经学院" ], "year": 859, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以卡鲁因学院等早期机构为代表", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cathedral_school", "academic_degree" ], "desc": "以瓦克夫基金供养的讲学机构，师生固定席位并授予传习许可。" }, { "id": "woodblock_printing", "name": "雕版印刷", "nameEn": "Woodblock printing", "wikiEn": "Woodblock printing", "aliases": [ "整版印刷", "木刻版印" ], "year": 868, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "papermaking" ], "related": [ "clay_movable_type", "paper_money" ], "desc": "唐代雕版印《金刚经》，是现存最早有纪年的印刷品。" }, { "id": "sugar", "name": "蔗糖", "nameEn": "Sugar", "wikiEn": "Sugar", "aliases": [ "制糖", "沙糖" ], "year": 870, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sugar_crystallization" ], "related": [ "sugarcane_mill" ], "desc": "伊斯兰世界推广甘蔗种植与炼糖，蔗糖传入地中海。" }, { "id": "windpump", "name": "风力提水机", "nameEn": "Windpump", "wikiEn": "Windpump", "aliases": [ "风泵", "风力抽水机" ], "year": 875, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "panemone_windmill" ], "related": [ "piston_pump" ], "desc": "以风车驱动提水，9世纪伊斯兰地区用于灌溉排水。" }, { "id": "waqf_endowment", "name": "瓦克夫永业基金", "nameEn": "Waqf endowment", "wikiEn": "Waqf", "aliases": [ "Waqf Endowment", "宗教公产", "宗教捐产基金", "永佃基金", "瓦克夫", "瓦克夫基金" ], "year": 888, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "现存最早的可考捐产文书约888年，制度渊源更早", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "islamic_sharia_law", "justinian_digest", "private_property" ], "related": [ "medieval_university", "guild", "mount_of_piety", "elizabethan_poor_law" ], "desc": "把不动产收益不可撤销地永久指定给公益，成最早的信托基金。" }, { "id": "candle_clock", "name": "烛钟", "nameEn": "Candle clock", "wikiEn": "Candle clock", "aliases": [ "蜡烛钟" ], "year": 900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "incense_clock", "hourglass" ], "desc": "以蜡烛燃烧刻度计时，中世纪欧亚多地使用。" }, { "id": "castle", "name": "城堡", "nameEn": "Castle", "wikiEn": "Castle", "aliases": [ "Motte-and-bailey", "要塞住宅" ], "year": 900, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "土丘-围廓城堡约9至10世纪兴起于西欧", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "city_wall" ], "related": [ "siege_tower", "counterweight_trebuchet", "battering_ram" ], "desc": "兼具居住与防御的设防领地建筑，封建权力的支点。" }, { "id": "crank", "name": "曲柄", "nameEn": "Crank (mechanism)", "wikiEn": "Crank (mechanism)", "aliases": [ "手摇曲柄", "摇把" ], "year": 900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "crank_handle" ], "related": [ "crankshaft", "camshaft" ], "desc": "曲柄把往复与旋转运动互转，9世纪起在欧亚广泛使用。" }, { "id": "damascus_steel", "name": "大马士革钢", "nameEn": "Damascus steel", "wikiEn": "Damascus steel", "aliases": [ "花纹钢", "乌兹钢刀" ], "year": 900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "cofusion_steel" ], "desc": "中东以坩埚钢锻出带花纹的坚利刀剑，中世纪名噪一时。" }, { "id": "iqta_grant", "name": "伊克塔食邑", "nameEn": "Iqta Grant", "wikiEn": "Iqta", "aliases": [ "伊克塔", "军粮采邑" ], "year": 900, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "阿拔斯时期俸禄地制，取约900", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "land_tenure", "taxation_system", "cylinder_seal" ], "related": [ "feudalism", "tax_farming", "serfdom", "mamluk_soldier_slavery" ], "desc": "以指定地区的税收权换取服役而不转授土地本身，把官僚薪酬变成可回收的记账单位。" }, { "id": "kamal", "name": "卡马尔导航板", "nameEn": "Kamal (navigation)", "wikiEn": "Kamal (navigation)", "aliases": [ "导航板", "测星板" ], "year": 900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "astrolabe", "compass_navigation" ], "desc": "阿拉伯水手以绳穿木板测北极星高度，确定纬度。" }, { "id": "kerosene", "name": "煤油", "nameEn": "Kerosene", "wikiEn": "Kerosene", "aliases": [ "火油", "石脑油" ], "year": 900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alembic" ], "related": [], "desc": "拉齐记载从石油中蒸馏出煤油，用于照明与取暖。" }, { "id": "playing_cards", "name": "纸牌", "nameEn": "Playing card", "wikiEn": "Playing card", "aliases": [ "扑克牌", "叶子戏" ], "year": 900, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "唐宋纸牌为源，十四世纪经贸易传入欧洲", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "papermaking", "woodblock_printing" ], "related": [ "tarot_card_game", "dominoes", "mahjong" ], "desc": "以有限张图案牌承载随机与策略的便携游戏媒介，兼作占卜与教化工具。" }, { "id": "quadrant", "name": "象限仪", "nameEn": "Quadrant (instrument)", "wikiEn": "Quadrant (instrument)", "aliases": [ "测天象限仪" ], "year": 900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "astrolabe" ], "related": [ "sine_quadrant", "sextant_astronomical" ], "desc": "伊斯兰学者改进的四分圆弧测角仪器，用于天文与计时。" }, { "id": "mosquito_net", "name": "蚊帐", "nameEn": "Mosquito net", "wikiEn": "Mosquito net", "aliases": [], "year": 950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "中国10世纪已有纱帐记载", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sericulture" ], "related": [ "bedding", "tent" ], "desc": "丝纱垂帐隔离蚊蝇，睡得安稳之外还压低疟疾等虫媒病负担。" }, { "id": "serfdom", "name": "农奴制", "nameEn": "Serfdom", "wikiEn": "Serfdom", "aliases": [ "依附农", "隶农" ], "year": 950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取 10 世纪中叶，西欧庄园依附关系成型期", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "slavery", "corvee_labor" ], "related": [ "feudalism", "taxation_system" ], "desc": "农民被束缚于土地并以劳役地租供养领主，是土地本位社会的劳动制度。" }, { "id": "sine_quadrant", "name": "正弦象限仪", "nameEn": "Sine quadrant", "wikiEn": "Sine quadrant", "aliases": [ "星盘象限仪", "三角象限仪" ], "year": 950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "quadrant" ], "related": [ "astrolabe", "trigonometric_functions" ], "desc": "以正弦线刻度直接读三角函数的象限仪，便携宜天文计算。" }, { "id": "celadon", "name": "青瓷", "nameEn": "Celadon", "wikiEn": "Celadon", "aliases": [ "龙泉青瓷", "秘色瓷" ], "year": 960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pottery" ], "related": [ "porcelain" ], "desc": "宋代龙泉等窑烧出如玉的青釉瓷，大量外销。" }, { "id": "fire_arrow", "name": "火药箭", "nameEn": "Fire arrow", "wikiEn": "Fire arrow", "aliases": [ "火箭箭", "弓射火药箭" ], "year": 969, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gunpowder" ], "related": [ "rocket", "rocket_launcher" ], "desc": "宋代以弓发射带火药包的箭，是火箭武器的先声。" }, { "id": "fountain_pen", "name": "贮水笔", "nameEn": "Fountain pen", "wikiEn": "Fountain pen", "aliases": [ "蓄水笔", "自来水笔雏形" ], "year": 974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ink", "reed_pen" ], "related": [ "ballpoint_pen", "glassblowing", "pencil" ], "desc": "法蒂玛埃及记载带贮墨腔的笔，可自行供墨书写。" }, { "id": "academy_chinese", "name": "书院", "nameEn": "Academy", "wikiEn": "Academies of Classical Learning", "aliases": [ "书院讲学", "精舍" ], "year": 976, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "岳麓书院约建于北宋开宝九年", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "taixue_han" ], "related": [ "guozijian", "medieval_university" ], "desc": "民间聚徒讲学的书院，自成学规与会讲辨难之制" }, { "id": "spherical_trigonometry", "name": "球面三角学", "nameEn": "Spherical trigonometry", "wikiEn": "Spherical trigonometry", "aliases": [ "球面三角" ], "year": 980, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algebra" ], "related": [ "quadrant" ], "desc": "伊斯兰数学家建立球面三角定理，服务天文与礼拜朝向计算。" }, { "id": "pound_lock", "name": "复闸", "nameEn": "Pound lock", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Lock (water navigation)", "厢闸", "船闸", "闸槽" ], "year": 984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "canal_lock" ], "related": [ "grand_canal" ], "desc": "乔维岳在运河建双闸门复闸，分级调水通航。" }, { "id": "sextant_astronomical", "name": "天文六分仪", "nameEn": "Sextant (astronomy)", "wikiEn": "Sextant (astronomy)", "aliases": [ "大型墙象限六分仪", "Fakhri sextant" ], "year": 994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "quadrant" ], "related": [ "maragheh_observatory", "sextant" ], "desc": "胡坚迪造大型六分弧仪精测黄赤交角，为天文六分仪。" }, { "id": "sugarcane_mill", "name": "制糖磨坊", "nameEn": "Sugarcane mill", "wikiEn": "Sugarcane mill", "aliases": [ "Trapiche", "双辊榨糖机", "榨蔗磨坊", "甘蔗辊榨机", "糖车" ], "year": 995, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "sugar" ], "desc": "以畜力或水力压榨甘蔗取汁，9世纪后在伊斯兰地区普及。" }, { "id": "al_tasrif", "name": "医学宝鉴", "nameEn": "Al-Tasrif", "wikiEn": "Al-Tasrif", "aliases": [ "泰斯里夫", "宰赫拉威外科集" ], "year": 1000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "damascus_steel", "papermaking" ], "related": [ "canon_of_medicine" ], "desc": "宰赫拉威的外科与医学百科，详述手术器械与疗法。" }, { "id": "forest_glass", "name": "森林玻璃", "nameEn": "Forest glass", "wikiEn": "Forest glass", "aliases": [ "草木灰玻璃", "Waldglas" ], "year": 1000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "glassmaking" ], "related": [ "stained_glass" ], "desc": "中欧以木灰纯碱在林区烧制的绿色玻璃，推动窗玻璃普及。" }, { "id": "spinning_wheel", "name": "纺车", "nameEn": "Spinning wheel", "wikiEn": "Spinning wheel", "aliases": [ "手纺车", "大纺车" ], "year": 1000, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "horizontal_treadle_loom", "fulling_mill" ], "desc": "以轮传动的纺纱机械大幅提高纺纱效率，后传欧洲。" }, { "id": "tale_of_genji", "name": "源氏物语", "nameEn": "The Tale of Genji", "wikiEn": "The Tale of Genji", "aliases": [ "Genji monogatari", "枕草子时代长篇" ], "year": 1008, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "成书年代通行取 1008 年前后，学界仍有争议", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "epic_poetry" ], "related": [ "don_quixote", "ink_wash_painting", "sericulture" ], "desc": "平安朝女官写成的心理化长篇叙事，被视为世界最早的成熟小说之一。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "equatorium", "name": "等距仪", "nameEn": "Equatorium", "wikiEn": "Equatorium", "aliases": [ "行星定位仪" ], "year": 1015, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "astrolabe" ], "related": [], "desc": "伊斯兰与欧洲用以机械图解推算行星位置的仪器。" }, { "id": "book_of_optics", "name": "光学之书", "nameEn": "Book of Optics", "wikiEn": "Book of Optics", "aliases": [ "Kitab al-Manazir", "论光学" ], "year": 1021, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "magnifying_glass", "glasses" ], "desc": "伊本·海赛姆以实验阐明视觉与光的反射折射，开创现代光学。" }, { "id": "paper_money", "name": "纸币", "nameEn": "Banknote", "wikiEn": "Banknote", "aliases": [ "交子", "会子", "钞" ], "year": 1023, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "papermaking", "woodblock_printing" ], "related": [ "toilet_paper" ], "desc": "北宋四川官交子发行，世界最早的官方纸币。" }, { "id": "canon_of_medicine", "name": "医典", "nameEn": "The Canon of Medicine", "wikiEn": "The Canon of Medicine", "aliases": [ "阿维森纳医典", "Qanun" ], "year": 1025, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "papermaking", "weighing_scale" ], "related": [ "algebra", "bimaristan", "drug_testing" ], "desc": "阿维森纳集希腊伊斯兰医学大成的医典，欧亚沿用数百年。" }, { "id": "musical_notation", "name": "五线谱记谱", "nameEn": "Musical notation", "wikiEn": "Musical notation", "aliases": [ "圭多记谱法", "四线谱" ], "year": 1025, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lyre" ], "related": [ "equal_temperament", "movable_type_printing", "music_sequencer" ], "desc": "圭多·达雷佐确立线谱记谱，使音乐可精确记录传播。" }, { "id": "drug_testing", "name": "药物试验", "nameEn": "Drug testing in The Canon of Medicine", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "阿维森纳药物试验", "本草效验规则" ], "year": 1030, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alchemy", "canon_of_medicine", "distillation", "weighing_scale" ], "related": [], "desc": "《医典》提出检验药效的对照规则，是临床药物试验的先声。" }, { "id": "clay_movable_type", "name": "泥活字", "nameEn": "Movable type", "wikiEn": "Movable type", "aliases": [ "毕昇活字", "陶活字", "Bi Sheng clay type" ], "year": 1041, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodblock_printing" ], "related": [ "imperial_examination", "jikji" ], "desc": "毕昇发明泥活字排版印刷，开活字印刷之先。" }, { "id": "cake_fertilizer", "name": "饼肥", "nameEn": "Seed cake fertilizer", "wikiEn": "Press cake", "aliases": [ "Seed cake", "油饼肥" ], "year": 1050, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "榨油副产物作肥在宋代推广，取世纪中值", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "manure", "agriculture" ], "related": [ "superphosphate_fertilizer", "soybean" ], "desc": "榨油残渣还田的高浓度有机肥，支撑宋代集约农业。" }, { "id": "coke_fuel", "name": "焦炭", "nameEn": "Coke (fuel)", "wikiEn": "Coke (fuel)", "aliases": [ "礁炭", "焦煤" ], "year": 1050, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "blast_furnace" ], "desc": "宋代以煤干馏成焦炭，用于炊爨与冶铁。" }, { "id": "feudalism", "name": "封建采邑制", "nameEn": "Feudalism", "wikiEn": "Feudalism", "aliases": [ "封君封臣制", "采邑制" ], "year": 1050, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取 11 世纪中叶，封土—军役关系典型期", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "serfdom" ], "related": [ "magna_carta", "guild" ], "desc": "以土地换军役并按等级层层效忠，在王权衰微时代提供了替代性秩序。" }, { "id": "flywheel", "name": "飞轮", "nameEn": "Flywheel", "wikiEn": "Flywheel", "aliases": [ "惯性轮" ], "year": 1050, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "crankshaft" ], "desc": "伊本·巴萨勒描述的飞轮用以均衡转速，后广泛用于机械。" }, { "id": "horizontal_treadle_loom", "name": "脚踏卧式织机", "nameEn": "Horizontal treadle loom", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "脚踏织机", "卧机", "Treadle loom" ], "year": 1050, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "weaving_loom" ], "related": [ "spinning_wheel" ], "desc": "脚踏提综的卧式织机解放双手，提高织布速度。" }, { "id": "magnifying_glass", "name": "放大镜", "nameEn": "Magnifying glass", "wikiEn": "Magnifying glass", "aliases": [ "凸透镜", "阅读石" ], "year": 1050, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "book_of_optics" ], "related": [ "glasses" ], "desc": "凸透镜用于放大阅读，11世纪后在伊斯兰与欧洲流行。" }, { "id": "fulling_mill", "name": "水力漂布坊", "nameEn": "Fulling mill", "wikiEn": "Fulling", "aliases": [ "缩绒坊", "漂布磨坊" ], "year": 1055, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "water_wheel" ], "related": [ "spinning_wheel" ], "desc": "以水车木槌捶打毛毡缩绒，替代手工漂布。" }, { "id": "spur", "name": "马刺", "nameEn": "Spur", "wikiEn": "Spur", "aliases": [ "轮形马刺", "靴马刺" ], "year": 1060, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "horse_domestication" ], "related": [ "stirrup", "horseshoe" ], "desc": "骑士靴跟装马刺控马，11世纪后轮形马刺流行。" }, { "id": "baojia_mutual_responsibility", "name": "保甲连坐法", "nameEn": "Baojia System", "wikiEn": "Baojia system", "aliases": [ "保甲法", "十家为保" ], "year": 1070, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "熙宁年间王安石推行，取约1070", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "census_system", "commandery_county", "tang_code" ], "related": [ "serfdom", "single_whip_law", "taxation_system", "woodblock_printing" ], "desc": "按十进户组编名互查互举，以民代警，把治安与信息收集的成本压到官府之外。" }, { "id": "khayyam_cubic_equations", "name": "海亚姆三次方程几何解", "nameEn": "Omar Khayyam", "wikiEn": "Omar Khayyam", "aliases": [ "奥马·海亚姆", "莪默·伽亚谟", "Khayyam cubic solution", "Omar Khayyám" ], "year": 1070, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algebra" ], "related": [ "conic_sections", "symbolic_algebra" ], "desc": "海亚姆《代数学》用圆锥曲线交点对三次方程作系统几何分类与求解，连接算术与几何。" }, { "id": "medieval_commune", "name": "城市自治公社", "nameEn": "Medieval commune", "wikiEn": "Medieval commune", "aliases": [ "自治市", "市民公社" ], "year": 1070, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "11 世纪意大利与佛兰德城市取得自治特许", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "city_state" ], "related": [ "guild", "feudalism" ], "desc": "市民以誓盟与特许状脱离领主司法，自设市政、法庭与民兵。" }, { "id": "pascal_triangle", "name": "贾宪三角", "nameEn": "Pascal's triangle", "wikiEn": "Pascal's triangle", "aliases": [ "杨辉三角", "开方作法本源图" ], "year": 1070, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algebra" ], "related": [], "desc": "北宋贾宪给出二项式系数三角，早于帕斯卡数百年。" }, { "id": "stained_glass", "name": "花窗玻璃", "nameEn": "Stained glass", "wikiEn": "Stained glass", "aliases": [ "彩绘玻璃", "彩色玻璃窗" ], "year": 1080, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "forest_glass" ], "related": [ "gothic_architecture" ], "desc": "教堂以彩色玻璃拼绘圣经图像，中世纪玻璃工艺高峰。" }, { "id": "domesday_book", "name": "末日审判册", "nameEn": "Domesday Book", "wikiEn": "Domesday Book", "aliases": [ "土地清丈册", "Domesday" ], "year": 1086, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1086 年威廉一世下令全国清丈", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "census_system", "feudalism" ], "related": [ "taxation_system" ], "desc": "一次性查清全国领地、人口与牲畜并定价税基，是中世纪最彻底的财政普查。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "compass_navigation", "name": "指南针", "nameEn": "Compass", "wikiEn": "Compass", "aliases": [ "罗盘", "磁针指南", "Mariner's compass" ], "year": 1088, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "magnetic_declination", "portolan_chart", "sternpost_rudder" ], "desc": "沈括记磁针与磁偏角，宋代用于航海，后传阿拉伯与欧洲。" }, { "id": "medieval_university", "name": "大学", "nameEn": "Medieval university", "wikiEn": "Medieval university", "aliases": [ "博洛尼亚大学", "行会大学" ], "year": 1088, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "anno_domini", "house_of_wisdom" ], "desc": "博洛尼亚等师生行会兴起，发展为学位制中世纪大学。" }, { "id": "astronomical_clock", "name": "水运仪象台", "nameEn": "Astronomical clock", "wikiEn": "Astronomical clock", "aliases": [ "苏颂钟台", "天文钟" ], "year": 1092, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mechanical_clock", "chain_drive" ], "desc": "苏颂造水运仪象台，集报时、演示、观测于一体，含擒纵机构。" }, { "id": "apprenticeship", "name": "学徒制", "nameEn": "Apprenticeship", "wikiEn": "Apprenticeship", "aliases": [ "师徒制", "学徒契约" ], "year": 1100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取 11 世纪中叶，欧洲手工业师徒契约定型期", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "guild", "vocational_education" ], "desc": "以契约年限换技艺传授，使工艺经验在缺乏文字教材时得以代际延续。" }, { "id": "exchequer_accounting", "name": "国库对账制度", "nameEn": "Exchequer accounting", "wikiEn": "Exchequer", "aliases": [ "财政署", "棋盘结算", "符券记账" ], "year": 1100, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1070, 1130 ], "year_note": "亨利一世时期定型，年代只能大致推定", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "domesday_book", "cadastre_survey" ], "related": [ "audit_profession", "double_entry_bookkeeping", "taxation_system" ], "desc": "以方格桌面对账、刻木符券为收据，王室岁入首次被系统稽核。" }, { "id": "fireworks", "name": "烟花", "nameEn": "Fireworks", "wikiEn": "Fireworks", "aliases": [ "焰火", "爆仗" ], "year": 1100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gunpowder" ], "related": [], "desc": "宋代以火药制爆仗与烟花，用于节庆。" }, { "id": "knitting", "name": "针织", "nameEn": "Knitting", "wikiEn": "Knitting", "aliases": [ "毛线编织", "针织袜" ], "year": 1100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "button" ], "desc": "伊斯兰地区出现棒针针织，针织袜传入欧洲。" }, { "id": "rocket_launcher", "name": "火箭架", "nameEn": "Rocket launcher", "wikiEn": "Rocket launcher", "aliases": [ "一窝蜂", "火箭匣" ], "year": 1100, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "fire_arrow" ], "related": [ "rocket" ], "desc": "中国出现一次齐射多支火药箭的架匣装置。" }, { "id": "rib_vault", "name": "肋架拱顶", "nameEn": "Rib vault", "wikiEn": "Rib vault", "aliases": [ "十字肋拱", "肋拱" ], "year": 1104, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以最早成片肋拱的教堂拱顶年代为准，取其约值", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "vault_construction", "arch", "masonry" ], "related": [ "gothic_architecture", "dome", "archimedes_statics" ], "desc": "先架石肋成骨架再填轻腹，分跨定型，受力与施工都可控。" }, { "id": "dominoes", "name": "骨牌", "nameEn": "Dominoes", "wikiEn": "Dominoes", "aliases": [ "多米诺", "骨牌戏" ], "year": 1120, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "宋代宣和骨牌为源，十八世纪传入欧洲并定型玩法", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "playing_cards" ], "related": [ "mahjong", "dice", "playing_cards" ], "desc": "以点数矩牌相接布局的博弈器具，其连锁倒塌亦成演示级联反应的模型。" }, { "id": "oil_paint", "name": "油画颜料", "nameEn": "Oil paint", "wikiEn": "Oil paint", "aliases": [ "油彩", "干性油颜料" ], "year": 1125, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ochre" ], "related": [ "oil_painting", "printing_ink", "rock_art" ], "desc": "西奥菲勒斯记载以亚麻仁油调颜料，为油画先声。" }, { "id": "artesian_well", "name": "自流井", "nameEn": "Artesian well", "wikiEn": "Artesian well", "aliases": [ "阿图瓦井", "承压井" ], "year": 1126, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "irrigation" ], "desc": "法国阿图瓦修士钻成承压自流井，井水自行涌出。" }, { "id": "cannon", "name": "火炮", "nameEn": "Cannon", "wikiEn": "Cannon", "aliases": [ "火砲", "铜火铳", "Bombard" ], "year": 1128, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gunpowder" ], "related": [ "hand_cannon", "corned_gunpowder" ], "desc": "大足石刻已有瓶状火炮图像，13世纪金属管炮流行。" }, { "id": "water_powered_bellows", "name": "水力鼓风", "nameEn": "Water-powered bellows", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "水力鼓风机", "Hydraulic bellows" ], "year": 1130, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "water_wheel" ], "related": [ "blast_furnace", "trip_hammer" ], "desc": "以水轮驱动风箱持续鼓风，使炉温与产量大增。" }, { "id": "fire_lance", "name": "突火枪", "nameEn": "Fire lance", "wikiEn": "Fire lance", "aliases": [ "火枪", "飞火枪" ], "year": 1132, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gunpowder" ], "related": [ "hand_cannon" ], "desc": "陈规创制竹管火枪喷火，南宋又有发射子窠的突火枪。" }, { "id": "paddle_wheel_ship", "name": "车船", "nameEn": "Paddle wheel", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Paddle wheel", "明轮船", "桨轮船", "轮舟" ], "year": 1134, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "paddle_wheel_boat" ], "related": [ "dry_dock" ], "desc": "南宋水军以人力踏动叶轮推进车船，用于江湖水战。" }, { "id": "canon_law_of_the_church", "name": "教会法", "nameEn": "Canon Law", "wikiEn": "Canon law of the Catholic Church", "aliases": [ "教会法令汇编", "格拉提安教令集" ], "year": 1140, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "格拉提安《歧异律条之调和》约成于1140", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "justinian_digest", "law_of_manu", "codex" ], "related": [ "islamic_sharia_law", "common_law", "notary_institution", "medieval_university" ], "desc": "把互相矛盾的宗教决议整理成有层级与解释规则的法学体系，支撑起跨国的教会法院。" }, { "id": "gothic_architecture", "name": "哥特式建筑", "nameEn": "Gothic architecture", "wikiEn": "Gothic architecture", "aliases": [ "哥特建筑", "尖拱建筑" ], "year": 1140, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "stained_glass" ], "desc": "圣但尼教堂首创尖肋拱与飞扶壁体系，哥特教堂风靡欧洲。" }, { "id": "anesthetic_sponge", "name": "催眠海绵", "nameEn": "Sleeping sponge", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "麻醉海绵", "Spongia somnifera", "Soporific sponge" ], "year": 1150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "distillation", "wine" ], "related": [ "al_tasrif" ], "desc": "将鸦片曼陀罗等浸于海绵供术前嗅闻，中世纪用作麻醉。" }, { "id": "blast_furnace", "name": "高炉", "nameEn": "Blast furnace", "wikiEn": "Blast furnace", "aliases": [ "炼铁高炉", "竖炉" ], "year": 1150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "blast_furnace_china", "iron_smelting", "water_powered_bellows" ], "related": [ "coke_fuel", "plate_armour" ], "desc": "水力鼓风竖炉连续产出生铁，欧洲中世纪铁业大进。" }, { "id": "champagne_fairs", "name": "香槟定期集市", "nameEn": "Champagne fairs", "wikiEn": "Champagne fairs", "aliases": [ "香槟集市", "交易会" ], "year": 1150, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1114, 1266 ], "year_note": "十二世纪中叶成型，1266年后衰落", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "coinage", "guild" ], "related": [ "negotiable_instrument", "government_debt_market", "hawala_remit" ], "desc": "一年数次的例会集市让南北欧商人在此交货、换币并清算欠款。" }, { "id": "chimney", "name": "烟囱", "nameEn": "Chimney", "wikiEn": "Chimney", "aliases": [ "烟道" ], "year": 1150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fired_brick", "masonry" ], "related": [ "hearth", "hypocaust" ], "desc": "欧洲住宅砌筑烟道烟囱排烟，改善取暖与居住。" }, { "id": "counterweight_trebuchet", "name": "配重投石机", "nameEn": "Trebuchet", "wikiEn": "Trebuchet", "aliases": [ "回回砲", "重力抛石机" ], "year": 1150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cannon" ], "desc": "以重砣配重发射巨石的攻城砲，12世纪盛行于欧亚。" }, { "id": "distilled_liquor", "name": "蒸馏酒", "nameEn": "Liquor", "wikiEn": "Liquor", "aliases": [ "烧酒", "白兰地", "Aqua vitae" ], "year": 1150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alembic" ], "related": [], "desc": "萨勒诺等地以蒸馏器制取烈性酒，12世纪后传遍欧亚。" }, { "id": "guild", "name": "行会", "nameEn": "Guild", "wikiEn": "Guild", "aliases": [ "同业公会", "基尔特", "工匠行帮" ], "year": 1150, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取 12 世纪中叶，欧洲同业会组织普及期", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "apprenticeship", "medieval_commune" ], "related": [ "trade_union", "apprenticeship" ], "desc": "同业者立章定价、限产并监督技艺与学徒，兼具行业管理与互助功能。" }, { "id": "tabula_rogeriana", "name": "罗杰之书", "nameEn": "Tabula Rogeriana", "wikiEn": "Tabula Rogeriana", "aliases": [ "伊德里西地图", "罗杰地图" ], "year": 1154, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "portolan_chart", "astrolabe" ], "desc": "伊德里西为西西里王绘制的世界地图与地志，中世纪最精确。" }, { "id": "assize_of_clarendon", "name": "克拉伦登诏令", "nameEn": "Assize of Clarendon", "wikiEn": "Assize of Clarendon", "aliases": [ "克拉伦登巡回审判法" ], "year": 1166, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1166年亨利二世颁行", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "justinian_digest", "roman_province", "codex" ], "related": [ "common_law", "trial_by_jury", "censorate", "parliament" ], "desc": "由巡回法官召本地出庭指控重案，把国王法院的管辖权插进每一个郡。" }, { "id": "flying_buttress", "name": "飞扶壁", "nameEn": "Flying buttress", "wikiEn": "Flying buttress", "aliases": [ "扶壁拱", "外链扶壁" ], "year": 1175, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "12 世纪后期巴黎圣母院等工程定型，取约值", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gothic_architecture", "arch", "column" ], "related": [ "vault_construction", "archimedes_statics", "youngs_modulus" ], "desc": "离墙独立的半拱把高顶侧推传到外墩，墙体可开大窗。" }, { "id": "hard_soap", "name": "硬皂", "nameEn": "Castile soap", "wikiEn": "Castile soap", "aliases": [ "卡斯蒂利亚皂", "纳布卢斯皂", "条形硬皂" ], "year": 1180, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "olive_oil", "soap" ], "related": [ "great_bath", "leblanc_process", "solvay_process" ], "desc": "伊斯兰与南欧以橄榄油碱煮成型硬皂，城市开始量产条皂。" }, { "id": "sternpost_rudder", "name": "尾柱舵", "nameEn": "Rudder", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Pintle-and-gudgeon rudder", "Rudder", "尾舵", "栓铰舵" ], "year": 1180, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steering_oar" ], "related": [ "junk_ship", "cog_ship", "compass_navigation" ], "desc": "欧洲船尾装栓铰舵，操舵灵便，宜大船远航。" }, { "id": "windmill", "name": "风车", "nameEn": "Windmill", "wikiEn": "Windmill", "aliases": [ "欧洲风车", "塔式风车" ], "year": 1180, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "windmill_proto" ], "related": [ "panemone_windmill", "post_windmill" ], "desc": "欧洲水平轴风车出现，用于磨谷、排水与锯木。" }, { "id": "common_law", "name": "普通法", "nameEn": "Common law", "wikiEn": "Common law", "aliases": [ "习惯法体系", "判例法" ], "year": 1185, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "亨利二世巡回审判与令状制度成型期", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "feudalism", "justinian_digest" ], "related": [ "magna_carta", "parliament", "napoleonic_code" ], "desc": "王室法院以先例统一各地习惯，形成依判决累积而非立法的法系。" }, { "id": "post_windmill", "name": "柱式风车", "nameEn": "Post mill", "wikiEn": "Post mill", "aliases": [ "立柱风车", "欧洲柱磨" ], "year": 1190, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "windmill" ], "related": [], "desc": "整架磨坊架于立柱可转动迎风，是欧洲最早的成熟风车型。" }, { "id": "academic_degree", "name": "学位制度", "nameEn": "Academic degree", "wikiEn": "Academic degree", "aliases": [ "学士硕士博士", "/licentia docendi" ], "year": 1200, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "博洛尼亚与巴黎大学的授业许可程序成型", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "guild" ], "related": [], "desc": "经考试颁授学位作为任教资格凭证，使学术能力可跨地域被承认。" }, { "id": "falsework", "name": "拱架临时支撑", "nameEn": "Falsework", "wikiEn": "Falsework", "aliases": [ "模板支架", "盔架" ], "year": 1200, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以中世纪石桥与拱顶施工的木支架为据，取约值", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "timber_framing", "crane", "saw" ], "related": [ "arch", "segmental_arch_bridge", "vault_construction" ], "desc": "木架临时托住未合龙的拱与梁，卸架后结构自成承载。" }, { "id": "negotiable_instrument", "name": "汇票与可转让票据", "nameEn": "Negotiable instrument", "wikiEn": "Negotiable instrument", "aliases": [ "汇票", "汇兑", "bill of exchange" ], "year": 1200, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "意大利与香槟集市票据网络成型期", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "pawnbroker" ], "related": [ "bank", "insurance" ], "desc": "凭一纸可背书转让的票据异地取付，避免运送铸币的风险与成本。" }, { "id": "notary_institution", "name": "公证人制度", "nameEn": "Notary Institution", "wikiEn": "Notary", "aliases": [ "公证", "公证书吏" ], "year": 1200, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "拉丁公证术复兴于12世纪末，取约1200", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "archive_institution", "codex" ], "related": [ "justinian_digest", "domesday_book", "canon_law_of_the_church", "civil_registration" ], "desc": "由授权书吏制作带签章的原本并存档，使文件在当事人亡故后仍能自证其真。" }, { "id": "fibonacci_sequence", "name": "斐波那契数列", "nameEn": "Fibonacci sequence", "wikiEn": "Fibonacci sequence", "aliases": [ "斐波那契数", "兔子数列", "比萨数列", "Fibonacci numbers", "Liber Abaci" ], "year": 1202, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algebra" ], "related": [ "golden_ratio", "hindu_numerals" ], "desc": "斐波那契《算盘全书》推广印度-阿拉伯数码并以兔子问题给出递归数列，影响深远。" }, { "id": "camshaft", "name": "凸轮轴", "nameEn": "Camshaft", "wikiEn": "Camshaft", "aliases": [ "偏心轮轴", "凸轮机构" ], "year": 1206, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cam_mechanism" ], "related": [ "crank", "sawmill" ], "desc": "加扎利以凸轮轴编排自动机构动作，凸轮成为机械控制要素。" }, { "id": "crankshaft", "name": "曲轴", "nameEn": "Crankshaft", "wikiEn": "Crankshaft", "aliases": [ "曲拐轴" ], "year": 1206, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "crank" ], "related": [ "piston_pump", "flywheel" ], "desc": "加扎利双缸泵用曲轴连杆把旋转转为连续往复。" }, { "id": "mongol_yasa", "name": "大札撒", "nameEn": "Mongol Yasa", "wikiEn": "Yasa", "aliases": [ "成吉思法典", "劄撒" ], "year": 1206, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1206年忽里台大会后颁行", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lex_talionis", "blood_feud", "papermaking" ], "related": [ "islamic_sharia_law", "mongol_yam_relay", "trial_by_jury" ], "desc": "把游牧习惯写成对全军全民通用的禁令册，使部落忠诚被法条取代而可跨族群征调。" }, { "id": "piston_pump", "name": "活塞泵", "nameEn": "Piston pump", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Piston pump", "双缸活塞泵", "吸水泵" ], "year": 1210, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "crankshaft", "force_pump" ], "related": [ "windpump" ], "desc": "加扎利创制带单向阀的双缸活塞吸水泵，提水效率大增。" }, { "id": "magna_carta", "name": "大宪章", "nameEn": "Magna Carta", "wikiEn": "Magna Carta", "aliases": [ "自由大宪章" ], "year": 1215, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1215 年 6 月签署", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "feudalism" ], "related": [ "parliament", "common_law", "constitution_written" ], "desc": "以书面条款限定王权征税与拘捕之权，确立权力须受法律约束的先例。" }, { "id": "trial_by_jury", "name": "陪审审判", "nameEn": "Trial by Jury", "wikiEn": "Trial by jury", "aliases": [ "陪审团", "同侪裁判" ], "year": 1215, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "大宪章第39条确立同侪裁判，1215；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "assize_of_clarendon", "common_law", "codex" ], "related": [ "magna_carta", "athenian_democracy", "judicial_review", "canon_law_of_the_church" ], "desc": "由本地邻人而非神判或酷刑认定事实，把裁决的可信度建立在人数与公开之上。" }, { "id": "sonnet", "name": "十四行诗", "nameEn": "Sonnet", "wikiEn": "Sonnet", "aliases": [ "商籁体", "彼特拉克体" ], "year": 1230, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "西西里诗派彼得罗·达·文纳首创，十四世纪经彼特拉克定型", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "epic_poetry" ], "related": [ "haiku", "don_quixote", "fairy_tale" ], "desc": "以十四行固定韵式组织论辩与抒情的诗体，把格律约束变成表达装置。" }, { "id": "bomb", "name": "震天雷", "nameEn": "Bomb", "wikiEn": "Bomb", "aliases": [ "铁火炮", "霹雳砲" ], "year": 1231, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gunpowder" ], "related": [ "land_mine", "naval_mine" ], "desc": "金军以铁壳震天雷抗蒙，爆炸火器用于野战守城。" }, { "id": "rocket", "name": "火箭", "nameEn": "Rocket", "wikiEn": "Rocket", "aliases": [ "喷气火箭", "推进火箭" ], "year": 1232, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fire_arrow" ], "related": [ "multistage_rocket", "rocket_launcher" ], "desc": "13世纪出现自带喷气推进的火箭，用于宋元战争。" }, { "id": "cog_ship", "name": "柯克船", "nameEn": "Cog (ship)", "wikiEn": "Cog (ship)", "aliases": [ "汉萨商船", "科格船" ], "year": 1235, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sternpost_rudder" ], "related": [ "hanseatic_league", "longship" ], "desc": "汉萨同盟的高舷单尾舵货船，主导北欧贸易航运。" }, { "id": "concordance", "name": "经文对照索引", "nameEn": "Concordance", "wikiEn": "Concordance (publishing)", "aliases": [ "语汇索引", "圣经索引" ], "year": 1240, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1230, 1244 ], "year_note": "圣查尔团队编修《圣经语汇》约1230—1244年", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "codex", "alphabet" ], "related": [ "medieval_university", "card_catalog", "citation_index" ], "desc": "按词头排列经文出处，文本检索首次脱离通读而可行" }, { "id": "mongol_yam_relay", "name": "站赤驿传", "nameEn": "Mongol Post Road Relay (Yam)", "wikiEn": "Post road", "aliases": [ "驿站制", "牌符驿传" ], "year": 1240, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "驿站道路体系无独立条目，挂上位条目 Post road；站赤制约1240年制度化", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "royal_road", "postal_service" ], "related": [ "standard_time_zones", "universal_postal_union", "road" ], "desc": "以固定站距、换马牌符与专项供给把消息传递速度变成可规划的行政参数。" }, { "id": "qin_jiushao_treatise", "name": "秦九韶《数书九章》", "nameEn": "Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections", "wikiEn": "Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections", "aliases": [ "数书九章", "大衍求一术", "秦九韶算法", "Shushu Jiuzhang" ], "year": 1247, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nine_chapters", "counting_rods" ], "related": [ "chinese_remainder_theorem", "herons_formula" ], "desc": "秦九韶给出一般一次同余组解法与高次方程数值解法，是中国算学的高峰之作。" }, { "id": "tusi_couple", "name": "图西双圆", "nameEn": "Tusi couple", "wikiEn": "Tusi couple", "aliases": [ "图斯双圆机构" ], "year": 1247, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "maragheh_observatory" ], "desc": "图西以两圆内切滚动产生直线往复运动，用于行星模型。" }, { "id": "button", "name": "纽扣", "nameEn": "Button", "wikiEn": "Button", "aliases": [ "扣子", "钮扣" ], "year": 1250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "knitting" ], "desc": "13世纪欧洲出现配扣眼的纽扣，推动合身裁剪服装兴起。" }, { "id": "disputation", "name": "经院辩难", "nameEn": "Disputation", "wikiEn": "Disputation", "aliases": [ "论辩术", "答辩制前身" ], "year": 1250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "十三世纪经院方法成熟", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "medieval_university" ], "related": [ "academic_degree", "scientific_method" ], "desc": "以正反论辩授业考课的讲学程序，答辩制之先声" }, { "id": "english_longbow", "name": "英格兰长弓", "nameEn": "English longbow", "wikiEn": "English longbow", "aliases": [ "威尔士长弓", "长弓" ], "year": 1250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bow_and_arrow" ], "related": [ "plate_armour" ], "desc": "紫杉长弓射速快射程远，百年战争中称雄战场。" }, { "id": "hanseatic_league", "name": "汉萨同盟", "nameEn": "Hanseatic League", "wikiEn": "Hanseatic League", "aliases": [ "汉萨", "商人联合体" ], "year": 1250, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "城市联合成型于13世纪中叶，取约1250", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "guild", "medieval_commune" ], "related": [ "amphictyonic_league", "diplomacy", "trade_union" ], "desc": "诸城与商会长期开会、共派使节并以断供施压，形成无领土的跨国执法机制。" }, { "id": "mamluk_soldier_slavery", "name": "马穆鲁克兵奴制", "nameEn": "Mamluk Soldier Slavery", "wikiEn": "Mamluk", "aliases": [ "马穆鲁克", "奴隶军团" ], "year": 1250, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "作为统治集团始于13世纪中叶，取约1250", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "slavery", "iqta_grant" ], "related": [ "serfdom", "conscription", "feudalism" ], "desc": "购入无本土根基的奴隶集中训练为职业军人，以切断宗族依附来换取忠诚的军队。" }, { "id": "open_field_system", "name": "敞田制", "nameEn": "Open-field system", "wikiEn": "Open-field system", "aliases": [ "条田制" ], "year": 1250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英格兰中世纪成熟形态，取世纪中值", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "three_field_system", "heavy_plow" ], "related": [ "crop_rotation", "norfolk_crop_rotation" ], "desc": "英格兰敞田条田与公有放牧结合的村社轮作制度。" }, { "id": "sawmill", "name": "水力锯木厂", "nameEn": "Sawmill", "wikiEn": "Sawmill", "aliases": [ "水力锯", "水锯坊" ], "year": 1250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "water_wheel", "camshaft" ], "related": [ "trip_hammer" ], "desc": "水轮带动锯条往复锯木，降低木材加工成本。" }, { "id": "scaffolding", "name": "脚手架", "nameEn": "Scaffolding", "wikiEn": "Scaffolding", "aliases": [ "脚手架工程", "把杆架" ], "year": 1250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "13 世纪欧洲教堂施工图中的插杆式外挑架，取世纪中值", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "timber_framing", "rope", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "crane", "gothic_architecture", "treadwheel_crane" ], "desc": "杆件组合的可拆高空作业面，以拉索与挑梁定高。" }, { "id": "tempera_painting", "name": "蛋彩画", "nameEn": "Tempera", "wikiEn": "Tempera", "aliases": [ "胶彩画", "蛋乳剂绘画" ], "year": 1250, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取该世纪中叶；蛋乳剂圣像画在十三世纪已成主流", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ochre", "fresco" ], "related": [ "oil_painting", "illuminated_manuscript" ], "desc": "以蛋黄等乳剂调色的板面绘画法，色层稳定明丽，是油画普及前的主流技法。" }, { "id": "maragheh_observatory", "name": "马拉盖天文台", "nameEn": "Maragheh observatory", "wikiEn": "Maragheh observatory", "aliases": [ "旭烈兀天文台" ], "year": 1259, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "astrolabe", "sextant_astronomical" ], "related": [ "tusi_couple" ], "desc": "伊尔汗国建大型天文台，编制《伊尔汗历表》并改良仪器。" }, { "id": "tusi_trigonometry", "name": "图西三角学体系", "nameEn": "Nasir al-Din al-Tusi", "wikiEn": "Nasir al-Din al-Tusi", "aliases": [ "纳西尔丁·图西", "《论四边形》", "脱合曜三角学", "Tusi trigonometry" ], "year": 1260, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algebra", "ptolemy_trigonometry" ], "related": [ "spherical_trigonometry", "tusi_couple" ], "desc": "纳西尔丁《割圆术》首次将平面三角学整理为独立学科，系统证明正弦余弦定理。" }, { "id": "government_debt_market", "name": "城邦公债年金", "nameEn": "Funded public debt", "wikiEn": "Government debt", "aliases": [ "公债", "国债", "蒙特年金" ], "year": 1262, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "威尼斯1262年前后把强制借款转为可流通的永久年金", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "champagne_fairs", "coinage" ], "related": [ "bank_of_england", "credit_rating_agency", "mutual_fund" ], "desc": "城邦把战争借款换成可转让的永久年金，造就最早证券市场。" }, { "id": "assize_of_bread", "name": "面包与啤酒标准", "nameEn": "Assize of Bread and Ale", "wikiEn": "Assize of Bread and Ale", "aliases": [ "面包烘焙假", "食品限价令" ], "year": 1266, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英格兰成文标准，实际按麦价分等定重量的做法更早", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "unit_of_measurement", "grain_storage" ], "related": [ "ever_normal_granary", "guild", "trial_of_pyx" ], "desc": "按小麦等级与市价规定面包重量与售价，是最早的食品价格法。" }, { "id": "epistola_de_magnete", "name": "磁学书信", "nameEn": "Epistola de magnete", "wikiEn": "Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt", "aliases": [ "论磁石", "佩雷格利努斯磁学" ], "year": 1269, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compass_navigation" ], "related": [], "desc": "佩雷格利努斯系统实验磁石极性，是中世纪磁学代表作。" }, { "id": "verge_escapement", "name": "机轴擒纵机构", "nameEn": "Verge escapement", "wikiEn": "Verge escapement", "aliases": [ "冕状轮擒纵", "轴叶擒纵" ], "year": 1270, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mechanical_clock" ], "desc": "最早的机械钟调速机构，使重力钟等时运转。" }, { "id": "land_mine", "name": "地雷", "nameEn": "Land mine", "wikiEn": "Land mine", "aliases": [ "地火雷", "伏地冲天雷" ], "year": 1277, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bomb" ], "related": [ "naval_mine" ], "desc": "宋元出现埋于地下以火具触发的爆炸雷。" }, { "id": "paper_mill", "name": "水力造纸坊", "nameEn": "Paper mill", "wikiEn": "Paper mill", "aliases": [ "造纸厂", "水磨造纸坊" ], "year": 1282, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "papermaking", "water_wheel" ], "related": [ "watermark" ], "desc": "欧洲以水力碎麻造纸的作坊兴起，造纸业迅速扩散。" }, { "id": "trial_of_pyx", "name": "铸币成色校验", "nameEn": "Trial of the Pyx", "wikiEn": "Trial of the Pyx", "aliases": [ "pix 检验", "钱币陪审校验", "铸币监督" ], "year": 1282, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英格兰铸币抽检程序通称始于爱德华一世时期；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "coinage", "unit_of_measurement" ], "related": [ "gold_standard", "denarius", "kaiyuan_tongbao" ], "desc": "新铸币封匣交由外行陪审称量化验，以程序约束君主滥铸。" }, { "id": "mechanical_clock", "name": "机械钟", "nameEn": "Mechanical clock", "wikiEn": "Mechanical clock", "aliases": [ "重力机械钟", "公共钟" ], "year": 1283, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "verge_escapement" ], "related": [ "turret_clock", "astronomical_clock" ], "desc": "欧洲以擒纵机构调速的重力机械钟出现，钟楼报时普及。" }, { "id": "glasses", "name": "眼镜", "nameEn": "Glasses", "wikiEn": "Glasses", "aliases": [ "矫正眼镜", "阅读镜", "Corrective lens" ], "year": 1286, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "magnifying_glass" ], "related": [ "book_of_optics" ], "desc": "意大利北部磨制凸透镜配框制成阅读眼镜，矫正老花。" }, { "id": "hand_cannon", "name": "火铳", "nameEn": "Hand cannon", "wikiEn": "Hand cannon", "aliases": [ "手铳", "手持火筒" ], "year": 1288, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fire_lance" ], "related": [ "cannon" ], "desc": "黑龙江出土的青铜手铳是现存最早的金属管手持火器。" }, { "id": "portolan_chart", "name": "波特兰海图", "nameEn": "Portolan chart", "wikiEn": "Portolan chart", "aliases": [ "航海指南图", "罗盘海图" ], "year": 1290, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compass_navigation" ], "related": [ "tabula_rogeriana" ], "desc": "地中海水手绘出带恒向线网的实用航海图。" }, { "id": "parliament", "name": "议会制度", "nameEn": "Parliament", "wikiEn": "Parliament", "aliases": [ "等级会议", "模范议会" ], "year": 1295, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以 1295 年模范议会为典型起点；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "magna_carta", "taxation_system" ], "related": [ "roman_senate", "universal_suffrage", "common_law" ], "desc": "征税须经到会各等级同意，把协商会议变成常设立法与批准税收的机构。" }, { "id": "watermark", "name": "水印", "nameEn": "Watermark", "wikiEn": "Watermark", "aliases": [ "纸纹", "帘纹水印" ], "year": 1295, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "paper_mill" ], "related": [], "desc": "法布里亚诺造纸以铜模在纸面压出暗纹，用作坊号防伪。" }, { "id": "collegiate_university", "name": "学院制大学", "nameEn": "Collegiate university", "wikiEn": "Collegiate university", "aliases": [ "书院制", "牛津剑桥学院" ], "year": 1300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "十三世纪末学院制成型", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "medieval_university" ], "related": [ "academic_degree" ], "desc": "食宿教学合一的书院式大学单元，牛剑之骨干" }, { "id": "double_entry_bookkeeping", "name": "复式记账法", "nameEn": "Double-entry bookkeeping", "wikiEn": "Double-entry bookkeeping", "aliases": [ "威尼斯记账法", "借贷记账" ], "year": 1300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hindu_arabic_numerals" ], "related": [], "desc": "意大利商人确立借贷双向记账，是近代会计基础。" }, { "id": "roller_cotton_gin", "name": "蜗杆轧花机", "nameEn": "Worm-gear roller cotton gin", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Cotton gin", "木棉搅车", "辊轴轧花机" ], "year": 1300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "spinning_wheel" ], "desc": "德里苏丹地区以蜗杆辊轴轧去棉籽，效率倍增。" }, { "id": "teapot", "name": "茶壶", "nameEn": "Teapot", "wikiEn": "Teapot", "aliases": [ "紫砂壶" ], "year": 1300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "tea", "porcelain" ], "related": [], "desc": "元代出现专泡茶的小壶，宜兴紫砂壶随后兴起。" }, { "id": "turret_clock", "name": "塔楼钟", "nameEn": "Turret clock", "wikiEn": "Turret clock", "aliases": [ "塔钟", "公共大钟" ], "year": 1300, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mechanical_clock" ], "related": [ "clock_tower" ], "desc": "装于塔楼的大型公共机械钟，带打点报时。" }, { "id": "guozijian", "name": "官学体系", "nameEn": "Guozijian", "wikiEn": "Guozijian", "aliases": [ "国子监", "太学", "官学" ], "year": 1305, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "元代大都国子监建成；上溯汉代太学；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "imperial_examination", "platonics_academy" ], "desc": "国家设监立学、颁定教材并养廪膳生员，形成与科举衔接的官办教育网。" }, { "id": "jacobs_staff", "name": "十字杖", "nameEn": "Jacob's staff", "wikiEn": "Jacob's staff", "aliases": [ "直角照准仪", "测角杖" ], "year": 1330, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "quadrant" ], "related": [], "desc": "以横臂滑尺测天体高度，是航海与测地常用的简仪。" }, { "id": "plate_armour", "name": "板甲", "nameEn": "Plate armour", "wikiEn": "Plate armour", "aliases": [ "全身板甲", "哥特甲" ], "year": 1335, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blast_furnace" ], "related": [ "english_longbow" ], "desc": "欧洲锻出整体钢制全身板甲，防护达冷兵器顶峰。" }, { "id": "hourglass", "name": "沙漏", "nameEn": "Hourglass", "wikiEn": "Hourglass", "aliases": [ "沙时计" ], "year": 1338, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mechanical_clock" ], "desc": "以沙漏计时，船上与厨房广泛使用，14世纪绘画中常见。" }, { "id": "biological_warfare", "name": "生物武器", "nameEn": "Biological warfare", "wikiEn": "Biological warfare", "aliases": [ "细菌战", "Germ warfare" ], "year": 1346, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1346年卡法围城投掷病尸之说存疑，取该说", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chemical_warfare", "castle", "siege_tower" ], "desc": "用病原体或毒素作战，从围城投尸到现代细菌战部队。" }, { "id": "color_printing", "name": "彩色套印", "nameEn": "Color printing", "wikiEn": "Color printing", "aliases": [ "套色版印", "朱墨套印" ], "year": 1346, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "woodblock_printing" ], "related": [], "desc": "金元时期出现多版分色套印书籍与纸币。" }, { "id": "insurance", "name": "保险", "nameEn": "Insurance", "wikiEn": "Insurance", "aliases": [ "海上保险", "保单" ], "year": 1347, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "热那亚现存最早的海上保险契约；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "negotiable_instrument", "guild" ], "related": [ "joint_stock_company", "bank" ], "desc": "以多数人的保费分摊少数人的损失，把远航与火灾风险变成可计算成本。" }, { "id": "madhava_infinite_series", "name": "马达瓦无穷级数", "nameEn": "Madhava of Sangamagrama", "wikiEn": "Madhava of Sangamagrama", "aliases": [ "喀拉拉学派", "马达瓦级数", "Madhava series", "Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics" ], "year": 1350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "aryabhata_astronomy" ], "related": [ "taylor_series", "calculus", "zeno_paradoxes" ], "desc": "印度喀拉拉学派先于欧洲得出反正切、正弦等无穷级数及余项，触及微积分核心思想。" }, { "id": "naval_mine", "name": "水雷", "nameEn": "Naval mine", "wikiEn": "Naval mine", "aliases": [ "海底雷", "水底龙王砲" ], "year": 1350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bomb" ], "related": [ "land_mine" ], "desc": "《火龙经》载以防水机构触发的水中爆炸雷。" }, { "id": "oresme_harmonic_series", "name": "奥雷姆调和级数发散证明", "nameEn": "Harmonic series", "wikiEn": "Harmonic series (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "调和级数", "奥雷姆证明", "Harmonic series divergence", "Oresme proof" ], "year": 1350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "madhava_infinite_series", "zeno_paradoxes" ], "desc": "奥雷姆以分组比较证明调和级数发散，是中世纪最深刻的级数结论，后被多次重新发现。" }, { "id": "waffle_iron", "name": "华夫饼铁模", "nameEn": "Waffle iron", "wikiEn": "Waffle iron", "aliases": [ "松饼夹", "蜂窝烙铁" ], "year": 1350, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取该世纪中叶；中世纪欧洲圣饼铁夹为其前身", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cast_iron", "cookware_and_bakeware" ], "related": [ "stove", "oven", "cooking" ], "desc": "双面合模带蜂窝凹槽的烙具，是型铸金属炊具进入日常饮食的代表。" }, { "id": "multistage_rocket", "name": "火龙出水", "nameEn": "Multistage rocket", "wikiEn": "Multistage rocket", "aliases": [ "二级火箭", "火龙出水火箭" ], "year": 1370, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "rocket" ], "related": [], "desc": "《火龙经》载先喷气助推再射出火箭的二级火器。" }, { "id": "reinsurance", "name": "再保险分保", "nameEn": "Reinsurance", "wikiEn": "Reinsurance", "aliases": [ "分保", "再承保" ], "year": 1370, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "热那亚契约中现存最早的再保险安排见于十四世纪后期", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "insurance", "negotiable_instrument" ], "related": [ "lloyds_marine_market", "actuarial_science", "value_at_risk" ], "desc": "承保人把已接风险转售同行，巨灾损失被摊到更广的资本上。" }, { "id": "jikji", "name": "直指心体要节", "nameEn": "Jikji", "wikiEn": "Jikji", "aliases": [ "白云和尚直指", "Jikji Simche Yojeol" ], "year": 1377, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "clay_movable_type" ], "related": [ "movable_type_printing" ], "desc": "高丽清州以金属活字印成《直指》，为现存最早金属活字本。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "quarantine", "name": "检疫隔离", "nameEn": "Quarantine", "wikiEn": "Quarantine", "aliases": [ "海港隔离", "四十天隔离" ], "year": 1377, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bimaristan", "galley", "portolan_chart" ], "related": [], "desc": "拉古萨立法对来船隔离四十天以防鼠疫，开检疫制度。" }, { "id": "corned_gunpowder", "name": "颗粒火药", "nameEn": "Corned gunpowder", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "粒状火药", "颗粒化火药" ], "year": 1380, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "middle_ages", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gunpowder" ], "related": [ "cannon" ], "desc": "欧洲将药粉湿制成粒，燃速稳定、威力与安全性提高。" }, { "id": "checkers", "name": "国际跳棋", "nameEn": "Checkers", "wikiEn": "Checkers", "aliases": [ "Draughts" ], "year": 1400, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "约1400年定64格与飞跳规则", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chess", "senet" ], "desc": "斜进跳吃的棋盘游戏在欧洲宫廷定型64格，规则简单而对局极深。" }, { "id": "studia_humanitatis", "name": "人文学科课程", "nameEn": "Studia humanitatis", "wikiEn": "Studia Humanitatis", "aliases": [ "人文学", "人文教育" ], "year": 1400, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "十四世纪意大利人文主义兴起", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "trivium" ], "related": [ "gymnasium_school", "medieval_university" ], "desc": "文艺复兴以语法诗文史与道德哲学为核心的课纲" }, { "id": "chinese_treasure_ship", "name": "宝船", "nameEn": "Chinese treasure ship", "wikiEn": "Chinese treasure ship", "aliases": [ "郑和宝船", "Treasure fleet" ], "year": 1405, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "compass_navigation" ], "related": [ "carrack", "volta_do_mar" ], "desc": "郑和下西洋的大型福船队七下远抵东非，船只规模与编队均空前。" }, { "id": "bank", "name": "近代银行", "nameEn": "Bank", "wikiEn": "Bank", "aliases": [ "存款银行", "公共银行" ], "year": 1407, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "巴塞罗那与热那亚公共银行先后设立", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "negotiable_instrument" ], "related": [ "insurance", "bank_of_england", "joint_stock_company" ], "desc": "吸收存款、转账记账并按期限放出贷款，把闲散资金转为可投资的资本。" }, { "id": "hwacha", "name": "火厢车", "nameEn": "Hwacha", "wikiEn": "Hwacha", "aliases": [ "神机箭车", "火车" ], "year": 1409, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gunpowder" ], "related": [ "arquebus" ], "desc": "朝鲜研制的多管火箭车，可一次齐射数十支神机箭。" }, { "id": "linear_perspective", "name": "线性透视", "nameEn": "Linear perspective", "wikiEn": "Perspective (graphical)", "aliases": [ "焦点透视", "Brunelleschi perspective" ], "year": 1415, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "projective_geometry", "oil_painting" ], "desc": "布鲁内莱斯基以实验发现线性透视，阿尔伯蒂著述确立画法规范。" }, { "id": "oil_painting", "name": "油画技法", "nameEn": "Oil painting", "wikiEn": "Oil painting", "aliases": [ "油画", "扬·凡·艾克技法" ], "year": 1420, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "linear_perspective" ], "desc": "尼德兰画家完善油彩调合剂与分层画法，色彩细腻耐久，风行欧洲。" }, { "id": "lazaretto_quarantine", "name": "检疫站", "nameEn": "Lazaretto", "wikiEn": "Lazaretto", "aliases": [ "隔离检疫所", "Lazaret" ], "year": 1423, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "galley", "portolan_chart" ], "related": [ "city_wall", "fracastoro_contagion" ], "desc": "威尼斯设海上检疫隔离站，外来船只须停泊四十日以防鼠疫。" }, { "id": "mainspring", "name": "发条主簧", "nameEn": "Mainspring", "wikiEn": "Mainspring", "aliases": [ "发条", "发条弹簧" ], "year": 1430, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pocket_watch", "mechanical_clock" ], "desc": "盘绕钢片发条储存弹性势能，使便携式钟表与自动机械成为可能。" }, { "id": "movable_type_printing", "name": "金属活字印刷", "nameEn": "Printing press", "wikiEn": "Printing press", "aliases": [ "古腾堡印刷机", "Gutenberg press", "活字印刷机" ], "year": 1439, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "woodblock_printing" ], "related": [ "printing_ink", "type_metal", "hand_mould", "newspaper" ], "desc": "古腾堡研制金属活字印刷机，使书籍批量复制，掀起信息传播革命。" }, { "id": "hand_mould", "name": "铸字盒", "nameEn": "Hand mould", "wikiEn": "Hand mould", "aliases": [ "铸字模具", "可调式字模" ], "year": 1440, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "type_metal" ], "desc": "可调式手持铸模可快速浇铸各号金属活字，是古腾堡关键发明之一。" }, { "id": "printing_ink", "name": "印刷油墨", "nameEn": "Printing ink", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Gutenberg ink", "Ink", "油性油墨" ], "year": 1440, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ink", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "type_metal" ], "desc": "古腾堡以亚麻油与油烟调制成附着金属字面的油性油墨。" }, { "id": "type_metal", "name": "活字合金", "nameEn": "Type metal", "wikiEn": "Type metal", "aliases": [ "字铅合金", "铅锡锑合金" ], "year": 1440, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "hand_mould", "stereotype_printing" ], "desc": "铅锡锑低熔点合金凝固时微胀，铸出的活字笔锋锋利清晰。" }, { "id": "hangul", "name": "谚文", "nameEn": "Hangul", "wikiEn": "Hangul", "aliases": [ "韩字", "训民正音", "Korean alphabet" ], "year": 1443, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "世宗创制于1443年，《训民正音》1446年颁布", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alphabet" ], "related": [ "chinese_characters", "jikji", "clay_movable_type", "unicode" ], "desc": "十五世纪朝鲜创制的音素文字，字母依发音部位成形再拼成方块，识字门槛极低。" }, { "id": "arquebus", "name": "火绳枪", "nameEn": "Arquebus", "wikiEn": "Arquebus", "aliases": [ "火绳铳", "Harquebus" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gunpowder" ], "related": [ "matchlock_musket", "wheellock", "bastion_fort" ], "desc": "以火绳夹点燃引药的手持火枪，改变了步兵战术与攻城方式。" }, { "id": "bastion_fort", "name": "棱堡", "nameEn": "Bastion fort", "wikiEn": "Bastion fort", "aliases": [ "星形要塞", "trace italienne", "意大利式棱堡" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gunpowder" ], "related": [ "arquebus", "cast_iron_cannon" ], "desc": "意大利棱堡以低矮棱线组织交叉火力，抵御火炮，淘汰中世纪高墙。" }, { "id": "bookbinding", "name": "书籍装帧", "nameEn": "Bookbinding", "wikiEn": "Bookbinding", "aliases": [ "装订", "封面装帧" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "手抄本向印本过渡期的装订技艺成熟", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bamboo_slips", "scriptorium" ], "desc": "把散页折帖缝牢并配上硬壳书脊，让厚书经得起反复翻阅与长期上架。" }, { "id": "caravel", "name": "卡拉维尔帆船", "nameEn": "Caravel", "wikiEn": "Caravel", "aliases": [ "卡拉维尔", "Caravela" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sail" ], "related": [ "carrack", "galleon", "volta_do_mar" ], "desc": "三角纵帆轻快帆船吃水浅、逆风性能好，是大航海时代的主力船型。" }, { "id": "carrack", "name": "克拉克帆船", "nameEn": "Carrack", "wikiEn": "Carrack", "aliases": [ "卡瑞克帆船", "Nau" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sail" ], "related": [ "caravel", "galleon", "chinese_treasure_ship" ], "desc": "三桅高舷、首尾设楼的大型远洋帆船，可载炮货兼顾商战。" }, { "id": "coffee", "name": "咖啡", "nameEn": "Coffee", "wikiEn": "Coffee", "aliases": [ "小粒咖啡", "Coffeehouse" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "也门阿拉伯半岛15世纪开始栽培烘焙", "era": "renaissance", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tea" ], "related": [ "sugar", "distilled_liquor", "fermentation" ], "desc": "原产埃塞俄比亚的饮品作物，经阿拉伯世界传遍全球。" }, { "id": "cristallo_glass", "name": "水晶玻璃", "nameEn": "Cristallo", "wikiEn": "Cristallo", "aliases": [ "穆拉诺水晶玻璃", "Venetian cristallo" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "glassmaking" ], "related": [ "lead_glass", "plate_glass" ], "desc": "穆拉诺工匠炼出近乎无色透明的钠钙玻璃，可吹制极薄精细器皿。" }, { "id": "engraving", "name": "金属版雕刻", "nameEn": "Engraving", "wikiEn": "Engraving", "aliases": [ "铜版画", "雕版" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "金匠以雕刀刻金属版印刷，十五世纪中叶于德意志成型", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "metal_casting" ], "related": [ "woodblock_printing", "etching", "movable_type_printing" ], "desc": "以雕刀在铜版上刻线再压印的工艺，使图像可高精度复制并广泛流通。" }, { "id": "golf", "name": "高尔夫球", "nameEn": "Golf", "wikiEn": "History of golf", "aliases": [ "高尔夫球", "林克斯球戏" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "苏格兰林地 Links 球戏成型，1457 年曾被议令禁止", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "team_sport", "history_of_football", "match" ], "desc": "在开阔场地以最少杆数击球入洞的竞赛，其俱乐部规则成为体育章程范本。" }, { "id": "mortar", "name": "臼炮", "nameEn": "Mortar (weapon)", "wikiEn": "Mortar (weapon)", "aliases": [ "迫击炮", "Siege mortar" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "15世纪攻城臼炮，取该世纪中叶", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cannon", "bomb" ], "related": [ "howitzer", "trench_warfare", "castle" ], "desc": "短管大仰角曲射火器，攻坚与堑壕战必备。" }, { "id": "tarot_card_game", "name": "塔罗牌戏", "nameEn": "Tarot card game", "wikiEn": "Tarot card games", "aliases": [ "tarocchi", "塔罗" ], "year": 1450, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "米兰费拉拉公国的取牌戏为最早记录，占卜用途更晚", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "playing_cards", "woodblock_printing" ], "related": [ "dominoes", "engraving" ], "desc": "在四花色外加常驻王牌的国际牌戏体系，其图像牌面反过来成为版画题材。" }, { "id": "liquation", "name": "熔析法", "nameEn": "Liquation", "wikiEn": "Liquation", "aliases": [ "银铜熔析", "熔析炼银" ], "year": 1453, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "patio_process", "de_re_metallica" ], "desc": "纽伦堡工匠利用铜银熔点差异，从含银铜中熔析分离白银。" }, { "id": "diplomacy", "name": "常设外交使节制", "nameEn": "Diplomacy", "wikiEn": "Diplomacy", "aliases": [ "常驻使馆", "近代外交" ], "year": 1455, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "意大利城邦首创常驻使节，15—16 世纪扩散", "era": "renaissance", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "archive_institution" ], "related": [ "international_law", "nation_state" ], "desc": "互派常驻使节并定期通报，把国家间关系变成可预测的常设沟通机制。" }, { "id": "mount_of_piety", "name": "慈善质押金库", "nameEn": "Mount of piety", "wikiEn": "Mount of piety", "aliases": [ "虔诚山", "公益当铺" ], "year": 1462, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1462年奥尔维乔设首个慈善金库；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pawnbroker", "usury_regulation" ], "related": [ "bank", "microfinance", "savings_bank" ], "desc": "市政以低费抵押贷款替代高利贷，穷人以实物换取周转资金。" }, { "id": "modern_lottery", "name": "现代彩票", "nameEn": "Lottery", "wikiEn": "Lottery", "aliases": [], "year": 1466, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "热那亚公证抽签彩票传统", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dice" ], "related": [ "playing_cards", "state_monopoly", "tarot_card_game" ], "desc": "编号票据公开摇号分级授彩，政府以概率为财政与公益募资。" }, { "id": "patent_system", "name": "威尼斯专利法", "nameEn": "Venetian Patent Statute", "wikiEn": "Venetian Patent Statute", "aliases": [ "专利制度", "Venetian patent law" ], "year": 1474, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "guild" ], "related": [ "apprenticeship", "movable_type_printing", "napoleonic_code" ], "desc": "威尼斯共和国颁布第一部近代专利法，授予发明人十年独占权。" }, { "id": "almanac", "name": "历书", "nameEn": "Almanac", "wikiEn": "Almanac", "aliases": [ "通书", "年鉴历书" ], "year": 1475, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取该十年代中值；印刷历书自十五世纪七十年代大量发行", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing", "calendar" ], "related": [ "calendar", "newspaper", "gregorian_calendar" ], "desc": "按年份编排天文、农事与历忌的实用出版物，是早期大众印刷品销量之最。" }, { "id": "mariners_astrolabe", "name": "航海星盘", "nameEn": "Mariner's astrolabe", "wikiEn": "Mariner's astrolabe", "aliases": [ "航海用星盘", "海用星盘" ], "year": 1480, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compass_navigation" ], "related": [ "backstaff", "cross_staff", "chip_log" ], "desc": "葡萄牙将星盘简化为加重铜环，在颠簸海上测太阳高度定纬度。" }, { "id": "volta_do_mar", "name": "远洋风向导航", "nameEn": "Volta do mar", "wikiEn": "Volta do mar", "aliases": [ "大海回旋", "信风返航法" ], "year": 1480, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "caravel" ], "related": [ "mariners_astrolabe", "rhumb_line" ], "desc": "葡萄牙人先驶入大洋借信风与环流绕大弧再折返，破解返航难题。" }, { "id": "parachute", "name": "降落伞设计", "nameEn": "Parachute", "wikiEn": "Parachute", "aliases": [ "Kotelnikov parachute", "RK-1 parachute", "Veranzio parachute", "救生伞", "背包式降落伞", "降落伞" ], "year": 1485, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "airplane" ], "desc": "达·芬奇绘出锥形布幔降落装置，韦兰齐奥1617年据以试跳。" }, { "id": "postal_system", "name": "帝国邮政", "nameEn": "Kaiserliche Reichspost", "wikiEn": "Kaiserliche Reichspost", "aliases": [ "塔克西斯邮政", "Imperial Mail", "近代邮政" ], "year": 1490, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "newspaper", "stagecoach" ], "desc": "塔克西斯家族在神圣罗马帝国建立定点接力邮路网，被视为近代邮政之始。" }, { "id": "globe_erdapfel", "name": "贝海姆地球仪", "nameEn": "Erdapfel", "wikiEn": "Behaim Globe", "aliases": [ "贝海姆 globe", "世界最古地球仪" ], "year": 1492, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "waldseemuller_map", "mercator_projection" ], "desc": "马丁·贝海姆制成现存最早地球仪，反映大航海初期的地理认知。" }, { "id": "magnetic_declination", "name": "磁偏角", "nameEn": "Magnetic declination", "wikiEn": "Magnetic declination", "aliases": [ "磁差", "磁针偏差" ], "year": 1492, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compass_navigation" ], "related": [ "de_magnete" ], "desc": "哥伦布远航时发现磁针偏离正北，磁偏角现象始为世人所知。" }, { "id": "fly_fishing", "name": "飞蝇钓", "nameEn": "Fly fishing", "wikiEn": "Fly fishing", "aliases": [], "year": 1496, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1496年《珀斯郡法案》首见英文记载", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "fishing_net", "fishing_reel" ], "related": [], "desc": "以假毛钩模仿落水虫，靠抛线而非坠重诱鱼，垂钓从觅食化为竞技。" }, { "id": "rifling", "name": "膛线", "nameEn": "Rifling", "wikiEn": "Rifling", "aliases": [ "来复线", "线膛" ], "year": 1498, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "arquebus" ], "related": [ "matchlock_musket" ], "desc": "枪管内刻螺旋膛线令弹丸自旋，显著提升射程与精度。" }, { "id": "grenade", "name": "手榴弹", "nameEn": "Grenade", "wikiEn": "Grenade", "aliases": [ "手雷", "Grenadier" ], "year": 1500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "15至16世纪欧洲出现投掷爆炸罐，取16世纪中叶", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bomb", "gunpowder" ], "related": [ "assault_rifle", "trench_warfare", "bulletproof_vest" ], "desc": "单兵投掷的破片爆炸物，堑壕与巷战的随身火力。" }, { "id": "guitar", "name": "吉他", "nameEn": "Guitar", "wikiEn": "Guitar", "aliases": [ "六弦琴", "古典吉他" ], "year": 1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "四组双弦比维拉与吉他形制在十五至十六世纪西班牙定型", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lyre" ], "related": [ "violin", "rock_and_roll", "blues" ], "desc": "品与弦决定音高的拨弦乐器，便携易制，成为大众音乐的基础配置。" }, { "id": "mercantilism", "name": "重商主义", "nameEn": "Mercantilism", "wikiEn": "Mercantilism", "aliases": [ "商业主义", "贸易差额论" ], "year": 1500, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取 16 世纪中叶，西欧各国奉行奖出限入政策", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bank", "insurance" ], "related": [ "enclosure", "joint_stock_company" ], "desc": "把金银积累与贸易顺差当作国力本身，用关税、特许与殖民推动产业。" }, { "id": "wardrobe", "name": "衣柜", "nameEn": "Wardrobe", "wikiEn": "Wardrobe", "aliases": [ "衣橱", "立柜" ], "year": 1500, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "由可搬移的箱柜演变为立式挂衣大柜，十六世纪北欧普及", "era": "renaissance", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "nail" ], "related": [ "dress", "suitcase", "handbag" ], "desc": "带挂杆与门板的立式储衣家具，把成衣收藏从箱笼转向悬挂保养。" }, { "id": "encomienda_grant", "name": "委托监护制", "nameEn": "Encomienda Grant", "wikiEn": "Encomienda", "aliases": [ "委托征收制", "监护区" ], "year": 1503, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "加勒比与美洲殖民地推行期，取约1503", "era": "renaissance", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "iqta_grant", "serfdom", "land_tenure", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "corvee_labor", "slavery", "single_whip_law", "taxation_system" ], "desc": "把原住民的劳役征发权连同教化名义授予个人，为远方殖民地提供一套低成本榨取装置。" }, { "id": "pocket_watch", "name": "怀表", "nameEn": "Pocket watch", "wikiEn": "Pocket watch", "aliases": [ "纽伦堡香盒钟", "Peter Henlein watch" ], "year": 1505, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mainspring" ], "related": [ "balance_spring", "mechanical_clock", "pendulum_clock" ], "desc": "亨莱因以发条驱动小型便携钟，钟表从公共钟楼走向随身佩戴。" }, { "id": "waldseemuller_map", "name": "瓦尔德泽米勒地图", "nameEn": "Waldseemüller map", "wikiEn": "Waldseemüller map", "aliases": [ "美洲命名地图", "Universalis Cosmographia" ], "year": 1507, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "globe_erdapfel", "mercator_projection" ], "desc": "首次以“亚美利加”命名新大陆的大型木版世界地图，共十二幅拼合。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "pistol", "name": "手枪", "nameEn": "Pistol", "wikiEn": "Pistol", "aliases": [ "转轮手枪", "单手火枪" ], "year": 1510, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "wheellock" ], "desc": "燧发结构小型化为单手持用的短枪，很快成为骑兵随身武器。" }, { "id": "etching", "name": "腐蚀铜版", "nameEn": "Etching", "wikiEn": "Etching", "aliases": [ "蚀刻版画", "酸蚀制版" ], "year": 1515, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取该十年代中值；霍普弗以酸蚀法制版印刷", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "engraving" ], "related": [ "poster", "woodblock_printing", "lithography" ], "desc": "以酸液咬穿防腐涂层成像的制版法，比手刻省力且能保留笔触的自由。" }, { "id": "wheellock", "name": "转轮打火枪", "nameEn": "Wheellock", "wikiEn": "Wheellock", "aliases": [ "转轮枪机", "Wheel lock" ], "year": 1517, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "arquebus" ], "related": [ "flintlock", "pistol" ], "desc": "以棘轮卷簧摩擦燧石打火，无需明火引信，雨天亦能击发。" }, { "id": "cross_staff", "name": "航海十字杆", "nameEn": "Cross-staff", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Cross-staff", "Jacob's staff", "直角器", "雅各之杖" ], "year": 1520, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "jacobs_staff", "mariners_astrolabe" ], "related": [ "backstaff", "chip_log" ], "desc": "滑动横尺测天体与海平线夹角，结构简单，是常用测纬仪器。" }, { "id": "matchlock_musket", "name": "滑膛火枪", "nameEn": "Musket", "wikiEn": "Musket", "aliases": [ "重型火绳枪", "鸟铳" ], "year": 1521, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arquebus" ], "related": [ "flintlock", "bayonet" ], "desc": "西班牙重滑膛枪可穿透铠甲，与长矛方阵配合称雄战场百年。" }, { "id": "paracelsus_iatrochemistry", "name": "化学医学派", "nameEn": "Paracelsian iatrochemistry", "wikiEn": "Paracelsus", "aliases": [ "帕拉塞尔苏斯", "医药化学", "Iatrochemistry" ], "year": 1526, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alembic", "distillation", "mining", "touchstone" ], "related": [ "pharmacopoeia" ], "desc": "帕拉塞尔苏斯主张以矿物化学药剂治病，开创医药化学一派。" }, { "id": "triangulation_survey", "name": "三角测量法", "nameEn": "Triangulation", "wikiEn": "Triangulation", "aliases": [ "三角测绘", "Gemma Frisius survey" ], "year": 1533, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "theodolite", "gunters_chain" ], "desc": "弗里西乌斯提出以基线和角度构成三角网推算广大区域地形。" }, { "id": "diving_bell", "name": "潜水钟", "nameEn": "Diving bell", "wikiEn": "Diving bell", "aliases": [ "Guglielmo de Lorena bell" ], "year": 1535, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "submarine_drebbel" ], "desc": "德洛雷纳制成倒置供气钟，人可乘钟潜入水下打捞作业。" }, { "id": "scurvy_remedy", "name": "坏血病防治", "nameEn": "Scurvy remedy", "wikiEn": "Scurvy", "aliases": [ "松针浸液", "柑橘疗法" ], "year": 1535, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "carrack", "food_preservation" ], "related": [ "salt_production", "vitamins", "volta_do_mar" ], "desc": "卡蒂埃以印第安松针浸液救治濒死船员，柑橘防治法渐受重视。" }, { "id": "ballistics", "name": "弹道学", "nameEn": "Ballistics", "wikiEn": "Ballistics", "aliases": [ "抛射学", "Tartaglia ballistics" ], "year": 1537, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "galilean_kinematics", "cast_iron_cannon" ], "desc": "塔尔塔利亚创立近代弹道学，伽利略后来证明弹道呈抛物线。" }, { "id": "rhumb_line", "name": "恒向线", "nameEn": "Rhumb line", "wikiEn": "Rhumb line", "aliases": [ "等角航线", "Loxodrome", "斜驶线" ], "year": 1537, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compass_navigation" ], "related": [ "mercator_projection", "volta_do_mar" ], "desc": "努内斯提出恒向线概念，墨卡托投影问世后成为远洋定航线依据。" }, { "id": "gymnasium_school", "name": "文科中学", "nameEn": "Gymnasium", "wikiEn": "Gymnasium (school)", "aliases": [ "拉丁学校", "人文中学" ], "year": 1538, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "施特谟斯1538年创办斯特拉斯堡文科中学；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "medieval_university" ], "related": [ "ratio_studiorum", "compulsory_education" ], "desc": "施特谟斯办拉丁人文课程分级授课的近代中学原型" }, { "id": "galleon", "name": "盖伦帆船", "nameEn": "Galleon", "wikiEn": "Galleon", "aliases": [ "加利恩帆船", "西班牙大帆船" ], "year": 1540, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "carrack" ], "related": [ "caravel", "fluyt", "cast_iron_cannon" ], "desc": "降低船楼、舷侧列炮的多桅帆船，称霸大洋并护航白银贸易。" }, { "id": "curling", "name": "冰壶", "nameEn": "Curling", "wikiEn": "Curling", "aliases": [], "year": 1541, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1541年苏格兰教堂记录；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "sled", "modern_olympic_games" ], "desc": "花岗岩壶滑冰旋进大本营，擦冰喊线斗智，牧冬游戏成冬奥项目。" }, { "id": "bankruptcy_discharge", "name": "破产清算与免责", "nameEn": "Bankruptcy discharge", "wikiEn": "Bankruptcy", "aliases": [ "破产法", "倒产制度" ], "year": 1542, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英格兰1542年首部破产成文法；免责原则为后世逐步加入；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "common_law", "negotiable_instrument" ], "related": [ "corporate_law", "double_entry_bookkeeping", "credit_rating_agency" ], "desc": "清点分配无力偿债者的财产并依法免除余债，给信用装退出阀。" }, { "id": "herbal_fuchs", "name": "植物史", "nameEn": "De Historia Stirpium", "wikiEn": "Herbal", "aliases": [ "富克斯植物志", "Fuchs herbal" ], "year": 1542, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing", "woodblock_printing" ], "related": [ "bencao_gangmu", "botanical_garden", "plant_breeding" ], "desc": "富克斯《植物史》据写生绘制四百余种植物插图，推动本草革新。" }, { "id": "botanical_garden", "name": "大学植物园", "nameEn": "Botanical garden", "wikiEn": "Botanical garden", "aliases": [ "药用植物园", "帕多瓦植物园" ], "year": 1543, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "irrigation" ], "related": [ "greenhouse", "herbal_fuchs", "john_ray_taxonomy", "plant_breeding" ], "desc": "比萨、帕多瓦大学设立药用植物园，成为植物学教学研究基地。" }, { "id": "cast_iron_cannon", "name": "铸铁炮", "nameEn": "Cast-iron cannon", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Cannon", "铸炮", "铸铁大炮" ], "year": 1543, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blast_furnace", "cannon" ], "related": [ "bastion_fort", "galleon" ], "desc": "英国铸成整体铸铁大炮，比青铜炮廉价，推动重炮大规模普及。" }, { "id": "de_humani_fabrica", "name": "人体的构造", "nameEn": "De Humani Corporis Fabrica", "wikiEn": "De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem", "aliases": [ "De Humani Corporis Fabrica", "Fabrica", "人体构造七卷", "人体的构造", "维萨里人体构造", "维萨里解剖学", "近代解剖学" ], "year": 1543, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing", "woodblock_printing" ], "related": [ "ambroise_pare_surgery", "blood_circulation", "galen_medicine" ], "desc": "维萨里基于实地解剖写成的解剖学巨著，系统纠正千年旧说。" }, { "id": "heliocentric_model", "name": "日心说", "nameEn": "Heliocentric model", "wikiEn": "Copernican heliocentrism", "aliases": [ "哥白尼学说", "地动说", "太阳中心说" ], "year": 1543, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "keplers_laws", "galilean_kinematics", "telescope" ], "desc": "哥白尼《天体运行论》提出太阳中心体系，揭开近代科学革命。" }, { "id": "ambroise_pare_surgery", "name": "帕雷创伤外科", "nameEn": "Ambroise Paré's surgery", "wikiEn": "Ambroise Paré", "aliases": [ "安布鲁瓦兹·帕雷", "血管结扎术" ], "year": 1545, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arquebus", "de_humani_fabrica", "hand_cannon" ], "related": [ "movable_type_printing", "obstetrical_forceps" ], "desc": "帕雷以血管结扎代替沸油烧灼处理枪伤，并革新假肢与产科技术。" }, { "id": "cardano_imaginary_numbers", "name": "卡尔达诺与负数平方根", "nameEn": "Imaginary number", "wikiEn": "Imaginary number", "aliases": [ "虚数", "负数的平方根", "卡尔达诺分裂10", "Cardano imaginary numbers" ], "year": 1545, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algebra" ], "related": [ "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra", "hamilton_quaternions" ], "desc": "卡尔达诺在《大术》中首次正式使用负数平方根解三次方程，埋下复数分析的种子。" }, { "id": "universal_joint", "name": "万向节", "nameEn": "Universal joint", "wikiEn": "Universal joint", "aliases": [ "卡尔达诺节", "Cardan joint", "十字铰接" ], "year": 1545, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "screw_cutting_lathe" ], "desc": "卡尔达诺描述的十字铰接机构可在折轴之间传递旋转运动。" }, { "id": "fracastoro_contagion", "name": "传染学说", "nameEn": "Fracastoro's contagion theory", "wikiEn": "Girolamo Fracastoro", "aliases": [ "弗拉卡斯托罗", "De Contagione" ], "year": 1546, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "lazaretto_quarantine", "leeuwenhoek_microscopy", "microscope", "variolation" ], "desc": "弗拉卡斯托罗提出疾病由可传播的微小“种子”经接触传染。" }, { "id": "pharmacopoeia", "name": "官方药典", "nameEn": "Pharmacopoeia", "wikiEn": "Pharmacopoeia", "aliases": [ "纽伦堡药典", "Dispensatorium" ], "year": 1546, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing", "weighing_scale" ], "related": [ "cinchona_bark", "paracelsus_iatrochemistry", "titration_method" ], "desc": "纽伦堡颁行官方法定药典，统一药剂处方标准与品控。" }, { "id": "commedia_dell_arte", "name": "即兴喜剧", "nameEn": "Commedia dell'arte", "wikiEn": "Commedia dell'arte", "aliases": [ "假面喜剧", "行会喜剧" ], "year": 1550, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "意大利流浪艺人剧团成型于十六世纪中叶", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "greek_theatre" ], "related": [ "puppet_theatre", "opera", "film_genre" ], "desc": "以定型角色、假面与提纲即兴演出的流动戏剧，是现代喜剧程式的源头。" }, { "id": "corset", "name": "紧身束腰", "nameEn": "Corset", "wikiEn": "Corset", "aliases": [ "Stays" ], "year": 1550, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "16世纪法国宫廷流行", "era": "renaissance", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "dress" ], "related": [ "brassiere" ], "desc": "以骨条硬衬塑形的束身内衣，主导躯干轮廓数百年，后为胸罩取代。" }, { "id": "cricket", "name": "板球", "nameEn": "Cricket", "wikiEn": "History of cricket", "aliases": [ "板球运动", "英式板球" ], "year": 1550, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "十六世纪萨里郡教区记录为最早明确证据", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "history_of_football", "ancient_olympic_games", "modern_olympic_games" ], "desc": "以三柱门与投击回合为核心的对抗赛制，随不列颠贸易扩散至全球。" }, { "id": "enclosure", "name": "圈地运动", "nameEn": "Enclosure", "wikiEn": "Enclosure", "aliases": [ "圈地", "公地私有化" ], "year": 1550, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取 16 世纪中叶，羊毛与农场制圈地高峰", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "crop_rotation", "feudalism", "serfdom", "wool" ], "desc": "把敞田与公地合并为围栏私产，既提高地力也造出无地雇佣劳动力。" }, { "id": "violin", "name": "小提琴", "nameEn": "Violin", "wikiEn": "Violin", "aliases": [ "梵哑铃", "弦乐四重奏声部" ], "year": 1550, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "布雷西亚与克雷莫纳早期形制，十六世纪中叶成型", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lyre" ], "related": [ "guitar", "piano", "opera" ], "desc": "弓擦弦的家族化高音乐器，其共鸣箱设计奠定近代弦乐与交响编制。" }, { "id": "pulmonary_circulation", "name": "肺循环", "nameEn": "Pulmonary circulation", "wikiEn": "Pulmonary circulation", "aliases": [ "小循环", "塞尔维特循环" ], "year": 1553, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "de_humani_fabrica", "glasses" ], "related": [ "barometer", "blood_circulation", "microscope" ], "desc": "塞尔维特、科隆博先后提出血液经心肺换气再回心的循环路径。" }, { "id": "vigenere_cipher", "name": "维吉尼亚密码", "nameEn": "Vigenère cipher", "wikiEn": "Vigenère cipher", "aliases": [ "多表替换密码", "贝拉索密码" ], "year": 1553, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "caesar_cipher", "frequency_analysis" ], "related": [ "cryptography" ], "desc": "以密钥词控制字母循环移位的多表替换密码，曾长期被视为不可破译。" }, { "id": "patio_process", "name": "混汞法炼银", "nameEn": "Patio process", "wikiEn": "Patio process", "aliases": [ "庭院法", "汞齐炼银法" ], "year": 1554, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "liquation" ], "desc": "美洲银矿将矿石铺地拌汞齐化取银，支撑西班牙白银帝国。" }, { "id": "picaresque_novel", "name": "流浪汉小说", "nameEn": "Picaresque novel", "wikiEn": "Picaresque novel", "aliases": [ "托梅拉露小说", "小人物语" ], "year": 1554, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "《小癞子》1554 年前后刊行，确立第一人称流浪叙事", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "epic_poetry" ], "related": [ "don_quixote", "detective_fiction", "gothic_novel" ], "desc": "以下层主角串联游历见闻的散文叙事，把小说视角从英雄转向平民。" }, { "id": "de_re_metallica", "name": "论矿冶", "nameEn": "De re metallica", "wikiEn": "De re metallica", "aliases": [ "阿格里科拉矿冶全书", "矿冶全书" ], "year": 1556, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "finery_forge", "tiangong_kaiwu" ], "desc": "阿格里科拉系统总结采矿、选矿与冶金工艺，配有精确版画插图。" }, { "id": "equals_sign", "name": "等号", "nameEn": "Equals sign", "wikiEn": "Equals sign", "aliases": [ "=", "Recorde equals sign" ], "year": 1557, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "symbolic_algebra" ], "desc": "雷科德在《砺智石》中以两条平行等长线段首创“=”表示相等。" }, { "id": "wig", "name": "假发", "nameEn": "Wig", "wikiEn": "Wig", "aliases": [ "假髻", "扑粉假发" ], "year": 1560, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "近代欧洲假发风尚自十六世纪后期兴起，路易十四时鼎盛", "era": "renaissance", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "comb" ], "related": [ "hat", "cosmetics", "dress" ], "desc": "以人发或兽毛制成的头部饰件，兼顾遮秃、卫生与等级身份的表达。" }, { "id": "cardano_ludo_aleae", "name": "卡尔达诺《机遇博弈》", "nameEn": "Liber de ludo aleae", "wikiEn": "Gerolamo Cardano", "aliases": [ "《机遇博弈》", "《论赌博游戏》", "卡尔达诺概率手稿", "Liber de ludo aleae" ], "year": 1564, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "probability_theory", "huygens_de_ratiociniis" ], "desc": "手稿系统处理赌金分配与等可能事件，1663年出版，被视为概率分析先驱。" }, { "id": "pencil", "name": "铅笔", "nameEn": "Pencil", "wikiEn": "Pencil", "aliases": [ "石墨铅笔", "Borrowdale graphite" ], "year": 1564, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mining", "woodworking" ], "related": [ "fountain_pen", "ink", "movable_type_printing" ], "desc": "英国发现优质石墨后以木杆夹芯制笔，便携书写工具为之一新。" }, { "id": "mercator_projection", "name": "墨卡托投影", "nameEn": "Mercator projection", "wikiEn": "Mercator projection", "aliases": [ "麦卡托投影", "等角圆柱投影" ], "year": 1569, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rhumb_line", "waldseemuller_map" ], "desc": "墨卡托发明等角圆柱投影，令恒向线呈直线，极大便利远洋导航。" }, { "id": "screw_cutting_lathe", "name": "螺纹车床", "nameEn": "Screw-cutting lathe", "wikiEn": "Screw-cutting lathe", "aliases": [ "丝杠车床", "Besson lathe" ], "year": 1569, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "universal_joint" ], "desc": "贝松设计带导轨与样板的车床，首次较精确地车削标准螺纹。" }, { "id": "variolation", "name": "人痘接种", "nameEn": "Variolation", "wikiEn": "Variolation", "aliases": [ "人痘术", "吹花" ], "year": 1570, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "carrack" ], "related": [ "biological_warfare", "fracastoro_contagion" ], "desc": "中国以轻症痘苗鼻苗接种预防天花，后经奥斯曼传入欧洲。" }, { "id": "theodolite", "name": "经纬仪", "nameEn": "Theodolite", "wikiEn": "Theodolite", "aliases": [ "测角经纬仪", "全圆仪" ], "year": 1571, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "triangulation_survey" ], "related": [ "vernier_scale", "gunters_chain" ], "desc": "迪格斯父子集水平盘与垂直度盘于一体，奠定经纬仪测绘原理。" }, { "id": "tycho_observations", "name": "第谷精密天文观测", "nameEn": "Tycho Brahe's astronomical observations", "wikiEn": "Tycho Brahe", "aliases": [ "第谷观测", "第谷新星", "Tychonic observations", "汶岛观测" ], "year": 1572, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "heliocentric_model", "keplers_laws" ], "desc": "第谷以高精度仪器长期系统观测行星，数据供开普勒。" }, { "id": "chip_log", "name": "计程仪", "nameEn": "Chip log", "wikiEn": "Chip log", "aliases": [ "拖曳计程仪", "Common log", "绳结测速" ], "year": 1574, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cross_staff", "mariners_astrolabe" ], "desc": "以拖板、打结节绳配沙漏测船速，航速单位“节”由此而来。" }, { "id": "mathematical_induction", "name": "数学归纳法", "nameEn": "Mathematical induction", "wikiEn": "Mathematical induction", "aliases": [ "归纳证明", "完全归纳法" ], "year": 1575, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "莫罗利库斯1575年首用，帕斯卡1654年、戴德金—皮亚诺19世纪末公理化；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "peano_axioms", "combinatorics", "hoare_logic", "group_theory" ], "desc": "由 n 成立推出 n+1 成立从而穷尽全体自然数的证明方法。" }, { "id": "sovereignty_principle", "name": "主权原则", "nameEn": "Sovereignty", "wikiEn": "Sovereignty", "aliases": [ "主权", "最高治权" ], "year": 1576, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "博丹《国家六论》1576年提出，取该年", "era": "renaissance", "category": "governance", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "justinian_digest", "roman_citizenship" ], "related": [ "nation_state", "peace_of_westphalia", "international_law", "movable_type_printing" ], "desc": "认定国内只有一个不受外来指令约束的最高决断点，为国家与条约给出可识别的单位。" }, { "id": "uraniborg_observatory", "name": "天堡天文台", "nameEn": "Uraniborg", "wikiEn": "Uraniborg", "aliases": [ "第谷天文台", "汶岛天文台" ], "year": 1576, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "keplers_laws", "telescope" ], "desc": "第谷在汶岛建造精密天文台与仪器厂，积累数十年高精度观测数据。" }, { "id": "smock_mill", "name": "罩袍式风车", "nameEn": "Smock mill", "wikiEn": "Smock mill", "aliases": [ "荷兰排水风车", "可转帽风车" ], "year": 1580, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "windmill" ], "related": [], "desc": "荷兰人发展可旋转塔顶的多面木结构风车，用于圩田排水与锯木。" }, { "id": "single_whip_law", "name": "一条鞭法", "nameEn": "Single whip law", "wikiEn": "Single whip law", "aliases": [ "条鞭法", "赋役合并" ], "year": 1581, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "万历九年推行全国清丈并并役入赋；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "taxation_system" ], "related": [ "state_monopoly", "census_system", "mercantilism" ], "desc": "把田赋、徭役与杂征合并为按亩折银征收，推动实物财政转向货币财政。" }, { "id": "gregorian_calendar", "name": "格里高利历", "nameEn": "Gregorian calendar", "wikiEn": "Gregorian calendar", "aliases": [ "公历", "新历", "格里历" ], "year": 1582, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chongzhen_calendar" ], "desc": "教皇格里高利十三世颁行阳历改革，置闰精度远超儒略历。" }, { "id": "bruno_infinite_universe", "name": "布鲁诺无限宇宙论", "nameEn": "Giordano Bruno's infinite universe", "wikiEn": "Giordano Bruno", "aliases": [ "无限宇宙", "布鲁诺宇宙论", "多元世界", "Infinite universe" ], "year": 1584, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "heliocentric_model" ], "related": [], "desc": "布鲁诺主张宇宙无限、太阳只是普通恒星之一。" }, { "id": "equal_temperament", "name": "十二平均律", "nameEn": "Equal temperament", "wikiEn": "Equal temperament", "aliases": [ "新法密率", "朱载堉平均律" ], "year": 1584, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "abacus", "counting_rods" ], "related": [ "logarithm", "lyre", "musical_notation" ], "desc": "朱载堉以等比数列算定十二律，解决旋宫转调难题，影响世界乐制。" }, { "id": "stocking_frame", "name": "织袜机", "nameEn": "Stocking frame", "wikiEn": "Stocking frame", "aliases": [ "李式针织机", "William Lee frame" ], "year": 1589, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "knitting", "spinning_wheel" ], "related": [ "jacquard_loom", "power_loom", "sewing_machine" ], "desc": "威廉·李发明机械针织机，一次成圈织袜，开启针织机械化。" }, { "id": "slitting_mill", "name": "切铁机", "nameEn": "Slitting mill", "wikiEn": "Slitting mill", "aliases": [ "纵切铁条机", "制钉厂" ], "year": 1590, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "finery_forge" ], "related": [], "desc": "水力轧切机将扁铁条纵切成细钉杆，使制钉业走向集中生产。" }, { "id": "algebraic_expression", "name": "代数式", "nameEn": "Algebraic expression", "wikiEn": "Algebraic expression", "aliases": [ "代数表达式", "解析式", "代数式概念", "Algebraic expression" ], "year": 1591, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "symbolic_algebra" ], "related": [ "algebraic_equation", "control_variable" ], "desc": "用运算符号把数与字母连接而成的式子，韦达符号代数确立后的基本表达形式。" }, { "id": "control_variable", "name": "控制变量", "nameEn": "Control variable", "wikiEn": "Control variable", "aliases": [ "控制变量法", "对照变量", "控制量", "Controlled variable" ], "year": 1591, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "algebraic_expression" ], "desc": "代数式或实验中保持不变以隔离其他量关系的变量，源于韦达的变量符号思想。" }, { "id": "symbolic_algebra", "name": "符号代数", "nameEn": "Symbolic algebra", "wikiEn": "François Viète", "aliases": [ "韦达代数", "分析方法入门" ], "year": 1591, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "equals_sign", "analytic_geometry" ], "desc": "韦达在《分析方法入门》中以字母系统表示已知与未知量，奠基近代代数。" }, { "id": "turtle_ship", "name": "龟船", "nameEn": "Turtle ship", "wikiEn": "Turtle ship", "aliases": [ "李舜臣龟船", "거북선" ], "year": 1592, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cast_iron_cannon" ], "desc": "李舜臣创制覆有尖钉顶盖的装甲战船，壬辰海战屡破日本舰队。" }, { "id": "thermometer", "name": "温度计", "nameEn": "Thermometer", "wikiEn": "Thermometer", "aliases": [ "空气测温器", "Thermoscope" ], "year": 1593, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "barometer" ], "desc": "伽利略发明利用空气热胀冷缩的测温器，后发展为液体温度计。" }, { "id": "backstaff", "name": "反向高度仪", "nameEn": "Backstaff", "wikiEn": "Backstaff", "aliases": [ "戴维斯象限仪", "Davis quadrant" ], "year": 1594, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cross_staff" ], "related": [ "mariners_astrolabe" ], "desc": "约翰·戴维斯发明背向太阳投影测高象限仪，免直视烈日且更精确。" }, { "id": "fluyt", "name": "福禄特帆船", "nameEn": "Fluyt", "wikiEn": "Fluyt", "aliases": [ "弗鲁特帆船", "荷兰商船" ], "year": 1595, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "galleon" ], "related": [ "wagonway" ], "desc": "荷兰专用货运船精简武装、舱容大、船员少，大幅降低海运成本。" }, { "id": "bencao_gangmu", "name": "本草纲目", "nameEn": "Compendium of Materia Medica", "wikiEn": "Bencao Gangmu", "aliases": [ "李时珍本草", "Compendium" ], "year": 1596, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "herbal_fuchs", "tiangong_kaiwu" ], "desc": "李时珍集成本草学巨著，载药一千八百九十二种、附方万余条。" }, { "id": "flush_toilet", "name": "抽水马桶", "nameEn": "Flush toilet", "wikiEn": "Flush toilet", "aliases": [ "Ajax water closet", "Cumming water closet", "卡明斯冲水便器", "哈灵顿马桶" ], "year": 1596, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "sewerage_system" ], "desc": "哈灵顿设计带水箱、冲水阀与存水弯的坐便器，为近代马桶之始。" }, { "id": "ratio_studiorum", "name": "耶稣会教学计划", "nameEn": "Ratio Studiorum", "wikiEn": "Ratio Studiorum", "aliases": [ "《学习计划》" ], "year": 1599, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1599年正式颁行", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "medieval_university", "trivium" ], "related": [ "gymnasium_school", "semester_system" ], "desc": "耶稣会统一课程分年分班的办学章程，班级授课范本" }, { "id": "algebraic_fraction", "name": "代数分式", "nameEn": "Algebraic fraction", "wikiEn": "Algebraic fraction", "aliases": [ "有理分式", "分式", "代数分数", "Rational fraction" ], "year": 1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algebraic_expression" ], "related": [], "desc": "分子分母均为代数式的分数，运算规则与普通分数一致的初等代数对象。" }, { "id": "de_magnete", "name": "论磁石", "nameEn": "De Magnete", "wikiEn": "De Magnete", "aliases": [ "吉尔伯特磁论", "磁石论" ], "year": 1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "compass_navigation" ], "related": [ "magnetic_declination" ], "desc": "吉尔伯特以实验论述磁与静电现象，提出地球本身是一块大磁石。" }, { "id": "east_india_charter", "name": "特许贸易公司", "nameEn": "Chartered trading company", "wikiEn": "East India Company", "aliases": [ "皇家特许公司", "东印度公司" ], "year": 1600, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英文无独立的 chartered company 条目，以1600年英国东印度公司特许状为例", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bank", "mercantilism" ], "related": [ "joint_stock_company", "navigation_acts", "stock_exchange" ], "desc": "王室特许状把远洋垄断贸易与武装治理一并交给持股公司。" }, { "id": "high_heel", "name": "高跟鞋", "nameEn": "High-heeled shoe", "wikiEn": "High-heeled shoe", "aliases": [], "year": 1600, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "源于波斯骑兵，16世纪末入欧洲宫廷", "era": "renaissance", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "shoe" ], "related": [ "wig", "dress" ], "desc": "垫高鞋跟起初便于骑马与炫耀身份，后演变为女性时装的标志性部件。" }, { "id": "obstetrical_forceps", "name": "产钳", "nameEn": "Obstetrical forceps", "wikiEn": "Obstetrical forceps", "aliases": [ "张伯伦产钳", "Chamberlen forceps" ], "year": 1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "forging", "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "ambroise_pare_surgery" ], "desc": "张伯伦家族发明助产钳，解决难产取胎，秘方保存约一个世纪。" }, { "id": "opera", "name": "歌剧", "nameEn": "Opera", "wikiEn": "Opera", "aliases": [ "乐剧", "operatic drama" ], "year": 1600, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1598 年里努奇《达芙妮》与 1600 年《尤丽狄茜》孰先争议", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "greek_theatre", "equal_temperament" ], "related": [ "symphony", "commedia_dell_arte", "violin" ], "desc": "以歌唱与管弦乐贯穿戏剧的综合体裁，把音乐推向独立叙事媒介。" }, { "id": "square_rig", "name": "横帆索具", "nameEn": "Square Rig", "wikiEn": "Square rig", "aliases": [ "全帆装索具", "横帆装" ], "year": 1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "横帆与多层桅索具在16世纪成型，取世纪中值", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sail", "three_masted_ship" ], "related": [ "caravel", "fluyt", "clipper_ship" ], "desc": "多桅横帆与分层索具配合，使帆船能逆风换抢并承载远洋货量" }, { "id": "stagecoach", "name": "驿站马车", "nameEn": "Stagecoach", "wikiEn": "Stagecoach", "aliases": [ "公共驿马车", "Diligence" ], "year": 1600, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "horse_collar" ], "related": [ "postal_system", "wagonway" ], "desc": "按驿站换马的定时长途客运班车，构成近代陆路公共交通网。" }, { "id": "technical_drawing", "name": "工程制图", "nameEn": "Engineering drawing", "wikiEn": "Engineering drawing", "aliases": [ "技术制图", "机械图样" ], "year": 1600, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以军事工程与剧场机械图集的流行为标志", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "engineering_education" ], "desc": "用投影、比例与剖面把机器精确记录成图，使设计可复制、可远距交付。" }, { "id": "elizabethan_poor_law", "name": "伊丽莎白济贫法", "nameEn": "Elizabethan Poor Law", "wikiEn": "Poor Law", "aliases": [ "救贫法", "教区救济" ], "year": 1601, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1601年议会立法", "era": "renaissance", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "waqf_endowment", "edicts_ashoka", "guild", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "welfare_state", "social_insurance", "factory_acts_regulation", "trade_union" ], "desc": "按教区向地产课征济贫捐并强制安置贫民，首次把救济写成地方的法定义务与预算。" }, { "id": "joint_stock_company", "name": "股份公司", "nameEn": "Joint-stock company", "wikiEn": "Joint-stock company", "aliases": [ "合股公司", "东印度公司" ], "year": 1602, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "荷兰东印度公司设立并向公众募股；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bank", "insurance" ], "related": [ "stock_exchange", "mercantilism", "corporate_law" ], "desc": "把资本切成可自由转让的股份并永久存续，使远洋殖民得以汇集巨款。" }, { "id": "wagonway", "name": "木轨矿车路", "nameEn": "Wagonway", "wikiEn": "Wagonway", "aliases": [ "矿车木轨", "Wollaton wagonway" ], "year": 1604, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diolkos" ], "related": [ "fluyt", "stagecoach" ], "desc": "英国煤矿铺设平行木轨以马拉矿车运煤，是铁路运输的雏形。" }, { "id": "don_quixote", "name": "堂吉诃德", "nameEn": "Don Quixote", "wikiEn": "Don Quixote", "aliases": [ "吉诃德", "曼查骑士" ], "year": 1605, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "第一部 1605 年刊行，第二部 1615 年", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "picaresque_novel", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "tale_of_genji", "science_fiction", "fairy_tale" ], "desc": "以讽刺骑士传奇确立现代长篇叙事的小说，被视为近代小说体裁的起点。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "newspaper", "name": "报纸", "nameEn": "Newspaper", "wikiEn": "Johann Carolus", "aliases": [ "Relation", "卡罗鲁斯《报道》", "新闻纸" ], "year": 1605, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "postal_system", "scientific_journal" ], "desc": "约翰·卡罗鲁斯在斯特拉斯堡出版定期报纸《报道》，开近代报业。" }, { "id": "telescope", "name": "望远镜", "nameEn": "Telescope", "wikiEn": "Telescope", "aliases": [ "折射望远镜", "伽利略望远镜", "Lippershey telescope" ], "year": 1608, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "reflecting_telescope", "microscope", "heliocentric_model" ], "desc": "利珀希申请折射望远镜专利，伽利略次年改进并指向星空。" }, { "id": "keplers_laws", "name": "开普勒行星定律", "nameEn": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion", "wikiEn": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion", "aliases": [ "行星运动三定律", "椭圆轨道定律" ], "year": 1609, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "heliocentric_model", "uraniborg_observatory" ], "related": [ "newtonian_mechanics", "telescope" ], "desc": "开普勒提出行星沿椭圆轨道运行等三大定律，为天上力学奠基。" }, { "id": "flintlock", "name": "燧发枪", "nameEn": "Flintlock", "wikiEn": "Flintlock", "aliases": [ "燧发枪机", "Le Bourgeoys lock" ], "year": 1610, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wheellock" ], "related": [ "matchlock_musket", "bayonet" ], "desc": "勒布尔热瓦发明燧石击打火镰的一体式枪机，可靠耐用，主导火器两百年。" }, { "id": "galileo_telescopic_discoveries", "name": "伽利略望远镜天文发现", "nameEn": "Galileo's telescopic discoveries", "wikiEn": "Sidereus Nuncius", "aliases": [ "星际信使", "木卫发现", "金星相位", "月面观测", "Galilean moons" ], "year": 1610, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telescope" ], "related": [ "heliocentric_model", "keplers_laws" ], "desc": "伽利略以望远镜发现月面山、木卫与金星相位，支持日心说。" }, { "id": "bank_of_amsterdam", "name": "阿姆斯特丹兑换银行", "nameEn": "Bank of Amsterdam", "wikiEn": "Bank of Amsterdam", "aliases": [ "wisselbank", "币兑银行" ], "year": 1611, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1611年开张；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bank", "coinage" ], "related": [ "joint_stock_company", "clearing_house", "paper_money" ], "desc": "市营银行按统一银行银记账承兑，为北欧贸易提供可信计算通货。" }, { "id": "land_reclamation", "name": "围海造地", "nameEn": "Land reclamation", "wikiEn": "Land reclamation", "aliases": [ "圩田", "Polder" ], "year": 1612, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "荷兰比姆斯特圩田1612年排水成陆", "era": "renaissance", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "windpump", "dam" ], "related": [ "irrigation", "canal", "maritime_dock" ], "desc": "以堤围加排水把海域湖沼改造为可用土地。" }, { "id": "stock_exchange", "name": "证券交易所", "nameEn": "Stock exchange", "wikiEn": "Stock exchange", "aliases": [ "交易所", "阿姆斯特丹交易所" ], "year": 1612, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "阿姆斯特丹交易所规则于 1612 年成文", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "joint_stock_company" ], "related": [ "corporate_law" ], "desc": "集中竞价、每日行情的常设市场，让股权可随时变现从而压低融资成本。" }, { "id": "cementation_process", "name": "渗碳炼钢法", "nameEn": "Cementation process", "wikiEn": "Cementation process", "aliases": [ "泡钢法", "Blister steel" ], "year": 1614, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "finery_forge" ], "related": [ "reverberatory_furnace" ], "desc": "将熟铁条密封于炭末中长时间加热渗碳，批量制得泡钢。" }, { "id": "logarithm", "name": "对数", "nameEn": "Logarithm", "wikiEn": "Logarithm", "aliases": [ "纳皮尔对数", "Napierian logarithm" ], "year": 1614, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "napiers_bones", "slide_rule", "spherical_trigonometry" ], "desc": "纳皮尔发表对数表，化乘除为加减，极大简化了天文与航海计算。" }, { "id": "napiers_bones", "name": "纳皮尔算筹", "nameEn": "Napier's bones", "wikiEn": "Napier's bones", "aliases": [ "纳皮尔筹", "Napier's rods" ], "year": 1617, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "logarithm" ], "related": [ "mechanical_calculator", "slide_rule" ], "desc": "纳皮尔发明刻有乘法表的骨筹，并排摆放即可完成乘除运算。" }, { "id": "compulsory_education", "name": "义务教育", "nameEn": "Compulsory education", "wikiEn": "Compulsory education", "aliases": [ "强制入学", "初等义务教育" ], "year": 1619, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "韦玛公国 1619 年学区令要求入学，普鲁士后来推广", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cathedral_school" ], "related": [ "vocational_education" ], "desc": "国家立法强制适龄儿童入学并出资办学，把识字变成全民基础设施。" }, { "id": "gunters_chain", "name": "冈特测链", "nameEn": "Gunter's chain", "wikiEn": "Gunter's chain", "aliases": [ "66英尺测链", "土地丈量链" ], "year": 1620, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "triangulation_survey" ], "related": [ "theodolite" ], "desc": "冈特发明六十六英尺标准测链，使土地丈量与面积计算标准化。" }, { "id": "microscope", "name": "显微镜", "nameEn": "Microscope", "wikiEn": "Microscope", "aliases": [ "复合显微镜", "Compound microscope" ], "year": 1620, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "leeuwenhoek_microscopy", "hooke_cell" ], "desc": "荷兰眼镜匠约1620年制成复合显微镜，为人类打开微观世界之门。" }, { "id": "scientific_method", "name": "实验归纳法", "nameEn": "Baconian method", "wikiEn": "Scientific method", "aliases": [ "培根归纳法", "科学方法", "新工具" ], "year": 1620, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "galilean_kinematics", "scientific_academies", "scientific_journal" ], "desc": "培根《新工具》倡导以系统实验与归纳探究自然，奠定近代科学方法。" }, { "id": "submarine_drebbel", "name": "潜水艇雏形", "nameEn": "Drebbel's submarine", "wikiEn": "Cornelis Drebbel", "aliases": [ "德雷贝尔潜艇", "Drebbel" ], "year": 1620, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "diving_bell" ], "related": [], "desc": "德雷贝尔造成人力划桨、防水皮囊供氧的潜水船并在泰晤士河试航。" }, { "id": "snells_law", "name": "折射定律", "nameEn": "Snell's law", "wikiEn": "Snell's law", "aliases": [ "斯涅尔定律", "折射定律" ], "year": 1621, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "telescope", "microscope", "wave_theory_light" ], "desc": "斯涅尔定量发现入射角与折射角的正弦关系，奠定几何光学基础。" }, { "id": "slide_rule", "name": "计算尺", "nameEn": "Slide rule", "wikiEn": "Slide rule", "aliases": [ "算尺", "Oughtred slide rule" ], "year": 1622, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "logarithm" ], "related": [ "mechanical_calculator" ], "desc": "奥特雷德依据对数刻度发明计算尺，此后三百年为工程师标配工具。" }, { "id": "international_law", "name": "国际法", "nameEn": "International law", "wikiEn": "International law", "aliases": [ "万国法", "国际公法" ], "year": 1625, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以格劳秀斯《战争与和平法》出版为体系化标志；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "justinian_digest", "diplomacy" ], "related": [ "nation_state", "satrapy", "welfare_state" ], "desc": "用条约与惯例约束主权者间的宣战、通商与使节往来，替代纯粹武力。" }, { "id": "blood_circulation", "name": "血液循环", "nameEn": "Blood circulation", "wikiEn": "William Harvey", "aliases": [ "哈维心血运动论", "大循环" ], "year": 1628, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "de_humani_fabrica", "magnifying_glass", "pulmonary_circulation" ], "related": [ "blood_transfusion", "force_pump", "malpighi_capillaries", "vacuum_pump" ], "desc": "哈维《心血运动论》以测算与结扎实验证明血液在全身密闭循环。" }, { "id": "vernier_scale", "name": "游标尺", "nameEn": "Vernier scale", "wikiEn": "Vernier scale", "aliases": [ "游标", "韦尼埃尺" ], "year": 1631, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "theodolite" ], "desc": "韦尼埃发明主副尺刻度差细分读数法，大幅提高角度长度测量精度。" }, { "id": "didactica_magna", "name": "大教学论", "nameEn": "Didactica Magna", "wikiEn": "Great Didactic", "aliases": [ "夸美纽斯《大教学论》", "班级授课制理论" ], "year": 1632, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "成稿年代约1627至1632", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ratio_studiorum", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "new_england_primer", "normal_school" ], "desc": "夸美纽斯主张循自然分级班级授课的教育学奠基作" }, { "id": "chongzhen_calendar", "name": "崇祯历书", "nameEn": "Chongzhen calendar", "wikiEn": "Chongzhen calendar", "aliases": [ "时宪历", "西洋新法历书" ], "year": 1634, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gregorian_calendar", "telescope" ], "desc": "徐光启与耶稣会士合编历书，引入第谷体系与西洋算学改革中国历法。" }, { "id": "cavalieri_principle", "name": "卡瓦列里原理", "nameEn": "Cavalieri's principle", "wikiEn": "Cavalieri's principle", "aliases": [ "祖暅原理", "不可分量原理", "Cavalieri indivisibles", "等幂势则同积" ], "year": 1635, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "calculus", "method_of_exhaustion", "zu_chongzhi_pi" ], "desc": "卡瓦列里以截面相等则体积相等的不可分量法求积，是通向积分学的关键阶梯。" }, { "id": "standard_language_norm", "name": "标准语规范", "nameEn": "Language planning", "wikiEn": "Language planning", "aliases": [ "语言规划", "规范语法" ], "year": 1635, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "法兰西学术院成立并着手编纂规范词典；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "oxford_english_dictionary" ], "desc": "由权威机构审定读音、词形与句法，把方言分歧统一成可教学的规范语。" }, { "id": "fermat_tangent_method", "name": "费马切线法与 adequality", "nameEn": "Adequality", "wikiEn": "Adequality", "aliases": [ "费马切线法", "准等式", "极值方法", "Fermat tangent method", "Adaequalitas" ], "year": 1636, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "analytic_geometry", "calculus", "newton_generalized_binomial" ], "desc": "费马以伪等式令增量趋于零求切线与极值，方法实质已具微分学雏形。" }, { "id": "analytic_geometry", "name": "解析几何", "nameEn": "Analytic geometry", "wikiEn": "Analytic geometry", "aliases": [ "坐标几何", "笛卡尔几何" ], "year": 1637, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "symbolic_algebra" ], "related": [ "ballistics", "calculus", "projective_geometry" ], "desc": "笛卡尔《几何学》以坐标系方程统一代数与几何，为微积分铺路。" }, { "id": "tiangong_kaiwu", "name": "天工开物", "nameEn": "Tiangong Kaiwu", "wikiEn": "Tiangong Kaiwu", "aliases": [ "宋应星", "中国工艺百科" ], "year": 1637, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "de_re_metallica", "bencao_gangmu" ], "desc": "宋应星著农业手工业技术百科，附图详录农工百艺与制造流程。" }, { "id": "cinchona_bark", "name": "金鸡纳树皮", "nameEn": "Cinchona bark", "wikiEn": "Cinchona", "aliases": [ "耶稣会树皮", "奎宁树皮" ], "year": 1638, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "carrack" ], "related": [ "goldworking", "pharmacopoeia", "plant_breeding" ], "desc": "南美安第斯金鸡纳树皮可治疟疾，随耶稣会士传入欧洲。" }, { "id": "galilean_kinematics", "name": "伽利略动力学", "nameEn": "Two New Sciences", "wikiEn": "Two New Sciences", "aliases": [ "两门新科学", "惯性与落体定律" ], "year": 1638, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "newtonian_mechanics", "ballistics" ], "desc": "伽利略确立惯性、自由落体与抛体运动定律，开创实验力学传统。" }, { "id": "desargues_theorem", "name": "德萨格定理", "nameEn": "Desargues's theorem", "wikiEn": "Desargues's theorem", "aliases": [ "德扎格定理", "透视三角形定理", "Desargues theorem" ], "year": 1639, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "projective_geometry" ], "related": [ "duality_principle", "linear_perspective", "pappus_hexagon_theorem" ], "desc": "两三角形对应顶点连线共点当且仅当对应边交点共线，奠定射影几何中心结构。" }, { "id": "projective_geometry", "name": "射影几何", "nameEn": "Projective geometry", "wikiEn": "Projective geometry", "aliases": [ "德扎格几何", "Desargues geometry" ], "year": 1639, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "linear_perspective" ], "related": [ "analytic_geometry" ], "desc": "德扎格研究透视投影中的几何不变性，开创射影几何学科。" }, { "id": "pascal_theorem", "name": "帕斯卡六边形定理", "nameEn": "Pascal's theorem", "wikiEn": "Pascal's theorem", "aliases": [ "帕斯卡定理", "神秘六边形", "Hexagrammum mysticum", "Pascal theorem" ], "year": 1640, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "desargues_theorem" ], "related": [ "brianchanchon_theorem", "conic_sections" ], "desc": "十六岁的帕斯卡证明圆锥曲线内接六边形三对对边交点共线，射影几何奠基结果。" }, { "id": "mechanical_calculator", "name": "帕斯卡加法机", "nameEn": "Pascaline", "wikiEn": "Pascaline", "aliases": [ "Pascal's calculator", "机械计算器" ], "year": 1642, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "napiers_bones", "stepped_reckoner", "probability_theory" ], "desc": "帕斯卡制成齿轮进位的加减法计算机器，是首部商用机械计算器。" }, { "id": "new_england_primer", "name": "新英格兰启蒙读本", "nameEn": "The New England Primer", "wikiEn": "The New England Primer", "aliases": [ "新英格兰primer" ], "year": 1642, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "约1642年刊行", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing", "didactica_magna" ], "related": [ "encyclopedia" ], "desc": "北美广泛使用的启蒙识字课本，标准教科书早期范本" }, { "id": "barometer", "name": "气压计", "nameEn": "Barometer", "wikiEn": "Barometer", "aliases": [ "托里拆利管", "水银气压计" ], "year": 1643, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "vacuum_pump", "boyles_law", "thermometer" ], "desc": "托里拆利以倒置水银柱实验测出大气压并制成首支气压计。" }, { "id": "congruence_of_squares", "name": "平方同余", "nameEn": "Congruence of squares", "wikiEn": "Congruence of squares", "aliases": [ "平方合同", "平方剩余同余", "同余平方分解", "Congruence of squares" ], "year": 1643, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "congruence_relation", "diophantine_equations" ], "desc": "寻找x²≡y²(mod n)且x≠±y的方法，是费马分解等整数分解算法的核心。" }, { "id": "torricelli_vacuum", "name": "托里拆利真空实验", "nameEn": "Torricelli's experiment", "wikiEn": "Torricelli's experiment", "aliases": [ "托里拆利实验", "真空实验", "Torricellian vacuum", "大气压强" ], "year": 1643, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "galilean_kinematics" ], "related": [ "barometer", "vacuum_pump", "boyles_law" ], "desc": "托里拆利以水银柱实验证明真空可存在且大气有重量。" }, { "id": "bayonet", "name": "刺刀", "nameEn": "Bayonet", "wikiEn": "Bayonet", "aliases": [ "插入式刺刀", "枪刺" ], "year": 1647, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "matchlock_musket" ], "related": [ "flintlock" ], "desc": "塞入枪口的刺刀使火枪兵兼行长矛格斗，长矛兵逐渐退出战场。" }, { "id": "nation_state", "name": "民族国家", "nameEn": "Nation state", "wikiEn": "Nation state", "aliases": [ "主权国家体系", "威斯特伐利亚体系" ], "year": 1648, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以威斯特伐利亚和约为约定起点；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "diplomacy" ], "related": [ "international_law", "conscription", "roman_citizenship" ], "desc": "以固定疆界与同质认同为主权单位，取代教会与封建的交叉管辖。" }, { "id": "peace_of_westphalia", "name": "威斯特伐利亚和约", "nameEn": "Peace of Westphalia", "wikiEn": "Peace of Westphalia", "aliases": [ "奥斯纳布吕克与明斯特和约" ], "year": 1648, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1648年缔结", "era": "renaissance", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diplomacy", "international_law", "treaty_kadesh" ], "related": [ "nation_state", "league_of_nations", "sovereignty_principle", "newspaper" ], "desc": "众多邦国同时签字并互相担保疆界与信仰安排，把停战做成有常使监督的可持续机制。" }, { "id": "chest_of_drawers", "name": "抽屉柜", "nameEn": "Chest of drawers", "wikiEn": "Chest of drawers", "aliases": [ "五斗橱" ], "year": 1650, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "17世纪后半叶欧洲兴起", "era": "renaissance", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "wardrobe", "key" ], "related": [ "table_furniture" ], "desc": "柜体加抽拉抽屉，衣物杂物分层收纳，抽开即取不必搬倒整柜。" }, { "id": "howitzer", "name": "榴弹炮", "nameEn": "Howitzer", "wikiEn": "Howitzer", "aliases": [ "野战曲射炮" ], "year": 1650, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "17世纪欧式曲射攻城炮定型", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cannon" ], "related": [ "mortar", "trench_warfare", "multiple_rocket_launcher" ], "desc": "弹道弯曲、装药可调的曲射火炮，野战压制核心。" }, { "id": "ship_of_the_line", "name": "风帆战列舰", "nameEn": "Ship of the line", "wikiEn": "Ship of the line", "aliases": [ "Line of battle ship", "战列舰" ], "year": 1650, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1650年代英荷海军确立战列线战术", "era": "renaissance", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "galleon", "cannon" ], "related": [ "dreadnought", "bastion_fort", "carrack" ], "desc": "数十门重炮排成战列线对射，风帆时代的海上主力。" }, { "id": "vacuum_pump", "name": "真空泵", "nameEn": "Vacuum pump", "wikiEn": "Vacuum pump", "aliases": [ "居里克真空泵", "吸气泵" ], "year": 1650, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "barometer", "magdeburg_hemispheres", "steam_pump" ], "desc": "居里克发明活塞式真空泵并以马德堡半球实验震撼演示大气压力。" }, { "id": "navigation_acts", "name": "航海条例", "nameEn": "Navigation Acts", "wikiEn": "Navigation Acts", "aliases": [ "航海法", "海运管制法" ], "year": 1651, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": [ 1651, 1696 ], "year_note": "1651年首部，其后数度延展", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "east_india_charter", "mercantilism" ], "related": [ "free_trade_regime", "joint_stock_company", "container_shipping" ], "desc": "殖民地货物须由本国船只运销，把海运吨位当作国家账本。" }, { "id": "combinatorics", "name": "组合数学", "nameEn": "Combinatorics", "wikiEn": "Combinatorics", "aliases": [ "组合学", "计数理论", "enumeration" ], "year": 1654, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "帕斯卡与费马通信论赌金分配开启系统计数；拉马努金等后世扩展；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "binomial_polynomial", "pascal_triangle" ], "related": [ "probability_theory", "inclusion_exclusion_principle", "information_theory", "mathematical_induction" ], "desc": "研究对象如何计数、排列与组合存在，为概率论、编码与算法复杂度提供地基。" }, { "id": "magdeburg_hemispheres", "name": "马德堡半球", "nameEn": "Magdeburg hemispheres", "wikiEn": "Magdeburg hemispheres", "aliases": [ "马格德堡半球" ], "year": 1654, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "vacuum_pump" ], "related": [ "barometer" ], "desc": "抽成真空的铜半球令两队各八匹马难以拉开，公开演示大气压力。" }, { "id": "probability_theory", "name": "概率论", "nameEn": "Probability theory", "wikiEn": "Probability theory", "aliases": [ "概率学", "赌金分配问题" ], "year": 1654, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mechanical_calculator", "symbolic_algebra" ], "desc": "帕斯卡与费马通信解决赌金分配问题，共同奠定概率论基础。" }, { "id": "pendulum_clock", "name": "摆钟", "nameEn": "Pendulum clock", "wikiEn": "Pendulum clock", "aliases": [ "惠更斯摆钟" ], "year": 1656, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mechanical_clock" ], "related": [ "marine_clock_early", "balance_spring", "pocket_watch" ], "desc": "惠更斯造出首座摆钟，等时性摆令计时精度提高数十倍。" }, { "id": "fermat_principle_least_time", "name": "费马极值原理", "nameEn": "Fermat's principle", "wikiEn": "Fermat's principle", "aliases": [ "最短时间原理", "费马原理", "光程极值原理", "Principle of least time" ], "year": 1657, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "book_of_optics", "analytic_geometry" ], "related": [ "calculus_of_variations", "probability_theory" ], "desc": "费马提出光沿耗时最短路径传播，导出折射定律，开启变分法与最小作用量传统。" }, { "id": "gamblers_ruin", "name": "赌徒破产问题", "nameEn": "Gambler's ruin", "wikiEn": "Gambler's ruin", "aliases": [ "赌徒破产", "破产问题", "Gambler's ruin problem", "随机游走破产" ], "year": 1657, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "huygens_de_ratiociniis" ], "related": [ "rayleigh_random_walk", "markov_chains" ], "desc": "惠更斯已论及有限赌本赌徒终破产，后成为随机游走与鞅论经典模型。" }, { "id": "huygens_de_ratiociniis", "name": "惠更斯《论赌博中的计算》", "nameEn": "De ratiociniis in ludo aleae", "wikiEn": "Christiaan Huygens", "aliases": [ "《论赌博中的计算》", "惠更斯概率论", "De ratiociniis", "期望价值论" ], "year": 1657, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "bernoulli_law_large_numbers", "gamblers_ruin", "insurance" ], "desc": "首部正式出版的概率论著作，以数学期望为核心，提出十四个赌博命题。" }, { "id": "magic_lantern", "name": "幻灯机", "nameEn": "Magic lantern", "wikiEn": "Magic lantern", "aliases": [ "魔灯", "早期幻灯" ], "year": 1659, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "snells_law" ], "related": [ "telescope" ], "desc": "惠更斯改进透镜幻灯机，以灯光投射玻璃彩绘，开影像投影先河。" }, { "id": "viviani_theorem", "name": "维维亚尼定理", "nameEn": "Viviani's theorem", "wikiEn": "Viviani's theorem", "aliases": [ "维维亚尼和定理", "等边三角形距离和", "Viviani theorem", "Viviani's theorem" ], "year": 1659, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "cavalieri_principle" ], "desc": "正三角形内任一点到三边距离之和恒等于其高，可由面积分割直接证出。" }, { "id": "fractional_reserve_banking", "name": "部分准备金银行", "nameEn": "Fractional-reserve banking", "wikiEn": "Fractional-reserve banking", "aliases": [ "部分准备制度", "信用创造" ], "year": 1660, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "伦敦金匠银行家1660年代普遍超发票据，无确切起始年", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bank", "paper_money" ], "related": [ "bank_of_england", "deposit_insurance", "federal_reserve_system" ], "desc": "金匠只留几成铸币备付而把余下贷出，票据流通量超出金属本身。" }, { "id": "hookes_law", "name": "胡克定律", "nameEn": "Hooke's law", "wikiEn": "Hooke's law", "aliases": [ "弹性定律", "Ut tensio sic vis" ], "year": 1660, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "galilean_kinematics" ], "related": [ "balance_spring" ], "desc": "胡克提出弹性力与形变成正比，为弹性力学与钟表游丝提供依据。" }, { "id": "ballet", "name": "古典芭蕾", "nameEn": "Ballet", "wikiEn": "Ballet", "aliases": [], "year": 1661, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "皇家舞蹈学院1661年成立，五位脚定型；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "greek_theatre" ], "related": [ "opera", "commedia_dell_arte" ], "desc": "宫廷舞宴经皇家学院立规范，足尖与五位脚成就程式化舞台舞蹈。" }, { "id": "malpighi_capillaries", "name": "毛细血管", "nameEn": "Capillaries", "wikiEn": "Marcello Malpighi", "aliases": [ "马尔皮吉", "微血管" ], "year": 1661, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blood_circulation", "microscope" ], "related": [ "leeuwenhoek_microscopy" ], "desc": "马尔皮吉借显微镜观察蛙肺发现毛细血管，补全血液循环末环。" }, { "id": "boyles_law", "name": "波义耳定律", "nameEn": "Boyle's law", "wikiEn": "Boyle's law", "aliases": [ "玻意耳定律", "波义耳-马略特定律" ], "year": 1662, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "vacuum_pump" ], "related": [ "barometer", "pascal_law" ], "desc": "波义耳发现恒温下气体压强与体积成反比，是首条近代物理定量定律。" }, { "id": "graunt_life_table", "name": "格朗特生命表", "nameEn": "John Graunt", "wikiEn": "John Graunt", "aliases": [ "格朗特生命表", "《关于死亡公报的观察》", "死亡率表", "近代统计起源" ], "year": 1662, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "petty_political_arithmetic", "kaplan_meier_estimator" ], "desc": "格朗特据伦敦死亡公报编制首张生命表，开人口统计与数据推断先河。" }, { "id": "political_arithmetic", "name": "政治算术", "nameEn": "Political Arithmetic", "wikiEn": "Political arithmetic", "aliases": [ "威廉·配第统计方法", "格朗特人口观察" ], "year": 1662, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "格朗特《自然与政治观察》1662年出版；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "governance", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "census_system", "domesday_book", "double_entry_bookkeeping" ], "related": [ "probability_theory", "kiaer_representative_sampling", "international_statistical_institute", "kuznets_national_income" ], "desc": "仅用死亡率与贸易数字推理国力，把治国从个案禀议转为对总量和趋势的测量。" }, { "id": "scientific_academies", "name": "皇家学会", "nameEn": "Royal Society", "wikiEn": "Royal Society", "aliases": [ "伦敦皇家学会", "科学学会" ], "year": 1662, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "scientific_method" ], "related": [ "scientific_journal" ], "desc": "英国皇家学会获皇家特许状，科学共同体、实验演示与评议制度兴起。" }, { "id": "pascal_law", "name": "帕斯卡定律", "nameEn": "Pascal's law", "wikiEn": "Pascal's law", "aliases": [ "帕斯卡原理", "液压定律" ], "year": 1663, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "barometer" ], "related": [ "boyles_law", "hydraulic_press", "steam_digester" ], "desc": "帕斯卡阐明密闭流体压强等值传递原理，奠定水压机与液压学基础。" }, { "id": "blood_transfusion", "name": "输血术", "nameEn": "Blood transfusion", "wikiEn": "Blood transfusion", "aliases": [ "ABO血型", "ABO血型与输血", "Blood transfusion and ABO groups", "Landsteiner blood groups", "Lower transfusion", "动物输血", "输血" ], "year": 1665, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "blood_circulation", "glassmaking", "piston_pump" ], "related": [ "blood_bank", "heparin", "malpighi_capillaries", "mannesmann_piercing" ], "desc": "洛威尔完成动物间输血，1667年人类输血尝试开启输血史。" }, { "id": "hooke_cell", "name": "细胞的发现", "nameEn": "Cell (biology)", "wikiEn": "Cell (biology)", "aliases": [ "细胞", "显微图谱", "Micrographia" ], "year": 1665, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "microscope" ], "related": [ "leeuwenhoek_microscopy", "malpighi_capillaries" ], "desc": "胡克在《显微图谱》中观察木栓蜂窝小室并命名“细胞”。" }, { "id": "newton_generalized_binomial", "name": "牛顿广义二项式定理", "nameEn": "Binomial theorem", "wikiEn": "Binomial theorem", "aliases": [ "广义二项式定理", "牛顿二项式展开", "Generalized binomial theorem", "Binomial series" ], "year": 1665, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "symbolic_algebra" ], "related": [ "calculus", "taylor_series" ], "desc": "牛顿把二项式展开推广到任意指数，获得无穷级数工具，直接催生其流数术。" }, { "id": "scientific_journal", "name": "科学期刊", "nameEn": "Philosophical Transactions", "wikiEn": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society", "aliases": [ "哲学汇刊", "Phil Trans" ], "year": 1665, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "scientific_academies" ], "related": [ "newspaper", "peer_review" ], "desc": "《哲学汇刊》创刊，是最早持续出版、实行同行交流的科学期刊。" }, { "id": "calculus", "name": "微积分学", "nameEn": "Calculus", "wikiEn": "Calculus", "aliases": [ "微积分", "流数术" ], "year": 1666, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "analytic_geometry" ], "related": [ "newtonian_mechanics" ], "desc": "牛顿与莱布尼茨各自独立创立微积分，提供刻画运动变化的数学工具。" }, { "id": "building_code", "name": "建筑法规", "nameEn": "Building code", "wikiEn": "Building code", "aliases": [ "建筑条例", "营建法典" ], "year": 1667, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "伦敦大火后重建条例强制砖石结构与墙厚，为该制度里程碑；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "construction", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fired_brick", "planned_city", "surveying" ], "related": [ "law_code", "code_of_hammurabi", "metric_system" ], "desc": "以法定材料、厚度与间距约束民居防火，城市形态的底线。" }, { "id": "redi_biogenesis", "name": "雷迪生源实验", "nameEn": "Francesco Redi's experiment", "wikiEn": "Francesco Redi", "aliases": [ "腐肉生蛆实验", "自然发生说之辩" ], "year": 1668, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "microscope" ], "related": [ "leeuwenhoek_microscopy", "hooke_cell" ], "desc": "雷迪以纱布封口对照实验证明蛆来自蝇卵，质疑自然发生说。" }, { "id": "reflecting_telescope", "name": "反射望远镜", "nameEn": "Reflecting telescope", "wikiEn": "Reflecting telescope", "aliases": [ "牛顿望远镜", "牛顿反射镜" ], "year": 1668, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telescope" ], "related": [ "newtonian_mechanics" ], "desc": "牛顿以凹面金属反射镜作物镜，消除透镜色差并缩短镜身。" }, { "id": "phosphorus_isolation", "name": "磷的发现", "nameEn": "Phosphorus", "wikiEn": "Phosphorus", "aliases": [ "元素磷", "Brand's phosphorus" ], "year": 1669, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alchemy", "distillation" ], "related": [ "friction_match", "match", "superphosphate_fertilizer" ], "desc": "布兰德蒸馏尿液残渣得到会发光的元素磷，是首个被近代发现的元素。" }, { "id": "steno_stratigraphy", "name": "地层学原理", "nameEn": "Steno's stratigraphy", "wikiEn": "Nicolas Steno", "aliases": [ "斯丹诺", "地层层序律", "Steno" ], "year": 1669, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "scientific_method", "john_ray_taxonomy" ], "desc": "斯丹诺提出地层层序律与化石成因说，奠定近代地质科学基础。" }, { "id": "barrow_geometrical_lectures", "name": "巴罗几何讲义与切线积分关系", "nameEn": "Isaac Barrow", "wikiEn": "Isaac Barrow", "aliases": [ "巴罗定理", "几何讲义", "切线与面积互逆", "Barrow theorem", "Lectiones Geometricae" ], "year": 1670, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cavalieri_principle" ], "related": [ "fundamental_theorem_of_calculus", "calculus" ], "desc": "巴罗在《几何讲义》中以几何形式证明切线问题与求积问题互逆，直接启发牛顿。" }, { "id": "hollander_beater", "name": "荷兰式打浆机", "nameEn": "Hollander beater", "wikiEn": "Hollander beater", "aliases": [ "荷兰打浆辊", "Hollander" ], "year": 1670, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "papermaking" ], "related": [], "desc": "荷兰人发明槽内旋转辊刀打浆机，替代杵臼大幅提高造纸效率。" }, { "id": "reverberatory_furnace", "name": "反射炉", "nameEn": "Reverberatory furnace", "wikiEn": "Reverberatory furnace", "aliases": [ "焰射炉" ], "year": 1670, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cementation_process", "finery_forge" ], "desc": "火焰经炉顶反射加热炉料，使金属与燃料隔离，适用于炼铜熔铅。" }, { "id": "huygens_centrifugal_force", "name": "惠更斯《摆钟论》与离心力", "nameEn": "Horologium Oscillatorium", "wikiEn": "Horologium Oscillatorium", "aliases": [ "摆钟论", "离心力", "Centrifugal force", "惠更斯摆理论", "Horologium Oscillatorium" ], "year": 1673, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "galilean_kinematics", "huyghens_horologium", "marine_clock_early", "pendulum_clock" ], "related": [ "marine_clock_early", "newtonian_mechanics", "pendulum_clock" ], "desc": "惠更斯在《摆钟论》导出离心力公式与摆周期，精化经典力学。" }, { "id": "huyghens_horologium", "name": "惠更斯摆线与曲线研究", "nameEn": "Horologium Oscillatorium", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Cycloid", "Horologium Oscillatorium", "《摆钟论》", "悬链线研究", "摆线等时性", "渐屈线渐伸线" ], "year": 1673, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "analytic_geometry" ], "related": [ "calculus_of_variations", "huygens_centrifugal_force", "monge_surface_theory" ], "desc": "惠更斯在《摆钟论》中证明摆线等时性并建立渐屈线理论，推进平面曲线研究。" }, { "id": "marine_clock_early", "name": "航海钟雏形", "nameEn": "Early marine timekeeper", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Horologium Oscillatorium", "惠更斯航海钟", "海上摆钟" ], "year": 1673, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pendulum_clock" ], "related": [ "balance_spring", "huygens_centrifugal_force", "huyghens_horologium" ], "desc": "惠更斯以摆钟试航测定经度并著《摆钟论》，为航海钟之雏形。" }, { "id": "stepped_reckoner", "name": "莱布尼茨计算器", "nameEn": "Stepped reckoner", "wikiEn": "Leibniz wheel", "aliases": [ "阶梯轮计算器", "步进计算器" ], "year": 1673, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mechanical_calculator" ], "related": [], "desc": "莱布尼茨以阶梯轮实现乘除与开方运算，结构沿用至手摇计算机。" }, { "id": "lead_glass", "name": "铅晶玻璃", "nameEn": "Lead glass", "wikiEn": "Lead glass", "aliases": [ "雷文斯克罗夫特水晶玻璃", "Flint glass" ], "year": 1674, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cristallo_glass" ], "related": [ "plate_glass" ], "desc": "雷文斯克罗夫特在玻璃料中加氧化铅，制成高折光的铅晶玻璃。" }, { "id": "leeuwenhoek_microscopy", "name": "微生物学", "nameEn": "Leeuwenhoek's microscopy", "wikiEn": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek", "aliases": [ "列文虎克", "细菌与精子的发现" ], "year": 1674, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "microscope" ], "related": [ "hooke_cell", "malpighi_capillaries", "redi_biogenesis" ], "desc": "列文虎克以自制高倍单镜发现细菌、原生动物与精子，开创微生物学。" }, { "id": "balance_spring", "name": "游丝", "nameEn": "Balance spring", "wikiEn": "Balance spring", "aliases": [ "摆轮游丝", "Hairspring" ], "year": 1675, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pendulum_clock" ], "related": [ "pocket_watch", "hookes_law" ], "desc": "游丝与摆轮构成谐振调速器，使怀表日误差缩小到分钟级。" }, { "id": "fundamental_theorem_of_calculus", "name": "微积分基本定理", "nameEn": "Fundamental theorem of calculus", "wikiEn": "Fundamental theorem of calculus", "aliases": [ "牛顿-莱布尼茨公式", "微积分基本公式", "Newton–Leibniz formula", "FTC" ], "year": 1675, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "cavalieri_principle", "laplace_celestial_mechanics", "madhava_infinite_series", "riemann_integral" ], "desc": "牛顿、莱布尼茨揭示微分与积分互为逆运算，使微积分成为统一而强大的体系。" }, { "id": "newton_divided_differences", "name": "牛顿差商插值", "nameEn": "Divided differences", "wikiEn": "Divided differences", "aliases": [ "差商", "均差插值", "牛顿插值多项式", "Newton interpolation" ], "year": 1675, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lagrange_interpolation", "newton_cotes_formulas", "hermite_interpolation" ], "desc": "牛顿以逐阶差商构造插值多项式，增减节点可递推更新，是差分表方法的基础。" }, { "id": "petty_political_arithmetic", "name": "配第政治算术", "nameEn": "William Petty", "wikiEn": "William Petty", "aliases": [ "政治算术", "配第统计学", "Political Arithmetick", "政治算术学派" ], "year": 1676, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "graunt_life_table" ], "related": [ "quetelet_average_man" ], "desc": "配第主张以数字、重量与尺度分析社会，1690年成书，奠立统计实证传统。" }, { "id": "romer_speed_of_light", "name": "光速的测定", "nameEn": "Rømer's determination of the speed of light", "wikiEn": "Rømer's determination of the speed of light", "aliases": [ "罗默光速", "木卫食测光" ], "year": 1676, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telescope" ], "related": [], "desc": "罗默借木星卫星食的时间差首次定量测得光速，证明其传播有限。" }, { "id": "ceva_theorem", "name": "塞瓦定理", "nameEn": "Ceva's theorem", "wikiEn": "Ceva's theorem", "aliases": [ "切瓦定理", "塞瓦共点定理", "Ceva theorem", "Giovanni Ceva" ], "year": 1678, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "menelaus_theorem" ], "related": [ "projective_geometry", "geometry_deductive" ], "desc": "塞瓦给出三角形顶点到对边三线共点的充要条件，与梅涅劳斯定理互为对偶。" }, { "id": "leibniz_binary", "name": "莱布尼茨二进制", "nameEn": "Binary number", "wikiEn": "Binary number", "aliases": [ "二进制算术", "二元算术", "Leibniz binary system", "Binary arithmetic" ], "year": 1679, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "symbolic_algebra" ], "related": [ "boolean_algebra", "pingala_binary", "von_neumann_architecture" ], "desc": "莱布尼茨系统建立只用0与1的二进制四则运算，三百年后成为数字计算机的数制根基。" }, { "id": "steam_digester", "name": "蒸汽高压锅", "nameEn": "Steam digester", "wikiEn": "Steam digester", "aliases": [ "帕潘锅", "Pressure cooker", "蒸汽消化器" ], "year": 1679, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "vacuum_pump" ], "related": [ "papin_steam_piston", "steam_pump", "pascal_law" ], "desc": "帕潘制成密封蒸汽高压锅并首创安全阀，是蒸汽机与压力锅的共同先驱。" }, { "id": "greenhouse", "name": "温室", "nameEn": "Greenhouse", "wikiEn": "Greenhouse", "aliases": [ "Orangery", "玻璃温室" ], "year": 1680, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "17世纪荷兰与英国出现玻璃覆盖的暖房", "era": "renaissance", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "glassmaking", "lead_glass" ], "related": [ "vertical_farming", "hydroponics" ], "desc": "以透明覆盖物人工控温湿的促成栽培建筑。" }, { "id": "gunpowder_engine", "name": "火药活塞机", "nameEn": "Gunpowder engine", "wikiEn": "History of the steam engine", "aliases": [ "惠更斯火药机", "Huygens gunpowder engine" ], "year": 1680, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "papin_steam_piston", "vacuum_pump" ], "desc": "惠更斯以火药爆燃排气驱动活塞，是内燃机与蒸汽机探索的共同雏形。" }, { "id": "haiku", "name": "俳句", "nameEn": "Haiku", "wikiEn": "Haiku", "aliases": [ "俳谐", "发句" ], "year": 1680, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "松永贞德、芭蕉一系于十七世纪确立十七音格式", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "calligraphy" ], "related": [ "sonnet", "ink_wash_painting", "epic_poetry" ], "desc": "以十七音与季语截取瞬间意象的极简诗体，把留白当作主要表达手段。" }, { "id": "canal_du_midi", "name": "米迪运河", "nameEn": "Canal du Midi", "wikiEn": "Canal du Midi", "aliases": [ "双海运河", "朗格多克运河" ], "year": 1681, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "canal_lock" ], "related": [], "desc": "法国米迪运河竣工，以船闸、隧洞与水库连通大西洋与地中海。" }, { "id": "determinant", "name": "行列式", "nameEn": "Determinant", "wikiEn": "Determinant", "aliases": [ "行列式理论", "det" ], "year": 1683, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "关孝和1683年与莱布尼茨1693年前后各自独立提出；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algebraic_equation" ], "related": [ "cramers_rule", "gaussian_elimination", "cayley_matrix_algebra", "rank_nullity_theorem" ], "desc": "由方阵算出的标量，判线性方程组可否唯一求解与体积是否退化，贯穿力学与量子理论。" }, { "id": "museum", "name": "博物馆", "nameEn": "Museum", "wikiEn": "Museum", "aliases": [ "博物院", "公共收藏机构" ], "year": 1683, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以牛津阿什莫林博物馆对公众开放为最早公共博物馆；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "library" ], "related": [ "illuminated_manuscript", "bookbinding" ], "desc": "以公开方式收藏、编目并陈列人造物的机构，把观看变成受教育制度。" }, { "id": "leibniz_differential_notation", "name": "莱布尼茨微分记号体系", "nameEn": "Leibniz's notation", "wikiEn": "Leibniz's notation", "aliases": [ "dx记号", "dy/dx", "莱布尼茨符号", "Leibniz notation", "长s积分号" ], "year": 1684, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "fundamental_theorem_of_calculus", "lagrange_multipliers" ], "desc": "莱布尼茨在《新方法》中发表dx、dy与积分号体系，规则化链式法则，沿用至今。" }, { "id": "newton_iterative_method", "name": "牛顿迭代法", "nameEn": "Newton's method", "wikiEn": "Newton's method", "aliases": [ "牛顿-拉夫逊法", "切线法", "Newton–Raphson method", "Newton iteration" ], "year": 1685, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "newton_generalized_binomial", "karatsuba_multiplication" ], "desc": "以切线反复逼近方程根的二次收敛迭代法，是科学计算中最经典的数值方法之一。" }, { "id": "normal_school", "name": "师范学校", "nameEn": "Normal school", "wikiEn": "Normal school", "aliases": [ "师资训练所", "师范学堂" ], "year": 1685, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "德·拉·萨尔在巴黎创办首批师资训练机构", "era": "renaissance", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "compulsory_education" ], "related": [ "vocational_education", "engineering_education" ], "desc": "专门训练教师并统一教法，使义务教育得以成批获得合格师资。" }, { "id": "john_ray_taxonomy", "name": "物种自然分类", "nameEn": "John Ray's taxonomy", "wikiEn": "John Ray", "aliases": [ "约翰·雷", "植物史分类" ], "year": 1686, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "botanical_garden" ], "related": [ "steno_stratigraphy", "leeuwenhoek_microscopy" ], "desc": "约翰·雷以形态结构定义物种并建立自然分类体系，影响林奈。" }, { "id": "inverse_square_gravity", "name": "万有引力定律", "nameEn": "Newton's law of universal gravitation", "wikiEn": "Newton's law of universal gravitation", "aliases": [ "万有引力", "引力定律", "Universal gravitation", "平方反比引力" ], "year": 1687, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "keplers_laws", "newtonian_mechanics" ], "related": [ "galilean_kinematics" ], "desc": "牛顿给出万有引力平方反比定律，统一天体与地面运动。" }, { "id": "newton_cotes_formulas", "name": "牛顿-科茨公式", "nameEn": "Newton–Cotes formulas", "wikiEn": "Newton–Cotes formulas", "aliases": [ "牛顿科茨公式", "科茨公式", "等距节点求积", "Newton-Cotes" ], "year": 1687, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "newton_divided_differences" ], "related": [ "trapezoidal_rule", "simpson_rule", "gaussian_quadrature" ], "desc": "等距节点上以插值多项式导出的求积公式族，梯形与辛普森法则皆为其低阶成员。" }, { "id": "newtonian_mechanics", "name": "牛顿力学", "nameEn": "Newtonian mechanics", "wikiEn": "Principia Mathematica", "aliases": [ "经典力学", "自然哲学的数学原理", "万有引力" ], "year": 1687, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "keplers_laws", "galilean_kinematics", "calculus" ], "related": [ "reflecting_telescope" ], "desc": "牛顿《原理》确立运动三定律与万有引力，统一天上与地面力学。" }, { "id": "lloyds_marine_market", "name": "劳合社承保市场", "nameEn": "Lloyd's of London", "wikiEn": "Lloyd's of London", "aliases": [ "劳合社", "承保人社群" ], "year": 1688, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "爱德华·劳埃德咖啡馆约1688年成为承保人聚集地，1760年代成正式社团", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "insurance", "reinsurance" ], "related": [ "stock_exchange", "container_shipping", "actuarial_science" ], "desc": "咖啡馆里多名承保人各签份额，海上保险按风险细分定价。" }, { "id": "plate_glass", "name": "平板玻璃", "nameEn": "Plate glass", "wikiEn": "Plate glass", "aliases": [ "浇铸玻璃板", "Saint-Gobain glass" ], "year": 1688, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cristallo_glass" ], "related": [ "lead_glass" ], "desc": "法国以浇铸碾平法造出大尺寸平整玻璃板，催生现代镜廊建筑。" }, { "id": "papin_steam_piston", "name": "活塞蒸汽机雏形", "nameEn": "Papin's steam piston engine", "wikiEn": "Denis Papin", "aliases": [ "帕潘蒸汽机", "蒸汽活塞" ], "year": 1690, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_digester" ], "related": [ "steam_pump", "gunpowder_engine" ], "desc": "帕潘设计以蒸汽冷凝形成真空推动活塞做功，首将热能转为机械运动。" }, { "id": "stereotype_printing", "name": "铅版印刷", "nameEn": "Stereotype printing", "wikiEn": "Stereotype (printing)", "aliases": [ "纸型浇版", "铅版", "Stereoplate" ], "year": 1690, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "type_metal" ], "desc": "德国出现以湿纸型翻铸整页铅版的工艺，便于保存版型与反复重印。" }, { "id": "wave_theory_light", "name": "光的波动说", "nameEn": "Huygens wave theory", "wikiEn": "Treatise on Light", "aliases": [ "惠更斯原理", "光论" ], "year": 1690, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "snells_law" ], "related": [ "reflecting_telescope" ], "desc": "惠更斯在《光论》中提出光的波动学说与子波传播原理。" }, { "id": "public_debt_system", "name": "公共国债制度", "nameEn": "Public Debt System", "wikiEn": "Public debt", "aliases": [ "国债", "议会担保债务" ], "year": 1693, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英格兰以议会信用长期借款始于1690年代，取1693", "era": "renaissance", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "joint_stock_company", "tax_farming", "double_entry_bookkeeping", "paper_mill" ], "related": [ "bank_of_england", "gold_standard", "taxation_system" ], "desc": "由议会以指定税入担保可转让的长期借款，使国家第一次能按市场利率预支未来税收。" }, { "id": "bank_of_england", "name": "英格兰银行", "nameEn": "Bank of England", "wikiEn": "Bank of England", "aliases": [ "央行雏形", "英格兰银行特许" ], "year": 1694, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1694 年特许设立，为政府募债并发行银行券", "era": "renaissance", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bank" ], "related": [ "gold_standard", "fiat_money" ], "desc": "把私人募债银行变成政府账户与发券中心，为中央银行制度提供模板。" }, { "id": "bernoulli_differential_equation", "name": "伯努利微分方程", "nameEn": "Bernoulli differential equation", "wikiEn": "Bernoulli differential equation", "aliases": [ "伯努利方程", "y'+P(x)y=Q(x)y^n", "Bernoulli equation" ], "year": 1695, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "leibniz_differential_notation", "variation_of_parameters" ], "desc": "雅各布·伯努利提出非线性方程并悬赏，莱布尼茨以变量代换化为线性方程求解。" }, { "id": "lhopital_rule", "name": "洛必达法则与首部微积分教材", "nameEn": "L'Hôpital's rule", "wikiEn": "L'Hôpital's rule", "aliases": [ "洛必达法则", "无穷小分析", "伯努利法则", "Analyse des infiniment petits" ], "year": 1696, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "renaissance", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "leibniz_differential_notation" ], "related": [ "calculus", "taylor_series" ], "desc": "洛必达出版首部微积分教材并给出未定式求极限法则，使新分析在欧洲迅速传播。" }, { "id": "fairy_tale", "name": "童话故事", "nameEn": "Fairy tale", "wikiEn": "Fairy tale", "aliases": [ "民间故事", "传说故事" ], "year": 1697, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "贝洛《鹅妈妈故事集》1697 年刊行，使口头故事成文体裁；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "renaissance", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "epic_poetry", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "sonnet", "puppet_theatre", "comic_book" ], "desc": "把口头民间传说改写为固定文本的儿童叙事体裁，成为后世故事产业的素材库。" }, { "id": "steam_pump", "name": "萨弗里蒸汽泵", "nameEn": "Savery steam pump", "wikiEn": "Thomas Savery", "aliases": [ "矿工之友", "蒸汽抽水机", "Savery engine" ], "year": 1698, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "renaissance", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "vacuum_pump", "papin_steam_piston" ], "related": [ "steam_engine", "steam_digester" ], "desc": "萨弗里取得矿山抽水蒸汽泵专利，是首台投入实用的蒸汽动力装置。" }, { "id": "piano", "name": "钢琴", "nameEn": "Piano", "wikiEn": "Piano", "aliases": [ "击弦键盘乐器", "pianoforte" ], "year": 1700, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "克里斯托菲里制得首批可强弱变化的击弦键盘琴", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "equal_temperament" ], "related": [ "violin", "music_box", "synthesizer" ], "desc": "以键盘驱动击弦并能控制强弱的乐器，成为近代作曲与家庭音乐的中枢。" }, { "id": "ramazzini_occupational", "name": "职业病学", "nameEn": "Occupational medicine", "wikiEn": "Bernardino Ramazzini", "aliases": [ "拉马齐尼", "论工匠的疾病" ], "year": 1700, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "paracelsus_iatrochemistry" ], "related": [ "de_re_metallica", "john_snow_epidemiology", "mining" ], "desc": "拉马齐尼系统论述五十二种工匠职业病，被誉为职业医学之父。" }, { "id": "tull_seed_drill", "name": "机械条播机", "nameEn": "Tull seed drill", "wikiEn": "Jethro Tull (agriculturist)", "aliases": [ "杰思罗·塔尔播种机" ], "year": 1701, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "seed_drill" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "threshing_machine" ], "desc": "塔尔马耕条播机使播种定量成行，除草间苗皆省力。" }, { "id": "halley_comet_prediction", "name": "哈雷彗星周期预言", "nameEn": "Halley's comet periodicity", "wikiEn": "Halley's Comet", "aliases": [ "哈雷彗星", "彗星周期", "1758年彗星回归", "Halley prediction" ], "year": 1705, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "newtonian_mechanics" ], "related": [ "keplers_laws", "oort_cloud" ], "desc": "哈雷运用牛顿力学预言1682年彗星将于1758年回归。" }, { "id": "leibniz_alternating_series_test", "name": "莱布尼茨交错级数判别法", "nameEn": "Alternating series test", "wikiEn": "Alternating series test", "aliases": [ "交错级数判别", "莱布尼茨判别法", "Leibniz test", "Alternating series criterion" ], "year": 1705, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "oresme_harmonic_series" ], "related": [ "madhava_infinite_series", "ratio_test" ], "desc": "莱布尼茨给出交错级数通项递减趋零则收敛的判别法，并用于π/4级数。" }, { "id": "newtons_inequalities", "name": "牛顿不等式", "nameEn": "Newton's inequalities", "wikiEn": "Newton's inequalities", "aliases": [ "牛顿均值不等式", "牛顿对称均值不等式", "Newton inequalities" ], "year": 1707, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "maclaurins_inequality" ], "desc": "牛顿给出实根多项式初等对称均值序列对数凹性的不等式，载于《广义算术》。" }, { "id": "coke_smelting", "name": "焦炭炼铁", "nameEn": "Coke smelting", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Abraham Darby I", "Coke (fuel)", "Darby coke smelting", "焦炭冶炼" ], "year": 1709, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "blast_furnace", "coke_fuel" ], "related": [ "puddling_process", "iron_bridge" ], "desc": "达比以焦炭代替木炭冶炼生铁，开启廉价冶铁时代。" }, { "id": "arbuthnot_sign_test", "name": "阿巴思诺特符号检验", "nameEn": "Sign test", "wikiEn": "Sign test", "aliases": [ "符号检验", "正负号检验", "男女出生比例检验", "Arbuthnot test" ], "year": 1710, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "graunt_life_table" ], "desc": "阿巴思诺特用出生性别符号数据论证神意，留下最早的显著性检验记录。" }, { "id": "bidet", "name": "坐浴盆", "nameEn": "Bidet", "wikiEn": "Bidet", "aliases": [], "year": 1710, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1710年法国家具清单首见；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "toilet" ], "related": [ "flush_toilet" ], "desc": "如厕后以清水洗身的低盆，南欧卫浴标配，省纸且清洁更彻底。" }, { "id": "copyright", "name": "版权制度", "nameEn": "Copyright", "wikiEn": "Copyright", "aliases": [ "安娜法令", "出版权" ], "year": 1710, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英国《安娜法令》首次以成文法保护作者；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "encyclopedia" ], "desc": "给作品设定期限的专有复制权，把写作与出版变成可交易的职业。" }, { "id": "newcomen_engine", "name": "纽科门蒸汽机", "nameEn": "Newcomen atmospheric engine", "wikiEn": "Newcomen atmospheric engine", "aliases": [ "Atmospheric engine", "大气式蒸汽机", "Newcomen engine" ], "year": 1712, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "steam_engine", "watt_separate_condenser" ], "desc": "纽科门发明的大气式蒸汽机，首台商用抽水动力机。" }, { "id": "bernoulli_law_large_numbers", "name": "伯努利大数定律", "nameEn": "Law of large numbers", "wikiEn": "Law of large numbers", "aliases": [ "大数定律", "大数法则", "伯努利定理", "Bernoulli's theorem", "LLN" ], "year": 1713, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "census_system", "central_limit_theorem", "demoivre_normal_curve" ], "desc": "雅各布·伯努利遗著证明频率随试验次数收敛于概率，为数理统计奠定理论基石。" }, { "id": "taylor_series", "name": "泰勒级数", "nameEn": "Taylor series", "wikiEn": "Taylor series", "aliases": [ "泰勒展开", "泰勒公式", "Taylor expansion", "Taylor's theorem" ], "year": 1715, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "eulers_identity", "madhava_infinite_series", "newton_generalized_binomial", "pendulum_clock" ], "desc": "泰勒给出将光滑函数在一点展开为幂级数的一般公式，成为分析学与数值计算的核心工具。" }, { "id": "vocational_education", "name": "职业教育", "nameEn": "Vocational education", "wikiEn": "Vocational education", "aliases": [ "实业教育", "技艺学校" ], "year": 1717, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "普鲁士总规约把工艺训练纳入国家学校体系", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "apprenticeship", "compulsory_education" ], "related": [ "normal_school", "engineering_education" ], "desc": "把工场所需技艺搬进学校课程，为工业化供应成建制的熟练技工。" }, { "id": "demoivre_doctrine_chances", "name": "棣莫弗《机遇论》", "nameEn": "The Doctrine of Chances", "wikiEn": "The Doctrine of Chances", "aliases": [ "《机遇论》", "条件概率", "全概率公式", "乘法公式", "Doctrine of Chances" ], "year": 1718, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "huygens_de_ratiociniis", "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "demoivre_normal_curve", "laplace_classical_probability" ], "desc": "首部英文概率教科书，系统给出条件概率、乘法公式与全概率公式。" }, { "id": "inclusion_exclusion_principle", "name": "容斥原理", "nameEn": "Inclusion–exclusion principle", "wikiEn": "Inclusion–exclusion principle", "aliases": [ "容斥原理", "排容原理", "交叉淘汰原理", "PIE原则" ], "year": 1718, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "demoivre_doctrine_chances" ], "desc": "以加减交叠计数求并集概率，是组合计数与事件概率的基本工具。" }, { "id": "silk_throwing_mill", "name": "水力捻丝机", "nameEn": "Lombe's Mill", "wikiEn": "Lombe's Mill", "aliases": [ "Derby Silk Mill", "隆贝丝厂", "水力缫丝厂" ], "year": 1721, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "water_frame" ], "desc": "德比水力捻丝厂，英国最早高度机械化的工厂之一。" }, { "id": "demoivre_formula", "name": "棣莫弗公式", "nameEn": "De Moivre's formula", "wikiEn": "De Moivre's formula", "aliases": [ "棣莫弗定理", "复数乘幂公式", "De Moivre's theorem", "(cosθ+isinθ)^n" ], "year": 1722, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cardano_imaginary_numbers" ], "related": [ "alternating_current", "demoivre_normal_curve", "eulers_identity" ], "desc": "棣莫弗建立复数乘幂与三角倍角的关系，成为复变函数与三角计算的桥梁。" }, { "id": "maclaurins_inequality", "name": "麦克劳林不等式", "nameEn": "Maclaurin's inequality", "wikiEn": "Maclaurin's inequality", "aliases": [ "麦克劳林均值不等式", "麦克劳林链不等式", "Maclaurin inequality" ], "year": 1727, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "newtons_inequalities" ], "desc": "麦克劳林加强算术-几何均值不等式，给出各阶初等对称均值的递降链。" }, { "id": "normal_mode", "name": "简正模", "nameEn": "Normal mode", "wikiEn": "Normal mode", "aliases": [ "简正模式", "正规模", "简正振动", "Normal modes" ], "year": 1727, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "newtonian_mechanics", "sturm_liouville_theory" ], "desc": "耦合振动系统整体作同频简谐振动的特征方式，是特征值问题的物理起源。" }, { "id": "bradley_aberration", "name": "光行差发现", "nameEn": "Aberration of light", "wikiEn": "Aberration (astronomy)", "aliases": [ "布拉德雷光行差", "恒星光行差", "Bradley aberration", "光行差常数" ], "year": 1728, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "newtonian_mechanics" ], "related": [ "tycho_observations" ], "desc": "布拉德雷发现光行差，首次实测证实地球公转。" }, { "id": "geodesic_theory", "name": "测地线研究", "nameEn": "Geodesic", "wikiEn": "Geodesic", "aliases": [ "短程线", "大地线", "最速路径", "Geodesics" ], "year": 1728, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "analytic_geometry" ], "related": [ "calculus_of_variations", "general_relativity", "jacobi_field", "riemann_geometry" ], "desc": "欧拉以变分法求曲面上两点最短路径方程，后成黎曼几何核心概念与广义相对论基础。" }, { "id": "gamma_function", "name": "欧拉伽马函数", "nameEn": "Gamma function", "wikiEn": "Gamma function", "aliases": [ "Γ函数", "伽玛函数", "阶乘的延拓", "Euler gamma", "Euler integral of second kind" ], "year": 1729, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra", "maxwell_velocity_distribution", "riemann_integral" ], "desc": "欧拉以插值问题定义Γ函数，把阶乘延拓到实数与复数，贯穿分析与数论。" }, { "id": "couch", "name": "软垫沙发", "nameEn": "Couch", "wikiEn": "Couch", "aliases": [ "Sofa" ], "year": 1730, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "18世纪初进入英国宅邸", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "chair" ], "related": [ "table_furniture", "wardrobe" ], "desc": "带软包扶手的多人坐具，重排客厅格局，兼供小憩与待客。" }, { "id": "norfolk_crop_rotation", "name": "四圃轮作制", "nameEn": "Norfolk four-course system", "wikiEn": "Norfolk four-course system", "aliases": [ "Turnip Townshend rotation", "诺福克轮作" ], "year": 1730, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [ "selective_breeding_bakewell", "seed_drill" ], "desc": "芜菁—大麦—三叶草—小麦四区轮作，恢复地力并增产饲料。" }, { "id": "stirling_approximation", "name": "斯特林公式", "nameEn": "Stirling's approximation", "wikiEn": "Stirling's approximation", "aliases": [ "斯特林近似", "阶乘渐近式", "Stirling's formula", "斯特林渐近" ], "year": 1730, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "demoivre_normal_curve", "central_limit_theorem" ], "desc": "给出大数阶乘的精确渐近式，棣莫弗借此率先导出正态逼近。" }, { "id": "magazine", "name": "期刊杂志", "nameEn": "Magazine", "wikiEn": "Magazine", "aliases": [ "杂志", "定期刊物", "periodical" ], "year": 1731, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "《绅士杂志》1731年伦敦创刊，首用 magazine 称定期综合刊物；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing", "newspaper" ], "related": [ "desktop_publishing", "news_agency", "scientific_journal" ], "desc": "定期汇编多位作者文章的印刷刊物，十八世纪起培育出市民读者群与广告市场。" }, { "id": "sextant", "name": "六分仪", "nameEn": "Sextant", "wikiEn": "Sextant", "aliases": [ "Hadley octant", "反射式象限仪" ], "year": 1731, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "marine_chronometer", "fresnel_lens" ], "desc": "哈德莱发明的反射测角导航仪，可在颠簸甲板测纬度。" }, { "id": "demoivre_normal_curve", "name": "棣莫弗正态曲线", "nameEn": "Abraham de Moivre", "wikiEn": "Abraham de Moivre", "aliases": [ "棣莫弗-拉普拉斯定理", "钟形曲线雏形", "De Moivre normal curve", "De Moivre–Laplace theorem" ], "year": 1733, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "gauss_normal_error_theory", "bernoulli_law_large_numbers" ], "desc": "棣莫弗在二项分布近似中首次导出正态曲线，后由拉普拉斯、高斯发展为误差定律。" }, { "id": "flying_shuttle", "name": "飞梭", "nameEn": "Flying shuttle", "wikiEn": "Flying shuttle", "aliases": [ "John Kay flying shuttle", "凯伊飞梭" ], "year": 1733, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "power_loom", "spinning_jenny" ], "desc": "约翰·凯伊发明，织工单手即可快速投梭，织布效率倍增。" }, { "id": "clairaut_equation", "name": "克莱罗方程", "nameEn": "Clairaut's equation", "wikiEn": "Clairaut's equation", "aliases": [ "克莱罗微分方程", "奇解与包络", "Clairaut differential equation" ], "year": 1734, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bernoulli_differential_equation" ], "related": [ "calculus_of_variations", "lagrange_multipliers" ], "desc": "克莱罗研究y=xp+f(p)型方程，揭示通解之外尚有包络奇解。" }, { "id": "basel_problem", "name": "巴塞尔问题", "nameEn": "Basel problem", "wikiEn": "Basel problem", "aliases": [ "平方倒数和", "ζ(2)=π²/6", "Basel problem", "欧拉级数和" ], "year": 1735, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "leibniz_alternating_series_test" ], "related": [ "euler_maclaurin_formula", "euler_product_zeta", "stefan_boltzmann_law" ], "desc": "欧拉求出自然数平方倒数和为π²/6，解决巴塞尔难题，开辟ζ函数研究。" }, { "id": "euler_maclaurin_formula", "name": "欧拉-麦克劳林求和公式", "nameEn": "Euler–Maclaurin formula", "wikiEn": "Euler–Maclaurin formula", "aliases": [ "欧拉麦克劳林公式", "求和与积分转换", "Euler-Maclaurin summation", "伯努利数" ], "year": 1735, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "basel_problem", "taylor_series" ], "desc": "欧拉与麦克劳林独立给出离散求和与积分加导数修正项的公式，是渐近分析起点。" }, { "id": "hadley_cell", "name": "哈得来环流", "nameEn": "Hadley cell", "wikiEn": "Hadley cell", "aliases": [ "热带环流圈", "信风环流" ], "year": 1735, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "哈雷1735年解释信风成因", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "newtonian_mechanics" ], "related": [ "coriolis_force", "jet_stream", "sail" ], "desc": "热带受热上升、高空回流的经向环流，塑造信风与沙漠带。" }, { "id": "linnaean_taxonomy", "name": "林奈双名命名法", "nameEn": "Linnaean taxonomy", "wikiEn": "Linnaean taxonomy", "aliases": [ "双名法", "林奈分类体系", "Binomial nomenclature", "属种命名法" ], "year": 1735, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "microscope", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "greenhouse", "plant_breeding", "theophrastus_botany" ], "desc": "以属名加种名统一生物命名，建立界纲目科属种层级体系。" }, { "id": "baby_stroller", "name": "婴儿推车", "nameEn": "Stroller", "wikiEn": "Stroller", "aliases": [ "Baby carriage", "Pram" ], "year": 1736, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "肯特为监护婴儿设计手拉车；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "wheel_axle", "cradle" ], "related": [ "bedding" ], "desc": "带篷座椅装上轮子，照护者推车即可带婴出门散心，解放怀抱。" }, { "id": "euler_curve_curvature", "name": "平面曲线曲率理论", "nameEn": "Curvature", "wikiEn": "Curvature", "aliases": [ "曲线曲率", "曲率半径", "挠率", "Euler curvature", "Curvature of curves" ], "year": 1736, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "principal_curvature", "riemann_curvature_tensor", "four_vertex_theorem" ], "desc": "欧拉与克莱罗建立平面曲线曲率、曲率半径及空间曲线挠率的解析刻画。" }, { "id": "seven_bridges_graph_theory", "name": "哥尼斯堡七桥问题", "nameEn": "Seven Bridges of Königsberg", "wikiEn": "Seven Bridges of Königsberg", "aliases": [ "七桥问题", "图论起源", "Seven bridges problem", "Birth of graph theory" ], "year": 1736, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "dijkstra_algorithm", "eulers_identity", "poincare_topology", "subway" ], "desc": "欧拉抽象为点与边证明七桥不可一次遍历，开创图论，并预示拓扑学只重连接关系。" }, { "id": "euler_product_zeta", "name": "欧拉ζ函数乘积公式", "nameEn": "Euler product", "wikiEn": "Euler product", "aliases": [ "欧拉乘积", "ζ函数乘积", "素数与ζ函数", "Euler product formula" ], "year": 1737, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "basel_problem" ], "related": [ "cantor_set_theory" ], "desc": "欧拉将ζ函数表为遍历素数的无穷乘积，首次把解析级数与素数分布直接相连。" }, { "id": "bernoulli_principle", "name": "伯努利原理", "nameEn": "Bernoulli's principle", "wikiEn": "Bernoulli's principle", "aliases": [ "伯努利定律" ], "year": 1738, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "丹尼尔·伯努利《流体学》出版年；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "galilean_kinematics" ], "related": [ "airplane", "boundary_layer_theory", "euler_fluid_equations" ], "desc": "流速越大压强越小，机翼升力与流量计的原理依据。" }, { "id": "daniel_bernoulli_expected_utility", "name": "丹尼尔·伯努利期望效用", "nameEn": "Expected utility hypothesis", "wikiEn": "Expected utility hypothesis", "aliases": [ "期望效用理论", "边际效用递减", "伯努利对数效用", "Expected utility theory" ], "year": 1738, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "st_petersburg_paradox" ], "related": [ "kelly_criterion" ], "desc": "以对数效用与边际递减化解圣彼得堡悖论，首将主观效用引入风险决策。" }, { "id": "st_petersburg_paradox", "name": "圣彼得堡悖论", "nameEn": "St. Petersburg paradox", "wikiEn": "St. Petersburg paradox", "aliases": [ "圣彼得堡悖论", "彼得堡悖论", "St Petersburg paradox", "数学期望悖论" ], "year": 1738, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "huygens_de_ratiociniis" ], "related": [ "bernoulli_law_large_numbers", "daniel_bernoulli_expected_utility", "keynes_general_theory" ], "desc": "期望收益无穷大却无人愿出高价博弈，暴露数学期望与决策价值的矛盾。" }, { "id": "euler_constant_coefficient_ode", "name": "常系数线性常微分方程理论", "nameEn": "Linear differential equation", "wikiEn": "Linear differential equation", "aliases": [ "常系数线性方程", "特征方程法", "欧拉微分方程理论", "Characteristic equation" ], "year": 1739, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bernoulli_differential_equation" ], "related": [ "eulers_identity", "sturm_liouville_theory" ], "desc": "欧拉以特征方程根的指数解系统处理常系数线性方程，奠定振动与电路求解基础。" }, { "id": "crucible_steel", "name": "坩埚钢", "nameEn": "Crucible steel", "wikiEn": "Crucible steel", "aliases": [ "Huntsman crucible steel", "亨茨曼炼钢" ], "year": 1740, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "coke_smelting" ], "desc": "亨茨曼在坩埚中熔炼钢料，谢菲尔德优质工具钢之始。" }, { "id": "history_of_boxing", "name": "拳击竞技", "nameEn": "History of boxing", "wikiEn": "History of boxing", "aliases": [ "现代拳击", "Prize fighting" ], "year": 1743, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1743 年《汤姆·丁顿会规》首次成文约束擂台；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ancient_olympic_games", "modern_olympic_games", "team_sport" ], "desc": "以手套、回合与称重规则约束的徒手对抗竞技，由赌斗表演变为分级运动。" }, { "id": "simpson_rule", "name": "辛普森法则", "nameEn": "Simpson's rule", "wikiEn": "Simpson's rule", "aliases": [ "辛普森积分", "辛普森公式", "抛物线公式", "Kepler formula" ], "year": 1743, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "newton_cotes_formulas" ], "related": [ "gaussian_quadrature", "romberg_integration" ], "desc": "以二次抛物线逼近曲线的数值积分法，辛普森1743年发表，开普勒更早用于酒桶体积。" }, { "id": "calculus_of_variations", "name": "变分法", "nameEn": "Calculus of variations", "wikiEn": "Calculus of variations", "aliases": [ "变分学", "最速降线问题", "欧拉方程", "Brachistochrone", "Euler–Lagrange equation" ], "year": 1744, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus", "fermat_principle_least_time" ], "related": [ "lagrange_multipliers", "eulers_identity" ], "desc": "欧拉《求曲线的方法》与拉格朗日方程系统化最速降线以来的泛函极值理论。" }, { "id": "lead_chamber_process", "name": "铅室法制硫酸", "nameEn": "Lead chamber process", "wikiEn": "Lead chamber process", "aliases": [ "Roebuck lead chamber", "铅室法" ], "year": 1746, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "leblanc_process" ], "desc": "罗巴克铅室法量产硫酸，奠基近代重化工。" }, { "id": "corps_des_ponts", "name": "桥梁公路工程师团", "nameEn": "Corps des Ponts et Chaussées", "wikiEn": "Corps des Ponts et Chaussées", "aliases": [ "法国路桥总署", "公共工程官团" ], "year": 1747, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1747年设校并纳入国家工程师序列；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "canal", "roman_roads", "grand_canal" ], "related": [ "engineering_education", "public_water_supply", "sewage_treatment", "aqueduct" ], "desc": "国家供养经考试任用的职业工程师统管道路桥闸，公共工程改按图纸与预算而非包工验收。" }, { "id": "dalembert_wave_equation", "name": "达朗贝尔弦振动方程", "nameEn": "Wave equation", "wikiEn": "Wave equation", "aliases": [ "波动方程", "弦振动方程", "达朗贝尔解", "d'Alembert wave solution", "行波解" ], "year": 1747, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "fourier_analysis", "laplace_equation", "partial_differential_equation", "telegraph_equation" ], "desc": "达朗贝尔建立一维波动方程并给出行波解，开启偏微分方程与数学物理研究。" }, { "id": "engineering_education", "name": "工程教育", "nameEn": "Engineering education", "wikiEn": "Engineering education", "aliases": [ "工科教育", "工程技术学校" ], "year": 1747, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以巴黎路桥学校等首批工程学校为起点；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "vocational_education" ], "related": [ "technical_drawing", "civil_service" ], "desc": "用数学与画法几何系统培养工程师，使技术从作坊经验转为可教课程。" }, { "id": "euclid_euler_theorem", "name": "欧几里得-欧拉定理", "nameEn": "Euclid–Euler theorem", "wikiEn": "Euclid–Euler theorem", "aliases": [ "偶完全数定理", "完全数定理", "欧几里得欧拉定理", "Euclid-Euler theorem" ], "year": 1747, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "divisor" ], "related": [ "formula_for_primes" ], "desc": "偶完全数恰为2的幂乘梅森素数之形，欧几里得证充分性、欧拉证必要性。" }, { "id": "carding_machine", "name": "梳棉机", "nameEn": "Carding machine", "wikiEn": "Carding", "aliases": [ "Carding engine", "Paul carding machine" ], "year": 1748, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "spinning_jenny", "water_frame" ], "desc": "刘易斯·保罗等发明的机械梳理机，棉花纺纱前置工序。" }, { "id": "eulers_identity", "name": "欧拉公式", "nameEn": "Euler's identity", "wikiEn": "Euler's identity", "aliases": [ "欧拉恒等式", "e的iπ次方", "Euler's formula", "Euler identity" ], "year": 1748, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "hamilton_quaternions", "riemann_geometry", "schrodinger_equation", "taylor_series" ], "desc": "e^(iπ)+1=0熔0、1、e、i、π于一式，被誉为最美的数学公式。" }, { "id": "integer_partition", "name": "整数分拆", "nameEn": "Integer partition", "wikiEn": "Integer partition", "aliases": [ "整数分割", "分拆函数", "整数分拆数", "Partition function" ], "year": 1748, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "euler_product_zeta", "young_tableau" ], "desc": "将正整数表为若干正整数之和的方式数，欧拉生成函数开启分拆理论。" }, { "id": "real_valued_function", "name": "实值函数", "nameEn": "Real-valued function", "wikiEn": "Real-valued function", "aliases": [ "实函数", "数值函数", "实数函数", "Real function" ], "year": 1748, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "riemann_integral" ], "desc": "取值为实数的函数，欧拉时代成为分析学的标准研究对象。" }, { "id": "separation_of_powers", "name": "三权分立", "nameEn": "Separation of powers", "wikiEn": "Separation of powers", "aliases": [ "权力制衡", "trias politica" ], "year": 1748, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "孟德斯鸠《论法的精神》系统阐述；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "roman_republic", "censorate" ], "related": [ "constitution_written", "civil_service", "universal_suffrage" ], "desc": "把立法、行政、司法分由不同机关执掌并互相制约，防止权力集中滥用。" }, { "id": "buffon_natural_history", "name": "布丰自然史", "nameEn": "Histoire Naturelle", "wikiEn": "Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon", "aliases": [ "自然史", "布丰退化观", "Buffon", "物种退化说" ], "year": 1749, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lamarckism", "linnaean_taxonomy", "pliny_natural_history" ], "desc": "提出物种可变与退化观，影响拉马克与达尔文的演化思想。" }, { "id": "cramers_rule", "name": "克莱姆法则", "nameEn": "Cramer's rule", "wikiEn": "Cramer's rule", "aliases": [ "克拉默法则", "行列式解法", "克莱姆规则", "Cramer rule" ], "year": 1750, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "augmented_matrix", "cauchy_binet_formula", "cayley_matrix_algebra", "kirchhoff_circuit_laws" ], "desc": "用行列式比值求解线性方程组的法则，克莱姆1750年发表。" }, { "id": "euler_bernoulli_beam_theory", "name": "梁弯曲理论", "nameEn": "Euler–Bernoulli beam theory", "wikiEn": "Euler–Bernoulli beam theory", "aliases": [ "欧拉梁理论", "经典梁理论" ], "year": 1750, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "欧拉与伯努利家族 18 世纪中叶建立梁弯曲理论，取年代中值", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus", "calculus_of_variations", "newtonian_mechanics" ], "related": [ "youngs_modulus", "linear_elasticity_math", "truss", "archimedes_statics" ], "desc": "把梁视为细长线元，用曲率与弯矩关系算挠度和承载。" }, { "id": "euler_polyhedron_formula", "name": "欧拉多面体公式", "nameEn": "Euler characteristic", "wikiEn": "Euler characteristic", "aliases": [ "欧拉示性数", "V-E+F", "欧拉多面体定理", "Euler's polyhedron formula" ], "year": 1750, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "platonic_solids" ], "related": [ "betti_numbers", "homology_theory", "seven_bridges_graph_theory", "truss" ], "desc": "欧拉发现凸多面体顶点数减棱数加面数恒为二，首个拓扑不变量，催生拓扑学。" }, { "id": "partial_differential_equation", "name": "偏微分方程", "nameEn": "Partial differential equation", "wikiEn": "Partial differential equation", "aliases": [ "PDE", "偏微分方程理论" ], "year": 1750, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以达朗贝尔1747年波动方程解为开端，欧拉与丹尼尔·伯努利续其发展", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "dalembert_wave_equation", "heat_equation", "laplace_equation", "finite_element_method" ], "desc": "含多变量偏导数的方程，刻画热传导、波动、流体与电磁场，是工程仿真的通用语言。" }, { "id": "symphony", "name": "交响曲", "nameEn": "Symphony", "wikiEn": "Symphony", "aliases": [ "交响乐", "管弦乐套曲" ], "year": 1750, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "曼海姆与维也纳乐派把歌剧序曲扩展为四乐章套曲", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "opera", "violin" ], "related": [ "piano", "jazz", "movable_type_printing" ], "desc": "为管弦乐队写的多乐章大型器乐体裁，以纯音响结构承载完整的逻辑叙事。" }, { "id": "encyclopedia", "name": "百科全书", "nameEn": "Encyclopedia", "wikiEn": "Encyclopedia", "aliases": [ "百科辞书", "综合知识库" ], "year": 1751, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "狄德罗《百科全书》首册 1751 年出版；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "copyright" ], "desc": "按条目汇总全部技艺与学问并配图示，把知识整理成可检索的手册。" }, { "id": "cauchy_riemann_equations", "name": "柯西-黎曼方程", "nameEn": "Cauchy–Riemann equations", "wikiEn": "Cauchy–Riemann equations", "aliases": [ "柯西黎曼条件", "解析性条件", "C-R方程", "Cauchy-Riemann relations" ], "year": 1752, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "eulers_identity" ], "related": [ "bernoulli_principle", "cauchy_integral_theorem", "riemann_mapping_theorem" ], "desc": "达朗贝尔、欧拉先用于流体，柯西与黎曼确立为复函数可微的充要条件。" }, { "id": "franklin_one_fluid_theory", "name": "富兰克林单流体电说", "nameEn": "Franklin's one-fluid theory", "wikiEn": "Kite experiment", "aliases": [ "单流体理论", "风筝实验", "Kite experiment", "One-fluid theory", "雷电同一性" ], "year": 1752, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lightning_rod" ], "desc": "富兰克林主张电为单一流体，并以风筝实验证明雷电即电。" }, { "id": "lightning_rod", "name": "避雷针", "nameEn": "Lightning rod", "wikiEn": "Lightning rod", "aliases": [ "Lightning conductor", "富兰克林避雷针" ], "year": 1752, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "franklin_one_fluid_theory" ], "desc": "富兰克林据风筝实验发明，将雷电流安全导入大地。" }, { "id": "peer_review", "name": "同行评议制度", "nameEn": "Peer review", "wikiEn": "Peer review", "aliases": [ "审稿制", "评审制" ], "year": 1752, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "《哲学会刊》1752年起委专家审稿", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "scientific_journal", "scientific_academies" ], "related": [ "encyclopedia" ], "desc": "期刊请专家审定论文取舍的把关制度，知识公信之基" }, { "id": "dalembert_limit_concept", "name": "达朗贝尔极限理论", "nameEn": "Limit of a function", "wikiEn": "Limit of a function", "aliases": [ "极限概念", "达朗贝尔极限定义", "Limit concept", "Encyclopédie limite" ], "year": 1754, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "bolzano_intermediate_value", "encyclopedia", "weierstrass_epsilon_delta" ], "desc": "达朗贝尔在《百科全书》中主张以极限而非无穷小为微积分基础，预示分析严格化。" }, { "id": "nebular_hypothesis", "name": "康德-拉普拉斯星云假说", "nameEn": "Nebular hypothesis", "wikiEn": "Nebular hypothesis", "aliases": [ "星云假说", "康德星云说", "拉普拉斯星云说", "太阳系起源星云说" ], "year": 1755, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "newtonian_mechanics" ], "related": [ "uranus_discovery", "hubble_law" ], "desc": "康德与拉普拉斯提出太阳系由旋转星云演化形成。" }, { "id": "euler_fluid_equations", "name": "欧拉流体动力学方程", "nameEn": "Euler equations (fluid dynamics)", "wikiEn": "Euler equations (fluid dynamics)", "aliases": [ "欧拉方程", "理想流体方程", "连续性方程", "Euler fluid equations" ], "year": 1757, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dalembert_wave_equation" ], "related": [ "lagrangian_mechanics", "navier_stokes_equations", "partial_differential_equation" ], "desc": "欧拉写出理想流体的连续性与动量方程组，是连续介质力学最早的偏微分方程组。" }, { "id": "physiocratic_tableau", "name": "经济循环图表", "nameEn": "Tableau économique", "wikiEn": "Tableau économique", "aliases": [ "经济表", "魁奈经济表" ], "year": 1758, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "魁奈1758年发表于《国民年鉴》，其后数版改绘", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "double_entry_bookkeeping", "enclosure" ], "related": [ "input_output_analysis", "kuznets_national_income", "smith_wealth_of_nations" ], "desc": "用一张图把年产品在地主、农夫与工匠间的循环画成流量网络。" }, { "id": "british_museum_public", "name": "公共博物馆", "nameEn": "Public museum", "wikiEn": "British Museum", "aliases": [ "不列颠博物馆", "国家藏馆" ], "year": 1759, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1759年向公众开放", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "encyclopedia", "library" ], "related": [ "public_library", "royal_institution" ], "desc": "面向公众开放的国家藏馆，实物陈列兼具教化功能" }, { "id": "blowing_cylinder", "name": "高炉鼓风气缸", "nameEn": "Blowing engine", "wikiEn": "Blowing engine", "aliases": [ "Cast-iron blowing cylinder", "铸铁鼓风机" ], "year": 1760, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "newcomen_engine" ], "related": [ "coke_smelting", "steam_engine" ], "desc": "铸铁气缸强力鼓风提高炉温，突破水力对冶铁的限制。" }, { "id": "jigsaw_puzzle", "name": "锯板拼图", "nameEn": "Jigsaw puzzle", "wikiEn": "Jigsaw puzzle", "aliases": [], "year": 1760, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "斯皮尔斯伯里贴木地图锯块；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "toy" ], "related": [ "puzzle", "map" ], "desc": "地图贴板锯成碎块再拼回，教具变全民桌面游戏，催动模切工艺。" }, { "id": "minimal_surface", "name": "极小曲面方程", "nameEn": "Minimal surface", "wikiEn": "Minimal surface", "aliases": [ "极小曲面", "最小面积曲面", "拉格朗日极小曲面", "Minimal surfaces" ], "year": 1760, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus_of_variations" ], "related": [ "mean_curvature", "plateau_problem", "soap" ], "desc": "拉格朗日由变分原理导出面积最小曲面方程，平均曲率处处为零，开极小曲面研究。" }, { "id": "principal_curvature", "name": "主曲率理论", "nameEn": "Principal curvature", "wikiEn": "Principal curvature", "aliases": [ "主曲率", "主方向", "欧拉曲率定理", "Principal curvatures" ], "year": 1760, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "euler_curve_curvature" ], "related": [ "dupin_indicatrix", "mean_curvature", "gauss_theorema_egregium" ], "desc": "欧拉证明曲面每点有两个互相垂直的主方向，法曲率在其间取最大与最小值。" }, { "id": "puzzle", "name": "拼图解谜", "nameEn": "Puzzle", "wikiEn": "Puzzle", "aliases": [ "拼图", "智力玩具" ], "year": 1760, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "伦敦地图商把地图贴木板锯开作教具，为拼图雏形", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "engraving", "toy" ], "related": [ "rubiks_cube", "chess", "go_game" ], "desc": "以完成唯一解结构为目标的智力器具，把图案拼合变成可量产的教育玩具。" }, { "id": "selective_breeding_bakewell", "name": "家畜系统选育", "nameEn": "Bakewell selective breeding", "wikiEn": "Robert Bakewell (agriculturalist)", "aliases": [ "Linebreeding", "贝克韦尔选育", "Leicester sheep" ], "year": 1760, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry" ], "related": [ "norfolk_crop_rotation" ], "desc": "贝克韦尔以系统近亲选育改良肉羊肉牛，推动畜牧革命。" }, { "id": "clearing_house", "name": "票据交换所", "nameEn": "Clearing house", "wikiEn": "Clearing (finance)", "aliases": [ "Clearing house", "清算所", "票据交换" ], "year": 1761, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1761, 1821 ], "year_note": "伦敦银行家日常票据对冲约1761年成形，1821年设固定清算所", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bank_of_england", "negotiable_instrument" ], "related": [ "bank_of_amsterdam", "federal_reserve_system", "swift_network" ], "desc": "各银行每日集中交换票据、只兑付差额，现金搬运被账目抵消取代。" }, { "id": "marine_chronometer", "name": "航海钟", "nameEn": "Marine chronometer", "wikiEn": "Marine chronometer", "aliases": [ "Harrison H4", "哈里森航海钟", "精密航海钟" ], "year": 1761, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mechanical_clock" ], "related": [ "sextant" ], "desc": "哈里森H4精密航海钟，船舶首次能在海上准确测定经度。" }, { "id": "actuarial_science", "name": "保险精算", "nameEn": "Actuarial science", "wikiEn": "Actuarial science", "aliases": [ "精算学", "生命表定价" ], "year": 1762, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "多克森生命表与平价寿险协会1762年成立，职业精算由此起步", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "insurance", "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "social_insurance", "lloyds_marine_market", "value_at_risk" ], "desc": "用生命表度量各年龄死亡概率，为寿险与年金给出可核算价格。" }, { "id": "bayes_theorem", "name": "贝叶斯定理", "nameEn": "Bayes' theorem", "wikiEn": "Bayes' theorem", "aliases": [ "贝叶斯公式", "逆概率公式", "Bayes' rule", "Bayesian theorem" ], "year": 1763, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "bernoulli_law_large_numbers", "john_snow_epidemiology", "monte_carlo_method", "pearl_bayesian_networks" ], "desc": "贝叶斯遗作给出由证据更新概率的逆概率公式，后世发展为整套归纳推理范式。" }, { "id": "gothic_novel", "name": "哥特小说", "nameEn": "Gothic novel", "wikiEn": "Gothic novel", "aliases": [ "恐怖小说前身", "古堡传奇" ], "year": 1764, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "沃波尔《奥特朗托堡》1764 年出版，开此体裁", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "picaresque_novel" ], "related": [ "science_fiction", "detective_fiction", "film_genre" ], "desc": "以古堡、禁忌与恐惧驱动情节的小说流派，是恐怖与悬疑影视的母型。" }, { "id": "spinning_jenny", "name": "珍妮纺纱机", "nameEn": "Spinning jenny", "wikiEn": "Spinning jenny", "aliases": [ "Hargreaves spinning jenny", "哈格里夫斯纺纱机" ], "year": 1764, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mule_spinner", "water_frame" ], "desc": "哈格里夫斯发明多锭纺纱机，工业革命机械化的标志。" }, { "id": "euler_line", "name": "欧拉线", "nameEn": "Euler's line", "wikiEn": "Euler line", "aliases": [ "欧拉线定理", "三角形五心", "Euler line" ], "year": 1765, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "nine_point_circle", "feuerbach_point" ], "desc": "欧拉证明三角形重心、垂心、外心与九点圆心共线，系统整理三角形五心关系。" }, { "id": "spallanzani_biogenesis", "name": "斯帕兰扎尼自然发生实验", "nameEn": "Spallanzani's biogenesis experiments", "wikiEn": "Lazzaro Spallanzani", "aliases": [ "斯帕兰扎尼肉汤实验", "密封煮沸实验", "Spallanzani experiment" ], "year": 1765, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "distillation", "microscope" ], "related": [ "germ_theory", "redi_biogenesis", "thermometer" ], "desc": "密封煮沸肉汤不生微生物，为巴斯德病菌论铺平道路。" }, { "id": "watt_separate_condenser", "name": "分离式冷凝器", "nameEn": "Watt separate condenser", "wikiEn": "Watt steam engine", "aliases": [ "Separate condenser", "瓦特分离冷凝器" ], "year": 1765, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "newcomen_engine" ], "related": [ "steam_engine" ], "desc": "瓦特将冷凝移出汽缸以保持缸体高温，省煤约四分之三。" }, { "id": "bezouts_identity", "name": "贝祖等式", "nameEn": "Bézout's identity", "wikiEn": "Bézout's identity", "aliases": [ "贝祖定理", "裴蜀定理", "贝祖恒等式", "Bezout identity" ], "year": 1766, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euclidean_algorithm" ], "related": [ "greatest_common_divisor", "diophantine_equations" ], "desc": "两整数的最大公因数可表为其线性组合，贝祖给出一般形式。" }, { "id": "iron_rail", "name": "铸铁轨道", "nameEn": "Iron rail", "wikiEn": "Railway track", "aliases": [ "Cast-iron plate rail", "Coalbrookdale rail", "铁轨" ], "year": 1767, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "railway_locomotive", "steam_railway" ], "desc": "煤溪谷出产的铸铁轨替换木轨，为铁路机车铺路。" }, { "id": "shower_bath", "name": "淋浴装置", "nameEn": "Shower", "wikiEn": "Shower", "aliases": [ "Shower bath" ], "year": 1767, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "菲瑟姆1767年手压淋浴专利；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bathtub" ], "related": [ "flush_toilet", "central_heating_modern" ], "desc": "顶喷流水冲身即排，比盆浴省水省时，让日浴成为都市日常。" }, { "id": "euler_method", "name": "欧拉数值方法", "nameEn": "Euler method", "wikiEn": "Euler method", "aliases": [ "欧拉法", "折线法", "欧拉折线法", "Euler's numerical method", "切线推进法" ], "year": 1768, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euler_constant_coefficient_ode" ], "related": [ "newton_iterative_method", "picard_lindelof_theorem", "finite_element_method" ], "desc": "欧拉以切线方向逐段推进近似求解初值问题，是首个通用常微分方程数值算法。" }, { "id": "modern_circus", "name": "近代马戏", "nameEn": "Circus", "wikiEn": "Circus", "aliases": [], "year": 1768, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "阿斯特利1768年圆形骑场开场", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "greek_theatre" ], "related": [ "commedia_dell_arte", "team_sport" ], "desc": "马术杂耍环绕圆形看场演出，帐篷巡演把奇观打包卖给工业城市。" }, { "id": "ratio_test", "name": "达朗贝尔比值判别法", "nameEn": "Ratio test", "wikiEn": "Ratio test", "aliases": [ "比值法", "达朗贝尔判别法", "Ratio test", "d'Alembert's test" ], "year": 1768, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "leibniz_alternating_series_test" ], "related": [ "hypergeometric_series", "taylor_series" ], "desc": "达朗贝尔提出以相邻项比值的极限判定级数敛散，是幂级数收敛半径的常用工具。" }, { "id": "euler_cauchy_equation", "name": "柯西-欧拉方程", "nameEn": "Cauchy–Euler equation", "wikiEn": "Cauchy–Euler equation", "aliases": [ "欧拉方程", "等维方程", "幂函数系数方程", "Euler-Cauchy equation", "Equidimensional equation" ], "year": 1769, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "euler_constant_coefficient_ode" ], "related": [ "frobenius_method", "bessel_functions" ], "desc": "系数为x^k的变系数方程经幂代换化为常系数方程，是奇点邻域求解的经典类型。" }, { "id": "hypergeometric_series", "name": "超几何级数与函数", "nameEn": "Hypergeometric function", "wikiEn": "Hypergeometric function", "aliases": [ "超几何函数", "超几何级数", "高斯超几何", "Gauss hypergeometric", "Euler hypergeometric" ], "year": 1769, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ratio_test" ], "related": [ "bessel_functions", "legendre_polynomials", "gamma_function" ], "desc": "欧拉给出超几何积分，高斯1812年系统研究其收敛性，统一大量初等与特殊函数。" }, { "id": "steam_engine", "name": "蒸汽机", "nameEn": "Steam engine", "wikiEn": "Steam engine", "aliases": [ "Watt steam engine", "Boulton and Watt engine", "瓦特蒸汽机" ], "year": 1769, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "newcomen_engine", "watt_separate_condenser" ], "related": [ "high_pressure_steam_engine", "railway_locomotive", "steamship" ], "desc": "瓦特改良的往复式蒸汽机，工厂、矿山与交通的通用动力。" }, { "id": "water_frame", "name": "水力纺纱机", "nameEn": "Water frame", "wikiEn": "Water frame", "aliases": [ "Arkwright water frame", "Roller spinning frame", "水力纺纱架" ], "year": 1769, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "spinning_jenny", "mule_spinner" ], "desc": "阿克莱特的罗拉水力纺纱机，可纺坚韧的经纱。" }, { "id": "eraser", "name": "橡皮擦", "nameEn": "Eraser", "wikiEn": "Eraser", "aliases": [ "Rubber eraser" ], "year": 1770, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "普里斯特利推介橡胶擦除铅笔字；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mesoamerican_rubber" ], "related": [ "pencil", "vulcanized_rubber" ], "desc": "天然橡胶能吸走石墨痕，铅笔从此可改可错，书写压力骤减。" }, { "id": "identity_element", "name": "单位元", "nameEn": "Identity element", "wikiEn": "Identity element", "aliases": [ "恒等元", "幺元", "中性元", "Identity", "Neutral element" ], "year": 1770, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "additive_identity", "associative_property", "idempotence" ], "desc": "与其他元素运算而不改变其值的元素，是群、环等结构的公理要素。" }, { "id": "alternating_polynomial", "name": "交错多项式", "nameEn": "Alternating polynomial", "wikiEn": "Alternating polynomial", "aliases": [ "交代多项式", "反对称多项式", "Alternating polynomial" ], "year": 1771, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alternating_multilinear_map" ], "desc": "交换任意两变量即变号的多项式，均可表为范德蒙德行列式乘对称多项式。" }, { "id": "modular_equation", "name": "模方程", "nameEn": "Modular equation", "wikiEn": "Modular equation", "aliases": [ "模数方程", "椭圆模变换方程", "Modular equation" ], "year": 1771, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "modular_lambda_function", "modular_curve" ], "desc": "联系椭圆函数不同模数间代数关系的方程，朗登变换与奇异模研究的核心。" }, { "id": "figure_skating", "name": "花样滑冰", "nameEn": "Figure skating", "wikiEn": "Figure skating", "aliases": [], "year": 1772, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "琼斯《滑冰论》首部教程；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ski", "modern_olympic_games" ], "desc": "在冰上按图形滑出编排步伐，1772年起有系统教程，冬奥最古老项目之一。" }, { "id": "formula_for_primes", "name": "素数公式", "nameEn": "Formula for primes", "wikiEn": "Formula for primes", "aliases": [ "质数公式", "素数生成公式", "素数多项式", "Prime-generating formula" ], "year": 1772, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "euler_product_zeta", "dirichlet_character" ], "desc": "试图只产生素数的公式；欧拉n²+n+41等著名尝试均失败，至今无实用闭式。" }, { "id": "cylinder_boring_machine", "name": "汽缸镗床", "nameEn": "Cylinder boring machine", "wikiEn": "Boring (manufacturing)", "aliases": [ "Wilkinson boring machine", "威尔金森镗床" ], "year": 1774, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "steam_engine", "metal_lathe" ], "desc": "威尔金森的精密镗床加工汽缸，使瓦特蒸汽机真正可用。" }, { "id": "laplace_inverse_probability", "name": "拉普拉斯逆概率", "nameEn": "Bayesian inference", "wikiEn": "Bayesian inference", "aliases": [ "逆概率", "原因概率", "拉普拉斯贝叶斯方法", "原因事件概率" ], "year": 1774, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bayes_theorem" ], "related": [ "conditional_expectation", "insurance", "jeffreys_savage_bayes_revival" ], "desc": "拉普拉斯独立提出由事件反推原因的逆概率公式，并系统用于观测推断。" }, { "id": "smith_wealth_of_nations", "name": "亚当·斯密国富论", "nameEn": "The Wealth of Nations", "wikiEn": "The Wealth of Nations", "aliases": [ "国民财富的性质和原因的研究", "看不见的手", "Invisible hand", "自由市场学说" ], "year": 1776, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "malthus_population" ], "desc": "以分工与看不见的手论证市场自发秩序，奠基古典经济学。" }, { "id": "buffon_needle", "name": "蒲丰投针", "nameEn": "Buffon's needle problem", "wikiEn": "Buffon's needle problem", "aliases": [ "蒲丰投针", "布丰投针问题", "投针实验", "Buffon needle" ], "year": 1777, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "monte_carlo_method" ], "desc": "蒲丰以平行线网格投针求π的概率表达式，开创几何概率与随机实验。" }, { "id": "savings_bank", "name": "储蓄银行", "nameEn": "Savings bank", "wikiEn": "Savings bank", "aliases": [ "储金银行", "人民银行" ], "year": 1778, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "汉堡1778年设公立储金银行，19世纪初英美仿行；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mount_of_piety", "bank" ], "related": [ "cooperative", "deposit_insurance", "credit_card_system" ], "desc": "以极低门槛归集平民零散储蓄再转贷，闲散现金变成可动员资本。" }, { "id": "iron_bridge", "name": "铁桥", "nameEn": "The Iron Bridge", "wikiEn": "The Iron Bridge", "aliases": [ "Coalbrookdale Iron Bridge", "科尔布鲁克代尔铁桥" ], "year": 1779, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "coke_smelting" ], "related": [ "cast_iron_building", "suspension_bridge" ], "desc": "世界第一座全铸铁拱桥，开启铸铁结构建筑时代。" }, { "id": "mule_spinner", "name": "走锭纺纱机", "nameEn": "Spinning mule", "wikiEn": "Spinning mule", "aliases": [ "Mule-jenny", "Crompton mule", "骡机" ], "year": 1779, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "spinning_jenny", "water_frame" ], "related": [ "power_loom" ], "desc": "克朗普顿结合珍妮机与水力架，纺出又细又牢的纱。" }, { "id": "photosynthesis_discovery", "name": "光合作用的发现", "nameEn": "Photosynthesis", "wikiEn": "Photosynthesis", "aliases": [ "光合作用", "英根豪茨实验" ], "year": 1779, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英根豪茨1779年证明需光释氧；普里斯特利1771年先导", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "agriculture", "greenhouse_effect", "conservation_of_mass" ], "desc": "植物借光固定二氧化碳释放氧，食物链与大气的根基。" }, { "id": "argand_lamp", "name": "阿尔冈灯", "nameEn": "Argand lamp", "wikiEn": "Argand lamp", "aliases": [ "管状灯芯油灯" ], "year": 1780, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gas_lighting" ], "desc": "空心灯芯配玻璃罩的明亮油灯，煤气灯之前的照明革命。" }, { "id": "artificial_insemination", "name": "人工授精", "nameEn": "Artificial insemination", "wikiEn": "Artificial insemination", "aliases": [ "家畜人工输精" ], "year": 1780, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "亨特与斯帕兰扎尼的犬科实验约在1780年代", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry", "microscope" ], "related": [ "spallanzani_biogenesis", "selective_breeding_bakewell", "dairy" ], "desc": "人为输精使良种公牛一次射精可配千牛，加速育种。" }, { "id": "compound_steam_engine", "name": "复式蒸汽机", "nameEn": "Compound steam engine", "wikiEn": "Compound steam engine", "aliases": [ "Hornblower compound engine", "复合蒸汽机" ], "year": 1781, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "corliss_steam_engine" ], "desc": "霍恩布洛尔双缸分级膨胀利用蒸汽，提高热效率。" }, { "id": "uranus_discovery", "name": "天王星发现", "nameEn": "Discovery of Uranus", "wikiEn": "Uranus", "aliases": [ "赫歇尔发现天王星", "Georgium Sidus", "Uranus discovery", "天王星" ], "year": 1781, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "reflecting_telescope" ], "related": [ "keplers_laws", "nebular_hypothesis", "kuiper_belt_hypothesis" ], "desc": "赫歇尔发现天王星，扩大太阳系已知边界。" }, { "id": "legendre_polynomials", "name": "勒让德多项式", "nameEn": "Legendre polynomials", "wikiEn": "Legendre polynomials", "aliases": [ "勒让德函数", "球谐函数基础", "带谐函数", "Legendre functions" ], "year": 1782, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euler_constant_coefficient_ode" ], "related": [ "laplace_equation", "sturm_liouville_theory", "bessel_functions" ], "desc": "勒让德在研究球体引力时引入正交多项式，成为球坐标边值问题与展开理论的核心。" }, { "id": "spherical_harmonics", "name": "球谐函数", "nameEn": "Spherical harmonics", "wikiEn": "Spherical harmonics", "aliases": [ "球面调和函数", "球函数", "拉普拉斯球谐", "spherical harmonics" ], "year": 1782, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "curvilinear_coordinates", "fast_multipole_method", "laplace_equation", "legendre_polynomials" ], "desc": "球面上拉普拉斯方程的角向解族，拉普拉斯1782年引入，用于引力与量子力学。" }, { "id": "balloon_flight", "name": "热气球", "nameEn": "Hot air balloon", "wikiEn": "Hot air balloon", "aliases": [ "Montgolfier balloon", "孟格菲气球" ], "year": 1783, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "giffard_airship", "cayley_glider" ], "desc": "孟格菲兄弟热气球首次载人升空，人类离地飞行之始。" }, { "id": "caloric_theory", "name": "热质说", "nameEn": "Caloric theory", "wikiEn": "Caloric theory", "aliases": [ "热质说", "热素说", "Caloric theory", "Caloric" ], "year": 1783, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rumford_heat_friction", "conservation_of_energy" ], "desc": "拉瓦锡提出热为守恒的热质流体，主导热学近半世纪后被推翻。" }, { "id": "rolling_mill", "name": "轧钢机", "nameEn": "Rolling mill", "wikiEn": "Rolling (metalworking)", "aliases": [ "Cort grooved rollers", "科特轧机" ], "year": 1783, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "puddling_process", "steam_hammer" ], "desc": "科特带槽轧辊成型铁材，比锻打快十余倍。" }, { "id": "soft_drink", "name": "碳酸软饮料", "nameEn": "Soft drink", "wikiEn": "Soft drink", "aliases": [ "汽水" ], "year": 1783, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "施韦普瓶装碳酸水商品化", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "vending_machine", "refrigeration" ], "desc": "人工碳酸水加糖与香料装瓶，冷饮从药剂铺货成全球货架之王。" }, { "id": "method_of_characteristics", "name": "特征线法", "nameEn": "Method of characteristics", "wikiEn": "Method of characteristics", "aliases": [ "特征线方法", "沙尔皮法", "蒙日法", "Charpit method", "Monge characteristics" ], "year": 1784, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dalembert_wave_equation" ], "related": [ "hamilton_jacobi_equation", "monge_descriptive_geometry" ], "desc": "沙尔皮遗著提出、蒙日几何化：沿特征曲线将一阶偏微分方程化为常微分方程。" }, { "id": "puddling_process", "name": "搅炼法", "nameEn": "Puddling", "wikiEn": "Puddling (metallurgy)", "aliases": [ "Cort puddling process", "炒钢法" ], "year": 1784, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "coke_smelting" ], "related": [ "rolling_mill" ], "desc": "科特搅炼炉将生铁炒成熟铁，廉价量产结构铁材。" }, { "id": "threshing_machine", "name": "打谷机", "nameEn": "Threshing machine", "wikiEn": "Threshing machine", "aliases": [ "Meikle threshing machine", "米克尔脱粒机" ], "year": 1784, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mechanical_reaper", "seed_drill" ], "desc": "米克尔发明机械脱粒机，大幅替代连枷打谷的繁重劳动。" }, { "id": "coulombs_law", "name": "库仑定律", "nameEn": "Coulomb's law", "wikiEn": "Coulomb's law", "aliases": [ "库仑定律", "Coulomb's law", "静电平方反比定律", "扭秤实验" ], "year": 1785, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "franklin_one_fluid_theory" ], "related": [ "gausss_law", "electromagnet" ], "desc": "库仑以扭秤测得点电荷间平方反比力，奠定静电学基础。" }, { "id": "digitalis", "name": "洋地黄强心苷", "nameEn": "Digitalis", "wikiEn": "Digitalis", "aliases": [ "毛地黄", "洋地黄毒苷" ], "year": 1785, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pharmacopoeia", "linnaean_taxonomy" ], "related": [ "stoichiometry", "blood_circulation", "aspirin", "statin_drug" ], "desc": "毛地黄经对照剂量用于水肿与心衰，植物药转为定量用药" }, { "id": "hutton_uniformitarianism", "name": "赫顿均变论", "nameEn": "Hutton's uniformitarianism and plutonism", "wikiEn": "James Hutton", "aliases": [ "火成论", "均变论", "Plutonism", "郝登", "地球论" ], "year": 1785, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steno_stratigraphy" ], "related": [ "cuvier_paleontology_catastrophism", "lyell_principles_geology" ], "desc": "赫顿主张地球经缓慢作用长期演化，岩石主由火成。" }, { "id": "laplace_equation", "name": "拉普拉斯方程", "nameEn": "Laplace's equation", "wikiEn": "Laplace's equation", "aliases": [ "拉普拉斯方程", "位势方程", "Δu=0", "调和函数", "Laplace equation" ], "year": 1785, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dalembert_wave_equation" ], "related": [ "poisson_equation", "greens_function", "legendre_polynomials" ], "desc": "拉普拉斯建立位势满足的二阶椭圆方程，调和函数理论贯穿引力、电磁与复分析。" }, { "id": "laplace_transform", "name": "拉普拉斯变换", "nameEn": "Laplace transform", "wikiEn": "Laplace transform", "aliases": [ "拉氏变换", "拉普拉斯算子方法", "Laplace transformation" ], "year": 1785, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "fourier_analysis", "kalman_filter" ], "desc": "拉普拉斯以积分变换化微分为乘法，成为解微分方程与控制工程的通用语言。" }, { "id": "power_loom", "name": "动力织机", "nameEn": "Power loom", "wikiEn": "Power loom", "aliases": [ "Cartwright power loom", "Roberts loom", "卡特赖特织机" ], "year": 1785, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "flying_shuttle" ], "related": [ "steam_engine", "mule_spinner" ], "desc": "卡特赖特发明、后经罗伯茨改良的机械织机，织布效率激增。" }, { "id": "statistical_graphics", "name": "统计图形", "nameEn": "Statistical Graphics", "wikiEn": "Statistical graphics", "aliases": [ "统计图表", "数据可视化" ], "year": 1786, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "census_system", "econometrics", "john_snow_epidemiology" ], "desc": "以折线与面积图呈现数量关系，趋势能被一眼读出" }, { "id": "constitution_written", "name": "成文宪法", "nameEn": "Written constitution", "wikiEn": "Constitution", "aliases": [ "宪政", "根本法" ], "year": 1787, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以美国宪法为近代首部成文国家宪法；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "magna_carta" ], "related": [ "separation_of_powers", "universal_suffrage", "napoleonic_code" ], "desc": "以一部最高文本规定权力来源与边界，使政府与权利可依宪审查。" }, { "id": "legendre_transform", "name": "勒让德变换", "nameEn": "Legendre transformation", "wikiEn": "Legendre transformation", "aliases": [ "勒让德变换", "共轭变量替换", "Legendre transform", "凸共轭前身" ], "year": 1787, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus_of_variations" ], "related": [ "hamilton_jacobi_equation", "lagrangian_mechanics" ], "desc": "勒让德给出以导数为新自变量的变量替换，后成为拉格朗日到哈密顿力学的枢纽。" }, { "id": "lagrange_multipliers", "name": "拉格朗日乘数法", "nameEn": "Lagrange multiplier", "wikiEn": "Lagrange multiplier", "aliases": [ "拉格朗日乘子", "不定乘子法", "Lagrange multipliers", "Method of Lagrange multipliers" ], "year": 1788, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus_of_variations" ], "related": [ "analytic_geometry", "lagrangian_mechanics", "simplex_method" ], "desc": "拉格朗日《分析力学》以乘子处理带约束极值，是优化理论与经济学的基本方法。" }, { "id": "lagrangian_mechanics", "name": "拉格朗日分析力学", "nameEn": "Lagrangian mechanics", "wikiEn": "Lagrangian mechanics", "aliases": [ "分析力学", "拉格朗日力学", "Lagrangian mechanics", "Mécanique analytique" ], "year": 1788, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "newtonian_mechanics", "calculus" ], "related": [], "desc": "拉格朗日以能量与广义坐标重写力学，开启分析力学体系。" }, { "id": "conservation_of_mass", "name": "质量守恒定律", "nameEn": "Law of conservation of mass", "wikiEn": "Conservation of mass", "aliases": [ "拉瓦锡质量守恒", "物质不灭定律", "Lavoisier law", "质量不灭" ], "year": 1789, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "atomic_theory", "law_of_definite_proportions" ], "desc": "拉瓦锡以精密定量实验确立质量守恒，奠定近代化学基础。" }, { "id": "central_heating_modern", "name": "集中供暖系统", "nameEn": "Central heating", "wikiEn": "Central heating", "aliases": [ "暖气系统", "蒸汽供暖" ], "year": 1790, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以 18 世纪末蒸汽盘管供暖的早期工程实践为锚，取约值", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "chimney", "hypocaust", "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "fourier_law", "gas_works", "yakhchal" ], "desc": "一源多端送热，整栋建筑温度均匀可控且烟与火分离。" }, { "id": "stapler", "name": "订书机", "nameEn": "Stapler", "wikiEn": "Stapler", "aliases": [], "year": 1790, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "传为路易十五御制，19世纪末量产", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "papermaking" ], "related": [ "bookbinding", "nail" ], "desc": "金属钉穿纸折弯锁合，机器一分钟替代针线与糨糊的装订活。" }, { "id": "card_catalog", "name": "卡片目录", "nameEn": "Card Catalog", "wikiEn": "Library catalog", "aliases": [ "目录卡片", "图书馆目录" ], "year": 1791, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以1791年法国训令一卡一题为起点；卡片目录起源有分歧", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing", "bookbinding" ], "related": [ "public_library", "dewey_decimal", "isbn" ], "desc": "一卡一条目可自由排序，馆藏书目第一次能被逐条查检" }, { "id": "leblanc_process", "name": "勒布朗制碱法", "nameEn": "Leblanc process", "wikiEn": "Leblanc process", "aliases": [ "Leblanc soda process", "苏打工业" ], "year": 1791, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lead_chamber_process" ], "related": [], "desc": "勒布朗以食盐硫酸法量产纯碱，供应肥皂玻璃工业。" }, { "id": "titration_method", "name": "滴定分析", "nameEn": "Titration", "wikiEn": "Titration", "aliases": [ "容量分析", "滴定法" ], "year": 1791, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "德克鲁瓦齐耶1791年首创容量法测漂白粉；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "conservation_of_mass" ], "related": [ "bleaching_powder", "ph_meter", "stoichiometry", "water_chlorination" ], "desc": "标准溶液滴至等当点的定量分析，从漂白粉到药典通用。" }, { "id": "verlet_leapfrog", "name": "Verlet积分与蛙跳法", "nameEn": "Verlet integration", "wikiEn": "Verlet integration", "aliases": [ "韦尔莱积分", "蛙跳法", "跳点法", "Størmer method" ], "year": 1791, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euler_method" ], "related": [ "symplectic_integrator", "runge_kutta_methods", "newmark_beta_method" ], "desc": "时间可逆的二阶粒子轨道积分格式，1791年首用，现为分子动力学标准算法。" }, { "id": "civil_registration", "name": "民事登记制", "nameEn": "Civil Registration", "wikiEn": "Civil registration", "aliases": [ "户籍登记", "人口事件登记" ], "year": 1792, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "法国1792年将出生婚葬改为世俗登记；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "notary_institution", "archive_institution", "census_system" ], "related": [ "napoleonic_code", "universal_declaration_human_rights", "photography" ], "desc": "出生、婚姻与死亡改由世俗官员登记存档，个人身份第一次有了可查询的国家底账。" }, { "id": "gas_lighting", "name": "煤气照明", "nameEn": "Gas lighting", "wikiEn": "Gas lighting", "aliases": [ "Murdoch gas light", "默多克煤气灯" ], "year": 1792, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gas_works", "argand_lamp" ], "desc": "默多克以煤气点灯照明，城市街道与工厂进入人工照明时代。" }, { "id": "optical_telegraph", "name": "旗语塔电报", "nameEn": "Optical telegraph", "wikiEn": "Optical telegraph", "aliases": [ "旗语电报", "沙普电报", "Chappe telegraph", "视觉电报" ], "year": 1792, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "沙普兄弟1792年在法国里尔—巴黎线投运", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "postal_service" ], "related": [ "morse_code", "postal_system", "telegraph", "telescope" ], "desc": "山顶铁塔以臂板位置编码、靠望远镜逐站接力，是电报问世前最快的远距离通信手段。" }, { "id": "stoichiometry", "name": "化学计量学", "nameEn": "Stoichiometry", "wikiEn": "Stoichiometry", "aliases": [ "定比计算", "化学计量关系" ], "year": 1792, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "温泽尔1792年《亲和力学》开启定量反应比研究；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "conservation_of_mass" ], "related": [ "law_of_definite_proportions", "leblanc_process" ], "desc": "依质量守恒定量换算反应物与产物之比，化工投料之算盘。" }, { "id": "conscription", "name": "征兵制", "nameEn": "Conscription", "wikiEn": "Conscription", "aliases": [ "Levée en masse", "义务兵役制", "全民皆兵", "征兵制", "普遍兵役制" ], "year": 1793, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "法国1793年全民动员令；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "nation_state" ], "related": [ "roman_legion", "guerrilla_warfare", "machine_gun", "universal_suffrage" ], "desc": "以公民义务为基础的普遍兵役制，决定近代动员规模。" }, { "id": "cotton_gin", "name": "轧棉机", "nameEn": "Cotton gin", "wikiEn": "Cotton gin", "aliases": [ "Whitney cotton gin", "惠特尼轧棉机" ], "year": 1793, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "roller_cotton_gin" ], "related": [ "spinning_jenny" ], "desc": "惠特尼发明锯齿轧棉机，清棉效率提高约五十倍。" }, { "id": "gauss_least_squares", "name": "高斯最小二乘法", "nameEn": "Least squares", "wikiEn": "Least squares", "aliases": [ "最小二乘法", "最小平方法", "Least squares method", "Method of least squares" ], "year": 1795, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra", "gauss_normal_error_theory", "triangulation_survey" ], "desc": "高斯1795年始创以误差平方和最小拟合数据，借谷神星轨道预测名扬天下。" }, { "id": "hydraulic_press", "name": "水压机", "nameEn": "Hydraulic press", "wikiEn": "Hydraulic press", "aliases": [ "Bramah press", "布拉默液压机" ], "year": 1795, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pascal_law", "water_turbine" ], "desc": "布拉默据帕斯卡原理制成，以小力产生巨大成型压力。" }, { "id": "lagrange_interpolation", "name": "拉格朗日插值", "nameEn": "Lagrange polynomial", "wikiEn": "Lagrange polynomial", "aliases": [ "拉格朗日多项式", "Lagrange interpolation", "华林插值", "Waring interpolation" ], "year": 1795, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "newton_divided_differences" ], "related": [ "hermite_interpolation", "runge_phenomenon", "radial_basis_functions" ], "desc": "华林1779年发现、拉格朗日1795年发表的插值多项式，基函数组合过全部节点。" }, { "id": "metric_system", "name": "公制", "nameEn": "Metric system", "wikiEn": "Metric system", "aliases": [ "米制", "国际单位制" ], "year": 1795, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1795 年法国正式采用十进制米制；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "unit_of_measurement" ], "related": [ "gold_standard" ], "desc": "以地球基准与十进位重建全部单位，使计量、贸易与工程彻底互通。" }, { "id": "music_box", "name": "八音盒", "nameEn": "Music box", "wikiEn": "Music box", "aliases": [ "自动音盒", "梳齿音筒" ], "year": 1796, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "日内瓦匠人以梳齿钢片与凸点音筒制成首只成品；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "equal_temperament" ], "related": [ "music_sequencer", "phonograph", "piano" ], "desc": "以凸点拨动音齿自动演奏的机械装置，把乐谱物质化为可储存的金属程序。" }, { "id": "vaccination", "name": "牛痘接种", "nameEn": "Vaccination", "wikiEn": "Vaccination", "aliases": [ "Smallpox vaccine", "Jenner vaccination", "种痘", "詹纳牛痘" ], "year": 1796, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cold_chain", "germ_theory", "refrigeration" ], "desc": "詹纳以牛痘接种预防天花，开创现代免疫学与疫苗。" }, { "id": "cast_iron_building", "name": "铸铁框架建筑", "nameEn": "Cast-iron architecture", "wikiEn": "Cast-iron architecture", "aliases": [ "Ditherington Flax Mill", "铸铁建筑" ], "year": 1797, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "coke_smelting" ], "related": [ "iron_bridge", "safety_elevator" ], "desc": "首座全铁框架厂房出现，铸铁立面与骨架建筑风行。" }, { "id": "lithography", "name": "石版印刷", "nameEn": "Lithography", "wikiEn": "Lithography", "aliases": [ "Senefelder lithography", "平版印刷" ], "year": 1798, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "steam_printing_press" ], "desc": "塞尼费尔德发明油水相斥石印法，开启平版彩色印刷。" }, { "id": "malthus_population", "name": "马尔萨斯人口论", "nameEn": "An Essay on the Principle of Population", "wikiEn": "An Essay on the Principle of Population", "aliases": [ "人口原理", "马尔萨斯陷阱", "Malthusian trap", "几何级数增长" ], "year": 1798, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smith_wealth_of_nations" ], "related": [ "evolution_natural_selection" ], "desc": "人口几何增长快于生活资料算术增长，催生人口与资源理论。" }, { "id": "rumford_heat_friction", "name": "伦福德摩擦生热实验", "nameEn": "Rumford's friction heat experiment", "wikiEn": "Benjamin Thompson", "aliases": [ "伦福德实验", "热动说", "Rumford experiment", "摩擦生热" ], "year": 1798, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "caloric_theory", "joule_mechanical_equivalent" ], "desc": "伦福德由炮膛钻孔摩擦生热推断热是运动，冲击热质说。" }, { "id": "bleaching_powder", "name": "漂白粉", "nameEn": "Bleaching powder", "wikiEn": "Calcium hypochlorite", "aliases": [ "Tennant bleaching powder", "Chlorine bleach", "氯化漂白" ], "year": 1799, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "power_loom" ], "desc": "坦南特制漂白粉，棉布漂白由数月缩为数时。" }, { "id": "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra", "name": "代数基本定理", "nameEn": "Fundamental theorem of algebra", "wikiEn": "Fundamental theorem of algebra", "aliases": [ "高斯代数基本定理", "代数学基本定理", "FTA", "Gauss fundamental theorem" ], "year": 1799, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "symbolic_algebra" ], "related": [ "abel_impossibility_quintic", "alternating_current", "galois_theory" ], "desc": "高斯博士论文首给严谨证明：复系数n次方程恰有n个复根，确立复数的代数地位。" }, { "id": "laplace_celestial_mechanics", "name": "拉普拉斯天体力学", "nameEn": "Celestial mechanics", "wikiEn": "Celestial mechanics", "aliases": [ "天体力学", "Celestial mechanics", "Mécanique céleste", "拉普拉斯力学" ], "year": 1799, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "inverse_square_gravity", "newtonian_mechanics" ], "related": [ "keplers_laws" ], "desc": "拉普拉斯《天体力学》以微扰论论证太阳系稳定，集经典力学大成。" }, { "id": "law_of_definite_proportions", "name": "定比定律", "nameEn": "Law of definite proportions", "wikiEn": "Law of definite proportions", "aliases": [ "普鲁斯特定比定律", "定组成定律", "Proust's law", "恒定组成定律" ], "year": 1799, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "conservation_of_mass" ], "related": [ "law_of_multiple_proportions", "atomic_theory" ], "desc": "普鲁斯特提出化合物元素组成恒定，为原子论铺路。" }, { "id": "mechanics_institute", "name": "机械讲习所", "nameEn": "Mechanics institute", "wikiEn": "Mechanics' institute", "aliases": [ "技工讲习所", "工人夜校" ], "year": 1799, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1799年格拉斯哥首创", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "apprenticeship", "scientific_academies" ], "related": [ "vocational_education", "royal_institution" ], "desc": "为技工开设科学技艺讲座的成人夜校，工人教育之始" }, { "id": "monge_descriptive_geometry", "name": "蒙日画法几何", "nameEn": "Descriptive geometry", "wikiEn": "Descriptive geometry", "aliases": [ "画法几何学", "蒙日几何", "Géométrie descriptive", "Monge geometry" ], "year": 1799, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "analytic_geometry", "projective_geometry", "technical_drawing" ], "desc": "蒙日用正投影在平面上精确表达三维形体，奠定工程制图教学与工业设计基础。" }, { "id": "royal_institution", "name": "皇家科学讲座机构", "nameEn": "Royal Institution", "wikiEn": "Royal Institution", "aliases": [ "英国皇家研究院", "圣诞讲座" ], "year": 1799, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1799年创立", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "scientific_academies" ], "related": [ "scientific_journal", "laboratory" ], "desc": "以公开讲座与圣诞讲习向大众普及科学的伦敦机构" }, { "id": "simson_line", "name": "西姆松线", "nameEn": "Simson line", "wikiEn": "Simson line", "aliases": [ "西摩松线", "华莱士线", "垂足共线定理", "Wallace-Simson line" ], "year": 1799, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "nine_point_circle", "ptolemy_theorem" ], "desc": "华莱士首先发表：外接圆上一点向三角形三边作垂足，三垂足必共线。" }, { "id": "wessel_complex_plane", "name": "韦塞尔复平面", "nameEn": "Caspar Wessel", "wikiEn": "Caspar Wessel", "aliases": [ "韦塞尔图", "复数几何表示", "复平面先驱", "Wessel diagram" ], "year": 1799, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cardano_imaginary_numbers" ], "related": [ "argand_diagram", "demoivre_formula" ], "desc": "挪威测量员韦塞尔首次给出复数的平面向量几何解释，论文尘封近百年才被重视。" }, { "id": "business_suit", "name": "现代西装", "nameEn": "Suit", "wikiEn": "Suit", "aliases": [ "Business suit" ], "year": 1800, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "布鲁梅尔简化英国男装", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "dress" ], "related": [ "pocket_watch", "wristwatch" ], "desc": "剪裁合体的三件套男装摒弃宫廷刺绣，确立延续至今的商务正装范式。" }, { "id": "electrochemistry", "name": "电化学", "nameEn": "Electrochemistry", "wikiEn": "Electrochemistry", "aliases": [ "Electrolysis", "Nicholson and Carlisle", "Davy electrolysis", "电解" ], "year": 1800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "electrolysis_of_water", "voltaic_pile" ], "desc": "尼科尔森电解水、戴维电解出钠钾，电与化学反应结合。" }, { "id": "electrolysis_of_water", "name": "电解水", "nameEn": "Electrolysis of water", "wikiEn": "Electrolysis of water", "aliases": [ "水电解", "Water electrolysis" ], "year": 1800, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "尼科尔森与卡莱尔1800年首次电解水；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "voltaic_pile", "green_hydrogen", "fuel_cell" ], "desc": "用直流电把水分解为氢与氧，绿氢路线的关键一步。" }, { "id": "high_pressure_steam_engine", "name": "高压蒸汽机", "nameEn": "High-pressure steam engine", "wikiEn": "High-pressure steam engine", "aliases": [ "Trevithick engine", "Oliver Evans engine", "特里维西克蒸汽机" ], "year": 1800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "railway_locomotive", "steamship", "traction_engine" ], "desc": "特里维西克与埃文斯制成高压机，功重比高而适合交通。" }, { "id": "metal_lathe", "name": "全金属螺纹车床", "nameEn": "Screw-cutting lathe", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Maudslay lathe", "Screw-cutting lathe", "全金属车床", "莫兹利车床" ], "year": 1800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cylinder_boring_machine", "screw_cutting_lathe" ], "related": [ "milling_machine", "interchangeable_parts" ], "desc": "莫兹利全金属精密车床与溜板刀架，机床工业之母。" }, { "id": "monitorial_system", "name": "导生制教学", "nameEn": "Monitorial system", "wikiEn": "Monitorial system", "aliases": [ "贝尔兰开斯特制", "互教制度" ], "year": 1800, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "约1800年兰开斯特推行", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compulsory_education", "didactica_magna" ], "related": [ "common_school", "kindergarten" ], "desc": "高年级生助教批量授课的廉价学制，大班教学之先声" }, { "id": "semester_system", "name": "学期与课程表", "nameEn": "Semester", "wikiEn": "Semester", "aliases": [ "学期制", "校历" ], "year": 1800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取 19 世纪上半叶德美大学学分学时制推广期", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "academic_degree" ], "related": [ "laboratory", "engineering_education" ], "desc": "把学年切成学期与课表并按进度升级，使大规模教学可被排程管理。" }, { "id": "torpedo", "name": "鱼雷", "nameEn": "Torpedo", "wikiEn": "Torpedo", "aliases": [ "自航水雷", "Torpedo boat" ], "year": 1800, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "富尔顿爆破浮雷1800年演示，自航鱼雷1866年", "era": "industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "naval_mine" ], "related": [ "submarine", "dreadnought", "sonar" ], "desc": "水下自航爆炸物，颠覆了主力舰与海岸防御的天平。" }, { "id": "voltaic_pile", "name": "伏打电堆", "nameEn": "Voltaic pile", "wikiEn": "Voltaic pile", "aliases": [ "Voltaic battery", "伏打电池", "Volta battery" ], "year": 1800, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "telegraph", "electrochemistry", "electromagnet" ], "desc": "伏打发明首个持续化学电源，开启电学应用时代。" }, { "id": "arithmetic_function", "name": "算术函数", "nameEn": "Arithmetic function", "wikiEn": "Arithmetic function", "aliases": [ "数论函数", "整数函数", "算术函数", "Number-theoretic function" ], "year": 1801, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "divisor" ], "related": [ "additive_function", "carmichael_function" ], "desc": "定义域为正整数的函数，如欧拉函数、除数函数，是解析数论基本对象。" }, { "id": "congruence_relation", "name": "同余关系", "nameEn": "Congruence relation", "wikiEn": "Congruence relation", "aliases": [ "同余", "合同关系", "模同余", "Modular congruence" ], "year": 1801, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "carmichael_function", "chinese_remainder_theorem", "cubic_reciprocity", "equal_temperament" ], "desc": "高斯《算术研究》引入a≡b(mod n)记号与等价关系，是模运算与数论根基。" }, { "id": "definite_quadratic_form", "name": "定二次型", "nameEn": "Definite quadratic form", "wikiEn": "Definite quadratic form", "aliases": [ "正定二次型", "负定二次型", "定型", "Positive-definite quadratic form" ], "year": 1801, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fifteen_and_290_theorems", "geometry_of_numbers" ], "desc": "对非零向量恒正（或恒负）的二次型，高斯系统研究其整数表示与约化。" }, { "id": "interchangeable_parts", "name": "互换性零件", "nameEn": "Interchangeable parts", "wikiEn": "Interchangeable parts", "aliases": [ "American system of manufacturing", "通用零件", "可互换零件" ], "year": 1801, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "metal_lathe" ], "related": [ "milling_machine" ], "desc": "惠特尼等以精密机床实现零件互换，美国制造体系核心。" }, { "id": "jacquard_loom", "name": "雅卡尔提花机", "nameEn": "Jacquard machine", "wikiEn": "Jacquard machine", "aliases": [ "Jacquard loom", "雅卡尔织机", "穿孔卡提花机" ], "year": 1801, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "weaving_loom" ], "related": [ "analytical_engine", "power_loom", "punched_card" ], "desc": "雅卡尔以穿孔卡片自动控制花型，可编程机器的先声。" }, { "id": "young_double_slit", "name": "杨氏双缝干涉实验", "nameEn": "Double-slit experiment", "wikiEn": "Double-slit experiment", "aliases": [ "双缝实验", "杨氏干涉", "Double-slit experiment", "Young's interference" ], "year": 1801, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wave_theory_light" ], "related": [], "desc": "托马斯·杨以双缝干涉证明光的波动性，复兴波动说。" }, { "id": "atomic_theory", "name": "近代原子论", "nameEn": "Atomic theory", "wikiEn": "Atomic theory", "aliases": [ "Dalton atomic theory", "道尔顿原子论" ], "year": 1803, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "periodic_table" ], "desc": "道尔顿提出元素由定重比原子构成，奠定近代化学。" }, { "id": "buttress_dam", "name": "扶壁坝", "nameEn": "Buttress dam", "wikiEn": "Buttress dam", "aliases": [ "支墩坝", "空心坝" ], "year": 1803, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以 19 世纪初南亚殖民工程的早期扶壁坝为据，取约值", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "masonry", "arch", "column" ], "related": [ "arch_dam", "three_gorges_dam", "aqueduct", "qanat" ], "desc": "上游整面挡水板由下游一排支墩撑住，省料而坝体轻。" }, { "id": "judicial_review", "name": "司法审查制", "nameEn": "Judicial Review", "wikiEn": "Judicial review", "aliases": [ "违宪审查", "马伯里诉麦迪逊" ], "year": 1803, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1803年马伯里案确立美国联邦司法审查；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "constitution_written", "separation_of_powers", "rule_of_law", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "common_law", "magna_carta", "ombudsman_institution", "trial_by_jury" ], "desc": "法院可在个案中拒绝适用抵触宪法的立法，使最高规范由普通诉讼而非上层宣言来触发。" }, { "id": "paper_machine", "name": "长网造纸机", "nameEn": "Paper machine", "wikiEn": "Paper machine", "aliases": [ "Fourdrinier machine", "福特德里尼耶造纸机" ], "year": 1803, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "papermaking" ], "related": [ "rotary_printing_press" ], "desc": "福特德里尼耶连续造纸机，纸张得以大规模廉价生产。" }, { "id": "law_of_multiple_proportions", "name": "倍比定律", "nameEn": "Law of multiple proportions", "wikiEn": "Law of multiple proportions", "aliases": [ "道尔顿倍比定律", "Dalton's law", "倍数比例定律", "multiple proportions" ], "year": 1804, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "atomic_theory", "law_of_definite_proportions" ], "related": [], "desc": "道尔顿指出元素按小整数倍比化合，支持原子论。" }, { "id": "morphine", "name": "吗啡", "nameEn": "Morphine", "wikiEn": "Morphine", "aliases": [ "Sertürner morphine", "塞尔特纳吗啡" ], "year": 1804, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "distillation", "titration_method" ], "related": [ "fractional_distillation", "hypodermic_needle" ], "desc": "塞尔特纳从鸦片中分离出首个纯活性生物碱药物。" }, { "id": "napoleonic_code", "name": "拿破仑法典", "nameEn": "Napoleonic Code", "wikiEn": "Napoleonic Code", "aliases": [ "法国民法典", "Code civil" ], "year": 1804, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1804 年颁行", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "justinian_digest", "constitution_written" ], "related": [ "common_law", "tang_code", "copyright" ], "desc": "以通俗统一的条文规定产权与契约，废除封建特权并被多国直接移植。" }, { "id": "railway_locomotive", "name": "蒸汽机车", "nameEn": "Steam locomotive", "wikiEn": "Steam locomotive", "aliases": [ "Trevithick locomotive", "Stephenson Rocket", "火车头" ], "year": 1804, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "high_pressure_steam_engine", "iron_rail" ], "related": [ "steam_railway", "steamship" ], "desc": "特里维西克首造在轨蒸汽机车，铁路时代由此开启。" }, { "id": "argand_diagram", "name": "阿尔冈复平面图示", "nameEn": "Argand diagram", "wikiEn": "Argand diagram", "aliases": [ "阿尔冈图", "阿甘德图", "复平面", "Argand plane", "高斯复平面" ], "year": 1806, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wessel_complex_plane" ], "related": [ "cauchy_riemann_equations", "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra" ], "desc": "阿尔冈独立发表复数几何表示与模的概念，复平面图示迅速在数学家中普及。" }, { "id": "brianchanchon_theorem", "name": "布里安桑定理", "nameEn": "Brianchon's theorem", "wikiEn": "Brianchon's theorem", "aliases": [ "布里昂雄定理", "外切六边形定理", "Brianchon theorem" ], "year": 1806, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "projective_geometry" ], "related": [ "pascal_theorem", "duality_principle" ], "desc": "布里安桑证明圆锥曲线外切六边形三条主对角线共点，是帕斯卡定理的对偶。" }, { "id": "carbon_paper", "name": "复写纸", "nameEn": "Carbon Paper", "wikiEn": "Carbon paper", "aliases": [ "碳纸", "抄写纸" ], "year": 1806, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "papermaking", "printing_ink" ], "related": [ "typewriter", "double_entry_bookkeeping", "mimeograph" ], "desc": "涂蜡墨纸让一次书写得出多份副本，单据当场可核对" }, { "id": "davy_electrolysis", "name": "戴维电解分离元素", "nameEn": "Humphry Davy", "wikiEn": "Humphry Davy", "aliases": [ "电解法发现碱金属", "戴维电解" ], "year": 1807, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1807年电解得钾钠，1808年电解得钙镁锶钡", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "voltaic_pile" ], "related": [ "electrochemistry", "periodic_table" ], "desc": "伏打电堆问世即电解出钾钠等新元素，大幅扩充元素家族。" }, { "id": "heat_equation", "name": "热传导方程与基本解", "nameEn": "Heat equation", "wikiEn": "Heat equation", "aliases": [ "热方程", "扩散方程", "高斯核基本解", "Heat kernel", "Fourier heat equation" ], "year": 1807, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dalembert_wave_equation" ], "related": [ "fourier_analysis", "navier_stokes_equations", "greens_function" ], "desc": "傅里叶在热传导研究中建立抛物型方程，其高斯核基本解后成为随机过程与几何工具。" }, { "id": "monge_surface_theory", "name": "蒙日曲面论与可展曲面", "nameEn": "Developable surface", "wikiEn": "Developable surface", "aliases": [ "蒙日曲面理论", "可展曲面", "偏微分方程几何应用", "Monge surface theory" ], "year": 1807, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "monge_descriptive_geometry" ], "related": [ "cartography", "dupin_indicatrix", "gauss_theorema_egregium" ], "desc": "蒙日以偏微分方程刻画可展曲面与直纹面，创立曲面的解析理论并培养几何学派。" }, { "id": "percussion_cap", "name": "雷汞火帽", "nameEn": "Percussion cap", "wikiEn": "Percussion cap", "aliases": [ "击发帽", "Percussion lock" ], "year": 1807, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "福赛斯1807年取得专利；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "flintlock" ], "related": [ "cartridge_firearms", "breechloader", "rifling" ], "desc": "以击发药帽替代明火引药，射击不再受风雨限制。" }, { "id": "steamship", "name": "蒸汽船", "nameEn": "Steamship", "wikiEn": "Steamship", "aliases": [ "Steamboat", "Clermont", "Charlotte Dundas", "汽船", "富尔顿轮船" ], "year": 1807, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "screw_propeller", "railway_locomotive", "submarine_telegraph_cable" ], "desc": "富尔顿克莱蒙特号商业航运成功，轮船进入实用时代。" }, { "id": "youngs_modulus", "name": "杨氏模量", "nameEn": "Young's modulus", "wikiEn": "Young's modulus", "aliases": [ "弹性模量", "Young's modulus", "杨氏弹性模量", "杨氏系数" ], "year": 1807, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hookes_law" ], "related": [], "desc": "托马斯·杨定义纵向弹性模量，量化材料应力与应变关系。" }, { "id": "gay_lussac_combining_volumes", "name": "气体化合体积定律", "nameEn": "Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes", "wikiEn": "Gay-Lussac's law", "aliases": [ "盖-吕萨克定律", "气体反应体积简比定律", "combining volumes", "气体体积定律" ], "year": 1808, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "avogadro_molecular_hypothesis", "law_of_definite_proportions" ], "desc": "盖-吕萨克发现气体反应体积成简单整数比。" }, { "id": "guerrilla_warfare", "name": "游击战", "nameEn": "Guerrilla warfare", "wikiEn": "Guerrilla warfare", "aliases": [ "游击战争" ], "year": 1808, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "半岛战争1808年，该词由此流行；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "conscription", "blitzkrieg", "assault_rifle" ], "desc": "弱势一方依托民众以袭扰消耗正规军的非对称战法。" }, { "id": "variation_of_parameters", "name": "常数变易法", "nameEn": "Variation of parameters", "wikiEn": "Variation of parameters", "aliases": [ "参数变易法", "拉格朗日变易常数", "Variation of constants", "Lagrange method" ], "year": 1808, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euler_constant_coefficient_ode" ], "related": [ "bernoulli_differential_equation", "sturm_liouville_theory" ], "desc": "拉格朗日将齐次解的常数视为未知函数，给出非齐次线性方程的一般积分方法。" }, { "id": "gauss_normal_error_theory", "name": "高斯正态分布误差理论", "nameEn": "Normal distribution", "wikiEn": "Normal distribution", "aliases": [ "高斯分布", "正态分布", "误差正态曲线", "Gaussian distribution", "Bell curve" ], "year": 1809, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "demoivre_normal_curve", "gauss_least_squares" ], "related": [ "central_limit_theorem", "kalman_filter", "radiometric_dating" ], "desc": "高斯在《天体运动理论》中将正态分布作为误差定律导出，统计推断由此体系化。" }, { "id": "lamarckism", "name": "拉马克获得性遗传", "nameEn": "Lamarckism", "wikiEn": "Lamarckism", "aliases": [ "拉马克主义", "用进废退", "获得性状遗传", "动物哲学" ], "year": 1809, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "selective_breeding_bakewell", "steno_stratigraphy" ], "related": [ "buffon_natural_history", "evolution_natural_selection", "geological_map" ], "desc": "《动物哲学》提出用进废退与获得性遗传，首个系统演化理论。" }, { "id": "ombudsman_institution", "name": "议会监察使", "nameEn": "Ombudsman Institution", "wikiEn": "Ombudsman", "aliases": [ "监察使", "行政申诉专员" ], "year": 1809, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "瑞典1809年宪法设正义监察使", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "constitution_written", "censorate", "parliament" ], "related": [ "civil_service", "weber_bureaucracy", "judicial_review", "newspaper" ], "desc": "由议会派出独立官员受理对行政的申诉并公开调查，把系统性官僚失误拆成可追责的个案。" }, { "id": "augmented_matrix", "name": "增广矩阵", "nameEn": "Augmented matrix", "wikiEn": "Augmented matrix", "aliases": [ "扩增矩阵", "增广阵", "增广矩阵" ], "year": 1810, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cramers_rule" ], "related": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra", "rank_nullity_theorem" ], "desc": "把线性方程组系数与常数列并排而成的矩阵，高斯消元即在其上行变换。" }, { "id": "canning", "name": "罐头食品", "nameEn": "Canning", "wikiEn": "Canning", "aliases": [ "Appert canning", "Durand tin can", "马口铁罐", "阿佩尔装罐法" ], "year": 1810, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pasteurization", "refrigerated_transport" ], "desc": "阿佩尔密封加热法、杜兰德马口铁罐，食品长期保藏。" }, { "id": "central_limit_theorem", "name": "中心极限定理", "nameEn": "Central limit theorem", "wikiEn": "Central limit theorem", "aliases": [ "中心极限法则", "CLT", "Laplace central limit theorem" ], "year": 1810, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_normal_error_theory", "bernoulli_law_large_numbers" ], "related": [ "demoivre_normal_curve", "markov_chains", "social_insurance" ], "desc": "拉普拉斯起多代数学家证明独立随机量之和趋于正态，解释了钟形曲线的普遍性。" }, { "id": "gaussian_elimination", "name": "高斯消元法", "nameEn": "Gaussian elimination", "wikiEn": "Gaussian elimination", "aliases": [ "矩阵消元法", "高斯约当消元", "row reduction" ], "year": 1810, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "《九章算术》刘徽注已有等价算法；高斯1810年前后用于最小二乘测定轨道；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algebraic_equation", "determinant" ], "related": [ "augmented_matrix", "lu_decomposition", "blas", "nine_chapters" ], "desc": "逐行消元把线性方程组化为三角形式，是工程仿真与数值计算的通用内核。" }, { "id": "research_university", "name": "研究型大学", "nameEn": "Research university", "wikiEn": "Research university", "aliases": [ "洪堡式大学", "教学科研一体" ], "year": 1810, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1810年柏林大学创建；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "medieval_university", "scientific_method" ], "related": [ "laboratory", "academic_degree" ], "desc": "洪堡式教学与科研并重的大学，现代博士养成的制度" }, { "id": "avogadro_molecular_hypothesis", "name": "阿伏伽德罗分子假说", "nameEn": "Avogadro's molecular hypothesis", "wikiEn": "Avogadro's law", "aliases": [ "阿伏伽德罗定律", "Avogadro's hypothesis", "分子学说", "阿伏伽德罗-安培假说" ], "year": 1811, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gay_lussac_combining_volumes" ], "related": [ "atomic_theory", "arrhenius_ionic_dissociation" ], "desc": "阿伏伽德罗提出同温同压下同体积气体含等数分子。" }, { "id": "incomplete_gamma_function", "name": "不完全伽马函数", "nameEn": "Incomplete gamma function", "wikiEn": "Incomplete gamma function", "aliases": [ "不完全Γ函数", "不完全伽玛函数", "广义伽马函数", "Incomplete gamma" ], "year": 1811, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "barnes_g_function", "riemann_integral" ], "desc": "伽马函数带积分限的推广，分上下两类，广泛用于概率与特殊函数计算。" }, { "id": "cuvier_comparative_anatomy", "name": "居维叶比较解剖学", "nameEn": "Georges Cuvier", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Cuvier", "Georges Cuvier", "古脊椎动物学之父", "器官相关律", "灾变论" ], "year": 1812, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cuvier_paleontology_catastrophism", "lamarckism", "steno_stratigraphy" ], "desc": "器官相关律可据局部复原整体，创立古脊椎动物学。" }, { "id": "cuvier_paleontology_catastrophism", "name": "居维叶古生物与灾变论", "nameEn": "Cuvier's paleontology and catastrophism", "wikiEn": "Georges Cuvier", "aliases": [ "灾变论", "居维叶", "Catastrophism", "古脊椎动物学", "化石对比" ], "year": 1812, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steno_stratigraphy" ], "related": [ "agassiz_ice_age", "cuvier_comparative_anatomy", "hutton_uniformitarianism", "lyell_principles_geology" ], "desc": "居维叶研究巴黎盆地化石，主张灾变导致生物更替。" }, { "id": "gas_works", "name": "煤气厂", "nameEn": "Gasworks", "wikiEn": "Gasworks", "aliases": [ "Gas Light and Coke Company", "煤气储气罐" ], "year": 1812, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gas_lighting" ], "related": [ "public_water_supply" ], "desc": "伦敦首家煤气公司集中制气输配，城市公用事业雏形。" }, { "id": "laplace_classical_probability", "name": "拉普拉斯古典概率定义", "nameEn": "Classical definition of probability", "wikiEn": "Classical definition of probability", "aliases": [ "古典概率", "古典定义", "拉普拉斯概率定义", "等可能概型" ], "year": 1812, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "demoivre_doctrine_chances" ], "related": [ "gibbs_statistical_ensembles", "kolmogorov_probability_axioms", "probability_theory" ], "desc": "《概率的分析理论》以有利情形比全体等可能情形定义概率，统治概率论百年。" }, { "id": "mohs_scale", "name": "莫氏硬度计", "nameEn": "Mohs scale", "wikiEn": "Mohs scale", "aliases": [ "摩氏硬度", "矿物硬度标准" ], "year": 1812, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "de_re_metallica", "geological_map" ], "desc": "十种矿物相互刻划定软硬次序，野外鉴矿的简易标尺。" }, { "id": "berzelius_chemical_symbols", "name": "贝采里乌斯元素符号体系", "nameEn": "Berzelius chemical notation and dualism", "wikiEn": "Jöns Jacob Berzelius", "aliases": [ "元素字母符号", "二元电化学说", "Berzelius notation", "贝采里乌斯符号" ], "year": 1813, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "atomic_theory" ], "related": [ "periodic_table", "law_of_definite_proportions" ], "desc": "贝采里乌斯创元素字母符号与二元电化学组成说。" }, { "id": "cauchy_binet_formula", "name": "柯西-比内公式", "nameEn": "Cauchy–Binet formula", "wikiEn": "Cauchy–Binet formula", "aliases": [ "柯西–比内公式", "比内-柯西公式", "Binet-Cauchy formula" ], "year": 1813, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cramers_rule" ], "related": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra", "cayley_hamilton_theorem" ], "desc": "两矩阵乘积子式的展开公式，是行列式乘法公式在长方阵情形的推广。" }, { "id": "divergence_theorem", "name": "散度定理", "nameEn": "Divergence theorem", "wikiEn": "Divergence theorem", "aliases": [ "高斯散度定理", "奥斯特罗格拉德斯基公式", "通量体积分转换", "Gauss-Ostrogradsky" ], "year": 1813, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "analytic_geometry" ], "related": [ "gausss_law", "greens_theorem", "stokes_theorem", "vector_calculus" ], "desc": "高斯、奥斯特罗格拉德斯基等人建立体积分与边界通量的关系，是向量分析基本定理。" }, { "id": "dupin_indicatrix", "name": "杜邦标线", "nameEn": "Dupin indicatrix", "wikiEn": "Dupin indicatrix", "aliases": [ "迪潘标线", "杜邦指标线", "Dupin's indicatrix" ], "year": 1813, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "principal_curvature" ], "related": [ "monge_surface_theory", "second_fundamental_form" ], "desc": "杜邦以二阶近似截线椭圆或双曲线直观表示曲面一点的弯曲类型与主曲率。" }, { "id": "poisson_equation", "name": "泊松方程", "nameEn": "Poisson's equation", "wikiEn": "Poisson's equation", "aliases": [ "泊松方程", "Δu=ρ型方程", "有源位势方程", "Poisson equation" ], "year": 1813, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "laplace_equation" ], "related": [ "gausss_law", "greens_function", "maxwell_equations" ], "desc": "泊松把拉普拉斯方程推广到含源项情形，成为引力理论与静电学的标准方程。" }, { "id": "gaussian_quadrature", "name": "高斯求积", "nameEn": "Gaussian quadrature", "wikiEn": "Gaussian quadrature", "aliases": [ "高斯积分公式", "高斯-勒让德求积", "Gauss-Legendre quadrature", "最优节点求积" ], "year": 1814, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lagrange_interpolation", "legendre_polynomials" ], "related": [ "clenshaw_curtis_quadrature", "finite_element_method", "newton_cotes_formulas" ], "desc": "高斯1814年提出的最优节点求积法，n点可精确积分至2n-1次多项式。" }, { "id": "steam_printing_press", "name": "蒸汽印刷机", "nameEn": "Koenig steam press", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Koenig & Bauer steam press", "Koenig cylinder press", "蒸汽动力印刷机" ], "year": 1814, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "lithography", "rotary_printing_press" ], "desc": "柯尼希蒸汽滚筒印刷机印泰晤士报，印速十倍于手工。" }, { "id": "davy_lamp", "name": "戴维安全灯", "nameEn": "Davy lamp", "wikiEn": "Davy lamp", "aliases": [ "Miner's safety lamp", "矿工安全灯", "Geordie lamp" ], "year": 1815, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "steam_engine" ], "desc": "戴维发明金属网罩安全灯，降低煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险。" }, { "id": "geological_map", "name": "首幅现代地质图", "nameEn": "Geological map", "wikiEn": "Geological map", "aliases": [ "史密斯地质图", "地层图" ], "year": 1815, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "威廉·史密斯1815年绘英格兰威尔士地质图；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steno_stratigraphy" ], "related": [ "map", "surveying", "coal_cutting_machine" ], "desc": "用色带把地层铺在地图上，找矿修渠从此有图可依。" }, { "id": "stethoscope", "name": "听诊器", "nameEn": "Stethoscope", "wikiEn": "Stethoscope", "aliases": [ "Laennec stethoscope", "雷奈克听诊器" ], "year": 1816, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "papermaking" ], "related": [ "anesthesia", "doppler_effect", "sabine_reverberation" ], "desc": "雷奈克发明纸管听诊器，把心肺声音变成诊断依据。" }, { "id": "stirling_engine", "name": "斯特林发动机", "nameEn": "Stirling engine", "wikiEn": "Stirling engine", "aliases": [ "Hot-air engine", "斯特林热空气机" ], "year": 1816, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "steam_engine" ], "desc": "斯特林发明外燃闭循环热空气机，安静高效。" }, { "id": "bessel_functions", "name": "贝塞尔函数", "nameEn": "Bessel function", "wikiEn": "Bessel function", "aliases": [ "贝塞尔函数", "圆柱函数", "柱谐函数", "Bessel functions", "天文学开普勒方程" ], "year": 1817, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euler_constant_coefficient_ode" ], "related": [ "hypergeometric_series", "fourier_analysis", "sturm_liouville_theory" ], "desc": "贝塞尔系统研究圆柱坐标边值问题产生的函数族，是波动、热传导与信号处理的支柱。" }, { "id": "bolzano_intermediate_value", "name": "波尔查诺介值定理", "nameEn": "Intermediate value theorem", "wikiEn": "Intermediate value theorem", "aliases": [ "介值定理", "中间值定理", "Bolzano theorem", "Bolzano's theorem" ], "year": 1817, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "weierstrass_epsilon_delta", "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra" ], "desc": "波尔查诺首次以纯分析方式证明连续函数取遍中间值，开启分析严格化运动。" }, { "id": "draisienne", "name": "德莱斯两轮车", "nameEn": "Dandy horse", "wikiEn": "Dandy horse", "aliases": [ "Laufmaschine", "Draisienne", "德莱斯自行车", "步行机" ], "year": 1817, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pneumatic_tire" ], "desc": "德莱斯发明两轮蹬地滑行的 Laufmaschine，自行车鼻祖。" }, { "id": "ricardo_comparative_advantage", "name": "李嘉图比较优势理论", "nameEn": "Comparative advantage", "wikiEn": "Comparative advantage", "aliases": [ "比较优势", "比较成本说", "Ricardo trade theory", "政治经济学及赋税原理" ], "year": 1817, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "smith_wealth_of_nations" ], "related": [ "malthus_population" ], "desc": "各国按比较成本分工即可互利贸易，奠定自由贸易理论基石。" }, { "id": "milling_machine", "name": "铣床", "nameEn": "Milling machine", "wikiEn": "Milling (machining)", "aliases": [ "Whitney milling machine", "North milling machine" ], "year": 1818, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "metal_lathe" ], "related": [ "interchangeable_parts" ], "desc": "惠特尼等制成旋转铣刀机床，批量加工互换金属件。" }, { "id": "science_fiction", "name": "科幻小说", "nameEn": "Science fiction", "wikiEn": "Science fiction", "aliases": [ "科学传奇", "科幻" ], "year": 1818, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以雪莱《弗兰肯斯坦》1818 年为通行起点", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gothic_novel" ], "related": [ "detective_fiction", "film_genre", "steam_engine" ], "desc": "以技术假设推演他种世界的叙事体裁，把科学进展变成故事素材与伦理试验。" }, { "id": "treadmill", "name": "跑步机", "nameEn": "Treadmill", "wikiEn": "Treadmill", "aliases": [], "year": 1818, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "库比特1818年设计踏步磨；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "treadwheel_crane" ], "related": [ "water_wheel" ], "desc": "踏步驱动滚筒的惩戒磨坊，二十世纪改作室内健身与心肺检测平台。" }, { "id": "dulong_petit_law", "name": "杜隆-珀蒂定律", "nameEn": "Dulong–Petit law", "wikiEn": "Dulong–Petit law", "aliases": [ "杜隆珀蒂定律", "比热原子量定律", "Dulong-Petit law", "固体比热定律" ], "year": 1819, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "atomic_theory" ], "related": [], "desc": "杜隆与珀蒂发现固态元素比热与原子量乘积近似恒定。" }, { "id": "amperes_force_law", "name": "安培力定律", "nameEn": "Ampère's force law", "wikiEn": "Ampère's force law", "aliases": [ "安培定律", "电动力学", "Ampère's force law", "Ampère's law" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "oersted_electromagnetism" ], "related": [ "biot_savart_law", "electromagnet" ], "desc": "安培给出平行电流间作用力定律，创立电动力学数学理论。" }, { "id": "arithmometer", "name": "算术仪", "nameEn": "Arithmometer", "wikiEn": "Arithmometer", "aliases": [ "Thomas de Colmar calculator", "托马斯计算器" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "difference_engine" ], "desc": "托马斯发明首款商业化批量生产的机械计算器。" }, { "id": "biot_savart_law", "name": "毕奥-萨伐尔定律", "nameEn": "Biot–Savart law", "wikiEn": "Biot–Savart law", "aliases": [ "毕奥-萨伐尔定律", "Biot–Savart law", "电流磁场定律", "毕奥萨伐尔定律" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "oersted_electromagnetism" ], "related": [ "amperes_force_law", "gausss_law" ], "desc": "毕奥与萨伐尔给出电流元产生磁场的公式，磁场计算基石。" }, { "id": "galvanometer", "name": "检流计", "nameEn": "Galvanometer", "wikiEn": "Galvanometer", "aliases": [ "Schweigger multiplier", "电流计" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "voltaic_pile" ], "related": [ "electromagnet", "telegraph" ], "desc": "施魏格发明倍增线圈检流计，检测微弱电流的仪器。" }, { "id": "macadam", "name": "碎石路面", "nameEn": "Macadam", "wikiEn": "Macadam", "aliases": [ "McAdam road", "马克当筑路法" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "canal_lock" ], "desc": "麦克当以分层碎石筑路，排水耐磨，近代公路标准。" }, { "id": "nine_point_circle", "name": "九点圆", "nameEn": "Nine-point circle", "wikiEn": "Nine-point circle", "aliases": [ "九点圆定理", "欧拉圆", "费尔巴哈圆", "Nine-point circle theorem" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "euler_line" ], "related": [ "feuerbach_point", "simson_line" ], "desc": "三角形三边中点、三高垂足与各顶点到垂心中点共九点共圆，十九世纪几何名题。" }, { "id": "oersted_electromagnetism", "name": "奥斯特电流磁效应", "nameEn": "Oersted's law", "wikiEn": "Oersted's law", "aliases": [ "奥斯特实验", "电流磁效应", "Oersted's law", "电生磁" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "voltaic_pile" ], "related": [ "electromagnet", "amperes_force_law" ], "desc": "奥斯特发现通电导线使磁针偏转，首次证明电与磁相联系。" }, { "id": "planer_machine", "name": "龙门刨床", "nameEn": "Planer", "wikiEn": "Planer (metalworking)", "aliases": [ "Metal planing machine", "金属刨床" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "metal_lathe" ], "related": [ "milling_machine" ], "desc": "19世纪初出现的金属平面刨削机床，补齐机床基本门类。" }, { "id": "poisson_kernel", "name": "泊松核", "nameEn": "Poisson kernel", "wikiEn": "Poisson kernel", "aliases": [ "泊松核函数", "圆盘调和延拓", "Poisson kernel", "单位圆边值平均" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laplace_equation" ], "related": [ "cauchy_integral_formula", "fourier_analysis", "hardy_spaces" ], "desc": "泊松给出圆盘边值到内部调和函数的卷积核，连接边值问题、傅里叶级数与复分析。" }, { "id": "quinine", "name": "奎宁", "nameEn": "Quinine", "wikiEn": "Quinine", "aliases": [ "Pelletier Caventou quinine", "金鸡纳霜" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cinchona_bark", "law_of_definite_proportions", "morphine", "stoichiometry" ], "related": [ "chloroquine", "fractional_distillation", "pharmacy" ], "desc": "佩尔蒂埃与卡旺图分离奎宁，首个抗疟特效药物。" }, { "id": "truss_bridge", "name": "桁架桥", "nameEn": "Truss bridge", "wikiEn": "Truss bridge", "aliases": [ "桁梁桥", "格构桁架桥" ], "year": 1820, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以 1820 年格构桁架桥专利为定型节点；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "truss", "timber_framing", "saw" ], "related": [ "iron_bridge", "railway_locomotive", "anji_bridge", "arkadiko_bridge" ], "desc": "三角形杆系把桥面弯矩化为杆件拉压，跨径随之大增。" }, { "id": "cauchy_cours_danalyse", "name": "柯西《分析教程》", "nameEn": "Cours d'Analyse", "wikiEn": "Cours d'Analyse", "aliases": [ "分析教程", "皇家综合工科学校分析教程", "柯西严格化", "Cours d'analyse de l'École Polytechnique" ], "year": 1821, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bolzano_intermediate_value" ], "related": [ "weierstrass_epsilon_delta", "riemann_integral", "dalembert_limit_concept" ], "desc": "柯西在教程中以极限、连续与收敛重铸微积分，开启十九世纪分析严格化运动。" }, { "id": "gold_standard", "name": "金本位制", "nameEn": "Gold standard", "wikiEn": "Gold standard", "aliases": [ "金币本位", "黄金平价" ], "year": 1821, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英国 1821 年恢复金币自由兑换；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bank_of_england" ], "related": [ "bretton_woods_system", "fiat_money", "metric_system" ], "desc": "货币按固定含金量互通，带来百年低汇率风险与跨境资本流动。" }, { "id": "harmonica", "name": "口琴", "nameEn": "Harmonica", "wikiEn": "Harmonica", "aliases": [ "Mouth organ" ], "year": 1821, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "通常归于1821年布斯曼；源头有争议", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "music_box" ], "related": [ "piano", "water_organ" ], "desc": "吹吸之间簧片振响的口袋乐器，廉价便携随蓝调与民谣流浪。" }, { "id": "thermoelectric_effect", "name": "温差电效应", "nameEn": "Thermoelectric effect", "wikiEn": "Thermoelectric effect", "aliases": [ "塞贝克效应", "佩尔捷效应", "热电效应" ], "year": 1821, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "塞贝克1821年发现温差生电，佩尔捷效应1834年补全；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "voltaic_pile" ], "related": [ "rtg", "refrigeration" ], "desc": "温差直接产生电动势，热电偶测温与深空核电池之理。" }, { "id": "crystallographic_restriction_theorem", "name": "晶体学限制定理", "nameEn": "Crystallographic restriction theorem", "wikiEn": "Crystallographic restriction theorem", "aliases": [ "晶体限制定理", "旋转对称限制定理", "晶轴限制定理" ], "year": 1822, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bragg_plane" ], "desc": "周期晶格只允许一、二、三、四、六重旋转对称，排除五重及其他重数。" }, { "id": "difference_engine", "name": "差分机", "nameEn": "Difference engine", "wikiEn": "Difference engine", "aliases": [ "Babbage difference engine", "巴贝奇差分机" ], "year": 1822, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "analytical_engine", "arithmometer" ], "desc": "巴贝奇设计的蒸汽驱动多项式自动计算机，未竟之作。" }, { "id": "dimensional_analysis", "name": "量纲分析", "nameEn": "Dimensional analysis", "wikiEn": "Dimensional analysis", "aliases": [ "因次分析", "维度分析", "dimensional homogeneity", "傅里叶量纲原理" ], "year": 1822, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "buckingham_pi_theorem", "reynolds_number" ], "desc": "傅里叶1822年提出的物理量齐次性分析方法，用量纲组合检验公式、指导实验。" }, { "id": "feuerbach_point", "name": "费尔巴哈相切定理", "nameEn": "Feuerbach point", "wikiEn": "Feuerbach point", "aliases": [ "费尔巴哈定理", "九点圆切内切圆", "费尔巴哈点", "Feuerbach theorem" ], "year": 1822, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "nine_point_circle" ], "related": [ "euler_line" ], "desc": "费尔巴哈证明九点圆与三角形内切圆及三个旁切圆相切，切点称费尔巴哈点。" }, { "id": "fourier_analysis", "name": "傅里叶分析", "nameEn": "Fourier analysis", "wikiEn": "Fourier analysis", "aliases": [ "傅里叶级数", "傅里叶变换", "调和分析", "Fourier series", "Fourier transform" ], "year": 1822, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "cooley_tukey_fft", "laplace_transform", "shannon_sampling_theorem", "spectroscopy" ], "desc": "傅里叶主张任意函数可展为三角级数，成为热学、声学、信号与图像处理的通用语言。" }, { "id": "fourier_law", "name": "傅里叶热传导定律", "nameEn": "Fourier's law", "wikiEn": "Fourier's law", "aliases": [ "热传导方程", "傅里叶定律" ], "year": 1822, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "《热的解析理论》出版年；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "caloric_theory" ], "related": [ "carnot_cycle", "blast_furnace" ], "desc": "热流正比于温度梯度，工程传热与扩散分析的出发点。" }, { "id": "heat_kernel", "name": "热核", "nameEn": "Heat kernel", "wikiEn": "Heat kernel", "aliases": [ "热方程基本解", "热核函数", "扩散核", "Heat equation kernel" ], "year": 1822, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "greens_function", "hearing_shape_of_drum", "spectral_geometry" ], "desc": "热方程基本解，刻画对角扩散强度，其迹展开联结流形的几何与谱信息。" }, { "id": "linear_elasticity_math", "name": "线弹性理论", "nameEn": "Linear elasticity", "wikiEn": "Linear elasticity", "aliases": [ "弹性力学", "柯西弹性理论", "广义胡克定律", "Cauchy elasticity" ], "year": 1822, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "youngs_modulus" ], "related": [ "plate_shell_theory", "vector_calculus", "finite_element_method" ], "desc": "柯西1822年以应力张量与应变张量建立的小变形弹性理论，是胡克定律的多维推广。" }, { "id": "navier_stokes_equations", "name": "纳维-斯托克斯方程", "nameEn": "Navier–Stokes equations", "wikiEn": "Navier–Stokes equations", "aliases": [ "纳维斯托克斯方程", "粘性流体方程", "NS方程", "Navier-Stokes", "千禧年难题" ], "year": 1822, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "euler_fluid_equations" ], "related": [ "heat_equation", "finite_element_method", "lorenz_chaos" ], "desc": "纳维、斯托克斯加入粘性项建立流体运动方程，其光滑解存在性至今列为千禧年难题。" }, { "id": "poncelet_porism", "name": "彭赛列闭合定理", "nameEn": "Poncelet's porism", "wikiEn": "Poncelet's closure theorem", "aliases": [ "彭赛列 porism", "彭赛列多边形闭合", "Poncelet closure theorem" ], "year": 1822, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "projective_geometry" ], "related": [ "steiner_chain", "conic_sections" ], "desc": "两圆锥曲线间若存在一个首尾闭合的内接外切多边形，则必有无穷多个。" }, { "id": "abel_integral_equation", "name": "阿贝尔积分方程", "nameEn": "Abel transform", "wikiEn": "Abel transform", "aliases": [ "阿贝尔方程", "等时曲线反演", "Abel integral equation", "阿贝尔变换" ], "year": 1823, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "volterra_integral_equations", "calculus_of_variations" ], "desc": "阿贝尔从等时曲线问题导出首个积分方程，其阿贝尔变换后用于层析成像与位势论。" }, { "id": "bolyai_non_euclidean", "name": "波尔约独立创立非欧几何", "nameEn": "János Bolyai", "wikiEn": "János Bolyai", "aliases": [ "鲍耶", "亚诺什·波尔约", "绝对几何", "Bolyai geometry", "Appendix" ], "year": 1823, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "proclus_parallel_postulate" ], "related": [ "gauss_theorema_egregium", "general_relativity", "lobachevsky_non_euclidean" ], "desc": "匈牙利波尔约独立构造出自洽的绝对几何，1832年作为父亲著作附录发表。" }, { "id": "fresnel_lens", "name": "菲涅尔透镜", "nameEn": "Fresnel lens", "wikiEn": "Fresnel lens", "aliases": [ "Fresnel lighthouse lens", "螺纹透镜灯塔" ], "year": 1823, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "marine_chronometer", "sextant" ], "desc": "菲涅尔薄环透镜把灯光射向远海，灯塔导航能力大增。" }, { "id": "pocket_lighter", "name": "打火机", "nameEn": "Lighter", "wikiEn": "Lighter", "aliases": [], "year": 1823, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "德贝赖纳铂催化氢灯；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "match" ], "related": [ "candle" ], "desc": "燃料与点火集成掌上，一按即燃且可反复使用，取代火柴的便携取火。" }, { "id": "abel_impossibility_quintic", "name": "阿贝尔五次方程不可解", "nameEn": "Abel–Ruffini theorem", "wikiEn": "Abel–Ruffini theorem", "aliases": [ "阿贝尔-鲁菲尼定理", "五次方程不可解定理", "Abel's impossibility theorem" ], "year": 1824, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra" ], "related": [ "galois_theory", "symbolic_algebra" ], "desc": "阿贝尔证明一般五次方程不存在根式解，终结三百年徒劳，催生方程可解性理论。" }, { "id": "braille", "name": "布莱叶盲文", "nameEn": "Braille", "wikiEn": "Braille", "aliases": [ "Braille code", "点字盲文" ], "year": 1824, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "morse_code", "punched_card" ], "desc": "布莱叶以六点凸点构成可触摸读写系统，盲人阅读革命。" }, { "id": "carnot_cycle", "name": "卡诺循环与卡诺定理", "nameEn": "Carnot cycle", "wikiEn": "Carnot cycle", "aliases": [ "卡诺循环", "卡诺定理", "Carnot cycle", "Carnot theorem", "理想热机" ], "year": 1824, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "conservation_of_energy", "second_law_thermodynamics" ], "desc": "卡诺提出理想可逆热机循环与效率上限，热力学思想源头。" }, { "id": "electromagnet", "name": "电磁铁", "nameEn": "Electromagnet", "wikiEn": "Electromagnet", "aliases": [ "Sturgeon electromagnet", "亨利电磁铁" ], "year": 1824, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "voltaic_pile" ], "related": [ "telegraph", "galvanometer" ], "desc": "斯特金发明通电生磁的铁芯装置，电报机的核心部件。" }, { "id": "greenhouse_effect", "name": "温室效应", "nameEn": "Greenhouse effect", "wikiEn": "Greenhouse effect", "aliases": [ "大气温室效应" ], "year": 1824, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "傅里叶1824年提出，丁铎尔1859年实验确证水汽吸热", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fourier_law" ], "related": [ "keeling_curve", "ozone_depletion", "anthropocene_concept" ], "desc": "大气吸收地面红外辐射使地球增温，气候系统的保温毯。" }, { "id": "inversion_geometry", "name": "反演几何", "nameEn": "Inversive geometry", "wikiEn": "Inversive geometry", "aliases": [ "反演变换", "圆反演", "逆变换几何", "Geometric inversion" ], "year": 1824, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "analytic_geometry" ], "related": [ "power_of_a_point", "poincare_disk_model", "steiner_chain" ], "desc": "施泰纳、奎特莱等人独立发现圆反演，将圆与线互化且保角，刷新经典几何方法。" }, { "id": "laboratory", "name": "教学实验室", "nameEn": "Laboratory", "wikiEn": "Laboratory", "aliases": [ "实验实训室" ], "year": 1824, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "吉森化学练习室于 1824 年设立", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "semester_system" ], "desc": "让学生亲手操作仪器复现与探索反应，把实验教学从观摩变为训练。" }, { "id": "portland_cement", "name": "波特兰水泥", "nameEn": "Portland cement", "wikiEn": "Portland cement", "aliases": [ "Aspdin cement", "阿斯普丁水泥" ], "year": 1824, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lime_mortar" ], "related": [ "cast_iron_building", "tunnelling_shield", "reinforced_concrete" ], "desc": "阿斯普丁烧磨石灰石黏土获专利，现代混凝土的基础。" }, { "id": "raincoat", "name": "防水胶雨衣", "nameEn": "Raincoat", "wikiEn": "Raincoat", "aliases": [ "Mackintosh" ], "year": 1824, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "clothing" ], "related": [ "vulcanized_rubber", "umbrella" ], "desc": "麦金托什把橡胶溶液夹入两层布间，制成首个实用防水外套。" }, { "id": "trade_union", "name": "工会", "nameEn": "Trade union", "wikiEn": "Trade union", "aliases": [ "职工会", "同业组合" ], "year": 1824, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英国废除结社禁令，工会取得合法地位；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "guild" ], "related": [ "cooperative", "social_insurance" ], "desc": "工人以集体谈判对抗个体议价劣势，争取工资、工时与劳动条件。" }, { "id": "cauchy_integral_theorem", "name": "柯西积分定理", "nameEn": "Cauchy's integral theorem", "wikiEn": "Cauchy's integral theorem", "aliases": [ "柯西定理", "围道积分定理", "Cauchy integral theorem", "Cauchy-Goursat" ], "year": 1825, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cauchy_riemann_equations", "eulers_identity" ], "related": [ "cauchy_integral_formula", "cauchy_residue_theorem", "riemann_surface", "schrodinger_equation" ], "desc": "柯西证明解析函数沿闭曲线积分为零，成为复分析整个理论体系的奠基石。" }, { "id": "duality_principle", "name": "射影对偶原理", "nameEn": "Duality (projective geometry)", "wikiEn": "Duality (projective geometry)", "aliases": [ "对偶原理", "点线对偶", "热尔岗对偶", "Gergonne duality" ], "year": 1825, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "projective_geometry" ], "related": [ "brianchanchon_theorem", "desargues_theorem", "erlangen_program" ], "desc": "热尔岗与彭赛列提出点与线互换后定理仍成立，对偶性成为射影几何组织原理。" }, { "id": "fire_brick", "name": "耐火砖", "nameEn": "Fire brick", "wikiEn": "Fire brick", "aliases": [ "耐火材料砌体", "高铝砖" ], "year": 1825, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "硅铝质耐火砖随高温工业炉在 19 世纪前期定型，取年代中值", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fired_brick", "blast_furnace", "iron_smelting" ], "related": [ "rotary_kiln", "portland_cement", "open_hearth_furnace", "cementation_process" ], "desc": "高铝硅料成型高温烧成，砌炉衬而不软化坍落。" }, { "id": "steam_railway", "name": "斯托克顿至达灵顿铁路", "nameEn": "Stockton and Darlington Railway", "wikiEn": "Stockton and Darlington Railway", "aliases": [ "First public steam railway", "首条公共蒸汽铁路" ], "year": 1825, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "railway_locomotive", "iron_rail" ], "related": [ "railway_gauge", "refrigerated_transport" ], "desc": "世界首条蒸汽机车牵引的公共铁路，铁路运输诞生。" }, { "id": "stove", "name": "炉灶", "nameEn": "Stove", "wikiEn": "Stove", "aliases": [ "厨房灶", "铸铁炉" ], "year": 1825, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取该十年代中值；封闭式铸铁炊事炉在欧美普及", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cast_iron", "cookware_and_bakeware" ], "related": [ "chimney", "district_heating", "hearth", "oven" ], "desc": "把明火关进金属箱体的烹饪与取暖装置，集中供热并显著减少室内烟气。" }, { "id": "tunnelling_shield", "name": "隧道盾构", "nameEn": "Tunnelling shield", "wikiEn": "Tunnelling shield", "aliases": [ "Brunel shield", "泰晤士河隧道盾构" ], "year": 1825, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cast_iron_building" ], "related": [ "portland_cement" ], "desc": "布鲁内尔铸铁盾构支撑软地层，挖成首条河底隧道。" }, { "id": "abel_polynomials", "name": "阿贝尔多项式", "nameEn": "Abel polynomials", "wikiEn": "Abel polynomials", "aliases": [ "阿贝尔多项式序列", "Abel多项式", "Abel polynomial sequence" ], "year": 1826, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "appell_sequence" ], "desc": "阿贝尔1826年推广二项式定理所得多项式序列，是阿佩尔序列的经典例子。" }, { "id": "abel_summation", "name": "分部求和法（阿贝尔变换）", "nameEn": "Summation by parts", "wikiEn": "Summation by parts", "aliases": [ "分部求和", "阿贝尔变换", "Abel summation", "离散分部积分" ], "year": 1826, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "basel_problem" ], "related": [ "dirichlet_convergence_theorem", "euler_product_zeta" ], "desc": "阿贝尔给出离散形式的分部积分公式，是数论级数、傅里叶收敛与误差估计的通用工具。" }, { "id": "abel_summation_formula", "name": "阿贝尔求和公式", "nameEn": "Abel's summation formula", "wikiEn": "Abel's summation formula", "aliases": [ "分部求和公式", "阿贝尔求和", "离散分部求和", "Summation by parts" ], "year": 1826, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "abel_summation", "dirichlet_character" ], "desc": "离散分部求和公式，把加权部分和与数列差分联系起来，阿贝尔1826年提出。" }, { "id": "cauchy_residue_theorem", "name": "柯西留数理论", "nameEn": "Residue theorem", "wikiEn": "Residue theorem", "aliases": [ "留数定理", "残数计算", "围道积分留数", "Cauchy residue theorem", "Residue calculus" ], "year": 1826, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cauchy_integral_theorem" ], "related": [ "cauchy_integral_formula", "hertz_electromagnetic_waves", "laplace_transform" ], "desc": "柯西提出留数概念并把围道积分化为奇点留数之和，给出实积分与级数求和利器。" }, { "id": "friction_match", "name": "摩擦火柴", "nameEn": "Friction match", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Congreve", "Match", "Walker friction match", "安全火柴" ], "year": 1826, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gunpowder", "match" ], "related": [ "candle", "phosphorus_isolation" ], "desc": "沃克发明摩擦起火的火柴，1844年安全火柴问世。" }, { "id": "heliography", "name": "日光蚀刻法", "nameEn": "Heliography", "wikiEn": "Heliography", "aliases": [ "Niepce heliography", "尼埃普斯日光摄影" ], "year": 1826, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "photography", "daguerreotype" ], "desc": "尼埃普斯以日光在沥青板上留下现存最早照片。" }, { "id": "inverse_problem", "name": "反问题", "nameEn": "Inverse problem", "wikiEn": "Inverse problem", "aliases": [ "逆问题", "数学物理反问题", "阿贝尔反问题", "inverse problems" ], "year": 1826, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "tikhonov_regularization", "radon_transform", "filtered_backprojection" ], "desc": "由观测结果反推模型参数的问题，始于1826年阿贝尔积分方程，普遍不适定需正则化。" }, { "id": "suspension_bridge", "name": "悬索桥", "nameEn": "Suspension bridge", "wikiEn": "Suspension bridge", "aliases": [ "Menai Suspension Bridge", "梅奈悬索桥" ], "year": 1826, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "iron_bridge" ], "related": [], "desc": "特尔福德梅奈桥为代表，铁链悬索实现大跨度越峡。" }, { "id": "abel_elliptic_functions", "name": "阿贝尔椭圆函数论", "nameEn": "Elliptic function", "wikiEn": "Elliptic function", "aliases": [ "阿贝尔椭圆函数", "双周期函数", "椭圆积分反演", "Abel elliptic functions" ], "year": 1827, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cauchy_integral_theorem" ], "related": [ "jacobi_elliptic_functions", "keplers_laws", "riemann_roch_theorem", "riemann_surface" ], "desc": "阿贝尔反演椭圆积分发现双周期函数，其划时代论文在巴黎遭冷遇，却开创椭圆函数论。" }, { "id": "affine_geometry", "name": "仿射几何", "nameEn": "Affine geometry", "wikiEn": "Affine geometry", "aliases": [ "仿射空间", "仿射变换", "莫比乌斯重心坐标", "Affine space" ], "year": 1827, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "analytic_geometry" ], "related": [ "erlangen_program", "projective_geometry" ], "desc": "莫比乌斯以重心坐标研究平行、比例等仿射性质，后由克莱因纲领正式界定。" }, { "id": "differential_gear", "name": "汽车差速器", "nameEn": "Automotive Differential Gear", "wikiEn": "Differential (mechanical device)", "aliases": [ "锥齿轮差速器", "轮间差速器" ], "year": 1827, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gear", "wheel_axle" ], "related": [ "universal_joint", "automobile_transmission", "safety_bicycle" ], "desc": "行星锥齿轮分配扭矩，让左右驱动轮转弯时以不同转速滚动而不滑磨" }, { "id": "ohms_law", "name": "欧姆定律", "nameEn": "Ohm's law", "wikiEn": "Ohm's law", "aliases": [ "欧姆定律", "Ohm's law", "电阻定律", "欧姆定律公式" ], "year": 1827, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "voltaic_pile" ], "related": [ "kirchhoff_circuit_laws", "galvanometer" ], "desc": "欧姆确立电流、电压与电阻定量关系，电路分析基本定律。" }, { "id": "von_baer_mammalian_egg", "name": "贝尔发现哺乳动物卵子", "nameEn": "Karl Ernst von Baer", "wikiEn": "Karl Ernst von Baer", "aliases": [ "冯·贝尔", "比较胚胎学之父", "贝尔胚层定律", "Baer's law" ], "year": 1827, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "microscope" ], "related": [ "cell_theory", "electron_microscope", "photography" ], "desc": "发现哺乳动物卵子并提出胚层分化定律，奠基比较胚胎学。" }, { "id": "gauss_theorema_egregium", "name": "高斯绝妙定理与内蕴几何", "nameEn": "Theorema Egregium", "wikiEn": "Theorema Egregium", "aliases": [ "绝妙定理", "高斯内蕴几何", "曲面内蕴曲率", "Theorema egregium" ], "year": 1828, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "second_fundamental_form" ], "related": [ "gauss_bonnet_theorem", "general_relativity", "levi_civita_connection", "riemann_geometry" ], "desc": "高斯证明高斯曲率只依赖第一基本形式，弯曲可内蕴度量，通向黎曼几何与广义相对论。" }, { "id": "greens_function", "name": "格林函数", "nameEn": "Green's function", "wikiEn": "Green's function", "aliases": [ "点源影响函数", "格林函数法", "基本解", "Green function", "脉冲响应前身" ], "year": 1828, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "laplace_equation" ], "related": [ "greens_theorem", "dirichlet_principle", "poisson_kernel" ], "desc": "格林构造点源对应的奇异解，将一般边值解表为叠加积分，后遍及物理与量子场论。" }, { "id": "greens_theorem", "name": "格林公式", "nameEn": "Green's theorem", "wikiEn": "Green's theorem", "aliases": [ "格林定理", "平面散度定理", "格林恒等式", "Green's identities", "Green identities" ], "year": 1828, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "divergence_theorem" ], "related": [ "coulombs_law", "laplace_equation", "stokes_theorem" ], "desc": "自学成才的格林在小册中给出平面围道与二重积分关系及位势恒等式，身后影响深远。" }, { "id": "hot_blast", "name": "热风炼铁法", "nameEn": "Hot blast", "wikiEn": "Hot blast", "aliases": [ "Neilson hot blast", "热风炉" ], "year": 1828, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "coke_smelting" ], "related": [ "blowing_cylinder" ], "desc": "尼尔森预热鼓风入炉，冶铁燃料消耗大幅下降。" }, { "id": "pencil_sharpener", "name": "削铅笔器", "nameEn": "Pencil sharpener", "wikiEn": "Pencil sharpener", "aliases": [], "year": 1828, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1828年削尖机专利", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pencil" ], "related": [], "desc": "转柄喂刀削出均匀锥尖，学生课堂不必再随身携带小刀修笔。" }, { "id": "ring_spinning", "name": "环锭纺纱机", "nameEn": "Ring spinning", "wikiEn": "Ring spinning", "aliases": [ "Thorp ring frame", "环锭细纱机" ], "year": 1828, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "water_frame" ], "related": [ "mule_spinner" ], "desc": "索普发明钢领钢丝圈连续纺纱，后世主流细纱技术。" }, { "id": "second_fundamental_form", "name": "曲面第一第二基本形式", "nameEn": "First fundamental form", "wikiEn": "First fundamental form", "aliases": [ "第一基本形式", "第二基本形式", "曲面基本型", "Second fundamental form" ], "year": 1828, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "monge_surface_theory" ], "related": [ "gauss_theorema_egregium", "riemann_geometry", "dupin_indicatrix" ], "desc": "高斯以第一基本形式量弧长与夹角、第二基本形式量外嵌弯曲，奠定曲面度量框架。" }, { "id": "wohler_urea_synthesis", "name": "维勒尿素合成", "nameEn": "Wöhler urea synthesis", "wikiEn": "Wöhler synthesis", "aliases": [ "尿素人工合成", "Wöhler synthesis", "生命力论破产", "氰酸铵重排" ], "year": 1828, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "isomerism_concept", "urea_synthesis" ], "desc": "维勒由无机物合成尿素，动摇生命力论。" }, { "id": "accordion", "name": "手风琴", "nameEn": "Accordion", "wikiEn": "Accordion", "aliases": [], "year": 1829, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "德米安1829年维也纳专利；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "music_box" ], "related": [ "piano", "water_organ" ], "desc": "风箱鼓风按键簧鸣，一人即乐队，随移民舞会与街头音乐走遍城乡。" }, { "id": "dirichlet_convergence_theorem", "name": "狄利克雷三角级数收敛定理", "nameEn": "Convergence of Fourier series", "wikiEn": "Convergence of Fourier series", "aliases": [ "狄利克雷收敛定理", "傅里叶级数收敛", "Dirichlet kernel", "分段单调收敛" ], "year": 1829, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "abel_summation", "riemann_integral" ], "desc": "狄利克雷首次严格证明分段单调函数的傅里叶级数收敛，标志级数理论走向严密。" }, { "id": "jacobi_elliptic_functions", "name": "雅可比椭圆函数", "nameEn": "Jacobi elliptic functions", "wikiEn": "Jacobi elliptic functions", "aliases": [ "雅可比椭圆函数", "sn cn dn", "椭圆函数新基础", "Jacobi functions" ], "year": 1829, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "abel_elliptic_functions" ], "related": [ "jacobi_theta_functions", "weierstrass_elliptic_functions", "pendulum_clock" ], "desc": "雅可比以sn、cn、dn建立椭圆函数体系并用于单摆周期，《新基础》与阿贝尔争辉。" }, { "id": "jacobi_theta_functions", "name": "雅可比Θ函数", "nameEn": "Theta function", "wikiEn": "Theta function", "aliases": [ "θ函数", "西塔函数", "椭圆函数表示", "Jacobi theta", "Theta functions" ], "year": 1829, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "jacobi_elliptic_functions" ], "related": [ "gibbs_statistical_ensembles", "riemann_roch_theorem", "uniformization_theorem" ], "desc": "雅可比引入快速收敛的θ函数表示椭圆函数，后在黎曼面、模形式与统计力学中处处出现。" }, { "id": "lobachevsky_non_euclidean", "name": "罗巴切夫斯基非欧几何", "nameEn": "Hyperbolic geometry", "wikiEn": "Hyperbolic geometry", "aliases": [ "非欧几何", "罗氏几何", "双曲几何", "Lobachevskian geometry", "Non-Euclidean geometry" ], "year": 1829, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra", "riemann_geometry", "special_relativity" ], "desc": "罗巴切夫斯基发表舍弃平行公设的自洽几何，打破欧氏唯一真理观，重塑数学与时空观。" }, { "id": "metropolitan_police", "name": "职业警察制度", "nameEn": "Metropolitan Police", "wikiEn": "Metropolitan Police", "aliases": [ "大都会警察", "巡逻警力" ], "year": 1829, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1829年《大都会警察法》", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "civil_registration", "rule_of_law", "parliament" ], "related": [ "baojia_mutual_responsibility", "factory_acts_regulation", "judicial_review", "conscription" ], "desc": "以税收供养、着制服分段巡逻的常设警力，使治安从案发缉捕变为可预测的持续在场。" }, { "id": "public_water_supply", "name": "城市自来水厂", "nameEn": "Public water supply", "wikiEn": "Water supply", "aliases": [ "Slow sand filter", "Chelsea waterworks", "慢砂过滤自来水" ], "year": 1829, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "sewerage_system", "gas_works" ], "desc": "伦敦切尔西水厂慢砂过滤集中供水，城市饮水改善。" }, { "id": "binary_operation", "name": "二元运算", "nameEn": "Binary operation", "wikiEn": "Binary operation", "aliases": [ "二目运算", "二元操作", "双值运算", "Binary operator" ], "year": 1830, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "associative_property", "identity_element", "boolean_algebra_structure" ], "desc": "作用于同集两个元素得到一个元素的运算，是定义群、环等结构的起点。" }, { "id": "freshmans_dream", "name": "新生之梦", "nameEn": "Freshman's dream", "wikiEn": "Freshman's dream", "aliases": [ "大一新生之梦", "素特征二项恒等式", "Freshman dream" ], "year": 1830, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cubic_reciprocity" ], "desc": "在素特征中(a+b)^p=a^p+b^p成立，初学者常误将其套用于实数运算。" }, { "id": "history_of_swimming", "name": "竞技游泳", "nameEn": "History of swimming", "wikiEn": "History of swimming", "aliases": [ "游泳运动", "竞速游泳" ], "year": 1830, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英国俱乐部与人工泳池使泅水成为计时竞赛", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "ancient_olympic_games", "modern_olympic_games", "bathtub" ], "desc": "把求生技能改造为分泳姿、分距离的计时竞赛，推动泳池与计时标准建设。" }, { "id": "isomerism_concept", "name": "同分异构现象", "nameEn": "Isomerism", "wikiEn": "Isomer", "aliases": [ "同分异构", "异构现象", "贝采里乌斯命名", "Isomerism" ], "year": 1830, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "wohler_urea_synthesis" ], "related": [ "van_t_hoff_stereochemistry", "berzelius_chemical_symbols" ], "desc": "贝采里乌斯命名同分异构，组成相同性质可迥异。" }, { "id": "lyell_principles_geology", "name": "赖尔《地质学原理》", "nameEn": "Principles of Geology", "wikiEn": "Principles of Geology", "aliases": [ "地质学原理", "赖尔均变论", "Lyell uniformitarianism", "古今一致" ], "year": 1830, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hutton_uniformitarianism" ], "related": [ "cuvier_paleontology_catastrophism", "continental_drift" ], "desc": "赖尔以均变论系统论证地质作用古今一致。" }, { "id": "safe", "name": "保险柜", "nameEn": "Safe", "wikiEn": "Safe", "aliases": [ "金库柜", "防火保险箱" ], "year": 1830, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "铸铁防火箱与防盗机械锁在同一时期合流", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "warded_lock", "cast_iron" ], "related": [ "pin_tumbler_lock", "suitcase", "key" ], "desc": "以厚壁与机械锁封闭的小型存储体，把防火防盗做成可搬移的家用器物。" }, { "id": "steiner_chain", "name": "施泰纳圆链", "nameEn": "Steiner chain", "wikiEn": "Steiner chain", "aliases": [ "施泰纳链", "斯坦纳圆系", "圆链定理", "Steiner chains" ], "year": 1830, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "poncelet_porism" ], "related": [ "inversion_geometry" ], "desc": "两定圆间切圆首尾相接成闭合链时，链中圆数固定且可经反演化为同心圆情形。" }, { "id": "cauchy_integral_formula", "name": "柯西积分公式", "nameEn": "Cauchy's integral formula", "wikiEn": "Cauchy's integral formula", "aliases": [ "柯西公式", "函数值围道表示", "导数积分公式", "Cauchy integral formula" ], "year": 1831, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cauchy_integral_theorem" ], "related": [ "cauchy_residue_theorem", "poisson_kernel", "liouville_theorem_complex" ], "desc": "柯西证明解析函数内部值由边界积分决定并无限可微，揭示解析函数极端刚性。" }, { "id": "doorbell", "name": "电门铃", "nameEn": "Doorbell", "wikiEn": "Doorbell", "aliases": [], "year": 1831, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "依托1831年电磁铃", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "electromagnet" ], "related": [ "telephone", "key" ], "desc": "按钮通电磁锤击铃，访客隔墙唤人，敲门捶的电气化替代。" }, { "id": "faradays_induction_law", "name": "法拉第电磁感应定律", "nameEn": "Faraday's law of induction", "wikiEn": "Faraday's law of induction", "aliases": [ "电磁感应", "感应定律", "Faraday's law", "Electromagnetic induction" ], "year": 1831, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "oersted_electromagnetism" ], "related": [ "transformer", "induction_motor", "maxwell_equations" ], "desc": "法拉第发现变化磁场产生感应电动势，打开电气化时代大门。" }, { "id": "intravenous_therapy", "name": "静脉输液", "nameEn": "Intravenous Therapy", "wikiEn": "Intravenous therapy", "aliases": [ "生理盐水输液", "打点滴" ], "year": 1831, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "blood_circulation", "distillation" ], "related": [ "oral_rehydration_therapy", "blood_transfusion", "sewerage_system" ], "desc": "无菌盐液直接入静脉，霍乱脱水与失血首次可逆" }, { "id": "mean_curvature", "name": "平均曲率", "nameEn": "Mean curvature", "wikiEn": "Mean curvature", "aliases": [ "中曲率", "平均曲率向量", "热尔曼曲率", "Mean curvature vector" ], "year": 1831, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "principal_curvature" ], "related": [ "minimal_surface", "second_fundamental_form" ], "desc": "索菲·热尔曼在弹性研究中引入两主曲率的平均，后成为曲面与平均曲率流核心量。" }, { "id": "additive_group", "name": "加法群", "nameEn": "Additive group", "wikiEn": "Additive group", "aliases": [ "加群", "加法交换群", "阿贝尔加群", "Additive abelian group" ], "year": 1832, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "identity_element" ], "related": [ "galois_theory", "commutative_ring" ], "desc": "以加法为群运算、零为单位元的群，是环、域与向量空间的底层结构。" }, { "id": "cubic_reciprocity", "name": "三次互反律", "nameEn": "Cubic reciprocity", "wikiEn": "Cubic reciprocity", "aliases": [ "立方互反律", "三次互反定理", "立方剩余互反" ], "year": 1832, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "congruence_relation" ], "related": [ "dirichlet_character", "eisenstein_triple" ], "desc": "判定立方剩余的互反律，高斯1832年陈述、艾森斯坦给出简洁表述。" }, { "id": "galois_theory", "name": "伽罗瓦理论", "nameEn": "Galois theory", "wikiEn": "Galois theory", "aliases": [ "伽罗瓦群论", "群论起源", "Galois group", "Group theory origins" ], "year": 1832, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "abel_impossibility_quintic", "symbolic_algebra" ], "related": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra", "crystallographic_restriction_theorem", "riemann_geometry" ], "desc": "伽罗瓦遗稿以方程根的置换群判定可解性，创立群论与现代抽象代数。" }, { "id": "abolition_legislation", "name": "废奴立法", "nameEn": "Abolition Legislation", "wikiEn": "Abolitionism", "aliases": [ "废奴运动", "奴隶解放法" ], "year": 1833, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英属殖民地废奴法1833年通过；挂上位词条Abolitionism", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "slavery", "edicts_ashoka", "encomienda_grant", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "serfdom", "universal_suffrage", "corvee_labor", "geneva_conventions_1949" ], "desc": "以成文法废止人身所有权并向业主支付补偿，把劳动力从财产改写为受合同法约束的主体。" }, { "id": "factory_acts_regulation", "name": "工厂法与劳动监察", "nameEn": "Factory Acts", "wikiEn": "Factory Acts", "aliases": [ "工厂条例", "劳动监察" ], "year": 1833, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1833年工厂法首次设专职监察员", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "elizabethan_poor_law", "trade_union", "steam_railway" ], "related": [ "compulsory_education", "social_insurance", "welfare_state", "metropolitan_police" ], "desc": "限定童工工时并派专员入厂核查账册，国家视察权第一次穿透私人作坊的大门。" }, { "id": "faradays_electrolysis_laws", "name": "法拉第电解定律", "nameEn": "Faraday's laws of electrolysis", "wikiEn": "Faraday's laws of electrolysis", "aliases": [ "电解定律", "法拉第电解", "Faraday electrolysis laws", "电化当量定律" ], "year": 1833, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "voltaic_pile" ], "related": [ "electrochemistry" ], "desc": "法拉第总结电解电量与析出物质量关系，联结电与化学。" }, { "id": "gauss_linking_number", "name": "高斯环绕数", "nameEn": "Linking number", "wikiEn": "Linking number", "aliases": [ "环绕数", "链接数", "高斯链环积分", "Gauss linking integral" ], "year": 1833, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "analytic_geometry" ], "related": [ "tait_knot_tables", "mobius_strip", "fundamental_group" ], "desc": "高斯在手稿中给出两闭曲线环绕次数的二重积分公式，是首个纽结数值不变量。" }, { "id": "convolution_math", "name": "卷积", "nameEn": "Convolution", "wikiEn": "Convolution", "aliases": [ "褶积", "卷积积分", "杜哈梅积分", "Duhamel integral" ], "year": 1834, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "laplace_transform", "stft_gabor", "z_transform", "matched_filter" ], "desc": "两函数滑动加权叠加的积分运算，杜哈梅1830年代用于线性系统响应，是滤波的核心。" }, { "id": "hamilton_jacobi_equation", "name": "哈密顿-雅可比方程", "nameEn": "Hamilton–Jacobi equation", "wikiEn": "Hamilton–Jacobi equation", "aliases": [ "哈密顿雅可比方程", "HJ方程", "主函数方程", "Hamilton-Jacobi equation" ], "year": 1834, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "legendre_transform", "method_of_characteristics" ], "related": [ "lagrangian_mechanics", "partial_differential_equation", "schrodinger_equation" ], "desc": "哈密顿、雅可比建立以作用量为主函数的一阶偏微分方程，是经典力学到量子论的桥梁。" }, { "id": "ideal_gas_law", "name": "理想气体状态方程", "nameEn": "Ideal gas law", "wikiEn": "Ideal gas law", "aliases": [ "克拉珀龙方程", "pV=nRT" ], "year": 1834, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "克拉珀龙1834年综合各气体定律成式", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "boyles_law", "gay_lussac_combining_volumes", "avogadro_molecular_hypothesis" ], "related": [ "van_der_waals_equation", "carnot_cycle" ], "desc": "统一波义耳、盖-吕萨克与阿伏伽德罗定律的气体方程。" }, { "id": "lenzs_law", "name": "楞次定律", "nameEn": "Lenz's law", "wikiEn": "Lenz's law", "aliases": [ "楞次定律", "Lenz's law", "感应电流方向定律", "楞次定则" ], "year": 1834, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "faradays_induction_law" ], "related": [], "desc": "楞次指出感应电流方向总反抗磁通变化，能量守恒的体现。" }, { "id": "mechanical_reaper", "name": "机械收割机", "nameEn": "Mechanical reaper", "wikiEn": "Mechanical reaper", "aliases": [ "McCormick reaper", "Hussey reaper", "麦考密克收割机" ], "year": 1834, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "threshing_machine", "steel_plow" ], "desc": "麦考密克的马拉收割机使谷物收割效率提高数十倍。" }, { "id": "russell_solitary_wave", "name": "罗素孤立波观察", "nameEn": "John Scott Russell", "wikiEn": "John Scott Russell", "aliases": [ "孤立波", "平移波", "运河水波观察", "Solitary wave", "Russell wave of translation" ], "year": 1834, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dalembert_wave_equation" ], "related": [ "kdv_equation", "kruskal_solitons" ], "desc": "罗素骑马追踪运河中稳定传播的单个水波，记录孤立波现象，引出六十年后的KdV理论。" }, { "id": "catalysis_concept", "name": "催化作用概念", "nameEn": "Catalysis concept", "wikiEn": "Catalysis", "aliases": [ "催化", "催化剂", "Catalysis", "接触作用", "Berzelius catalysis" ], "year": 1835, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "law_of_mass_action", "le_chatelier_principle" ], "desc": "贝采里乌斯提出催化概念，催化剂改变反应速率。" }, { "id": "coriolis_force", "name": "科里奥利力", "nameEn": "Coriolis force", "wikiEn": "Coriolis force", "aliases": [ "科氏力", "地转偏向力", "科里奥利效应" ], "year": 1835, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "newtonian_mechanics" ], "related": [ "hadley_cell", "jet_stream", "numerical_weather_prediction" ], "desc": "旋转参考系中运动物体偏转的表观力，气象环流与弹道计算之基。" }, { "id": "electromechanical_relay", "name": "电磁继电器", "nameEn": "Relay", "wikiEn": "Relay", "aliases": [ "继电器", "电磁开关", "relay switch" ], "year": 1835, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "库克与惠斯通1835年专利中已用于电报信号再生；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electromagnet" ], "related": [ "telegraph", "telephone_exchange", "enigma_machine", "logic_gate" ], "desc": "以小电流吸合触点控制大电流的电磁开关，兼作电报中继与早期逻辑元件。" }, { "id": "gausss_law", "name": "高斯定律", "nameEn": "Gauss's law", "wikiEn": "Gauss's law", "aliases": [ "高斯定律", "高斯定理", "Gauss's law", "位势理论", "电通量定律" ], "year": 1835, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "coulombs_law" ], "related": [ "maxwell_equations", "biot_savart_law" ], "desc": "高斯以电通量与位势理论刻画电荷与场的关系，场论支柱。" }, { "id": "quetelet_average_man", "name": "奎特列特平均人", "nameEn": "Adolphe Quetelet", "wikiEn": "Adolphe Quetelet", "aliases": [ "平均人", "社会物理学", "奎特列特", "l'homme moyen" ], "year": 1835, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laplace_classical_probability" ], "related": [ "galton_regression_correlation", "graunt_life_table" ], "desc": "奎特列特将正态曲线用于人类社会数据，塑造平均人概念与社会统计传统。" }, { "id": "cartridge_firearms", "name": "定装枪弹", "nameEn": "Cartridge (firearms)", "wikiEn": "Cartridge (firearms)", "aliases": [ "子弹", "Metallic cartridge" ], "year": 1836, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "莱福舍pinfire金属弹壳1836年", "era": "industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "percussion_cap", "brass" ], "related": [ "breechloader", "machine_gun", "smokeless_powder" ], "desc": "弹壳、底火、发射药与弹头一体，现代轻武器的基石。" }, { "id": "combine_harvester", "name": "联合收割机", "nameEn": "Combine harvester", "wikiEn": "Combine harvester", "aliases": [ "康拜因", "Harvester-thresher" ], "year": 1836, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1830年代收割与脱粒联合装置，自走式1940年代普及", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mechanical_reaper", "threshing_machine" ], "related": [ "tractor", "galloroman_reaper", "no_till_farming" ], "desc": "一次通过完成收割、脱粒与清选的自走式农机。" }, { "id": "jacobi_field", "name": "雅可比场与测地线变分", "nameEn": "Jacobi field", "wikiEn": "Jacobi field", "aliases": [ "雅可比向量场", "测地线变分", "共轭点", "Jacobi fields" ], "year": 1836, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geodesic_theory" ], "related": [ "riemann_geometry", "calculus_of_variations" ], "desc": "雅可比以沿测地线的变分向量场刻画邻近测地线聚拢与共轭点，给出曲率影响运动的机制。" }, { "id": "screw_propeller", "name": "船用螺旋桨", "nameEn": "Propeller", "wikiEn": "Propeller", "aliases": [ "Screw propeller", "Smith propeller", "Ericsson propeller", "螺旋推进器" ], "year": 1836, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "steamship", "ironclad_warship" ], "desc": "史密斯与爱立信发明实用螺旋桨，取代明轮推进轮船。" }, { "id": "steam_shovel", "name": "蒸汽铲", "nameEn": "Steam shovel", "wikiEn": "Steam shovel", "aliases": [ "蒸汽挖掘机", "机械铲" ], "year": 1836, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以北美早期蒸汽铲专利与铁路土方应用为据，取约值", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine", "crane", "cast_iron" ], "related": [ "suez_canal", "panama_canal", "tunnel_boring_machine", "grand_canal" ], "desc": "蒸汽驱动铲斗挖装土石，把开挖速率放大一个量级。" }, { "id": "sturm_comparison_theorem", "name": "斯图姆比较定理", "nameEn": "Sturm comparison theorem", "wikiEn": "Sturm separation theorem", "aliases": [ "斯图姆比较定理", "零点交错", "Sturm comparison", "振动定理" ], "year": 1836, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euler_constant_coefficient_ode" ], "related": [ "sturm_liouville_theory", "bessel_functions" ], "desc": "斯图姆比较两方程系数判定解的零点交错与振动快慢，开辟常微分方程定性研究。" }, { "id": "agassiz_ice_age", "name": "阿加西冰期理论", "nameEn": "Agassiz's ice age theory", "wikiEn": "Ice age", "aliases": [ "冰期理论", "大冰期", "冰川学说", "Agassiz glacial theory" ], "year": 1837, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cuvier_paleontology_catastrophism" ], "related": [ "lyell_principles_geology", "milankovitch_cycles" ], "desc": "阿加西提出大冰期曾覆盖欧洲的冰川理论。" }, { "id": "analytic_number_theory", "name": "解析数论", "nameEn": "Analytic number theory", "wikiEn": "Analytic number theory", "aliases": [ "解析数论分支", "解析整数论", "Analytic number theory" ], "year": 1837, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "euler_product_zeta" ], "related": [ "dirichlet_character", "arithmetic_function" ], "desc": "用微积分与复分析研究素数及整数分布的分支，狄利克雷算术级数定理为标志。" }, { "id": "analytical_engine", "name": "分析机", "nameEn": "Analytical engine", "wikiEn": "Analytical engine", "aliases": [ "Babbage analytical engine", "巴贝奇分析机" ], "year": 1837, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "difference_engine", "jacquard_loom" ], "related": [ "boolean_algebra" ], "desc": "巴贝奇设计含运算器存储器的通用可编程机，计算机雏形。" }, { "id": "dirichlet_character", "name": "狄利克雷特征", "nameEn": "Dirichlet character", "wikiEn": "Dirichlet character", "aliases": [ "狄氏特征", "乘法特征", "狄利克雷特征标", "Dirichlet character" ], "year": 1837, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "congruence_relation" ], "related": [ "analytic_number_theory", "dirichlet_approximation_theorem" ], "desc": "按模取周期值的完全乘法函数，狄利克雷据其证明算术级数中有无穷素数。" }, { "id": "kindergarten", "name": "幼儿园", "nameEn": "Kindergarten", "wikiEn": "Kindergarten", "aliases": [ "幼儿学校", "福禄贝尔幼儿园" ], "year": 1837, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1837年福禄贝尔创办；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "didactica_magna", "compulsory_education" ], "related": [ "montessori_education", "progressive_education" ], "desc": "福禄贝尔以游戏与活动培育幼儿的首所学前教育机构" }, { "id": "poisson_distribution_law", "name": "泊松分布与小数律", "nameEn": "Poisson distribution", "wikiEn": "Poisson distribution", "aliases": [ "泊松分布", "小数律", "泊松极限定理", "Poisson law of small numbers" ], "year": 1837, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "becquerel_radioactivity", "demoivre_normal_curve", "erlang_poisson_process" ], "desc": "泊松给出稀有独立事件计数分布与小数律，成为排队与可靠性建模基石。" }, { "id": "position_line_fix", "name": "船位线定位法", "nameEn": "Line of Position", "wikiEn": "Position line", "aliases": [ "森纳船位线", "等高定位线" ], "year": 1837, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "marine_chronometer", "sextant" ], "related": [ "portolan_chart", "mariners_astrolabe", "radar" ], "desc": "由天体高度角反推一条船位线，两线相交即定船位，航海定位转为可算问题" }, { "id": "steel_plow", "name": "钢犁", "nameEn": "Steel plow", "wikiEn": "John Deere (inventor)", "aliases": [ "Deere steel plough", "迪尔钢犁" ], "year": 1837, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "plow" ], "related": [ "mechanical_reaper" ], "desc": "迪尔以抛光钢制作犁壁，能开垦黏重的北美大草原。" }, { "id": "sturm_liouville_theory", "name": "斯图姆-刘维尔理论", "nameEn": "Sturm–Liouville theory", "wikiEn": "Sturm–Liouville theory", "aliases": [ "斯图姆刘维尔问题", "特征值问题", "本征函数展开", "Sturm-Liouville", "正交展开" ], "year": 1837, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "sturm_comparison_theorem" ], "related": [ "fourier_analysis", "hilbert_space", "legendre_polynomials", "schrodinger_equation" ], "desc": "斯图姆与刘维尔建立二阶方程边值问题的特征值与正交函数展开理论，是泛函分析先声。" }, { "id": "cell_theory", "name": "细胞学说", "nameEn": "Cell theory", "wikiEn": "Cell theory", "aliases": [ "Schleiden Schwann cell theory", "施莱登施旺学说" ], "year": 1838, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "microscope" ], "related": [ "germ_theory" ], "desc": "施莱登与施旺提出动植物皆由细胞构成，统一生物学。" }, { "id": "stellar_parallax", "name": "恒星周年视差", "nameEn": "Stellar parallax", "wikiEn": "Stellar parallax", "aliases": [ "周年视差", "贝塞尔测距" ], "year": 1838, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "贝塞尔首测61天鹅座视差", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "telescope" ], "related": [ "cosmic_distance_ladder", "hubble_law" ], "desc": "地球公转致近星位置微移，人类第一次量出恒星距离。" }, { "id": "verhulst_logistic_equation", "name": "费尔许斯特逻辑斯蒂方程", "nameEn": "Logistic function", "wikiEn": "Logistic function", "aliases": [ "逻辑斯蒂方程", "人口增长方程", "Verhulst model", "S曲线", "Logistic equation" ], "year": 1838, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "may_logistic_map", "malthus_population" ], "desc": "费尔许斯特提出受资源限制的人口增长方程，其S形曲线后成为生态学与混沌模型原型。" }, { "id": "caisson_foundation", "name": "气压沉箱基础", "nameEn": "Pneumatic caisson", "wikiEn": "Caisson (engineering)", "aliases": [ "沉井", "气压沉箱" ], "year": 1839, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "特吕热 1839 年为井下施工引入压缩空气沉箱；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pile_foundation", "force_pump", "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "cantilever_bridge", "suspension_bridge", "tunnelling_shield", "dry_dock" ], "desc": "在压缩空气箱内排水开挖，使深水与软土可筑基础。" }, { "id": "class_number_formula", "name": "类数公式", "nameEn": "Class number formula", "wikiEn": "Class number formula", "aliases": [ "狄利克雷类数公式", "解析类数公式", "数域类数公式" ], "year": 1839, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dirichlet_character" ], "related": [ "algebraic_number_field", "dedekind_eta_function" ], "desc": "狄利克雷把数域类数与L函数残差、调整子及根数相联系的解析公式。" }, { "id": "daguerreotype", "name": "达盖尔银版法", "nameEn": "Daguerreotype", "wikiEn": "Daguerreotype", "aliases": [ "Daguerre process", "银版摄影法" ], "year": 1839, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "heliography" ], "related": [ "photography", "calotype" ], "desc": "达盖尔银版显影定影法公开，摄影术正式诞生。" }, { "id": "photography", "name": "摄影", "nameEn": "Photography", "wikiEn": "Photography", "aliases": [ "Daguerre-Talbot photography", "照相术" ], "year": 1839, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "heliography" ], "related": [ "daguerreotype", "calotype", "collodion_process" ], "desc": "以光化学方法固定影像的技术，1839年正式公布。" }, { "id": "steam_hammer", "name": "蒸汽锤", "nameEn": "Steam hammer", "wikiEn": "Steam hammer", "aliases": [ "Nasmyth steam hammer", "内史密斯蒸汽锤" ], "year": 1839, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "rolling_mill" ], "desc": "内史密斯发明可大可小的蒸汽锻锤，锻造巨轴利器。" }, { "id": "vulcanized_rubber", "name": "硫化橡胶", "nameEn": "Vulcanization", "wikiEn": "Vulcanization", "aliases": [ "Goodyear vulcanization", "固特异硫化橡胶" ], "year": 1839, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pneumatic_tire" ], "desc": "古德伊尔以硫加热橡胶，使其耐热耐磨而不变黏。" }, { "id": "distance_education", "name": "函授教育", "nameEn": "Distance education", "wikiEn": "Distance education", "aliases": [ "通信教育", "远程教育" ], "year": 1840, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "皮特曼约1840年前后开办速记函授", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "movable_type_printing", "postal_service" ], "related": [ "newspaper", "open_university" ], "desc": "借邮政寄送讲义自学的远程教学，远程教育之起源" }, { "id": "electroplating", "name": "电镀", "nameEn": "Electroplating", "wikiEn": "Electroplating", "aliases": [ "Electrodeposition", "电解镀层", "电镀工艺" ], "year": 1840, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "雅科比1838年与斯宾塞1840年各自实现；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "faradays_electrolysis_laws", "voltaic_pile" ], "related": [ "electrochemistry", "lead_acid_battery", "copper_electrorefining", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "电解在器表沉积金属镀层，防腐装饰与精密复制之用。" }, { "id": "howe_truss", "name": "豪式桁架", "nameEn": "Howe truss", "wikiEn": "Howe truss", "aliases": [ "豪型桁架", "木铁组合桁架" ], "year": 1840, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "豪 1840 年获专利，与 1820 年的格构桁架分属两代", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "truss", "timber_framing", "iron_smelting", "saw" ], "related": [ "railway_locomotive", "iron_bridge", "bessemer_steel", "anji_bridge" ], "desc": "木杆受压、铁杆受拉并用螺栓张紧，可预制又抗弯。" }, { "id": "liebig_mineral_nutrition", "name": "最小养分律", "nameEn": "Liebig's law of the minimum", "wikiEn": "Liebig's law of the minimum", "aliases": [ "李比希矿质营养学说" ], "year": 1840, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "李比希《有机化学在农业和生理学上的应用》1840年", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [ "superphosphate_fertilizer", "nitrogen_cycle", "manure" ], "desc": "产量受最短缺养分限制的矿质营养理论，化肥科学基石。" }, { "id": "postage_stamp", "name": "邮票", "nameEn": "Postage stamp", "wikiEn": "Postage stamp", "aliases": [ "邮资凭证", "Penny Black", "黑便士" ], "year": 1840, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英国1840年发行世界首枚邮票黑便士，实行一便士均一邮资制", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "postal_system", "steam_printing_press" ], "related": [ "lithography", "news_agency", "newspaper" ], "desc": "贴在信封上的预付邮资凭证，邮资由收件人付费改为寄件人先付，大众通信由此廉价普及。" }, { "id": "sodium_nitrate_fertilizer", "name": "智利硝石农用", "nameEn": "Chile saltpetre agriculture", "wikiEn": "Sodium nitrate", "aliases": [ "秘鲁硝石", "智利硝石" ], "year": 1840, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "19世纪40年代起在欧洲规模农用", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "manure" ], "related": [ "superphosphate_fertilizer", "calcium_cyanamide", "haber_process", "nitrogen_cycle" ], "desc": "阿塔卡马天然硝酸钠远洋贩运，合成氮肥前的氮源主力。" }, { "id": "breechloader", "name": "后膛装填武器", "nameEn": "Breechloader", "wikiEn": "Breechloader", "aliases": [ "Breech-loading weapon", "后膛炮" ], "year": 1841, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "德莱塞击针枪1841年列装普军；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "percussion_cap" ], "related": [ "cartridge_firearms", "machine_gun", "minie_ball" ], "desc": "从膛尾闭锁装弹，卧姿即可装填，射速成倍提高。" }, { "id": "calotype", "name": "卡罗法", "nameEn": "Calotype", "wikiEn": "Calotype", "aliases": [ "Talbotype", "塔尔博特碘化银纸法" ], "year": 1841, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "heliography" ], "related": [ "daguerreotype", "photography", "collodion_process" ], "desc": "塔尔博特纸基负片法，可反复印正片，摄影可复制。" }, { "id": "detective_fiction", "name": "侦探小说", "nameEn": "Detective fiction", "wikiEn": "Detective fiction", "aliases": [ "推理小说", "探案小说" ], "year": 1841, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "爱伦·坡《莫格街凶杀案》1841 年确立推理范式；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "picaresque_novel" ], "related": [ "gothic_novel", "science_fiction", "newspaper" ], "desc": "以线索、演绎与解谜结构组织的叙事类型，把概率推理普及为大众思维训练。" }, { "id": "electrotyping", "name": "电铸印版", "nameEn": "Electrotyping", "wikiEn": "Electrotyping", "aliases": [ "电铸版", "电镀复制版" ], "year": 1841, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electrochemistry", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "electroplating", "stereotype_printing", "offset_printing" ], "desc": "以电镀在字模上铸出金属复制版，排一次可长期反复印" }, { "id": "geologic_time_scale", "name": "地质年代表", "nameEn": "Geologic time scale", "wikiEn": "Geologic time scale", "aliases": [ "地质年代", "显生宙" ], "year": 1841, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "寒武、志留、泥盆纪于1820-40年代先后定义，国际框架后成", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steno_stratigraphy", "lyell_principles_geology" ], "related": [ "radiometric_dating", "cambrian_explosion" ], "desc": "以地层顺序与化石演化排定的地球四十六亿年历法。" }, { "id": "liouville_riccati_impossibility", "name": "刘维尔可积性判定与里卡蒂方程", "nameEn": "Riccati equation", "wikiEn": "Riccati equation", "aliases": [ "里卡蒂方程", "刘维尔不可积判定", "Riccati differential equation", "初等可积性" ], "year": 1841, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bernoulli_differential_equation" ], "related": [ "liouville_theorem_complex", "sturm_liouville_theory" ], "desc": "刘维尔证明一般里卡蒂方程不能化为初等函数的有限次积分，首次精确刻画不可积性。" }, { "id": "railway_signalling", "name": "铁路信号闭塞系统", "nameEn": "Railway signalling", "wikiEn": "Railway signalling", "aliases": [ "Railway signaling", "闭塞制", "联锁" ], "year": 1841, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1840年前后英国确立时间间隔与绝对闭塞；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "railway_locomotive" ], "related": [ "telegraph", "railway_air_brake", "subway" ], "desc": "以闭塞分区与联锁保证同一区间不两车相撞的规则体系。" }, { "id": "whitworth_thread_standard", "name": "惠氏螺纹标准", "nameEn": "British Standard Whitworth", "wikiEn": "British Standard Whitworth", "aliases": [ "Whitworth screw thread", "惠氏标准螺纹" ], "year": 1841, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "metal_lathe" ], "related": [ "interchangeable_parts" ], "desc": "惠特沃斯统一螺纹角度牙距，首个国家工业标准。" }, { "id": "cyanotype", "name": "蓝晒复印法", "nameEn": "Cyanotype", "wikiEn": "Cyanotype", "aliases": [ "蓝晒法", "工程蓝图" ], "year": 1842, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "photography" ], "related": [ "photoengraving", "engineering_education", "patent_system" ], "desc": "铁盐见光还原成蓝色，图纸与影像可大面积廉价复制" }, { "id": "dinosaur_concept", "name": "恐龙概念的提出", "nameEn": "Dinosaur", "wikiEn": "Dinosaur", "aliases": [ "恐怖蜥蜴", "欧文命名恐龙" ], "year": 1842, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "欧文1842年建立Dinosauria目", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cuvier_comparative_anatomy" ], "related": [ "archaeopteryx", "alvarez_kpg_extinction" ], "desc": "欧文命名恐怖的蜥蜴，灭绝巨爬行动物自此成为科学对象。" }, { "id": "diophantine_approximation", "name": "丢番图逼近", "nameEn": "Diophantine approximation", "wikiEn": "Diophantine approximation", "aliases": [ "有理逼近", "丢番图近似", "Diophantine approximation" ], "year": 1842, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "calendar", "dirichlet_approximation_theorem", "duffin_schaeffer_theorem", "engel_expansion" ], "desc": "用有理数逼近实数或代数数的理论，狄利克雷1842年定理为其系统开端。" }, { "id": "dirichlet_approximation_theorem", "name": "狄利克雷逼近定理", "nameEn": "Dirichlet's approximation theorem", "wikiEn": "Dirichlet's approximation theorem", "aliases": [ "狄利克雷逼近", "抽屉原理逼近定理", "Dirichlet approximation theorem" ], "year": 1842, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "diophantine_approximation", "geometry_of_numbers" ], "desc": "用鸽巢原理保证任意实数有无穷多个分母受限的有理逼近，是逼近论基本定理。" }, { "id": "doppler_effect", "name": "多普勒效应", "nameEn": "Doppler effect", "wikiEn": "Doppler effect", "aliases": [ "多普勒效应", "Doppler effect", "多普勒频移", "多普勒位移" ], "year": 1842, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "wave_theory_light" ], "related": [ "young_double_slit" ], "desc": "多普勒提出波源与观察者运动导致频率偏移，广泛用于声光。" }, { "id": "superphosphate_fertilizer", "name": "过磷酸钙肥料", "nameEn": "Superphosphate", "wikiEn": "Superphosphate", "aliases": [ "Lawes superphosphate", "Artificial fertilizer", "化学肥料雏形" ], "year": 1842, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "norfolk_crop_rotation" ], "desc": "劳斯以硫酸处理磷矿获专利，首个人造化学肥料。" }, { "id": "fax", "name": "传真机", "nameEn": "Fax", "wikiEn": "Fax", "aliases": [ "影印电报", "facsimile", "文件传真" ], "year": 1843, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "贝恩1843年提出扫描—同步传输方案，实用化在二十世纪中叶；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electromagnet" ], "related": [ "telegraph", "morse_code", "xerox_914", "image_scanner" ], "desc": "把页面逐行扫成电信号、在远端复现影像，电报网第一次能传笔迹与图形。" }, { "id": "grain_elevator", "name": "谷物升降筒仓", "nameEn": "Grain elevator", "wikiEn": "Grain elevator", "aliases": [ "立筒仓" ], "year": 1843, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "达什珀1842-43年布法罗蒸汽升降仓", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "grain_storage" ], "related": [ "railway_locomotive", "refrigerated_transport" ], "desc": "蒸汽连续提升与筒仓散装储粮，成就大宗谷物贸易。" }, { "id": "hamilton_quaternions", "name": "哈密顿四元数", "nameEn": "Quaternion", "wikiEn": "Quaternion", "aliases": [ "四元数", "哈密顿数", "Quaternions", "Hamilton quaternion" ], "year": 1843, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "symbolic_algebra" ], "related": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra", "eulers_identity", "galois_theory", "inertial_navigation" ], "desc": "哈密顿放弃乘法交换律创立四元数，是首个非交换代数，今广泛用于三维旋转计算。" }, { "id": "iron_hull_ship", "name": "铁壳远洋船", "nameEn": "Iron-Hulled Ocean Liner", "wikiEn": "SS Great Britain", "aliases": [ "铁壳船", "铁质船体" ], "year": 1843, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steamship", "screw_propeller" ], "related": [ "bessemer_steel", "turbinia", "iron_rail" ], "desc": "铁板船壳取代木壳，尺度不再受桅重与横梁限制，为螺旋桨大船铺路" }, { "id": "joule_mechanical_equivalent", "name": "热功当量", "nameEn": "Mechanical equivalent of heat", "wikiEn": "Mechanical equivalent of heat", "aliases": [ "热功当量", "焦耳实验", "Mechanical equivalent of heat", "Joule experiment" ], "year": 1843, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "rumford_heat_friction" ], "related": [ "conservation_of_energy" ], "desc": "焦耳以转轮实验精确测定热功当量，证明功可定量转化为热。" }, { "id": "rothamsted_station", "name": "洛桑实验站", "nameEn": "Rothamsted Experimental Station", "wikiEn": "Rothamsted Research", "aliases": [ "洛姆斯特德站" ], "year": 1843, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "crop_rotation" ], "related": [ "superphosphate_fertilizer", "no_till_farming" ], "desc": "世界最古老农业研究站，长期定位施肥试验由此开始。" }, { "id": "solar_cycle", "name": "太阳活动周期", "nameEn": "Solar cycle", "wikiEn": "Solar cycle", "aliases": [ "11年太阳周期", "施瓦贝周期" ], "year": 1843, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "施瓦贝1843年公布约十年周期；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sunspot_observation" ], "related": [ "aurora_theory", "solar_wind", "radio" ], "desc": "黑子数约十一年一涨落，空间天气与电网干扰的节律源。" }, { "id": "alternating_multilinear_map", "name": "交替多线性映射", "nameEn": "Alternating multilinear map", "wikiEn": "Alternating multilinear map", "aliases": [ "交替多重线性映射", "交代多重线性映射", "反对称多线性映射" ], "year": 1844, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alternating_polynomial", "bilinear_map", "general_relativity" ], "desc": "交换两个自变量即变号的多重线性映射，是格拉斯曼外积与行列式的抽象基础。" }, { "id": "catalans_conjecture", "name": "卡塔兰猜想", "nameEn": "Catalan's conjecture", "wikiEn": "Catalan's conjecture", "aliases": [ "米哈埃列斯库定理", "卡塔朗猜想", "Mihailescu theorem" ], "year": 1844, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "wiles_fermat_proof" ], "desc": "除8与9外没有两个连续正整数都是完全幂；1844年提出，2002年获证。" }, { "id": "cooperative", "name": "合作社", "nameEn": "Cooperative", "wikiEn": "Cooperative", "aliases": [ "公平先锋社", "互助社", "合作运动" ], "year": 1844, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "罗虚代尔公平先锋社确立合作原则；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "trade_union" ], "related": [ "guild", "welfare_state" ], "desc": "社员一人一票共同出资经营购销与信用，避开中间盘剥并共担风险。" }, { "id": "eisenstein_triple", "name": "艾森斯坦三元数", "nameEn": "Eisenstein triple", "wikiEn": "Eisenstein triple", "aliases": [ "艾森斯坦三元组", "60度勾股数", "艾氏三元数" ], "year": 1844, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pythagorean_triples", "cubic_reciprocity" ], "desc": "三角形含60或120度角时三边为整数的三元组，与艾森斯坦整数相对应。" }, { "id": "grassmannian", "name": "格拉斯曼流形", "nameEn": "Grassmannian", "wikiEn": "Grassmannian", "aliases": [ "格拉斯曼扩张论", "子空间流形", "Ausdehnungslehre", "Grassmann manifold" ], "year": 1844, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "analytic_geometry" ], "related": [ "fiber_bundle", "affine_geometry", "hamilton_quaternions" ], "desc": "格拉斯曼在《扩张论》中研究线性子空间构成的高维流形，预示范畴与向量丛思想。" }, { "id": "liouville_theorem_complex", "name": "刘维尔定理（复分析）", "nameEn": "Liouville's theorem (complex analysis)", "wikiEn": "Liouville's theorem (complex analysis)", "aliases": [ "刘维尔定理", "有界整函数必常数", "Liouville theorem", "整函数定理" ], "year": 1844, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cauchy_integral_formula" ], "related": [ "picard_theorem", "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra", "riemann_mapping_theorem" ], "desc": "刘维尔证明有界整函数必为常数，由柯西公式简洁推出，并可反证代数基本定理。" }, { "id": "morse_code", "name": "莫尔斯电码", "nameEn": "Morse code", "wikiEn": "Morse code", "aliases": [ "Morse alphabet", "摩尔斯电码" ], "year": 1844, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "telegraph", "braille" ], "desc": "以点划组合编码字母数字，首个电信号通信编码。" }, { "id": "telegraph", "name": "电报", "nameEn": "Electrical telegraph", "wikiEn": "Electrical telegraph", "aliases": [ "Morse telegraph", "Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph", "电报机", "有线电报" ], "year": 1844, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electromagnet", "voltaic_pile" ], "related": [ "morse_code", "submarine_telegraph_cable" ], "desc": "莫尔斯电报线华盛顿至巴尔的摩开通，信息瞬间传千里。" }, { "id": "associative_property", "name": "结合律", "nameEn": "Associative property", "wikiEn": "Associative property", "aliases": [ "结合性", "结合法则", "Associative law" ], "year": 1845, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "binary_operation" ], "related": [ "identity_element", "absorption_law" ], "desc": "括号位置不影响运算结果的性质(ab)c=a(bc)，哈密顿确立术语，是群环公理。" }, { "id": "baseball", "name": "棒球", "nameEn": "History of baseball", "wikiEn": "History of baseball", "aliases": [ "棒垒球", "美国国球" ], "year": 1845, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "尼克博克规则 1845 年成文，奠定现代场地与垒制；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "history_of_football", "basketball", "cricket" ], "desc": "以击球跑垒得分的攻守轮换团体项目，其联盟与统计体系成职业体育样板。" }, { "id": "bilinear_map", "name": "双线性映射", "nameEn": "Bilinear map", "wikiEn": "Bilinear map", "aliases": [ "双线性型", "双线性变换", "双线性算子", "Bilinear form" ], "year": 1845, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alternating_multilinear_map", "definite_quadratic_form", "clifford_algebra" ], "desc": "对每个变量分别保持线性的二元映射，二次型、内积与张量均为其实例。" }, { "id": "clipper_ship", "name": "飞剪船", "nameEn": "Clipper", "wikiEn": "Clipper", "aliases": [ "Clipper ship", "快剪船" ], "year": 1845, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1845年彩虹号开创飞剪船时代；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sailing_ship" ], "related": [ "suez_canal", "steamship", "tea" ], "desc": "线型细瘦、满帆高速的木壳商船，茶运与移民潮主力。" }, { "id": "jacobi_iteration", "name": "雅可比迭代法", "nameEn": "Jacobi method", "wikiEn": "Jacobi method", "aliases": [ "雅可比法", "同步迭代法", "Jacobi iterative method", "对角型迭代" ], "year": 1845, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gauss_seidel_method", "sor_method" ], "desc": "雅可比1845年提出的线性方程组分量同步迭代法，格式简单，是迭代法的比较基准。" }, { "id": "kirchhoff_circuit_laws", "name": "基尔霍夫电路定律", "nameEn": "Kirchhoff's circuit laws", "wikiEn": "Kirchhoff's circuit laws", "aliases": [ "基尔霍夫定律", "Kirchhoff's laws", "节点回路定律", "基尔霍夫电路规则" ], "year": 1845, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ohms_law" ], "related": [ "galvanometer", "telegraph" ], "desc": "基尔霍夫给出节点与回路两定律，使复杂网络可求解。" }, { "id": "pneumatic_tire", "name": "充气轮胎", "nameEn": "Pneumatic tire", "wikiEn": "Pneumatic tire", "aliases": [ "Dunlop tire", "Pneumatic tire", "Pneumatic tyre", "Thomson pneumatic tyre", "Tire", "充气车胎", "汤姆森充气轮胎", "邓禄普轮胎" ], "year": 1845, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "vulcanized_rubber" ], "related": [ "draisienne", "automobile", "safety_bicycle", "synthetic_rubber" ], "desc": "汤姆森以硫化橡胶制成充气轮胎并获专利。" }, { "id": "rugby_union", "name": "联合式橄榄球", "nameEn": "Rugby union", "wikiEn": "Rugby union", "aliases": [], "year": 1845, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "拉格比公学1845年成文规则", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "history_of_football" ], "desc": "持球冲阵与擒抱的公学游戏首次写成规则，与足球分途成独立项目。" }, { "id": "stokes_theorem", "name": "斯托克斯定理", "nameEn": "Stokes' theorem", "wikiEn": "Stokes' theorem", "aliases": [ "斯托克斯公式", "开尔文定理", "旋度面积分转换", "Kelvin-Stokes theorem" ], "year": 1845, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "divergence_theorem" ], "related": [ "greens_theorem", "maxwell_equations", "vector_calculus" ], "desc": "斯托克斯（开尔文先发现）建立曲面积分与边界环量关系，成为向量分析与电磁学支柱。" }, { "id": "anesthesia", "name": "麻醉术", "nameEn": "Anesthesia", "wikiEn": "Anesthesia", "aliases": [ "Ether anesthesia", "Chloroform anesthesia", "乙醚麻醉", "氯仿麻醉" ], "year": 1846, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "boyles_law", "vulcanized_rubber" ], "related": [ "antiseptic_surgery", "fractional_distillation", "linde_air_liquefaction", "stethoscope" ], "desc": "莫顿公开乙醚麻醉手术，后辛普森推广氯仿，无痛外科。" }, { "id": "circulant_matrix", "name": "循环矩阵", "nameEn": "Circulant matrix", "wikiEn": "Circulant matrix", "aliases": [ "轮换矩阵", "循环行列式", "Circulant" ], "year": 1846, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra", "fourier_analysis" ], "desc": "每行由上一行循环移位得到的矩阵，可被傅里叶矩阵对角化，常用于卷积。" }, { "id": "free_trade_regime", "name": "自由贸易体制", "nameEn": "Free trade regime", "wikiEn": "Free trade", "aliases": [ "自由贸易", "废除谷物法" ], "year": 1846, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1846年英国废止谷物法，被视为自由贸易体制确立的节点；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ricardo_comparative_advantage", "smith_wealth_of_nations" ], "related": [ "navigation_acts", "general_agreement_tariffs", "enclosure" ], "desc": "英国废除谷物法，把比较优势学说变成关税与贸易规则。" }, { "id": "jacobi_eigenvalue_algorithm", "name": "雅可比特征值算法", "nameEn": "Jacobi eigenvalue algorithm", "wikiEn": "Jacobi eigenvalue algorithm", "aliases": [ "雅可比旋转法", "Jacobi rotation", "对称矩阵对角化", "平面旋转法" ], "year": 1846, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "qr_algorithm", "power_iteration", "inverse_iteration" ], "desc": "雅可比1846年提出反复平面旋转化对称矩阵为对角形求特征值，精度高且适合并行。" }, { "id": "neptune_discovery", "name": "海王星的发现", "nameEn": "Discovery of Neptune", "wikiEn": "Discovery of Neptune", "aliases": [ "笔尖上的发现", "勒威耶海王星" ], "year": 1846, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "newtonian_mechanics", "keplers_laws" ], "related": [ "inverse_square_gravity", "telescope" ], "desc": "由天王星轨道摄动算出未知行星位置，望远镜指处即得。" }, { "id": "railway_gauge", "name": "铁路轨距", "nameEn": "Track gauge", "wikiEn": "Track gauge", "aliases": [ "Standard gauge", "Brunel broad gauge", "标准轨距" ], "year": 1846, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steam_railway" ], "related": [ "railway_locomotive" ], "desc": "英国轨距法确立1435毫米标准轨，路网互联基础。" }, { "id": "sewing_machine", "name": "缝纫机", "nameEn": "Sewing machine", "wikiEn": "Sewing machine", "aliases": [ "Howe lockstitch machine", "Singer sewing machine", "双线锁缝机" ], "year": 1846, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "typewriter" ], "desc": "豪发明双线锁缝缝纫机，胜家推广至成衣工业。" }, { "id": "absorption_law", "name": "吸收律", "nameEn": "Absorption law", "wikiEn": "Absorption law", "aliases": [ "吸收法则", "吸收定律", "格吸收律", "Absorption identity" ], "year": 1847, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "binary_operation" ], "related": [ "boolean_algebra", "boolean_algebra_structure" ], "desc": "格与布尔代数中并与交相互吸收的恒等律，布尔1847年给出。" }, { "id": "algebraic_number_theory", "name": "代数数论", "nameEn": "Algebraic number theory", "wikiEn": "Algebraic number theory", "aliases": [ "代数数论分支", "代数整数论", "数的代数理论" ], "year": 1847, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "congruence_relation" ], "related": [ "algebraic_number_field", "adele_ring", "class_number_formula" ], "desc": "用代数方法研究代数数与整数推广的分支，库默尔理想数为开端，后成朗兰兹基础。" }, { "id": "boolean_algebra_structure", "name": "布尔代数（结构）", "nameEn": "Boolean algebra (structure)", "wikiEn": "Boolean algebra (structure)", "aliases": [ "布尔代数结构", "逻辑代数", "布尔格", "Boolean lattice" ], "year": 1847, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "absorption_law", "action_algebra", "boolean_algebra", "silicon_transistor" ], "desc": "以与或非为运算、满足分配与吸收律的代数结构，布尔1847年为逻辑代数化创立。" }, { "id": "cauchy_gradient_descent", "name": "梯度下降法", "nameEn": "Gradient descent", "wikiEn": "Gradient descent", "aliases": [ "最速下降法", "柯西梯度法", "Gradient descent optimization", "Steepest descent" ], "year": 1847, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "backpropagation", "simplex_method", "linnainmaa_reverse_autodiff" ], "desc": "柯西提出沿负梯度方向迭代求函数极小，如今是机器学习训练的核心优化范式。" }, { "id": "conservation_of_energy", "name": "能量守恒定律", "nameEn": "Conservation of energy", "wikiEn": "Conservation of energy", "aliases": [ "First law of thermodynamics", "Joule's law", "内能守恒", "热力学第一定律", "热功转化定律" ], "year": 1847, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "carnot_cycle", "joule_mechanical_equivalent" ], "related": [ "entropy_clausius", "maxwell_equations", "steam_engine" ], "desc": "焦耳与亥姆霍兹等确立能量转化守恒，热力学基石。" }, { "id": "listing_topology_naming", "name": "利斯廷命名拓扑学", "nameEn": "Johann Benedict Listing", "wikiEn": "Johann Benedict Listing", "aliases": [ "拓扑学命名", "位置几何学", "Vorstudien zur Topologie", "Listing topology" ], "year": 1847, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "euler_polyhedron_formula" ], "related": [ "conveyor_belt", "mobius_strip", "poincare_topology" ], "desc": "利斯廷发表《拓扑学初探》并发现莫比乌斯带，首次为位置分析学赋予拓扑之名。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "rotary_printing_press", "name": "轮转印刷机", "nameEn": "Rotary printing press", "wikiEn": "Rotary printing press", "aliases": [ "Hoe rotary press", "霍氏轮转机" ], "year": 1847, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_printing_press" ], "related": [ "paper_machine" ], "desc": "霍伊双滚筒连续印刷，报纸进入海量廉价时代。" }, { "id": "semmelweis_handwashing", "name": "塞麦尔维斯洗手消毒", "nameEn": "Ignaz Semmelweis", "wikiEn": "Ignaz Semmelweis", "aliases": [ "产褥热", "消毒产钳" ], "year": 1847, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "antiseptic_surgery", "aseptic_surgery", "bleaching_powder", "quarantine" ], "desc": "漂白粉洗手使产褥热死亡率骤降，首开无菌与对照意识。" }, { "id": "absolute_temperature_scale", "name": "热力学绝对温标", "nameEn": "Kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale", "wikiEn": "Kelvin", "aliases": [ "开尔文温标", "绝对温标", "Kelvin scale", "Absolute temperature", "热力学温标" ], "year": 1848, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "second_law_thermodynamics", "thermometer" ], "desc": "开尔文基于卡诺理论提出不依赖物质的绝对温标。" }, { "id": "chicago_board_futures", "name": "标准化谷物期货", "nameEn": "Chicago Board of Trade futures", "wikiEn": "Chicago Board of Trade", "aliases": [ "CBOT", "期货交易", "标准期货合约" ], "year": 1848, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1848年建仓，1865年推出标准化合约与保证金清算", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stock_exchange", "grain_storage" ], "related": [ "insurance", "black_scholes_formula", "supply_chain_management" ], "desc": "远期交货合同被规范为等级、数量与交割期固定的标准期货。" }, { "id": "gauss_bonnet_theorem", "name": "高斯-博内定理", "nameEn": "Gauss–Bonnet theorem", "wikiEn": "Gauss–Bonnet theorem", "aliases": [ "高斯博内公式", "曲率积分示性数", "Gauss-Bonnet", "陈省身推广" ], "year": 1848, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_theorema_egregium" ], "related": [ "chern_classes", "fiber_bundle", "riemann_geometry", "triangulation_survey" ], "desc": "曲面总曲率积分等于二π乘欧拉示性数，把局部曲率与整体拓扑直接相连。" }, { "id": "micrometer", "name": "螺旋测微器", "nameEn": "Micrometer", "wikiEn": "Micrometer (device)", "aliases": [ "Micrometer", "Palmer micrometer", "千分尺" ], "year": 1848, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "metal_lathe" ], "related": [ "whitworth_thread_standard" ], "desc": "帕尔默制成手持螺旋测微器，车间精度测量进至丝级。" }, { "id": "corliss_steam_engine", "name": "科利斯蒸汽机", "nameEn": "Corliss steam engine", "wikiEn": "Corliss steam engine", "aliases": [ "Corliss valve gear", "四阀蒸汽机" ], "year": 1849, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "compound_steam_engine" ], "desc": "科利斯四阀截汽调速蒸汽机，高效而转速稳定。" }, { "id": "minie_ball", "name": "米尼弹", "nameEn": "Minié ball", "wikiEn": "Minié ball", "aliases": [ "米涅球", "Minié rifle" ], "year": 1849, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1849年前后定型并被各国采用", "era": "industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rifling" ], "related": [ "breechloader", "trench_warfare", "cartridge_firearms" ], "desc": "空心底锥形弹，使线膛枪兼顾快速装填与远射精度。" }, { "id": "safety_pin", "name": "安全别针", "nameEn": "Safety pin", "wikiEn": "Safety pin", "aliases": [], "year": 1849, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "clothing", "crucible_steel" ], "related": [ "zipper", "thimble" ], "desc": "金属丝弯折加护帽，扣衣物不戳伤皮肤，是尿布与胸针的通用前身。" }, { "id": "mahjong", "name": "麻将", "nameEn": "Mahjong", "wikiEn": "Mahjong", "aliases": [ "麻雀牌", "马将" ], "year": 1850, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "清代中叶由骨牌与叶子戏合流演化而来", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "playing_cards", "dominoes" ], "related": [ "go_game", "chess" ], "desc": "四人摸打组牌的博弈制度，其牌型概率结构成为机器学习常用测试题。" }, { "id": "plate_shell_theory", "name": "板壳理论", "nameEn": "Plate theory", "wikiEn": "Plate theory", "aliases": [ "薄板理论", "基尔霍夫板", "冯卡门板", "Kirchhoff plate" ], "year": 1850, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "linear_elasticity_math" ], "related": [ "finite_element_method", "newmark_beta_method" ], "desc": "基尔霍夫1850年建立薄板弯曲方程，冯卡门1910年补入大变形理论。" }, { "id": "public_library", "name": "公共图书馆", "nameEn": "Public library", "wikiEn": "Public library", "aliases": [ "市立图书馆", "免费借阅" ], "year": 1850, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英国公共图书馆法允许以地方税办馆；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compulsory_education" ], "related": [ "encyclopedia" ], "desc": "以税收支撑免费开架借阅，使自学不再依赖出身与私人藏书。" }, { "id": "second_law_thermodynamics", "name": "热力学第二定律", "nameEn": "Second law of thermodynamics", "wikiEn": "Second law of thermodynamics", "aliases": [ "热力学第二定律", "Second law of thermodynamics", "熵增定律", "不可逆性原理" ], "year": 1850, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "carnot_cycle", "conservation_of_energy" ], "related": [ "entropy_clausius", "absolute_temperature_scale" ], "desc": "克劳修斯与开尔文提出热过程不可逆与熵增方向，宇宙级法则。" }, { "id": "collodion_process", "name": "湿版火棉胶法", "nameEn": "Collodion process", "wikiEn": "Collodion process", "aliases": [ "Wet plate process", "Archer collodion", "湿版摄影" ], "year": 1851, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calotype" ], "related": [ "photography" ], "desc": "阿彻火棉胶湿版法既清晰又廉价，摄影走向大众。" }, { "id": "news_agency", "name": "通讯社", "nameEn": "News agency", "wikiEn": "News agency", "aliases": [ "新闻通讯社", "wire service", "报系通讯" ], "year": 1851, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "哈瓦斯1835年首创新闻批发，路透1851年用电报跨海发稿；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telegraph" ], "related": [ "newspaper", "magazine", "submarine_telegraph_cable", "transoceanic_radio" ], "desc": "专事采集并向多家报刊电台统一供稿的机构，借电报把消息批发到全世界。" }, { "id": "ophthalmoscope", "name": "检眼镜", "nameEn": "Ophthalmoscope", "wikiEn": "Ophthalmoscopy", "aliases": [ "Helmholtz ophthalmoscope", "亥姆霍兹检眼镜" ], "year": 1851, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "book_of_optics", "glasses" ], "related": [ "photography", "stethoscope" ], "desc": "亥姆霍兹发明可窥视活体眼底的仪器，眼科诊断革命。" }, { "id": "refrigerated_transport", "name": "冷藏车厢", "nameEn": "Refrigerator car", "wikiEn": "Refrigerator car", "aliases": [ "Reefer", "Icebox on wheels", "冷藏运输雏形" ], "year": 1851, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_railway" ], "related": [ "canning" ], "desc": "加冰保温铁路车厢投入运营，易腐食品长途冷链开端。" }, { "id": "riemann_mapping_theorem", "name": "黎曼映射定理", "nameEn": "Riemann mapping theorem", "wikiEn": "Riemann mapping theorem", "aliases": [ "黎曼映射定理", "单连通区域共形映射", "Riemann map", "共形等价" ], "year": 1851, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cauchy_riemann_equations" ], "related": [ "caratheodory_boundary_theorem", "cartography", "riemann_surface", "uniformization_theorem" ], "desc": "黎曼断言任意单连通真区域可共形映为单位圆盘，存在性证明困扰数学界半个世纪。" }, { "id": "riemann_surface", "name": "黎曼面", "nameEn": "Riemann surface", "wikiEn": "Riemann surface", "aliases": [ "黎曼曲面", "复一维流形", "Riemann surfaces", "黎曼面概念" ], "year": 1851, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "riemann_geometry", "riemann_genus", "riemann_integral" ], "desc": "黎曼为处理多值复函数引入一维复流形，使分支、亏格与解析延拓获得几何载体。" }, { "id": "common_school", "name": "公立初等学校", "nameEn": "Common school", "wikiEn": "Common school", "aliases": [ "公共学校运动", "曼恩改革" ], "year": 1852, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1852年马萨诸塞州义务教育法；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "monitorial_system", "compulsory_education" ], "related": [ "normal_school" ], "desc": "美国以税收兴办面向全体儿童的免费初等公立学校" }, { "id": "department_store", "name": "明码标价百货商场", "nameEn": "Department store", "wikiEn": "Department store", "aliases": [ "百货公司", "一类一柜制" ], "year": 1852, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1852年巴黎平价百货改为部门制与固定标价；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "railway_locomotive", "double_entry_bookkeeping" ], "related": [ "supermarket", "installment_credit", "cooperative" ], "desc": "按品类分柜、明码标价、集中收银，以大批量进货支撑薄利多销。" }, { "id": "giffard_airship", "name": "动力飞艇", "nameEn": "Airship", "wikiEn": "Airship", "aliases": [ "Giffard dirigible", "吉法尔飞艇" ], "year": 1852, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "balloon_flight", "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "cayley_glider" ], "desc": "吉法尔驾驶蒸汽机动力可操纵飞艇首航。" }, { "id": "gyroscope", "name": "陀螺仪", "nameEn": "Gyroscope", "wikiEn": "Gyroscope", "aliases": [ "傅科陀螺仪", "Foucault gyroscope" ], "year": 1852, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "inertial_navigation" ], "desc": "傅科发明，高速转子保持定轴，为惯性导航核心器件" }, { "id": "safety_elevator", "name": "安全电梯", "nameEn": "Elevator", "wikiEn": "Elevator", "aliases": [ "Elisha Otis", "Otis elevator", "Otis safety elevator", "Safety elevator", "乘客电梯", "奥的斯升降机", "奥的斯电梯" ], "year": 1852, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cast_iron_building", "escalator" ], "desc": "奥的斯发明断绳自锁安全升降机，催生高层建筑。" }, { "id": "cayley_glider", "name": "载人滑翔机", "nameEn": "George Cayley's glider", "wikiEn": "George Cayley", "aliases": [ "Cayley governable parachute", "凯利滑翔机" ], "year": 1853, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "balloon_flight", "giffard_airship" ], "desc": "凯利的固定翼载人滑翔机完成短距飞行，航空之父。" }, { "id": "hypodermic_needle", "name": "皮下注射器", "nameEn": "Hypodermic needle", "wikiEn": "Hypodermic needle", "aliases": [ "Pravaz syringe", "Wood syringe", "空心针头注射器" ], "year": 1853, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "glassmaking", "sewing_needle" ], "related": [ "mannesmann_piercing", "morphine" ], "desc": "普拉瓦与伍德制成空心针头注射器，精确给药。" }, { "id": "boolean_algebra", "name": "布尔代数", "nameEn": "Boolean algebra", "wikiEn": "Boolean algebra", "aliases": [ "Boole's Laws of Thought", "逻辑代数" ], "year": 1854, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "analytical_engine" ], "desc": "布尔将逻辑化为真假二值代数，后世数字电路根基。" }, { "id": "chebyshev_polynomials", "name": "切比雪夫多项式", "nameEn": "Chebyshev polynomials", "wikiEn": "Chebyshev polynomials", "aliases": [ "契比雪夫多项式", "T多项式", "Chebyshev polynomials", "等振多项式" ], "year": 1854, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gaussian_quadrature", "remez_algorithm", "runge_phenomenon", "spectral_methods" ], "desc": "切比雪夫1854年引入的正交多项式族，等振性使其成为最佳逼近与谱方法的核心工具。" }, { "id": "fractional_distillation", "name": "分馏", "nameEn": "Fractional distillation", "wikiEn": "Fractional distillation", "aliases": [ "精馏", "石油分馏", "fractionation" ], "year": 1854, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "petroleum_refinery", "cracking_refining", "contact_process" ], "desc": "西利曼1854年以分馏法分析原油组分，炼油工艺基础（早于1870年）。" }, { "id": "group_theory", "name": "群论", "nameEn": "Group (mathematics)", "wikiEn": "Group (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "群", "抽象群论", "群的结构" ], "year": 1854, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "凯莱1854年给出抽象群定义；由伽罗瓦的置换群发展而来；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "galois_theory" ], "related": [ "erlangen_program", "classification_finite_simple_groups", "standard_model_particle_physics", "cryptography" ], "desc": "抽象刻画对称与可逆运算的代数结构，从五次方程不可解一路通向晶体与粒子物理分类。" }, { "id": "john_snow_epidemiology", "name": "斯诺霍乱流行病学调查", "nameEn": "John Snow", "wikiEn": "John Snow", "aliases": [ "宽街水泵调查", "流行病学之父" ], "year": 1854, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cartography", "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "census_system", "cholera_vaccine", "germ_theory", "water_chlorination" ], "desc": "以地图与统计锁定宽街水泵传染源，流行病学由此奠基。" }, { "id": "riemann_geometry", "name": "黎曼几何", "nameEn": "Riemannian geometry", "wikiEn": "Riemannian geometry", "aliases": [ "黎曼流形", "椭圆几何", "Riemann geometry", "Elliptic geometry" ], "year": 1854, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lobachevsky_non_euclidean", "calculus" ], "related": [ "gauss_normal_error_theory", "general_relativity", "poincare_topology" ], "desc": "黎曼就职演讲建立流形与度量的一般几何，六十年后成为广义相对论的数学框架。" }, { "id": "riemann_integral", "name": "黎曼积分", "nameEn": "Riemann integral", "wikiEn": "Riemann integral", "aliases": [ "黎曼和", "黎曼可积", "Riemann integration", "Riemann sum" ], "year": 1854, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus", "bolzano_intermediate_value" ], "related": [ "lebesgue_integration", "cavalieri_principle" ], "desc": "黎曼以分割求和取极限给出积分第一个严格定义，成为19世纪分析学的标准基础。" }, { "id": "adams_multistep_method", "name": "亚当斯多步法", "nameEn": "Linear multistep method", "wikiEn": "Linear multistep method", "aliases": [ "亚当斯巴什福思法", "亚当斯莫尔顿法", "Adams-Bashforth", "Adams-Moulton" ], "year": 1855, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euler_method" ], "related": [ "bdf_methods", "laplace_celestial_mechanics", "rkf45_fehlberg", "runge_kutta_methods" ], "desc": "亚当斯1855年提出、利用前若干步值的ODE积分法，显式与隐式格式沿用至今。" }, { "id": "civil_service", "name": "职业文官制", "nameEn": "Civil service", "wikiEn": "Civil service", "aliases": [ "诺斯科特—屈维廉改革", "政务官常任制" ], "year": 1855, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1854 年报告、1855 年设文官委员会试行公开考试；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "imperial_examination" ], "related": [ "separation_of_powers", "censorate" ], "desc": "常任官员凭公开考试与绩效晋升任用，不随政党更替而洗牌。" }, { "id": "complexification", "name": "复化", "nameEn": "Complexification", "wikiEn": "Complexification", "aliases": [ "复数化", "复化扩张", "实结构复化" ], "year": 1855, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra", "hamilton_quaternions" ], "desc": "把实向量空间或实流形自然扩张为复对象的构造，便于引入复特征值与全纯方法。" }, { "id": "audit_profession", "name": "法定查账", "nameEn": "Statutory audit", "wikiEn": "Audit", "aliases": [ "审计", "独立查账", "会计师审核" ], "year": 1856, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1856年英国合股公司法首次要求定期审核账目；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "double_entry_bookkeeping", "corporate_law" ], "related": [ "exchequer_accounting", "accounting_standards", "securitization" ], "desc": "独立查账人受股东委托核验账目，两权分离由此可以被约束。" }, { "id": "bessemer_steel", "name": "贝塞麦炼钢法", "nameEn": "Bessemer process", "wikiEn": "Bessemer process", "aliases": [ "酸性转炉炼钢法", "Bessemer converter", "贝氏转炉" ], "year": 1856, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "blast_furnace" ], "related": [ "open_hearth_furnace", "gilchrist_thomas_process", "electric_arc_furnace" ], "desc": "1856年发明的酸性转炉炼钢法，开启钢铁量产时代（早于1870年）。" }, { "id": "corporate_law", "name": "公司法与有限责任", "nameEn": "Corporate law", "wikiEn": "Corporate law", "aliases": [ "有限责任公司", "股份公司法" ], "year": 1856, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英国合股公司法确立登记设立与有限责任；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "joint_stock_company" ], "related": [ "stock_exchange", "trade_union" ], "desc": "公司成为独立法人且股东仅以出资为限担责，使大规模长期融资成为可能。" }, { "id": "mauveine", "name": "苯胺紫", "nameEn": "Mauveine", "wikiEn": "Mauveine", "aliases": [ "苯胺紫染料", "Perkin's mauve", "锦葵紫" ], "year": 1856, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alizarin_synthesis", "indigo_synthesis" ], "desc": "珀金1856年偶然合成首个合成染料，催生近代化工（早于1870年）。" }, { "id": "secret_ballot", "name": "无记名投票", "nameEn": "Secret Ballot", "wikiEn": "Secret ballot", "aliases": [ "秘密投票", "澳洲式投票" ], "year": 1856, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英1872、澳洲1856年前后推行，取1856", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "parliament", "constitution_written", "magna_carta", "rotary_printing_press" ], "related": [ "universal_suffrage", "athenian_democracy", "arrow_impossibility_theorem", "roman_senate" ], "desc": "统一印票、入帘独写、当场封箱，切断贿选与报复所依赖的可见性，使偏好能真实聚合。" }, { "id": "algebraic_function", "name": "代数函数", "nameEn": "Algebraic function", "wikiEn": "Algebraic function", "aliases": [ "代数函數", "隐代数函数", "Algebraic function field" ], "year": 1857, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algebraic_equation" ], "related": [ "riemann_surface", "riemann_roch_theorem" ], "desc": "满足多项式方程的函数，黎曼以黎曼曲面为其建立几何理论。" }, { "id": "international_code_of_signals", "name": "国际信号旗典", "nameEn": "International Code of Signals", "wikiEn": "International Code of Signals", "aliases": [ "国际信号规则", "旗语信号典" ], "year": 1857, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "optical_telegraph" ], "related": [ "marine_chronometer", "international_telegraph_union", "radio_navigation" ], "desc": "帆旗与代号成句，各国船只可用同一套信号互通遇险" }, { "id": "kekule_valence_theory", "name": "化合价理论", "nameEn": "Kekulé's valence theory", "wikiEn": "Valence (chemistry)", "aliases": [ "凯库勒化合价", "原子价", "Valence theory", "化合力", "碳四价" ], "year": 1857, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "atomic_theory" ], "related": [ "periodic_table", "butlerov_structure_theory" ], "desc": "凯库勒等提出原子化合力与化合价，统合组成规律。" }, { "id": "retaining_wall_design", "name": "挡土墙设计", "nameEn": "Retaining wall", "wikiEn": "Retaining wall", "aliases": [ "土压力墙", "护坡墙" ], "year": 1857, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以 19 世纪中叶土压力理论用于墙身定厚的节点为准；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "masonry", "newtonian_mechanics", "archimedes_statics" ], "related": [ "city_wall", "canal_lock", "land_reclamation", "three_gorges_dam" ], "desc": "以墙身断面与自重抵抗土侧压力，尺寸由计算确定。" }, { "id": "riemann_genus", "name": "黎曼亏格理论", "nameEn": "Genus (mathematics)", "wikiEn": "Genus (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "亏格", "曲面环柄数", "黎曼亏格", "Genus of a surface" ], "year": 1857, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_surface" ], "related": [ "betti_numbers", "euler_polyhedron_formula" ], "desc": "黎曼以亏格刻画闭曲面洞孔数，给出阿贝尔函数分类与曲面拓扑分类的关键不变量。" }, { "id": "silage", "name": "青贮饲料", "nameEn": "Silage", "wikiEn": "Silage", "aliases": [ "青储" ], "year": 1857, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "法国的嫌气青贮法19世纪50年代提出并传入英美", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fermentation", "animal_husbandry" ], "related": [ "dairy", "poultry_farming" ], "desc": "牧草嫌气发酵封存，让奶牛冬季也有青饲料。" }, { "id": "analytic_function_of_matrix", "name": "矩阵解析函数", "nameEn": "Analytic function of a matrix", "wikiEn": "Analytic function of a matrix", "aliases": [ "矩阵函数", "矩阵的解析函数", "Matrix function" ], "year": 1858, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "related": [ "cayley_hamilton_theorem", "matrix_exponential", "algebraic_riccati_equation" ], "desc": "借标准形或幂级数对矩阵定义指数、对数等解析函数，用于微分方程与控制。" }, { "id": "can_opener", "name": "开罐器", "nameEn": "Can opener", "wikiEn": "Can opener", "aliases": [ "罐头刀", "启罐器" ], "year": 1858, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "弗劳尔斯取得首个旋转齿轮式开罐器专利", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "canning" ], "related": [ "food_preservation", "cookware_and_bakeware", "frozen_food" ], "desc": "切开金属罐盖的专用手工具，补上罐藏食品链条的最后一环。" }, { "id": "cayley_hamilton_theorem", "name": "凯莱-哈密顿定理", "nameEn": "Cayley–Hamilton theorem", "wikiEn": "Cayley–Hamilton theorem", "aliases": [ "凯莱–哈密顿定理", "CH定理", "Cayley-Hamilton theorem" ], "year": 1858, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "related": [ "analytic_function_of_matrix", "band_theory", "matrix_exponential" ], "desc": "每个方阵都满足自身的特征多项式，是矩阵化简与矩阵函数的核心定理。" }, { "id": "cayley_matrix_algebra", "name": "凯莱矩阵代数", "nameEn": "Matrix (mathematics)", "wikiEn": "Matrix (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "矩阵代数", "凯莱-哈密顿定理", "Matrix algebra", "Cayley matrices" ], "year": 1858, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hamilton_quaternions", "symbolic_algebra" ], "related": [ "cooley_tukey_fft", "galois_theory", "matrix_mechanics" ], "desc": "凯莱《矩阵论备忘录》确立矩阵运算与凯莱-哈密顿定理，为线性代数与量子力学铺路。" }, { "id": "mobius_strip", "name": "莫比乌斯带", "nameEn": "Möbius strip", "wikiEn": "Möbius strip", "aliases": [ "麦比乌斯圈", "莫比乌斯环", "单侧曲面", "Möbius band" ], "year": 1858, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "listing_topology_naming" ], "related": [ "klein_bottle", "fiber_bundle" ], "desc": "莫比乌斯与利斯廷分别发现扭转半周粘合的单侧曲面，是不可定向性的最简范例。" }, { "id": "sewerage_system", "name": "城市下水道系统", "nameEn": "London sewerage system", "wikiEn": "London sewerage system", "aliases": [ "Bazalgette sewers", "Great Stink sewer", "卫生排污系统" ], "year": 1858, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "public_water_supply", "flush_toilet" ], "desc": "巴泽尔盖特主持伦敦排污管网，现代城市卫生系统范本。" }, { "id": "submarine_telegraph_cable", "name": "跨大西洋海底电缆", "nameEn": "Transatlantic telegraph cable", "wikiEn": "Transatlantic telegraph cable", "aliases": [ "Submarine telegraph cable", "海底电缆" ], "year": 1858, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telegraph" ], "related": [ "steamship" ], "desc": "首条跨洋电缆1858年通报，1866年永久连通欧美。" }, { "id": "virchow_cellular_pathology", "name": "微尔和细胞病理学", "nameEn": "Cellular Pathology", "wikiEn": "Rudolf Virchow", "aliases": [ "魏尔啸", "细胞来自细胞", "omnis cellula e cellula", "Virchow" ], "year": 1858, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cell_theory", "microscope" ], "related": [ "electron_microscope", "germ_theory", "photography" ], "desc": "主张疾病本质是细胞病变，将病理学建立在细胞学说之上。" }, { "id": "wallace_natural_selection", "name": "华莱士自然选择学说", "nameEn": "Alfred Russel Wallace", "wikiEn": "Alfred Russel Wallace", "aliases": [ "华莱士线", "达尔文-华莱士学说", "岛屿生物地理学", "Wallace" ], "year": 1858, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "selective_breeding_bakewell", "steno_stratigraphy" ], "related": [ "agriculture", "evolution_natural_selection", "lamarckism" ], "desc": "1858年独立提出自然选择，并开创岛屿生物地理学。" }, { "id": "curvilinear_coordinates", "name": "曲线坐标系", "nameEn": "Curvilinear coordinates", "wikiEn": "Curvilinear coordinates", "aliases": [ "曲线坐标", "拉梅坐标", "Lamé coefficients", "正交曲线坐标" ], "year": 1859, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "vector_calculus", "spherical_harmonics" ], "desc": "拉梅1859年建立任意正交坐标系理论及拉梅系数，使偏微分方程可分离变量。" }, { "id": "evolution_natural_selection", "name": "生物进化论", "nameEn": "Natural selection", "wikiEn": "Natural selection", "aliases": [ "Darwinism", "On the Origin of Species", "达尔文进化论", "自然选择" ], "year": 1859, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "selective_breeding_bakewell", "steno_stratigraphy" ], "related": [ "cell_theory", "geological_map" ], "desc": "达尔文《物种起源》提出自然选择，重塑生命观。" }, { "id": "ironclad_warship", "name": "铁甲舰", "nameEn": "Ironclad", "wikiEn": "Ironclad", "aliases": [ "La Gloire", "Monitor", "装甲蒸汽军舰" ], "year": 1859, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steamship" ], "related": [ "screw_propeller" ], "desc": "光荣号开创铁壳装甲蒸汽军舰，木质风帆舰队终结。" }, { "id": "kirchhoff_blackbody_radiation", "name": "基尔霍夫黑体辐射定律", "nameEn": "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "wikiEn": "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "aliases": [ "黑体辐射定律", "光谱分析", "Kirchhoff thermal radiation law", "基尔霍夫光谱定律" ], "year": 1859, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "planck_quantum_hypothesis", "wien_displacement_law" ], "desc": "基尔霍夫开创光谱分析并提出黑体辐射定律，量子论先声。" }, { "id": "lead_acid_battery", "name": "铅酸蓄电池", "nameEn": "Lead–acid battery", "wikiEn": "Lead–acid battery", "aliases": [ "普朗泰电池", "铅蓄电池", "lead accumulator" ], "year": 1859, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "dry_cell", "nickel_iron_battery", "electricity_generation" ], "desc": "普朗泰1859年发明可充电铅酸蓄电池，车用供电主力（早于1870年）。" }, { "id": "signal_flare", "name": "信号枪与照明弹", "nameEn": "Signal Flare", "wikiEn": "Flare gun", "aliases": [ "照明弹", "信号弹" ], "year": 1859, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "optical_telegraph" ], "related": [ "international_code_of_signals", "marine_chronometer" ], "desc": "发射燃烧弹把强光送上夜空，海上求援不必依赖火堆" }, { "id": "spectroscopy", "name": "光谱分析", "nameEn": "Spectroscopy", "wikiEn": "Spectroscopy", "aliases": [ "Bunsen-Kirchhoff spectroscope", "本生基尔霍夫光谱仪" ], "year": 1859, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "periodic_table" ], "desc": "本生与基尔霍夫以特征谱线辨元素，催生天体化学。" }, { "id": "traction_engine", "name": "蒸汽牵引机", "nameEn": "Traction engine", "wikiEn": "Traction engine", "aliases": [ "Aveling traction engine", "蒸汽拖拉机", "道路机车" ], "year": 1859, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "high_pressure_steam_engine" ], "related": [ "railway_locomotive" ], "desc": "高压蒸汽机自行上路牵引农机货车，机动动力下乡。" }, { "id": "internal_combustion_engine", "name": "内燃机", "nameEn": "Internal combustion engine", "wikiEn": "Internal combustion engine", "aliases": [ "Lenoir engine", "勒努瓦发动机", "内燃动力机" ], "year": 1860, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lenoir_gas_engine", "otto_engine", "diesel_engine", "gas_turbine" ], "desc": "勒努瓦1860年制首台实用内燃机，燃油在缸内燃烧做功（早于1870年）。" }, { "id": "lenoir_gas_engine", "name": "勒努瓦煤气机", "nameEn": "Lenoir engine", "wikiEn": "Lenoir engine", "aliases": [ "Lenoir gas engine", "Gas-fired internal combustion engine", "煤气内燃机" ], "year": 1860, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "internal_combustion_engine", "oil_well" ], "desc": "勒努瓦制成首台实用煤气内燃机，内燃机商用雏形。" }, { "id": "maxwell_velocity_distribution", "name": "麦克斯韦速度分布律", "nameEn": "Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution", "wikiEn": "Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution", "aliases": [ "麦克斯韦分布", "分子速度分布", "Maxwell distribution", "麦克斯韦速率分布" ], "year": 1860, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "boltzmann_h_theorem", "atomic_theory" ], "desc": "麦克斯韦给出气体分子速度的统计分布，统计力学开端。" }, { "id": "nursing_profession", "name": "现代护理专业", "nameEn": "Nursing Profession", "wikiEn": "Nursing", "aliases": [ "护理教育", "注册护士" ], "year": 1860, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "statistical_graphics", "sewerage_system" ], "related": [ "intensive_care_unit", "residency_training", "infant_incubator", "notifiable_disease_reporting" ], "desc": "护士学校与病房统计指标，使护理成为受训的专业" }, { "id": "archaeopteryx", "name": "始祖鸟化石", "nameEn": "Archaeopteryx", "wikiEn": "Archaeopteryx", "aliases": [ "柏林标本始祖鸟" ], "year": 1861, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1861年索伦霍恩羽毛化石公布", "era": "industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "evolution_natural_selection" ], "related": [ "dinosaur_concept", "evolution_natural_selection" ], "desc": "带羽有齿的侏罗纪化石，恐龙鸟类同源的第一件实证。" }, { "id": "butlerov_structure_theory", "name": "化学结构理论", "nameEn": "Butlerov's theory of chemical structure", "wikiEn": "Alexander Butlerov", "aliases": [ "布特列洛夫结构理论", "化学结构说", "Butlerov theory", "分子结构理论" ], "year": 1861, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kekule_valence_theory" ], "related": [ "isomerism_concept", "kekule_benzene_ring" ], "desc": "布特列洛夫提出分子化学结构决定其性质。" }, { "id": "germ_theory", "name": "病菌学说", "nameEn": "Germ theory of disease", "wikiEn": "Germ theory of disease", "aliases": [ "Pasteur germ theory", "生源说", "微生物病因论" ], "year": 1861, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "microscope" ], "related": [ "vaccination", "pasteurization", "antiseptic_surgery" ], "desc": "巴斯德等证明疾病由微生物引起，医学范式革命。" }, { "id": "petroleum_refinery", "name": "石油炼制", "nameEn": "Oil refinery", "wikiEn": "Oil refinery", "aliases": [ "炼油厂", "石油精炼", "petroleum refining" ], "year": 1861, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "oil_well" ], "related": [ "fractional_distillation", "gasoline", "cracking_refining", "oil_pipeline" ], "desc": "1861年首批现代炼油厂投产，原油炼制出煤油等产品（早于1870年）。" }, { "id": "riemann_curvature_tensor", "name": "黎曼曲率张量", "nameEn": "Riemann curvature tensor", "wikiEn": "Riemann curvature tensor", "aliases": [ "黎曼张量", "曲率四指标张量", "Riemann tensor", "Riemannian curvature" ], "year": 1861, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_geometry", "gauss_theorema_egregium" ], "related": [ "christoffel_symbols", "levi_civita_connection" ], "desc": "黎曼在巴黎应征论文中写出曲率四指标张量，给出任意维流形内蕴弯曲的精确表达。" }, { "id": "tunnel_boring_machine", "name": "隧道掘进机", "nameEn": "Tunnel boring machine", "wikiEn": "Tunnel boring machine", "aliases": [ "TBM", "盾构机", "Brunel shield" ], "year": 1861, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "巴罗1818年专利，1861年胡萨克隧道改用机械掘进；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "tunnelling_shield", "milling_machine" ], "related": [ "channel_tunnel", "subway", "crane" ], "desc": "刀盘旋转破岩并同步支护衬砌的隧道机械。" }, { "id": "weierstrass_epsilon_delta", "name": "魏尔斯特拉斯ε-δ语言", "nameEn": "(ε, δ)-definition of limit", "wikiEn": "(ε, δ)-definition of limit", "aliases": [ "epsilon-delta定义", "极限的严格定义", "Weierstrass analysis", "分析算术化" ], "year": 1861, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bolzano_intermediate_value", "riemann_integral" ], "related": [ "cantor_set_theory", "dedekind_cuts" ], "desc": "魏尔斯特拉斯以ε-δ定义极限与连续，消除微积分的直观含糊，完成分析严格化。" }, { "id": "weierstrass_elliptic_functions", "name": "魏尔斯特拉斯椭圆函数℘", "nameEn": "Weierstrass elliptic functions", "wikiEn": "Weierstrass elliptic functions", "aliases": [ "魏尔斯特拉斯℘函数", "P函数", "Weierstrass P", "椭圆函数公理化" ], "year": 1862, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "jacobi_elliptic_functions" ], "related": [ "abel_elliptic_functions", "riemann_roch_theorem" ], "desc": "魏尔斯特拉斯在柏林讲义中以℘函数严格重建椭圆函数理论，借加法定理统一双周期函数。" }, { "id": "history_of_football", "name": "英式足球", "nameEn": "History of association football", "wikiEn": "History of association football", "aliases": [ "足球运动", "soccer" ], "year": 1863, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1863 年英格兰足球总会统一规则，与橄榄球分立", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "modern_olympic_games", "cricket", "basketball" ], "desc": "以足为主、两队十一人射门得分的全球性竞技，其规则统一是现代体育范式。" }, { "id": "rack_railway", "name": "齿轨铁路", "nameEn": "Rack Railway", "wikiEn": "Rack railway", "aliases": [ "齿轮轨道铁路", "登山齿轨" ], "year": 1863, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "railway_locomotive", "steam_railway" ], "related": [ "cable_railway", "railway_gauge", "gear" ], "desc": "轨道间铺齿条、机车齿轮与之啮合，突破轮轨黏着极限以攀大坡" }, { "id": "red_cross_movement", "name": "红十字运动", "nameEn": "International Red Cross Movement", "wikiEn": "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement", "aliases": [ "红十字", "中立救护组织" ], "year": 1863, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1863年伤兵救护国际委员会成立", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "quarantine", "waqf_endowment", "canon_law_of_the_church" ], "related": [ "geneva_conventions_1949", "welfare_state", "diplomacy", "un_convention_on_the_law_of_the_sea" ], "desc": "以中立标志、志愿救护与常设国际委员会三条规则，把战场伤者从战利品变为受保护对象。" }, { "id": "roller_mill", "name": "辊式磨粉机", "nameEn": "Roller mill", "wikiEn": "Roller mill", "aliases": [ "对辊磨", "匈牙利制粉法" ], "year": 1863, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "匈牙利辊磨出白面粉工艺19世纪60年代成熟", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "quern_stones", "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "bread", "breakfast_cereal" ], "desc": "钢辊渐次碾磨取代石磨，出粉率与白度大增。" }, { "id": "subway", "name": "地铁", "nameEn": "Rapid transit", "wikiEn": "Rapid transit", "aliases": [ "Underground", "Metropolitan Railway", "London Underground", "地下铁路", "Tube" ], "year": 1863, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "streetcar", "electric_locomotive" ], "desc": "伦敦大都会铁路通车，世界首条城市地下铁路。" }, { "id": "hermite_polynomials", "name": "埃尔米特多项式", "nameEn": "Hermite polynomials", "wikiEn": "Hermite polynomials", "aliases": [ "埃尔米特函数", "切比雪夫-埃尔米特", "Hermite functions", "谐振子波函数" ], "year": 1864, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sturm_liouville_theory" ], "related": [ "hypergeometric_series", "schrodinger_equation", "gauss_normal_error_theory" ], "desc": "拉普拉斯先遇、切比雪夫与埃尔米特系统研究的正交多项式，是量子谐振子本征函数。" }, { "id": "law_of_mass_action", "name": "质量作用定律", "nameEn": "Law of mass action", "wikiEn": "Law of mass action", "aliases": [ "质量作用律", "Guldberg-Waage law", "浓度作用定律", "化学平衡定律" ], "year": 1864, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "le_chatelier_principle", "arrhenius_activation_energy", "catalysis_concept" ], "desc": "古德贝格与瓦格给出反应速率与反应物浓度关系。" }, { "id": "pasteurization", "name": "巴氏杀菌法", "nameEn": "Pasteurization", "wikiEn": "Pasteurization", "aliases": [ "Pasteur pasteurisation", "Pasteur sterilization", "低温杀菌法", "低温灭菌法", "巴氏杀菌", "巴氏消毒法" ], "year": 1864, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "germ_theory" ], "related": [ "canning", "pasteurized_milk", "rabies_vaccine", "refrigeration" ], "desc": "巴斯德以温和加热杀灭酒奶微生物，食品卫生普及。" }, { "id": "entropy_clausius", "name": "熵", "nameEn": "Entropy", "wikiEn": "Entropy", "aliases": [ "熵", "Entropy", "熵增", "克劳修斯熵" ], "year": 1865, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "second_law_thermodynamics" ], "related": [ "third_law_thermodynamics", "boltzmann_h_theorem" ], "desc": "克劳修斯引入熵状态函数并提出宇宙熵趋极大，刻画不可逆。" }, { "id": "international_telegraph_union", "name": "国际电报联盟", "nameEn": "International Telegraph Union", "wikiEn": "International Telecommunication Union", "aliases": [ "国际电报同盟", "ITU前身" ], "year": 1865, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1865年德意志各邦缔约，为最古老的国际技术组织", "era": "industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telegraph", "optical_telegraph", "submarine_telegraph_cable" ], "related": [ "universal_postal_union", "metre_convention", "radio", "world_wide_web_consortium" ], "desc": "各国统一电报费率、线路规则并设常设事务局，第一次为跨国基础设施制定共同技术法规。" }, { "id": "kekule_benzene_ring", "name": "苯环结构", "nameEn": "Kekulé's benzene ring", "wikiEn": "Benzene", "aliases": [ "凯库勒苯环", "苯环状结构", "芳香环", "Kekulé benzene", "六元环" ], "year": 1865, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kekule_valence_theory", "butlerov_structure_theory" ], "related": [ "mauveine" ], "desc": "凯库勒提出苯环闭合链结构，破解芳香族结构之谜。" }, { "id": "maxwell_equations", "name": "麦克斯韦方程组", "nameEn": "Maxwell's equations", "wikiEn": "Maxwell's equations", "aliases": [ "Electromagnetic theory of light", "电磁场理论" ], "year": 1865, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "electromagnet" ], "related": [ "conservation_of_energy" ], "desc": "麦克斯韦统一电磁现象并预言电磁波，理论物理丰碑。" }, { "id": "open_hearth_furnace", "name": "平炉", "nameEn": "Open-hearth furnace", "wikiEn": "Open-hearth furnace", "aliases": [ "西门子-马丁炉", "Siemens-Martin furnace", "马丁炉" ], "year": 1865, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blast_furnace" ], "related": [ "bessemer_steel", "gilchrist_thomas_process", "electric_arc_furnace" ], "desc": "西门子-马丁1865年创蓄热式平炉，19世纪末主力炼钢法（早于1870年）。" }, { "id": "poster", "name": "海报", "nameEn": "Poster", "wikiEn": "Poster", "aliases": [ "招贴画", "印刷广告画" ], "year": 1865, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取该十年代中值；石印彩色海报在巴黎成为大众视觉媒介", "era": "industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "lithography", "movable_type_printing" ], "related": [ "newspaper", "etching", "magazine" ], "desc": "张贴于公共墙面的大幅图文印刷品，把广告与宣传变成城市日常视觉语言。" }, { "id": "riemann_roch_theorem", "name": "黎曼-罗赫定理", "nameEn": "Riemann–Roch theorem", "wikiEn": "Riemann–Roch theorem", "aliases": [ "黎曼罗赫定理", "亏格与维数公式", "Riemann-Roch", "希策布鲁赫推广" ], "year": 1865, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_surface", "jacobi_theta_functions" ], "related": [ "abel_elliptic_functions", "first_superstring_revolution", "uniformization_theorem" ], "desc": "黎曼提出、罗赫证明的定理联系函数空间维数与亏格，后推广到代数几何。" }, { "id": "solvay_process", "name": "索尔维制碱法", "nameEn": "Solvay process", "wikiEn": "Solvay process", "aliases": [ "氨碱法", "Solvay ammonia process", "索尔维法" ], "year": 1865, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "contact_process", "chloralkali_process" ], "desc": "索尔维1865年建成首座氨碱法纯碱厂，淘汰吕布兰法（早于1870年）。" }, { "id": "mendelian_inheritance", "name": "孟德尔遗传定律", "nameEn": "Mendelian inheritance", "wikiEn": "Mendelian inheritance", "aliases": [ "豌豆杂交实验", "分离定律", "自由组合定律", "1900年重新发现", "Mendel's laws" ], "year": 1866, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory", "selective_breeding_bakewell" ], "related": [ "chi_squared_test", "evolution_natural_selection" ], "desc": "1866年提出显性隐性与分离组合定律，1900年被重新发现。" }, { "id": "antiseptic_surgery", "name": "防腐外科", "nameEn": "Antiseptic", "wikiEn": "Antiseptic", "aliases": [ "Lister carbolic acid antisepsis", "李斯特消毒法" ], "year": 1867, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bleaching_powder", "fractional_distillation", "germ_theory" ], "related": [ "anesthesia", "chloralkali_process" ], "desc": "李斯特以石炭酸消毒器械创口，术后感染骤降。" }, { "id": "bolzano_weierstrass_theorem", "name": "波尔查诺-魏尔斯特拉斯定理", "nameEn": "Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem", "wikiEn": "Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem", "aliases": [ "致密性定理", "有界序列收敛子列", "Bolzano-Weierstrass", "聚点定理" ], "year": 1867, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bolzano_intermediate_value" ], "related": [ "weierstrass_epsilon_delta", "heine_borel_theorem", "compactness_concept" ], "desc": "魏尔斯特拉斯（波尔查诺先知）证明有界实数列必有收敛子列，是紧性论证的基石。" }, { "id": "chebyshev_inequality", "name": "切比雪夫不等式与大数定律", "nameEn": "Chebyshev's inequality", "wikiEn": "Chebyshev's inequality", "aliases": [ "切比雪夫不等式", "切比雪夫大数定律", "比安内梅-切比雪夫不等式", "Chebyshev LLN" ], "year": 1867, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bernoulli_law_large_numbers" ], "related": [ "khinchin_law_large_numbers", "markov_inequality", "weibull_distribution" ], "desc": "以方差给出偏离均值的概率上界，并首次用矩方法证明一般形式大数律。" }, { "id": "clinical_thermometer", "name": "医用体温计", "nameEn": "Medical thermometer", "wikiEn": "Medical thermometer", "aliases": [ "Allbutt clinical thermometer", "Allbutt thermometer", "Clinical thermometer", "临床体温计", "医用温度计", "奥尔巴特体温计" ], "year": 1867, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "thermometer", "vacuum_pump" ], "related": [ "ecg", "photography", "sphygmomanometer", "stethoscope" ], "desc": "奥尔巴特制成便携短体温计，床旁体温检查常规化。" }, { "id": "dynamite", "name": "炸药", "nameEn": "Dynamite", "wikiEn": "Dynamite", "aliases": [ "达纳炸药", "硝化甘油炸药", "Nobel's blasting powder" ], "year": 1867, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gelignite", "smokeless_powder", "coal_cutting_machine" ], "desc": "诺贝尔1867年以硅藻土吸附硝化甘油制成安全炸药（早于1870年）。" }, { "id": "infant_formula", "name": "婴儿配方奶粉", "nameEn": "Infant formula", "wikiEn": "Infant formula", "aliases": [ "奶粉", "婴儿代乳粉" ], "year": 1867, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "雀巢1867年推出商业化代乳粉", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pasteurization", "dairy" ], "related": [ "germ_theory", "refrigeration" ], "desc": "以牛乳改良的代乳粉，把婴儿喂养变成食品工业问题。" }, { "id": "marx_das_kapital", "name": "马克思资本论", "nameEn": "Das Kapital", "wikiEn": "Das Kapital", "aliases": [ "资本论", "剩余价值理论", "马克思主义政治经济学", "Capital" ], "year": 1867, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ricardo_comparative_advantage" ], "related": [ "smith_wealth_of_nations" ], "desc": "以剩余价值剖析资本积累与阶级矛盾，重塑社会科学。" }, { "id": "paper_clip", "name": "回形针", "nameEn": "Paper clip", "wikiEn": "Paper clip", "aliases": [], "year": 1867, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1867年美式别夹专利；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "papermaking" ], "related": [ "codex", "typewriter" ], "desc": "弹簧钢丝折弯免打孔夹拢纸张，可反复拆装，是案头最小装订件。" }, { "id": "reinforced_concrete", "name": "钢筋混凝土", "nameEn": "Reinforced concrete", "wikiEn": "Reinforced concrete", "aliases": [ "Monier concrete", "Monier reinforced concrete", "莫尼埃钢筋混凝土", "配筋混凝土", "钢骨混凝土" ], "year": 1867, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "euler_bernoulli_beam_theory", "portland_cement" ], "related": [ "cast_iron_building", "prestressed_concrete", "rotary_kiln" ], "desc": "莫尼埃以钢筋加强水泥构件，现代建筑主材雏形。" }, { "id": "stock_ticker", "name": "行情自动收录器", "nameEn": "Stock ticker", "wikiEn": "Ticker tape", "aliases": [ "行情纸带", "股市报价机" ], "year": 1867, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1867年卡洛塔的电报报价机投入使用", "era": "industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telegraph", "stock_exchange" ], "related": [ "efficient_market_hypothesis", "bretton_woods_system", "swift_network" ], "desc": "电报驱动的打印机把远方交易所报价实时送进写字楼与经纪所。" }, { "id": "beltrami_model", "name": "贝尔特拉米非欧模型", "nameEn": "Beltrami–Klein model", "wikiEn": "Beltrami–Klein model", "aliases": [ "贝尔特拉米模型", "伪球面模型", "非欧一致性模型", "Beltrami model" ], "year": 1868, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lobachevsky_non_euclidean" ], "related": [ "poincare_disk_model", "cayley_klein_metric" ], "desc": "贝尔特拉米在伪球面与圆盘上实现双曲几何，首次证明否定平行公设不会导致矛盾。" }, { "id": "crofton_formula", "name": "克罗夫顿公式与积分几何", "nameEn": "Crofton formula", "wikiEn": "Crofton formula", "aliases": [ "积分几何", "几何概率", "克罗夫顿定理", "Integral geometry" ], "year": 1868, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "isoperimetric_inequality_modern", "isoperimetric_zenodorus" ], "desc": "克罗夫顿证明曲线长度可由随机直线交点数的期望表出，开创积分几何与几何概率。" }, { "id": "heat_treating", "name": "热处理", "nameEn": "Heat treating", "wikiEn": "Heat treating", "aliases": [ "淬火", "回火", "Metal heat treatment" ], "year": 1868, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "19世纪中后期金相学使淬火回火科学化", "era": "industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "crucible_steel", "bessemer_steel" ], "related": [ "high_speed_steel", "mangalloy", "basic_oxygen_steelmaking" ], "desc": "以加热保温冷却改变钢的组织，调控硬度与韧性。" }, { "id": "typewriter", "name": "打字机", "nameEn": "Typewriter", "wikiEn": "Typewriter", "aliases": [ "QWERTY", "Remington typewriter", "Sholes and Glidden typewriter", "Sholes typewriter", "肖尔斯打字机" ], "year": 1868, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "linotype", "sewing_machine", "teleprinter" ], "desc": "肖尔斯制成实用打字机并配QWERTY键盘，文书机械化。" }, { "id": "window_screen", "name": "防虫纱窗", "nameEn": "Window screen", "wikiEn": "Window screen", "aliases": [], "year": 1868, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1868年获专利", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fiberglass", "plate_glass" ], "desc": "门窗覆细网，通风采光而拒蚊蝇于室外，低成本居家防虫屏障。" }, { "id": "christoffel_symbols", "name": "克里斯托费尔符号", "nameEn": "Christoffel symbols", "wikiEn": "Christoffel symbols", "aliases": [ "克里斯托费尔记号", "联络系数", "第二类克里斯托费尔符号", "Christoffel symbol" ], "year": 1869, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_curvature_tensor" ], "related": [ "levi_civita_connection", "riemann_geometry" ], "desc": "克里斯托费尔给出度量在坐标变换下的三指标导数记号，后成为协变微分的标准系数。" }, { "id": "clothes_hanger", "name": "衣架", "nameEn": "Clothes hanger", "wikiEn": "Clothes hanger", "aliases": [], "year": 1869, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "帕克1869年获美专利", "era": "industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "wardrobe" ], "related": [ "clothes_iron" ], "desc": "仿肩形吊架让衣物悬于柜中不皱不占面，熨烫时代的收纳小发明。" }, { "id": "composition_series", "name": "合成列", "nameEn": "Composition series", "wikiEn": "Composition series", "aliases": [ "合成序列", "主合成列", "组成列", "Composition series" ], "year": 1869, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "additive_group" ], "related": [ "artinian_module", "classification_finite_simple_groups", "galois_theory", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "desc": "将群或模经极大正规子群逐次分解到单对象的子群链，若尔当-赫尔德定理保证唯一性。" }, { "id": "higher_education_for_women", "name": "女子高等教育", "nameEn": "Higher education for women", "wikiEn": "Female education", "aliases": [ "女子学院", "女性大学教育" ], "year": 1869, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1869年剑桥格顿学院成立", "era": "industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "research_university", "medieval_university" ], "related": [ "compulsory_education" ], "desc": "格顿等女子学院开启女性入读与授学位的高等教育" }, { "id": "margarine", "name": "人造黄油", "nameEn": "Margarine", "wikiEn": "Margarine", "aliases": [ "Mege-Mouries margarine", "Mège-Mouriès margarine", "人造奶油", "麦淇淋", "麦琪淋" ], "year": 1869, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "breakfast_cereal", "pasteurized_milk", "refrigeration" ], "desc": "梅热穆里耶斯受法皇悬赏制成牛油代用品。" }, { "id": "periodic_table", "name": "元素周期表", "nameEn": "Periodic table", "wikiEn": "Periodic table", "aliases": [ "Mendeleev periodic table", "门捷列夫周期律" ], "year": 1869, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "atomic_theory" ], "related": [ "spectroscopy" ], "desc": "门捷列夫按原子量排列元素并预言新元素，化学总纲。" }, { "id": "railway_air_brake", "name": "铁路空气制动机", "nameEn": "Railway air brake", "wikiEn": "Railway air brake", "aliases": [ "Westinghouse air brake", "威斯汀豪斯气刹" ], "year": 1869, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steam_railway" ], "related": [ "railway_locomotive" ], "desc": "威斯汀豪斯以压缩空气由司机统一制动整列火车。" }, { "id": "schwarz_domain_decomposition", "name": "施瓦茨交替法与区域分解", "nameEn": "Domain decomposition methods", "wikiEn": "Domain decomposition methods", "aliases": [ "施瓦茨交替法", "区域分解法", "Schwarz alternating method", "加性施瓦茨法" ], "year": 1869, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "laplace_equation" ], "related": [ "finite_difference_method", "multigrid_method" ], "desc": "施瓦茨1869年提出以重叠子区域交替求解，1980年代发展为并行区域分解方法族。" }, { "id": "suez_canal", "name": "苏伊士运河", "nameEn": "Suez Canal", "wikiEn": "Suez Canal", "aliases": [ "苏彝士运河" ], "year": 1869, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1869年11月通航", "era": "industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "canal" ], "related": [ "panama_canal", "oil_tanker", "container_shipping" ], "desc": "贯通地中海与红海的海平面运河，重写了世界航路。" }, { "id": "blues", "name": "布鲁斯", "nameEn": "Blues", "wikiEn": "Blues", "aliases": [ "蓝调", "布鲁斯音乐" ], "year": 1870, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "美国南部非裔社区在重建时期形成该语汇体系", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "guitar", "musical_notation" ], "related": [ "jazz", "rock_and_roll", "gramophone" ], "desc": "以十二小节与降音阶表达个人苦难的歌曲形式，为现代流行音乐提供语法。" }, { "id": "celluloid", "name": "赛璐珞", "nameEn": "Celluloid", "wikiEn": "Celluloid", "aliases": [ "海厄特赛璐珞", "假象牙", "硝化纤维塑料" ], "year": 1870, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bakelite", "injection_moulding", "rayon" ], "desc": "海厄特1870年以硝化纤维素制成首批热塑性塑料。" }, { "id": "chewing_gum", "name": "口香糖", "nameEn": "Chewing gum", "wikiEn": "Chewing gum", "aliases": [], "year": 1870, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "亚当斯以糖胶树胶制块销售", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mesoamerican_rubber" ], "related": [ "toothpaste" ], "desc": "可咀嚼不溶胶基加糖与香料，包装化量产后成为最便宜的随身零食。" }, { "id": "gasoline", "name": "汽油", "nameEn": "Gasoline", "wikiEn": "Gasoline", "aliases": [ "Petrol", "挥发油", "车用汽油" ], "year": 1870, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fractional_distillation", "petroleum_refinery" ], "related": [ "cracking_refining", "otto_engine", "tetraethyllead" ], "desc": "1870年前后成为炼油馏分产品，后成汽车时代主力燃料。" }, { "id": "idempotence", "name": "幂等", "nameEn": "Idempotence", "wikiEn": "Idempotence", "aliases": [ "幂等性", "幂等元", "等幂性", "Idempotent" ], "year": 1870, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "associative_property" ], "related": [ "identity_element", "endomorphism", "boolean_algebra_structure" ], "desc": "重复作用等于作用一次的性质x·x=x，皮尔士1870年在结合代数研究中引入术语。" }, { "id": "mattress", "name": "弹簧床垫", "nameEn": "Mattress", "wikiEn": "Mattress", "aliases": [], "year": 1870, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "钢丝弹簧床垫19世纪70年代获专利", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bedding" ], "related": [ "pillow", "bessemer_steel" ], "desc": "钢丝弹簧芯承托软垫，让床从硬板通铺变为可量产的现代寝具。" }, { "id": "microform", "name": "缩微胶片", "nameEn": "Microform", "wikiEn": "Microform", "aliases": [ "缩微平片", "缩微胶卷" ], "year": 1870, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1870, 1906 ], "year_note": "1870年达格龙以微缩照片传递文件，20世纪初成缩微胶卷", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "photography" ], "related": [ "photographic_film", "archive_institution", "card_catalog" ], "desc": "文件拍成微型胶片，馆藏以百分之一的体积保存副本" }, { "id": "modern_sewer", "name": "现代下水道", "nameEn": "Modern sewerage system", "wikiEn": "Sanitary sewer", "aliases": [ "伦敦下水道", "Bazalgette sewers", "巴泽尔盖特下水道" ], "year": 1870, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sewerage_system" ], "related": [ "water_chlorination", "slow_sand_filter", "activated_sludge" ], "desc": "巴泽尔盖特伦敦现代下水道系统主体建成。" }, { "id": "algebraic_number_field", "name": "代数数域", "nameEn": "Algebraic number field", "wikiEn": "Algebraic number field", "aliases": [ "数域", "代数数体", "有限扩域", "Number field" ], "year": 1871, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra" ], "related": [ "algebraic_number_theory", "adele_ring", "class_number_formula" ], "desc": "有理数域的有限次扩域，戴德金1871年以理想建立其整数环理论，是代数数论舞台。" }, { "id": "alizarin_synthesis", "name": "合成茜素", "nameEn": "Alizarin", "wikiEn": "Alizarin", "aliases": [ "人工茜素", "Graebe-Liebermann alizarin", "茜红染料" ], "year": 1871, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mauveine", "indigo_synthesis" ], "desc": "格雷贝与利伯曼1868年合成茜素，1871年工业化取代天然茜草。" }, { "id": "betti_numbers", "name": "贝蒂数", "nameEn": "Betti number", "wikiEn": "Betti number", "aliases": [ "贝蒂数", "连通数", "各维孔洞数", "Betti numbers" ], "year": 1871, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_genus" ], "related": [ "euler_polyhedron_formula", "fullerene", "homology_theory" ], "desc": "贝蒂定义各维连通数以刻画流形孔洞，后被庞加莱改造为同调群理论。" }, { "id": "cayley_klein_metric", "name": "凯莱-克莱因度量与克莱因模型", "nameEn": "Cayley–Klein metric", "wikiEn": "Cayley–Klein metric", "aliases": [ "克莱因圆盘模型", "射影度量", "凯莱度量", "Klein model" ], "year": 1871, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "beltrami_model", "projective_geometry" ], "related": [ "erlangen_program", "poincare_disk_model" ], "desc": "克莱因以交比在射影空间中统一构造欧氏、双曲、椭圆度量，并给出双曲几何圆盘模型。" }, { "id": "electricity_generation", "name": "发电机", "nameEn": "Electricity generation", "wikiEn": "Electricity generation", "aliases": [ "Dynamo", "Gramme machine", "格拉姆发电机" ], "year": 1871, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "steam_turbine", "alternating_current", "pearl_street_station" ], "desc": "格拉姆1871年推出商用直流发电机，机械能得以大规模转为电能。" }, { "id": "error_function", "name": "误差函数", "nameEn": "Error function", "wikiEn": "Error function", "aliases": [ "误差函数", "erf", "概率积分", "Gauss error function", "高斯误差积分" ], "year": 1871, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "riemann_integral" ], "related": [ "gauss_normal_error_theory", "heat_equation", "central_limit_theorem" ], "desc": "克拉姆普研究概率积分，格莱舍1871年命名erf，用以描述正态分布。" }, { "id": "gelatin_silver_process", "name": "胶体银感光工艺", "nameEn": "Gelatin silver process", "wikiEn": "Gelatin silver process", "aliases": [ "明胶银盐", "银盐印相" ], "year": 1871, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "马多克斯以明胶为卤化银载体，1871 年发表；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "collodion_process", "photography" ], "related": [ "kodak_camera", "calotype", "autochrome" ], "desc": "以明胶悬浮卤化银的干式感光体系，让底片可预制并催生快照文化。" }, { "id": "marginal_utility_revolution", "name": "边际效用革命", "nameEn": "Marginalism", "wikiEn": "Marginalism", "aliases": [ "边际主义", "边际效用价值论", "杰文斯门格尔瓦尔拉斯", "Marginal utility" ], "year": 1871, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ricardo_comparative_advantage", "marshall_neoclassical_economics" ], "desc": "以边际效用解释价值，将边际数学分析引入经济学。" }, { "id": "wind_tunnel", "name": "风洞", "nameEn": "Wind tunnel", "wikiEn": "Wind tunnel", "aliases": [ "Wenham wind tunnel", "航空风洞" ], "year": 1871, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "supersonic_wind_tunnel" ], "desc": "韦纳姆建造首座航空风洞，用可控气流实验飞行器" }, { "id": "boltzmann_h_theorem", "name": "玻尔兹曼分布与H定理", "nameEn": "Boltzmann H-theorem", "wikiEn": "H-theorem", "aliases": [ "玻尔兹曼分布", "H定理", "Boltzmann distribution", "H-theorem", "玻尔兹曼方程" ], "year": 1872, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "maxwell_velocity_distribution", "entropy_clausius" ], "related": [ "gibbs_statistical_ensembles", "atomic_theory" ], "desc": "玻尔兹曼以分子分布与H定理统计解释熵增，连接微观宏观。" }, { "id": "contact_geometry", "name": "接触几何", "nameEn": "Contact geometry", "wikiEn": "Contact geometry", "aliases": [ "接触结构", "接触变换", "切超平面场", "Contact structure" ], "year": 1872, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "monge_surface_theory" ], "related": [ "symplectic_geometry", "cartan_moving_frame", "erlangen_program" ], "desc": "李研究奇维流形上极大不可积切超平面场与接触变换，后成热力学与光学的几何语言。" }, { "id": "dedekind_cuts", "name": "戴德金分割", "nameEn": "Dedekind cut", "wikiEn": "Dedekind cut", "aliases": [ "戴德金切口", "实数分割构造", "Dedekind cuts", "Schnitt" ], "year": 1872, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "weierstrass_epsilon_delta", "irrational_numbers" ], "related": [ "cantor_set_theory", "eudoxus_proportion_theory" ], "desc": "戴德金用有理数集的划分严格构造无理数与实数连续统，为分析奠定算术基础。" }, { "id": "erlangen_program", "name": "埃尔朗根纲领", "nameEn": "Erlangen program", "wikiEn": "Erlangen program", "aliases": [ "爱尔兰根纲领", "变换群分类几何", "克莱因纲领", "Erlanger Programm" ], "year": 1872, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cayley_klein_metric" ], "related": [ "galois_theory", "projective_geometry", "riemann_geometry", "special_relativity" ], "desc": "克莱因就职演说主张以对称变换群及其不变量界定各种几何，统一十九世纪几何版图。" }, { "id": "homogeneous_space", "name": "齐性空间", "nameEn": "Homogeneous space", "wikiEn": "Homogeneous space", "aliases": [ "齐性流形", "传递群作用空间", "陪集空间", "Homogeneous spaces" ], "year": 1872, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "analytic_geometry" ], "related": [ "symmetric_spaces", "grassmannian", "fiber_bundle" ], "desc": "克莱因与李以群在空间上的传递作用刻画齐性空间，可视作李群模其稳定子群的陪集。" }, { "id": "injection_moulding", "name": "注塑成型", "nameEn": "Injection moulding", "wikiEn": "Injection moulding", "aliases": [ "注射成型", "海厄特注塑机" ], "year": 1872, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "celluloid" ], "related": [ "bakelite", "assembly_line", "polyvinyl_chloride" ], "desc": "海厄特兄弟1872年创制注塑机，塑料制品批量成型。" }, { "id": "weierstrass_pathological_function", "name": "魏尔斯特拉斯病态函数", "nameEn": "Weierstrass function", "wikiEn": "Weierstrass function", "aliases": [ "魏尔斯特拉斯函数", "处处连续处处不可导", "病态函数", "Weierstrass pathological function" ], "year": 1872, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "weierstrass_epsilon_delta" ], "related": [ "cantor_set_theory", "peano_space_filling_curve", "hausdorff_dimension" ], "desc": "魏尔斯特拉斯构造处处连续却处处不可导的函数，震动学界，促成对直观的全面审查。" }, { "id": "auxiliary_function", "name": "辅助函数", "nameEn": "Auxiliary function", "wikiEn": "Auxiliary function", "aliases": [ "超越性辅助函数", "证明辅助函数", "Auxiliary function" ], "year": 1873, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "analytic_number_theory" ], "desc": "超越性证明中人为构造、在多点取过小整数值的函数，埃尔米特与林德曼的利器。" }, { "id": "badminton_modern", "name": "羽毛球运动", "nameEn": "Badminton", "wikiEn": "Badminton", "aliases": [], "year": 1873, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "博福特公爵庄园聚会定名；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "history_of_tennis" ], "desc": "印度羽毛球游戏移植英国庄园，网高拍轻节奏快，后入奥运序列。" }, { "id": "bimetallism_standard", "name": "金银复本位制", "nameEn": "Bimetallism", "wikiEn": "Bimetallism", "aliases": [ "复本位", "双金属本位" ], "year": 1873, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1873年多国停铸银币，复本位向金本位塌缩的分界年", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gold_standard", "coinage" ], "related": [ "fiat_money", "quantity_theory_of_money", "trial_of_pyx" ], "desc": "金银同作法定本位并按官价互兑，比价失控时各国相继倒向金本位。" }, { "id": "cable_railway", "name": "缆索铁路", "nameEn": "Cable car (railway)", "wikiEn": "Cable car (railway)", "aliases": [ "Hallidie cable car", "旧金山缆车", "缆车", "Cable tram" ], "year": 1873, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "streetcar", "aerial_lift" ], "desc": "哈利迪缆索铁路在旧金山运营，地面缆绳牵引爬坡。" }, { "id": "frobenius_method", "name": "弗罗贝尼乌斯方法", "nameEn": "Frobenius method", "wikiEn": "Frobenius method", "aliases": [ "弗罗贝尼乌斯法", "正则奇点级数解", "广义幂级数法", "Frobenius series" ], "year": 1873, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hypergeometric_series" ], "related": [ "bessel_functions", "legendre_polynomials", "euler_cauchy_equation" ], "desc": "弗罗贝尼乌斯给出正则奇点附近的广义幂级数解法，统一贝塞尔、勒让德等特殊方程。" }, { "id": "hermite_interpolation", "name": "埃尔米特插值", "nameEn": "Hermite interpolation", "wikiEn": "Hermite interpolation", "aliases": [ "切触插值", "带导数插值", "Hermite interpolation", "密切插值" ], "year": 1873, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lagrange_interpolation" ], "related": [ "newton_divided_differences", "b_spline" ], "desc": "埃尔米特1873年给出同时匹配函数值与导数值的切触插值，是样条理论的基础。" }, { "id": "history_of_tennis", "name": "草地网球", "nameEn": "History of tennis", "wikiEn": "History of tennis", "aliases": [ "网球运动", "lawn tennis" ], "year": 1873, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1873 年温菲尔德公布草地网球规则；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "history_of_football", "basketball", "modern_olympic_games" ], "desc": "以球网分隔、按独特计分制对打的隔网竞技，成为大众俱乐部体育的代表。" }, { "id": "jeans", "name": "牛仔裤", "nameEn": "Jeans", "wikiEn": "Jeans", "aliases": [ "丹宁裤", "工装裤" ], "year": 1873, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1873 年铆钉加固工装裤取得专利，二十世纪转为日常服饰；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "sewing_machine", "cotton" ], "related": [ "zipper", "sneakers", "dress" ], "desc": "以铆钉加固的粗斜纹棉工装裤，从劳工服饰变为全球通行的日常穿着。" }, { "id": "toothpaste", "name": "牙膏", "nameEn": "Toothpaste", "wikiEn": "Toothpaste", "aliases": [ "牙粉膏", "洁牙膏" ], "year": 1873, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "盒装牙膏在美国上市，软管预装剂型随后普及", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "toothbrush", "soap" ], "related": [ "cosmetics", "toilet_paper", "soap" ], "desc": "配研磨剂与香料供牙刷使用的膏体，把口腔清洁标准化为日用化学品。" }, { "id": "van_der_waals_equation", "name": "范德华状态方程", "nameEn": "Van der Waals equation", "wikiEn": "Van der Waals equation", "aliases": [ "范德华方程", "实际气体方程", "Van der Waals equation", "范德瓦耳斯方程" ], "year": 1873, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "maxwell_velocity_distribution" ], "related": [ "boyles_law" ], "desc": "范德华计入分子体积与引力修正理想气体方程，解释气液相变。" }, { "id": "baudot_code", "name": "博多五单位电码", "nameEn": "Baudot Code", "wikiEn": "Baudot code", "aliases": [ "五单位电码", "ITA" ], "year": 1874, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telegraph", "morse_code" ], "related": [ "punched_card", "teleprinter", "ascii" ], "desc": "五位电码配键盘发报，字符首次能被自动打印记录" }, { "id": "cantor_set_theory", "name": "康托尔集合论", "nameEn": "Set theory", "wikiEn": "Set theory", "aliases": [ "朴素集合论", "康托尔无穷理论", "Cantor set theory", "Naive set theory" ], "year": 1874, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "dedekind_cuts" ], "related": [ "lorenz_chaos", "peano_axioms", "russell_paradox", "zermelo_zfc" ], "desc": "康托尔证明实数不可数并建立无穷基数层级，集合论成为现代数学的统一基础语言。" }, { "id": "galton_watson_branching", "name": "高尔顿-沃森分支过程", "nameEn": "Galton–Watson process", "wikiEn": "Galton–Watson process", "aliases": [ "分支过程", "高尔顿-沃森过程", "姓氏灭绝问题", "Galton–Watson branching" ], "year": 1874, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "kolmogorov_markov_process", "nuclear_fission_mechanism", "nuclear_reactor", "poisson_distribution_law" ], "desc": "高尔顿提出、沃森求解家族灭绝概率，开创离散世代分支随机过程研究。" }, { "id": "gauss_seidel_method", "name": "高斯-赛德尔迭代", "nameEn": "Gauss–Seidel method", "wikiEn": "Gauss–Seidel method", "aliases": [ "赛德尔法", "逐次位移法", "Liebmann method", "Gauss-Seidel" ], "year": 1874, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "jacobi_iteration" ], "related": [ "sor_method", "multigrid_method" ], "desc": "高斯1823年私信提出、赛德尔1874年发表的逐分量更新迭代，收敛快于雅可比法。" }, { "id": "modular_curve", "name": "模曲线", "nameEn": "Modular curve", "wikiEn": "Modular curve", "aliases": [ "模群商曲线", "模曲线紧化", "Modular curve" ], "year": 1874, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "modular_equation" ], "related": [ "first_superstring_revolution", "geometric_langlands", "langlands_program", "modular_lambda_function" ], "desc": "模群作用于上半平面所得商的紧化黎曼曲面，联结模形式、椭圆曲线与算术几何。" }, { "id": "precision_grinding", "name": "精密磨床", "nameEn": "Grinding machine", "wikiEn": "Grinding machine", "aliases": [ "万能外圆磨床", "Brown & Sharpe grinder", "精密磨削" ], "year": 1874, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gauge_blocks", "high_speed_steel" ], "desc": "布朗-夏普1874年推万能外圆磨床，精密互换零件制造。" }, { "id": "universal_postal_union", "name": "万国邮政联盟", "nameEn": "Universal Postal Union", "wikiEn": "Universal Postal Union", "aliases": [ "邮政总联盟", "UPU" ], "year": 1874, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1874年伯尔尼条约", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "postage_stamp", "postal_service", "mongol_yam_relay" ], "related": [ "international_telegraph_union", "metre_convention", "internet" ], "desc": "把全球划为单一邮区、统一资费并按重量分配收入，信件无须逐国谈判即可跨境投递。" }, { "id": "van_t_hoff_stereochemistry", "name": "立体化学理论", "nameEn": "Van 't Hoff–Le Bel stereochemistry", "wikiEn": "Stereochemistry", "aliases": [ "不对称碳原子", "范特霍夫", "碳四面体", "Le Bel", "三维分子结构" ], "year": 1874, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "butlerov_structure_theory" ], "related": [ "isomerism_concept" ], "desc": "范特霍夫与勒贝尔提出不对称碳原子与三维分子结构。" }, { "id": "contact_process", "name": "接触法", "nameEn": "Contact process", "wikiEn": "Contact process", "aliases": [ "硫酸接触法", "催化接触法制硫酸" ], "year": 1875, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "solvay_process", "chloralkali_process", "haber_process" ], "desc": "1870年代工业化的催化接触法制硫酸，取代铅室法。" }, { "id": "contact_tracing", "name": "接触者追踪", "nameEn": "Contact Tracing", "wikiEn": "Contact tracing", "aliases": [ "密切接触者追踪", "追访隔离" ], "year": 1875, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以1875年克罗恩施塔特防疫流程为公认先例", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "germ_theory", "quarantine" ], "related": [ "notifiable_disease_reporting", "smallpox_eradication", "census_system" ], "desc": "逐个排查病例接触者并检疫，传播链变成可画的图谱" }, { "id": "district_heating", "name": "区域供热管网", "nameEn": "District heating", "wikiEn": "District heating", "aliases": [ "集中供热", "热网" ], "year": 1875, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "法国肖德塞格引温泉供暖一般视为最早区域供热，年代取约值", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine", "fourier_law", "gas_works" ], "related": [ "natural_gas_distribution", "chimney", "hypocaust", "electricity_generation" ], "desc": "由一厂经管网向全城送热水，把锅炉烟囱移出建筑群。" }, { "id": "gelignite", "name": "葛里炸药", "nameEn": "Gelignite", "wikiEn": "Gelignite", "aliases": [ "爆破胶", "炸胶", "Blasting gelatin" ], "year": 1875, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "dynamite" ], "related": [ "smokeless_powder" ], "desc": "诺贝尔1875年发明硝化甘油与硝基棉混合的塑性安全炸药。" }, { "id": "metre_convention", "name": "米制公约", "nameEn": "Metre Convention", "wikiEn": "Metre Convention", "aliases": [ "米突公约", "国际计量局设立条约" ], "year": 1875, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1875年巴黎签署，设国际计量局", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "metric_system", "unit_of_measurement", "surveying" ], "related": [ "whitworth_thread_standard", "industrial_property_convention", "iso_standardization", "standard_time_zones" ], "desc": "缔约国共设国际计量局与基准原器并定期互校，使量值第一次可跨国回溯到同一源头。" }, { "id": "arc_lamp", "name": "电弧灯", "nameEn": "Arc lamp", "wikiEn": "Arc lamp", "aliases": [ "弧光灯", "Yablochkov candle", "雅布洛奇科夫电烛" ], "year": 1876, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "incandescent_lamp", "gas_mantle", "pearl_street_station" ], "desc": "雅布洛奇科夫1876年推电烛弧光灯，率先用于街道照明。" }, { "id": "copper_electrorefining", "name": "铜电解精炼", "nameEn": "Electrowinning", "wikiEn": "Electrowinning", "aliases": [ "电解铜", "electrolytic copper refining", "铜电解冶金" ], "year": 1876, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "gold_cyanidation", "hall_heroult_process", "froth_flotation" ], "desc": "1876年起电解法大规模精炼纯铜，满足导电与合金需求。" }, { "id": "dewey_decimal", "name": "十进图书分类法", "nameEn": "Dewey Decimal Classification", "wikiEn": "Dewey Decimal Classification", "aliases": [ "杜威十进分类", "DDC" ], "year": 1876, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1876年首次出版", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "public_library", "library" ], "related": [ "oxford_english_dictionary", "encyclopedia" ], "desc": "以十进数字统分人类知识的图书馆编目体系" }, { "id": "gibbs_free_energy", "name": "吉布斯自由能", "nameEn": "Gibbs free energy", "wikiEn": "Gibbs free energy", "aliases": [ "自由能", "吉布斯能", "化学热力学", "Gibbs energy", "化学势" ], "year": 1876, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "conservation_of_energy" ], "related": [ "gibbs_phase_rule" ], "desc": "吉布斯提出自由能判据，判定化学反应方向与限度。" }, { "id": "gibbs_phase_rule", "name": "吉布斯相律", "nameEn": "Gibbs phase rule", "wikiEn": "Phase rule", "aliases": [ "相律", "Gibbs phase rule", "多相平衡", "F=C-P+2" ], "year": 1876, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "conservation_of_energy" ], "related": [ "gibbs_free_energy", "le_chatelier_principle" ], "desc": "吉布斯给出多相平衡体系相数、组分数与自由度关系。" }, { "id": "otto_engine", "name": "奥托发动机", "nameEn": "Otto engine", "wikiEn": "Otto engine", "aliases": [ "四冲程内燃机", "Otto four-stroke engine", "奥托循环机" ], "year": 1876, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "diesel_engine", "two_stroke_engine", "spark_plug" ], "desc": "奥托1876年制四冲程煤气机，现代汽油机的直系原型。" }, { "id": "refrigeration", "name": "制冷技术", "nameEn": "Refrigeration", "wikiEn": "Refrigeration", "aliases": [ "人工制冷", "Linde ammonia refrigerator", "林德制冷机" ], "year": 1876, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "frozen_food", "pasteurized_milk", "canning_industrialization", "margarine" ], "desc": "林德氨压缩制冷机实用化，人工冷藏普及。" }, { "id": "telegraph_equation", "name": "电报方程", "nameEn": "Telegrapher's equations", "wikiEn": "Telegrapher's equations", "aliases": [ "电报员方程", "传输线方程", "Telegraph equation", "亥维赛电报方程" ], "year": 1876, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dalembert_wave_equation" ], "related": [ "laplace_transform", "maxwell_equations", "fourier_analysis" ], "desc": "基尔霍夫、亥维赛为传输线建立含电感电容的双曲型方程组，指导长途电报与电缆设计。" }, { "id": "telephone", "name": "电话", "nameEn": "Telephone", "wikiEn": "Telephone", "aliases": [ "贝尔电话", "Alexander Graham Bell telephone" ], "year": 1876, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electromagnet", "faradays_induction_law" ], "related": [ "telephone_exchange", "automatic_telephone_switch", "radio", "phonograph" ], "desc": "贝尔发明实用电话，开启实时语音远程通信。" }, { "id": "coal_cutting_machine", "name": "采煤机", "nameEn": "Coal mining", "wikiEn": "Coal mining", "aliases": [ "机械截煤机", "coal cutter", "采煤机械化" ], "year": 1877, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "dynamite", "conveyor_belt" ], "desc": "1877年起机械截煤机入井采煤，采掘业机械化起步。" }, { "id": "dedekind_eta_function", "name": "戴德金η函数", "nameEn": "Dedekind eta function", "wikiEn": "Dedekind eta function", "aliases": [ "戴德金eta函数", "η函数", "Dedekind eta" ], "year": 1877, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "modular_lambda_function", "modular_curve" ], "desc": "上半平面上权1/2的模形式型函数，戴德金1877年定义，是模形式最早范例。" }, { "id": "gilchrist_thomas_process", "name": "碱性贝塞麦炼钢法", "nameEn": "Gilchrist–Thomas process", "wikiEn": "Gilchrist–Thomas process", "aliases": [ "托马斯炼钢法", "碱性转炉法", "Thomas process" ], "year": 1877, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bessemer_steel" ], "related": [ "open_hearth_furnace" ], "desc": "1877年以碱性炉衬脱磷，使高磷铁矿可炼优质钢。" }, { "id": "implicit_function_theorem", "name": "隐函数定理", "nameEn": "Implicit function theorem", "wikiEn": "Implicit function theorem", "aliases": [ "隐函数定理", "反函数定理", "Implicit function theorem", "雅可比非零条件" ], "year": 1877, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "weierstrass_epsilon_delta", "cauchy_cours_danalyse" ], "related": [ "lagrange_multipliers", "picard_lindelof_theorem", "banach_fixed_point" ], "desc": "迪尼给出严格形式：雅可比非零时局部可解出函数，多元微积分的基本结构定理。" }, { "id": "modular_lambda_function", "name": "模λ函数", "nameEn": "Modular lambda function", "wikiEn": "Modular lambda function", "aliases": [ "椭圆模函数λ", "模λ函数", "拉姆达模函数" ], "year": 1877, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "modular_equation" ], "related": [ "dedekind_eta_function", "modular_curve" ], "desc": "刻画环面复结构的主模函数λ(τ)，把模曲线实现为球面，是模函数的样板。" }, { "id": "neumann_boundary_problem", "name": "诺伊曼边值问题", "nameEn": "Neumann boundary condition", "wikiEn": "Neumann boundary condition", "aliases": [ "诺伊曼问题", "第二边值问题", "法向导数边界", "Neumann problem" ], "year": 1877, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "laplace_equation" ], "related": [ "greens_function", "dirichlet_principle", "poisson_equation" ], "desc": "诺伊曼研究边界给定法向导数的位势问题并给算术平均解法，与狄利克雷问题并列。" }, { "id": "phonograph", "name": "留声机", "nameEn": "Phonograph", "wikiEn": "Phonograph", "aliases": [ "爱迪生留声机", "锡箔留声机", "talking machine" ], "year": 1877, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "telephone" ], "related": [ "gramophone", "wire_recorder", "cinematograph", "sound_film" ], "desc": "爱迪生锡箔留声机，首次录制并重放声音。" }, { "id": "tait_knot_tables", "name": "泰特纽结表与泰特猜想", "nameEn": "Tait conjectures", "wikiEn": "Tait conjectures", "aliases": [ "纽结表", "泰特猜想", "交错纽结猜想", "Tait knot tables", "Knot tabulation" ], "year": 1877, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gauss_linking_number" ], "related": [ "reidemeister_moves", "knot", "alexander_polynomial" ], "desc": "泰特受开尔文涡旋原子启发系统编目纽结，提出关于交错纽结的三大猜想，推动纽结理论。" }, { "id": "block_matrix", "name": "分块矩阵", "nameEn": "Block matrix", "wikiEn": "Block matrix", "aliases": [ "矩阵分块", "子块矩阵", "分区矩阵" ], "year": 1878, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "related": [ "augmented_matrix", "sparse_matrix" ], "desc": "用横竖线把矩阵分成子块并按块运算的矩阵表示法，简化大规模矩阵计算。" }, { "id": "clifford_algebra", "name": "克利福德代数", "nameEn": "Clifford algebra", "wikiEn": "Clifford algebra", "aliases": [ "克里福德代数", "几何代数", "Clifford几何代数" ], "year": 1878, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bilinear_map" ], "related": [ "definite_quadratic_form", "dirac_equation", "hamilton_quaternions", "topological_insulator_prediction" ], "desc": "由二次型生成并满足平方关系的结合代数，1878年创立，统一复数与四元数。" }, { "id": "continuum_hypothesis", "name": "连续统假设", "nameEn": "Continuum hypothesis", "wikiEn": "Continuum hypothesis", "aliases": [ "CH", "广义连续统假设" ], "year": 1878, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "康托尔1878年提出猜想，1900年列为希尔伯特第一问题", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cantor_set_theory" ], "related": [ "zermelo_zfc", "cohen_forcing", "godel_incompleteness", "model_theory" ], "desc": "猜想实数集基数是可数无穷后最小的无穷，后被哥德尔与柯恩证明独立于集合论公理。" }, { "id": "dinis_theorem", "name": "迪尼定理", "nameEn": "Dini's theorem", "wikiEn": "Dini's theorem", "aliases": [ "迪尼一致收敛定理", "单调连续函数列", "Dini theorem", "Dini convergence" ], "year": 1878, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "weierstrass_epsilon_delta" ], "related": [ "heine_borel_theorem", "bolzano_weierstrass_theorem" ], "desc": "迪尼在实变函数论教材中证明紧集上单调连续函数列逐点收敛即一致收敛，是紧致性妙用。" }, { "id": "rank_nullity_theorem", "name": "秩-零化度定理", "nameEn": "Rank–nullity theorem", "wikiEn": "Rank–nullity theorem", "aliases": [ "秩零定理", "秩零度定理", "维数恒等式", "Rank-nullity theorem" ], "year": 1878, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "related": [ "augmented_matrix", "dimension_theorem_vector_spaces", "kirchhoff_circuit_laws", "truss" ], "desc": "线性映射的秩与零化度之和等于定义域维数，是线性代数最基本的维数恒等式。" }, { "id": "telephone_exchange", "name": "电话交换机", "nameEn": "Telephone exchange", "wikiEn": "Telephone exchange", "aliases": [ "人工交换台", "switchboard", "电话总机" ], "year": 1878, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "telephone" ], "related": [ "automatic_telephone_switch", "teleprinter", "telex" ], "desc": "话务员接续线路，使多用户电话组网运行。" }, { "id": "tracheal_intubation", "name": "气管插管", "nameEn": "Tracheal Intubation", "wikiEn": "Tracheal intubation", "aliases": [ "咽喉插管", "人工气道" ], "year": 1878, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "anesthesia" ], "related": [ "vulcanized_rubber", "mechanical_ventilator", "neuromuscular_blockade", "cpr" ], "desc": "导管经口置入气管维持通气，深麻醉不再威胁呼吸" }, { "id": "two_stroke_engine", "name": "二冲程发动机", "nameEn": "Two-stroke engine", "wikiEn": "Two-stroke engine", "aliases": [ "Clerk engine", "二行程内燃机", "克拉克发动机" ], "year": 1878, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "otto_engine" ], "related": [ "internal_combustion_engine", "carburetor" ], "desc": "克拉克1878年发明二冲程循环，构成轻便小型动力装置。" }, { "id": "autoclave", "name": "高压蒸汽灭菌锅", "nameEn": "Autoclave", "wikiEn": "Autoclave", "aliases": [ "压力蒸汽灭菌", "手提灭菌器" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "germ_theory", "high_pressure_steam_engine" ], "related": [ "aseptic_surgery", "pasteurization", "petri_dish" ], "desc": "加压让蒸汽越过121℃，器械与培养基可整批彻底灭菌" }, { "id": "chocolate_conching", "name": "巧克力精磨", "nameEn": "Conching", "wikiEn": "Conching", "aliases": [], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "林特1879年发明；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "chocolate" ], "related": [ "steam_engine" ], "desc": "可可浆长时间研磨混炼，颗粒粗涩变丝滑，巧克力自饮品转为可咬糖果。" }, { "id": "electric_locomotive", "name": "电力机车", "nameEn": "Electric locomotive", "wikiEn": "Electric locomotive", "aliases": [ "Siemens electric locomotive", "电力火车头", "Railway electrification" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "streetcar", "diesel_locomotive", "subway" ], "desc": "西门子电力机车在柏林载客演示，开启铁路电气化。" }, { "id": "frege_begriffsschrift", "name": "弗雷格谓词演算", "nameEn": "Begriffsschrift", "wikiEn": "Begriffsschrift", "aliases": [ "《概念文字》", "弗雷格逻辑", "一阶谓词演算", "Frege predicate calculus", "Concept Script" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "aristotelian_logic", "boolean_algebra" ], "related": [ "chomsky_generative_grammar", "peano_axioms", "russell_paradox", "tarski_truth_theory" ], "desc": "弗雷格《概念文字》发明量词与一阶逻辑，使数学证明首次可完全形式化。" }, { "id": "hall_effect", "name": "霍尔效应", "nameEn": "Hall effect", "wikiEn": "Hall effect", "aliases": [ "霍尔电压" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "maxwell_equations" ], "related": [ "electric_vehicle", "integrated_circuit", "transistor" ], "desc": "载流导体在磁场中横向产生电压，磁传感器与测流片的基石。" }, { "id": "incandescent_lamp", "name": "白炽灯", "nameEn": "Incandescent light bulb", "wikiEn": "Incandescent light bulb", "aliases": [ "Edison light bulb", "Swan lamp", "爱迪生灯泡", "碳丝灯" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "arc_lamp", "tungsten_filament", "gas_mantle" ], "desc": "爱迪生、斯旺1879年制成实用碳丝白炽灯，电气照明普及。" }, { "id": "kraft_process", "name": "硫酸盐法制浆", "nameEn": "Kraft process", "wikiEn": "Kraft process", "aliases": [ "牛皮纸浆法", "硫酸盐木浆", "KP法制浆" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "leblanc_process", "papermaking" ], "related": [ "movable_type_printing", "paper_mill", "solvay_process" ], "desc": "达尔1879年发明硫酸盐木浆工艺，强韧牛皮纸与造纸大扩张。" }, { "id": "oil_pipeline", "name": "输油管道", "nameEn": "Pipeline", "wikiEn": "Pipeline", "aliases": [ "Tidewater Pipeline", "长距离输油管", "原油管道" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "petroleum_refinery" ], "related": [ "natural_gas_distribution", "rotary_drilling" ], "desc": "1879年潮水管道建成百英里输油线，管道运输兴起。" }, { "id": "photoengraving", "name": "照相铜版", "nameEn": "Photoengraving", "wikiEn": "Photoengraving", "aliases": [ "照相腐蚀锌版", "铜锌版" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "photography", "lithography" ], "related": [ "halftone", "electroplating", "newspaper" ], "desc": "感光腐蚀在铜板上制凸版，图画与文字同机一次印出" }, { "id": "picard_theorem", "name": "皮卡定理", "nameEn": "Picard theorem", "wikiEn": "Picard theorem", "aliases": [ "皮卡小定理", "皮卡大定理", "Picard little theorem", "本质奇点取遍值" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "liouville_theorem_complex" ], "related": [ "montel_normal_families", "runge_theorem" ], "desc": "皮卡证明非常整函数至多漏一个值、本质奇点邻域取遍除一值外所有值，整函数论巅峰。" }, { "id": "stefan_boltzmann_law", "name": "斯特藩-玻尔兹曼定律", "nameEn": "Stefan–Boltzmann law", "wikiEn": "Stefan–Boltzmann law", "aliases": [ "斯特藩-玻尔兹曼定律", "Stefan–Boltzmann law", "四次方定律", "斯特藩定律" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kirchhoff_blackbody_radiation" ], "related": [ "wien_displacement_law", "planck_quantum_hypothesis" ], "desc": "斯特藩与玻尔兹曼给出黑体总辐射正比温度四次方定律。" }, { "id": "trench_coat", "name": "战壕风衣", "nameEn": "Trench coat", "wikiEn": "Trench coat", "aliases": [], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "华达呢防水斜纹布；一战战壕采用", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "clothing", "sewing_machine" ], "related": [ "hat" ], "desc": "密织斜纹防水透气，由军官战壕装备转为都市常服外套。" }, { "id": "wundt_experimental_psychology", "name": "冯特实验心理学", "nameEn": "Wilhelm Wundt", "wikiEn": "Wilhelm Wundt", "aliases": [ "实验心理学之父", "莱比锡心理实验室", "Wundt", "科学心理学诞生" ], "year": 1879, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "control_variable", "laboratory", "scientific_method" ], "related": [ "freud_psychoanalysis", "james_principles_psychology", "pavlov_conditioned_reflex", "watson_behaviorism" ], "desc": "1879年创立首个心理实验室，心理学脱离哲学成为科学。" }, { "id": "appell_sequence", "name": "阿佩尔序列", "nameEn": "Appell sequence", "wikiEn": "Appell sequence", "aliases": [ "阿佩尔多项式系", "阿佩尔多项式序列", "Appell polynomials" ], "year": 1880, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "abel_polynomials" ], "desc": "求导等于下标平移的多项式序列，阿佩尔1880年定义，含伯努利、埃尔米特多项式。" }, { "id": "infant_incubator", "name": "婴儿保温箱", "nameEn": "Infant incubator", "wikiEn": "Infant incubator", "aliases": [ "新生儿暖箱", "Tarnier incubator", "塔尼耶保温箱" ], "year": 1880, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pasteurized_milk", "iron_lung" ], "desc": "塔尼耶在产科推行动物箱式早产儿保温箱。" }, { "id": "logic_gate", "name": "逻辑门", "nameEn": "Logic gate", "wikiEn": "Logic gate", "aliases": [ "门电路", "and or not gate", "布尔门" ], "year": 1880, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "皮尔斯1880年论文已含功能完备逻辑门思想；香农1938年证明开关电路与布尔代数等价；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "boolean_algebra", "boolean_algebra_structure", "electromagnet" ], "related": [ "vacuum_tube", "transistor", "integrated_circuit", "flip_flop" ], "desc": "以电路实现与、或、非等布尔运算的部件，把逻辑推理变成可搭建的硬件。" }, { "id": "pelton_wheel", "name": "佩尔顿水轮机", "nameEn": "Pelton wheel", "wikiEn": "Pelton wheel", "aliases": [ "水斗式水轮机", "佩尔顿冲击式水轮机" ], "year": 1880, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "water_turbine" ], "related": [ "kaplan_turbine", "hydroelectricity", "steam_turbine" ], "desc": "佩尔顿1880年发明冲击式水斗水轮机，适配高水头水力。" }, { "id": "piezoelectricity", "name": "压电效应", "nameEn": "Piezoelectricity", "wikiEn": "Piezoelectricity", "aliases": [ "压电性" ], "year": 1880, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "居里兄弟实验发现；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "sonar", "radar", "pendulum_clock" ], "desc": "晶体受力生电、加电形变，超声换能器与石英钟的基石。" }, { "id": "rayleigh_random_walk", "name": "瑞利随机游走", "nameEn": "Random walk", "wikiEn": "Random walk", "aliases": [ "随机游走", "随机行走", "醉汉漫步", "瑞利随机振动" ], "year": 1880, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "bachelier_theory_speculation", "campbell_white_noise", "einstein_brownian_motion", "wiener_process" ], "desc": "瑞利在振动叠加中得到随机步长之和的分布，皮尔逊后命名为随机游走。" }, { "id": "safety_razor", "name": "安全剃刀", "nameEn": "Safety razor", "wikiEn": "Safety razor", "aliases": [ "双面刀片剃刀", "刮胡刀" ], "year": 1880, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "坎普·吉尔莱特式护刃剃刀在 1880 年前后成型", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bessemer_steel", "scissors" ], "related": [ "cosmetics", "soap", "scissors" ], "desc": "以护架限制刀刃接触皮肤的剃须工具，一次性薄刀片由此成为大宗消费品。" }, { "id": "soil_classification", "name": "土壤分类学", "nameEn": "Soil classification", "wikiEn": "Soil classification", "aliases": [ "发生学土壤分类", "道库恰耶夫分类" ], "year": 1880, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "道库恰耶夫发生学分类体系形成于19世纪七八十年代", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "microscope" ], "related": [ "precision_agriculture", "irrigation", "manure" ], "desc": "按成土因素给土壤分区定类，施肥改土自此有据。" }, { "id": "anthrax_vaccine", "name": "炭疽疫苗", "nameEn": "Anthrax vaccine", "wikiEn": "Anthrax vaccines", "aliases": [ "巴斯德炭疽疫苗", "Pasteur anthrax vaccine" ], "year": 1881, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "microscope", "pasteurization" ], "related": [ "cholera_vaccine", "rabies_vaccine", "refrigeration", "serum_therapy" ], "desc": "巴斯德炭疽减毒疫苗田间试验成功。" }, { "id": "cigarette", "name": "机制卷烟", "nameEn": "Cigarette", "wikiEn": "Cigarette", "aliases": [ "香烟" ], "year": 1881, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "邦萨克卷烟机1880年代初投产", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "match" ], "desc": "机器每分钟卷成千支细烟，价格骤降销量飙升，烟草消费随之全球化。" }, { "id": "fire_sprinkler", "name": "闭式自动喷淋", "nameEn": "Fire sprinkler", "wikiEn": "Fire sprinkler", "aliases": [ "自动喷水灭火", "喷淋系统" ], "year": 1881, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "焊封易熔闭式喷头于 19 世纪 80 年代专利化，取约值", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "force_pump", "piston_pump", "public_water_supply" ], "related": [ "building_code", "cast_iron_building", "safety_elevator", "sewerage_system" ], "desc": "管网常压配热敏感喷头，起火即就地洒水控火。" }, { "id": "halftone", "name": "照相网目制版", "nameEn": "Halftone", "wikiEn": "Halftone", "aliases": [ "网点印刷", "网目铜版", "halftone engraving" ], "year": 1881, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "linotype", "offset_printing", "autochrome" ], "desc": "照相加网制版使照片可大量印上报刊。" }, { "id": "jordan_bounded_variation", "name": "若尔当有界变差函数", "nameEn": "Bounded variation", "wikiEn": "Bounded variation", "aliases": [ "有界变差", "若尔当分解", "BV函数", "Jordan decomposition", "Bounded variation functions" ], "year": 1881, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_integral" ], "related": [ "stieltjes_integral", "dirichlet_convergence_theorem" ], "desc": "若尔当引入变差有界的函数类并分解为两单调函数之差，刻画傅里叶收敛与曲线长度。" }, { "id": "poincare_qualitative_theory", "name": "庞加莱微分方程定性理论与极限环", "nameEn": "Poincaré–Bendixson theorem", "wikiEn": "Poincaré–Bendixson theorem", "aliases": [ "极限环", "庞加莱-本迪克松定理", "相平面定性理论", "Limit cycle", "Poincaré qualitative theory" ], "year": 1881, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "euler_constant_coefficient_ode" ], "related": [ "poincare_three_body_problem", "lyapunov_stability", "lorenz_chaos" ], "desc": "庞加莱以相图、奇点与极限环整体研究解的行为，开创动力系统，本迪克松补全平面分类。" }, { "id": "streetcar", "name": "有轨电车", "nameEn": "Tram", "wikiEn": "Tram", "aliases": [ "Streetcar", "Trolley", "Electric tram", "电车" ], "year": 1881, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "subway", "electric_locomotive", "trolleybus", "cable_railway" ], "desc": "西门子有轨电车在柏林近郊商业运营，城市电车兴起。" }, { "id": "vector_calculus", "name": "矢量分析", "nameEn": "Vector calculus", "wikiEn": "Vector calculus", "aliases": [ "向量分析", "向量微积分", "Gibbs向量分析", "Gibbs-Heaviside" ], "year": 1881, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "curvilinear_coordinates", "spherical_harmonics", "divergence_theorem" ], "desc": "吉布斯与亥维赛1880年代建立的梯度散度旋度体系，将电磁理论浓缩为现代矢量形式。" }, { "id": "cesarean_section", "name": "消毒剖腹产术", "nameEn": "Aseptic Caesarean section", "wikiEn": "Caesarean section", "aliases": [ "剖宫产术", "Sanger suture", "桑格剖腹产" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "vulcanized_rubber" ], "related": [ "appendectomy", "stainless_steel", "surgical_gloves" ], "desc": "桑格子宫缝合与无菌操作使剖腹产成为常规术式。" }, { "id": "clothes_iron", "name": "熨斗", "nameEn": "Clothes iron", "wikiEn": "Clothes iron", "aliases": [ "烫斗", "电熨斗" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "实芯电熨斗 1882 年取得专利，取代实心热铁与炭火斗；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cast_iron", "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "washing_machine", "sewing_machine", "dress" ], "desc": "以热金属底面压平织物的家用器具，电热化让成衣整理进入每户厨房。" }, { "id": "coal_fired_power_station", "name": "燃煤火力发电厂", "nameEn": "Coal-fired power station", "wikiEn": "Coal-fired power station", "aliases": [ "火电厂", "Thermal power station" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以1882年首批商用燃煤电站为起点", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation", "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "coal_fuel", "carbon_capture_and_storage", "electrical_grid" ], "desc": "燃煤产汽驱动汽轮发电机组，20世纪的主力电源。" }, { "id": "cogeneration", "name": "热电联产", "nameEn": "Cogeneration", "wikiEn": "Cogeneration", "aliases": [ "联合供热发电", "热电商" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine", "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "pearl_street_station", "coal_fired_power_station", "gas_lighting" ], "desc": "做功后的蒸汽不排冷凝而是供热管网，同一份燃料的㶲被用尽两次" }, { "id": "hydroelectricity", "name": "水力发电", "nameEn": "Hydroelectricity", "wikiEn": "Hydroelectricity", "aliases": [ "水电", "Vulcan Street plant", "阿普尔顿水电站" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation", "pelton_wheel" ], "related": [ "electrical_grid", "kaplan_turbine", "birkeland_eyde_process" ], "desc": "1882年阿普尔顿水电站并网，可再生电力规模化开端。" }, { "id": "klein_bottle", "name": "克莱因瓶", "nameEn": "Klein bottle", "wikiEn": "Klein bottle", "aliases": [ "克莱因瓶曲面", "闭合不可定向曲面", "Kleinsche Flasche" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mobius_strip" ], "related": [ "riemann_surface", "riemann_genus" ], "desc": "克莱因构造无内外之分的闭合单侧曲面，在四维空间中方可无自交嵌入。" }, { "id": "mangalloy", "name": "锰钢", "nameEn": "Mangalloy", "wikiEn": "Mangalloy", "aliases": [ "哈德菲尔德钢", "Hadfield steel", "耐磨锰钢" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "stainless_steel", "electrical_steel", "high_speed_steel" ], "desc": "哈德菲尔德1882年发明耐磨高锰钢，用于破碎机与轨道。" }, { "id": "pearl_street_station", "name": "珍珠街电站", "nameEn": "Pearl Street Station", "wikiEn": "Pearl Street Station", "aliases": [ "爱迪生中央电站", "Pearl Street power station", "首座公用电站" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation", "incandescent_lamp" ], "related": [ "electrical_grid", "arc_lamp" ], "desc": "爱迪生1882年建成珍珠街中央电站，首座商业公用电厂。" }, { "id": "phagocytosis", "name": "吞噬作用与细胞免疫", "nameEn": "Phagocytosis", "wikiEn": "Phagocyte", "aliases": [ "吞噬细胞理论", "细胞免疫学说" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cell_theory", "microscope" ], "related": [ "germ_theory", "ehrlich_side_chain_theory", "serum_therapy" ], "desc": "白细胞吞食细菌被观察到，免疫成为细胞层面的防御战" }, { "id": "poincare_disk_model", "name": "庞加莱圆盘模型", "nameEn": "Poincaré disk model", "wikiEn": "Poincaré disk model", "aliases": [ "庞加莱圆盘", "共形圆盘模型", "保角双曲模型", "Poincaré disc" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "beltrami_model" ], "related": [ "cayley_klein_metric", "inversion_geometry", "hyperbolic_three_manifolds" ], "desc": "庞加莱以单位圆盘配共形度量表示双曲平面，圆与角度直观，成为自守函数研究舞台。" }, { "id": "trolleybus", "name": "无轨电车", "nameEn": "Trolleybus", "wikiEn": "Trolleybus", "aliases": [ "Elektromote", "Siemens Elektromote", "无轨电车", "Trolley coach" ], "year": 1882, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "streetcar", "motor_bus" ], "desc": "西门子Elektromote在柏林示范无轨电车，架空线供电。" }, { "id": "cantor_set_topological", "name": "康托尔集（拓扑对象）", "nameEn": "Cantor set", "wikiEn": "Cantor set", "aliases": [ "康托尔三分集", "康托尔尘", "完美疏集", "Cantor ternary set" ], "year": 1883, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cantor_set_theory" ], "related": [ "peano_space_filling_curve", "jordan_curve_theorem", "baire_category_theorem" ], "desc": "不断三等分去掉中段所得完美疏朗集，不可数却测度为零，是拓扑反例的标准来源。" }, { "id": "industrial_property_convention", "name": "工业产权巴黎公约", "nameEn": "Paris Convention for Industrial Property", "wikiEn": "Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property", "aliases": [ "巴黎公约", "专利国际优先权" ], "year": 1883, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1883年缔约，设优先权与国民待遇", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "patent_system", "whitworth_thread_standard", "metre_convention" ], "related": [ "copyright", "creative_commons", "corporate_law", "iso_standardization" ], "desc": "用国民待遇与申请优先期让专利商标跨越国界，发明第一次可在多国同时布局。" }, { "id": "lindstedt_perturbation", "name": "林德斯泰特扰动展开", "nameEn": "Lindstedt–Poincaré method", "wikiEn": "Lindstedt–Poincaré method", "aliases": [ "林德斯泰特法", "久期项消除", "Lindstedt method", "庞加莱扰动展开" ], "year": 1883, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euler_constant_coefficient_ode" ], "related": [ "poincare_three_body_problem", "kam_theorem" ], "desc": "林德斯泰特以重整频率消除扰动展开中的久期项，庞加莱系统化，是天体微扰计算基础。" }, { "id": "reynolds_number", "name": "雷诺数", "nameEn": "Reynolds number", "wikiEn": "Reynolds number", "aliases": [ "雷诺数", "Re数", "惯性黏性比", "Reynolds similarity" ], "year": 1883, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dimensional_analysis" ], "related": [ "boundary_layer_theory", "buckingham_pi_theorem" ], "desc": "雷诺1883年提出的惯性力与黏性力之比，是判断层流湍流与组织相似实验的关键参数。" }, { "id": "social_insurance", "name": "社会保险", "nameEn": "Social insurance", "wikiEn": "Social insurance", "aliases": [ "俾斯麦社保", "工伤疾病保险" ], "year": 1883, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "德国疾病保险法为首部强制社会保险立法；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "trade_union", "insurance" ], "related": [ "welfare_state", "taxation_system", "cooperative" ], "desc": "由雇主雇员与政府三方强制缴费，把伤病年老的风险社会化分担。" }, { "id": "standard_time_zones", "name": "标准时区制", "nameEn": "Standard Time Zones", "wikiEn": "Standard time", "aliases": [ "时区", "铁路标准时" ], "year": 1883, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "北美铁路1883年统一标准时，1884年国际会议定本初子午线；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "railway_signalling", "telegraph", "astronomical_clock" ], "related": [ "metre_convention", "international_telegraph_union", "telephone", "mongol_yam_relay" ], "desc": "铁路公司同日改用分区标准时并以电报播时，把各地太阳时压成一条可调度的行政时间轴。" }, { "id": "cantor_function", "name": "康托尔函数", "nameEn": "Cantor function", "wikiEn": "Cantor function", "aliases": [ "魔鬼阶梯", "康托尔奇异函数", "Cantor staircase", "Lebesgue singular function" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cantor_set_theory" ], "related": [ "lebesgue_integration", "vitali_absolute_continuity" ], "desc": "连续单调、导数几乎处处为零却仍从0升到1的函数，催生奇异函数概念。" }, { "id": "gram_stain", "name": "革兰染色法", "nameEn": "Gram Stain", "wikiEn": "Gram stain", "aliases": [ "革兰氏染色", "鉴别染色" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "leeuwenhoek_microscopy", "microscope", "dyeing" ], "related": [ "koch_postulates", "petri_dish", "germ_theory" ], "desc": "结晶紫与碘液把细菌分成两类，一染之间即可初判用药" }, { "id": "isoperimetric_inequality_modern", "name": "等周不等式的严格证明", "nameEn": "Isoperimetric inequality", "wikiEn": "Isoperimetric inequality", "aliases": [ "等周不等式严格化", "施瓦茨对称化", "等周不等式", "Weierstrass isoperimetric proof" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "isoperimetric_zenodorus", "calculus_of_variations" ], "related": [ "crofton_formula", "minimal_surface" ], "desc": "魏尔斯特拉斯与施瓦茨以变分法和对称化给出古典等周不等式首个严格证明。" }, { "id": "koch_postulates", "name": "科赫法则", "nameEn": "Koch's postulates", "wikiEn": "Koch's postulates", "aliases": [ "柯赫法则", "病原菌四准则", "Henle-Koch postulates", "病因推断法则" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "germ_theory", "mauveine", "microscope", "photography" ], "related": [ "anthrax_vaccine", "chromatography", "rabies_vaccine" ], "desc": "确立病原菌与疾病因果的四条判定法则，奠基医学微生物学。" }, { "id": "le_chatelier_principle", "name": "勒夏特列原理", "nameEn": "Le Chatelier's principle", "wikiEn": "Le Chatelier's principle", "aliases": [ "平衡移动原理", "Le Chatelier", "化学平衡原理", "平衡定律" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "law_of_mass_action" ], "related": [ "gibbs_phase_rule", "catalysis_concept" ], "desc": "勒夏特列总结平衡移动原理，指导化工条件选择。" }, { "id": "linotype", "name": "莱诺铸排机", "nameEn": "Linotype machine", "wikiEn": "Linotype machine", "aliases": [ "整行铸排机", "Mergenthaler Linotype", "热排机" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "typewriter" ], "related": [ "offset_printing", "halftone" ], "desc": "默根特勒整行铸排机，大幅革新报纸排字。" }, { "id": "local_anesthesia", "name": "局部麻醉", "nameEn": "Local anesthesia with cocaine", "wikiEn": "Local anesthesia", "aliases": [ "可卡因局麻", "Koller cocaine anesthesia", "科勒局麻" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "butlerov_structure_theory", "titration_method" ], "related": [ "aspirin", "procaine", "ptfe", "spinal_anesthesia" ], "desc": "科勒将可卡因用于眼科手术，局部麻醉开端。" }, { "id": "machine_gun", "name": "机枪", "nameEn": "Machine gun", "wikiEn": "Machine gun", "aliases": [ "Maxim gun", "重机枪", "Gatling gun" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "马克沁自动机枪1884年取得专利；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cartridge_firearms" ], "related": [ "submachine_gun", "trench_warfare", "assault_rifle" ], "desc": "自动连续射击的火器，使正面冲锋沦为大规模屠杀。" }, { "id": "markov_inequality", "name": "马尔可夫不等式", "nameEn": "Markov's inequality", "wikiEn": "Markov's inequality", "aliases": [ "马尔可夫不等式", "马尔科夫不等式", "Markov inequality", "马尔可夫尾界" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "chebyshev_inequality", "chernoff_bound" ], "desc": "以期望给出非负随机变量的尾概率上界，是切比雪夫等不等式的源头。" }, { "id": "mittag_leffler_theorem", "name": "米塔-列夫勒定理", "nameEn": "Mittag-Leffler theorem", "wikiEn": "Mittag-Leffler theorem", "aliases": [ "米塔列夫勒定理", "亚纯函数极点构造", "主部展开", "Mittag-Leffler expansion" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cauchy_residue_theorem" ], "related": [ "weierstrass_elliptic_functions", "runge_theorem" ], "desc": "米塔-列夫勒证明可按指定极点与主部构造亚纯函数，是复函数构造性理论的核心。" }, { "id": "oxford_english_dictionary", "name": "历史词典编纂", "nameEn": "Oxford English Dictionary", "wikiEn": "Oxford English Dictionary", "aliases": [ "牛津英语词典", "历史主义词典" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": [ 1884, 1928 ], "year_note": "1884 年起分册发行，1928 年出全", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "standard_language_norm" ], "related": [], "desc": "为每词列出引证与历时义项，把词典从正字工具变成语言史数据库。" }, { "id": "rayon", "name": "人造丝", "nameEn": "Rayon", "wikiEn": "Rayon", "aliases": [ "嫘萦", "Chardonnet silk", "夏尔多内丝" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cellophane", "nylon", "kraft_process" ], "desc": "夏尔多内1884年制人造丝，首个工业化人造纤维。" }, { "id": "roller_coaster_modern", "name": "过山车", "nameEn": "Roller coaster", "wikiEn": "Roller coaster", "aliases": [], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "汤普森1884年科尼岛首铺", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "railway_locomotive", "steel_frame_construction" ], "desc": "借重力俯冲回环的轨道骑乘，铁路热退潮后转型为游乐场头牌。" }, { "id": "smokeless_powder", "name": "无烟火药", "nameEn": "Smokeless powder", "wikiEn": "Smokeless powder", "aliases": [ "Poudre B", "Cordite", "柯达火药", "Ballistite" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "dynamite", "gelignite" ], "desc": "维埃耶1884年制无烟火药，枪械与弹药性能大幅提升。" }, { "id": "steam_turbine", "name": "汽轮机", "nameEn": "Steam turbine", "wikiEn": "Steam turbine", "aliases": [ "蒸汽轮机", "Parsons turbine", "帕森斯汽轮机" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "electricity_generation", "gas_turbine", "pelton_wheel" ], "desc": "帕森斯1884年发明反动式汽轮机，成为电站主力原动机。" }, { "id": "steel_frame_construction", "name": "钢框架结构", "nameEn": "Steel frame", "wikiEn": "Steel frame", "aliases": [ "Skeleton framing", "钢骨架" ], "year": 1884, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1884年家庭保险大楼以金属柱承重", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bessemer_steel", "rolling_mill" ], "related": [ "skyscraper", "truss", "cantilever_bridge" ], "desc": "梁柱骨架独立承重，外墙退化为仅遮风雨的围护。" }, { "id": "automobile", "name": "汽车", "nameEn": "Automobile", "wikiEn": "Car", "aliases": [ "Motor car", "Benz Patent-Motorwagen", "本茨专利机动车", "Auto" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "safety_bicycle", "motorcycle", "model_t", "pneumatic_tire" ], "desc": "本茨三轮机动车专利获批，现代汽车的开端。" }, { "id": "bordeaux_mixture", "name": "波尔多液", "nameEn": "Bordeaux mixture", "wikiEn": "Bordeaux mixture", "aliases": [ "硫酸铜石灰合剂" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "米亚尔代1882年发现、1885年起大面积推广", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "germ_theory" ], "related": [ "pesticide", "integrated_pest_management", "wine" ], "desc": "硫酸铜加石灰的保护性杀菌剂，救法国葡萄园于霜霉。" }, { "id": "carburetor", "name": "化油器", "nameEn": "Carburetor", "wikiEn": "Carburetor", "aliases": [ "汽化器", "Maybach carburetor", "浮子室化油器" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine", "gasoline" ], "related": [ "otto_engine", "spark_plug" ], "desc": "迈巴赫1885年起完善化油器，按比例混合汽油与空气。" }, { "id": "cholera_vaccine", "name": "霍乱疫苗", "nameEn": "Cholera vaccine", "wikiEn": "Cholera vaccine", "aliases": [ "费兰霍乱疫苗", "Ferran cholera vaccine", "Haffkine vaccine" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "anthrax_vaccine" ], "related": [ "typhoid_vaccine", "water_chlorination", "pasteurization" ], "desc": "费兰等人首次接种人用霍乱疫苗。" }, { "id": "electric_arc_welding", "name": "电弧焊", "nameEn": "Arc welding", "wikiEn": "Arc welding", "aliases": [ "碳弧焊", "Benardos welding", "电弧焊接" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "oxy_acetylene_welding", "thermite_welding", "electric_arc_furnace" ], "desc": "贝纳尔多斯1885年发明碳弧焊，钢铁结构得以可靠连接。" }, { "id": "gas_mantle", "name": "稀土白炽纱罩", "nameEn": "Gas mantle", "wikiEn": "Gas mantle", "aliases": [ "白炽罩", "Welsbach mantle", "煤气纱罩" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "arc_lamp", "incandescent_lamp" ], "desc": "韦尔斯巴赫1885年发明稀土白炽纱罩，煤气灯光效大增。" }, { "id": "international_statistical_institute", "name": "国际统计学会", "nameEn": "International Statistical Institute", "wikiEn": "International Statistical Institute", "aliases": [ "ISI", "统计口径协调" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1885年海牙成立", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "political_arithmetic", "probability_theory", "census_system" ], "related": [ "kiaer_representative_sampling", "kuznets_national_income", "pearson_standard_deviation", "standard_time_zones" ], "desc": "各国统计官与学者定期统一口径、分类与表格，使死亡率、物价与产量在国与国之间可比。" }, { "id": "mannesmann_piercing", "name": "斜轧穿孔法", "nameEn": "Rotary piercing", "wikiEn": "Rotary piercing", "aliases": [ "曼内斯曼穿孔法", "斜轧穿孔", "无缝管轧制" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "continuous_strip_mill", "bessemer_steel" ], "desc": "曼内斯曼兄弟1885年发明斜轧穿孔，无缝钢管连续生产。" }, { "id": "motorcycle", "name": "摩托车", "nameEn": "Motorcycle", "wikiEn": "Motorcycle", "aliases": [ "Daimler Reitwagen", "戴姆勒骑乘车", "Hildebrand & Wolfmüller", "机车" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "automobile", "safety_bicycle" ], "desc": "戴姆勒与迈巴赫制成首辆内燃机两轮摩托车。" }, { "id": "rabies_vaccine", "name": "狂犬病疫苗", "nameEn": "Rabies vaccine", "wikiEn": "Rabies vaccine", "aliases": [ "巴斯德狂犬疫苗", "Pasteur rabies vaccine" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "anthrax_vaccine", "pasteurization", "serum_therapy" ], "desc": "巴斯德减毒疫苗首次救治被狂犬咬伤男孩。" }, { "id": "rotary_kiln", "name": "水泥回转窑", "nameEn": "Rotary kiln", "wikiEn": "Rotary kiln", "aliases": [ "Ransome kiln", "旋窑", "回转窑" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "portland_cement" ], "related": [ "reinforced_concrete" ], "desc": "兰塞姆1885年发明水泥回转窑，连续大规模生产硅酸盐水泥。" }, { "id": "runge_theorem", "name": "龙格逼近定理", "nameEn": "Runge's theorem", "wikiEn": "Runge's theorem", "aliases": [ "龙格定理", "有理函数逼近", "Runge approximation", "多项式逼近复函数" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cauchy_integral_formula" ], "related": [ "mittag_leffler_theorem", "weierstrass_approximation_theorem", "montel_normal_families" ], "desc": "龙格给出全纯函数在紧集上被有理函数逼近的拓扑条件，是复分析版的逼近基本定理。" }, { "id": "safety_bicycle", "name": "安全自行车", "nameEn": "Safety bicycle", "wikiEn": "Safety bicycle", "aliases": [ "Rover safety bicycle", "现代自行车", "Starley Rover" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pneumatic_tire", "motorcycle" ], "desc": "斯塔利Rover两轮等大链传动自行车，引爆骑行热潮。" }, { "id": "skyscraper", "name": "摩天楼", "nameEn": "Skyscraper", "wikiEn": "Skyscraper", "aliases": [ "高层建筑", "超高层" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "芝加哥家庭保险大楼1885年；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steel_frame_construction", "safety_elevator" ], "related": [ "reinforced_concrete", "prefabrication", "air_conditioning" ], "desc": "金属框架与电梯支撑的可居住高层建筑，始于芝加哥。" }, { "id": "transformer", "name": "变压器", "nameEn": "Transformer", "wikiEn": "Transformer", "aliases": [ "Zipernowsky transformer", "甘兹闭磁路变压器", "交流变压器" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "alternating_current", "three_phase_power", "electrical_steel" ], "desc": "甘兹工厂1885年推出闭磁路变压器，交流变压输电实用化。" }, { "id": "water_tower", "name": "高架水塔", "nameEn": "Water tower", "wikiEn": "Water tower", "aliases": [ "高位水池", "水塔" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "19 世纪 80 年代水厂普遍采用高位钢水塔稳压，取年代中值", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "public_water_supply", "cast_iron", "masonry" ], "related": [ "aqueduct", "sewerage_system", "plumbing", "stepwell" ], "desc": "高位储水以位能稳定管网压力，兼作高峰与事故调蓄。" }, { "id": "weierstrass_approximation_theorem", "name": "魏尔斯特拉斯逼近定理", "nameEn": "Weierstrass approximation theorem", "wikiEn": "Weierstrass approximation theorem", "aliases": [ "魏尔斯特拉斯逼近", "多项式稠密逼近", "连续函数多项式逼近", "Weierstrass density" ], "year": 1885, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "weierstrass_epsilon_delta" ], "related": [ "stone_weierstrass_theorem", "runge_theorem" ], "desc": "闭区间连续函数可被多项式一致逼近，确立多项式在函数空间中的稠密性。" }, { "id": "aseptic_surgery", "name": "无菌外科", "nameEn": "Aseptic surgery", "wikiEn": "Asepsis", "aliases": [ "李斯特消毒术", "外科无菌术", "Bergmann asepsis" ], "year": 1886, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "surgical_gloves", "cesarean_section", "pasteurization", "local_anesthesia" ], "desc": "贝格曼蒸汽灭菌，李斯特消毒术发展为无菌外科。" }, { "id": "asymptotic_expansions", "name": "庞加莱渐近展开", "nameEn": "Asymptotic expansion", "wikiEn": "Asymptotic expansion", "aliases": [ "渐近级数", "渐近展开", "发散级数近似", "Poincaré asymptotic", "Stieltjes series" ], "year": 1886, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "euler_maclaurin_formula" ], "related": [ "laplace_celestial_mechanics", "lindstedt_perturbation", "stieltjes_integral" ], "desc": "庞加莱在天体力学中为发散级数赋予渐近意义，按截断误差而非收敛性定义有用近似。" }, { "id": "dishwasher", "name": "洗碗机", "nameEn": "Dishwasher", "wikiEn": "Dishwasher", "aliases": [], "year": 1886, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "库克伦1886年发明", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cookware_and_bakeware" ], "related": [ "washing_machine", "stainless_steel" ], "desc": "喷热水与转篮冲净餐具，把洗碗从家务耗时榜顶端逐步抹去。" }, { "id": "dry_cell", "name": "干电池", "nameEn": "Dry cell", "wikiEn": "Dry cell", "aliases": [ "加斯纳干电池", "锌锰干电池", "Leclanché dry cell" ], "year": 1886, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lead_acid_battery", "nickel_iron_battery", "spark_plug" ], "desc": "加斯纳1886年将勒克朗谢电池糊化密封，便携干电池。" }, { "id": "galton_regression_correlation", "name": "高尔顿回归与相关", "nameEn": "Regression toward the mean", "wikiEn": "Regression toward the mean", "aliases": [ "回归", "回归均值", "相关概念", "高尔顿回归" ], "year": 1886, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_normal_error_theory", "quetelet_average_man" ], "related": [ "pearson_correlation_coefficient", "plant_breeding", "selective_breeding_bakewell", "yule_multiple_regression" ], "desc": "高尔顿研究父子身高发现回归均值，进而提出相关概念，奠基相关回归。" }, { "id": "hall_heroult_process", "name": "霍尔-埃鲁法", "nameEn": "Hall–Héroult process", "wikiEn": "Hall–Héroult process", "aliases": [ "铝电解法", "Hall-Héroult aluminium process", "熔融电解铝" ], "year": 1886, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "bayer_process", "duralumin", "copper_electrorefining" ], "desc": "霍尔与埃鲁1886年同创熔盐电解铝，铝从贵金属变工业金属。" }, { "id": "oil_tanker", "name": "油轮", "nameEn": "Oil tanker", "wikiEn": "Oil tanker", "aliases": [ "Glückauf", "油船", "Tank ship", "格吕考夫号" ], "year": 1886, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "diesel_motorship" ], "desc": "格鲁克奥夫号首艘船体一体油舱的现代油轮。" }, { "id": "pasteurized_milk", "name": "巴氏消毒奶", "nameEn": "Pasteurized milk", "wikiEn": "Pasteurized milk", "aliases": [ "消毒牛奶", "Soxhlet milk pasteurization", "巴氏奶" ], "year": 1886, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pasteurization" ], "related": [ "refrigeration", "infant_incubator", "breakfast_cereal" ], "desc": "索克斯莱特提出牛奶巴氏消毒并走向商业化。" }, { "id": "peano_existence_theorem", "name": "皮亚诺存在定理", "nameEn": "Peano existence theorem", "wikiEn": "Peano existence theorem", "aliases": [ "皮亚诺定理", "连续右端存在性", "Peano existence", "欧拉折线极限" ], "year": 1886, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euler_method", "bolzano_weierstrass_theorem" ], "related": [ "picard_lindelof_theorem", "peano_axioms" ], "desc": "皮亚诺仅用连续性、借欧拉折线取极限证明解存在，不保证唯一性。" }, { "id": "alternating_current", "name": "交流电", "nameEn": "Alternating current", "wikiEn": "Alternating current", "aliases": [ "AC", "多相交流系统", "特斯拉交流系统" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "transformer", "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "three_phase_power", "electrical_grid", "induction_motor" ], "desc": "特斯拉1887年完善多相交流系统，奠定远距离高压供电基础。" }, { "id": "arrhenius_ionic_dissociation", "name": "电离理论", "nameEn": "Arrhenius ionic dissociation theory", "wikiEn": "Svante Arrhenius", "aliases": [ "阿伦尼乌斯电离理论", "离子解离说", "电解质电离", "Ionic dissociation" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "avogadro_molecular_hypothesis" ], "related": [ "debye_huckel_electrolyte", "bronsted_lowry_acids", "lewis_acid_base_theory" ], "desc": "阿伦尼乌斯提出电解质在水中电离为离子的理论。" }, { "id": "contact_lens", "name": "隐形眼镜", "nameEn": "Contact lens", "wikiEn": "Contact lens", "aliases": [ "角膜接触镜" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "菲克玻璃镜片仅能佩戴数小时；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "glassmaking" ], "related": [ "glasses", "intraocular_lens" ], "desc": "贴附角膜的薄膜镜片矫正屈光，从玻璃演进到透氧树脂与软性水凝胶。" }, { "id": "gold_cyanidation", "name": "氰化提金", "nameEn": "Gold cyanidation", "wikiEn": "Gold cyanidation", "aliases": [ "MacArthur-Forrest process", "氰化物提金", "氰化法冶金" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "froth_flotation", "copper_electrorefining" ], "desc": "麦克阿瑟-弗雷斯特1887年用氰化物溶液浸取低品位金矿。" }, { "id": "gramophone", "name": "圆盘留声机", "nameEn": "Gramophone", "wikiEn": "Gramophone record", "aliases": [ "唱机", "贝利纳唱机", "gramophone record" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "phonograph" ], "related": [ "sound_film" ], "desc": "贝利纳圆盘唱片唱机，奠定唱片工业。" }, { "id": "hertz_electromagnetic_waves", "name": "赫兹电磁波实验", "nameEn": "Hertz electromagnetic wave experiments", "wikiEn": "Heinrich Hertz", "aliases": [ "赫兹实验", "电磁波实验", "Hertz experiment", "Radio waves", "火花实验" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "maxwell_equations" ], "related": [ "radio" ], "desc": "赫兹用火花实验证实电磁波存在且速度如光速，验证麦克斯韦。" }, { "id": "induction_motor", "name": "感应电动机", "nameEn": "Induction motor", "wikiEn": "Induction motor", "aliases": [ "异步电动机", "Tesla induction motor", "交流感应马达" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "alternating_current", "three_phase_power" ], "desc": "特斯拉1887年发明异步感应电动机，工业电气化主力动力。" }, { "id": "jordan_curve_theorem", "name": "约当曲线定理", "nameEn": "Jordan curve theorem", "wikiEn": "Jordan curve theorem", "aliases": [ "若尔当曲线定理", "简单闭曲线分平面", "Jordan curve", "维布伦严格证明" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "listing_topology_naming" ], "related": [ "cantor_set_topological", "cartography", "poincare_topology" ], "desc": "约当提出简单闭曲线必把平面分成内外两部分，其直觉显然而严格证明迟至1905年。" }, { "id": "michelson_morley_experiment", "name": "迈克尔逊-莫雷实验", "nameEn": "Michelson–Morley experiment", "wikiEn": "Michelson–Morley experiment", "aliases": [ "迈克尔逊-莫雷实验", "Michelson–Morley experiment", "以太漂移实验", "零结果实验" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "maxwell_equations" ], "related": [ "special_relativity", "lorentz_transformations" ], "desc": "迈克尔逊-莫雷以干涉仪测得零结果，否定以太，催生相对论。" }, { "id": "petri_dish", "name": "培养皿", "nameEn": "Petri Dish", "wikiEn": "Petri dish", "aliases": [ "皿碟", "琼脂平皿" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "koch_postulates", "glassmaking" ], "related": [ "autoclave", "gram_stain", "cell_culture" ], "desc": "浅皿配琼脂长出单菌落，微生物成为可挑取的分离对象" }, { "id": "sewage_treatment", "name": "污水处理", "nameEn": "Sewage treatment", "wikiEn": "Sewage treatment", "aliases": [ "污水生化处理", "Activated sludge" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1880年代末首座生化处理厂，1914年活性污泥法", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "public_water_supply" ], "related": [ "modern_sewer", "pasteurization", "desalination" ], "desc": "用生物与化学手段净化生活污水，切断水传疾病链条。" }, { "id": "trickling_filter", "name": "滴滤床污水处理", "nameEn": "Trickling filter", "wikiEn": "Trickling filter", "aliases": [ "生物滤池", "洒滤池" ], "year": 1887, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "英国 19 世纪 80 年代碎石滤床试验，取约值", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "public_water_supply", "sewerage_system", "cloaca_maxima" ], "related": [ "slow_sand_filter", "sewage_treatment", "water_chlorination", "desalination" ], "desc": "污水喷淋碎石滤床，靠表面生物膜氧化分解有机物。" }, { "id": "bayer_process", "name": "拜耳法", "nameEn": "Bayer process", "wikiEn": "Bayer process", "aliases": [ "拜耳炼铝法", "铝土矿提氧化铝" ], "year": 1888, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hall_heroult_process" ], "related": [ "duralumin" ], "desc": "拜耳1888年创铝土矿碱浸提纯氧化铝法，配套电解铝工业。" }, { "id": "biological_pest_control", "name": "害虫生物防治", "nameEn": "Biological pest control", "wikiEn": "Biological pest control", "aliases": [ "以虫治虫", "生物防控" ], "year": 1888, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1888年澳洲瓢虫引入加州治吹绵蚧为标志事件；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [ "pesticide", "integrated_pest_management", "beekeeping" ], "desc": "养瓢虫治棉蚧，利用天敌的植保学科自此确立。" }, { "id": "deodorant", "name": "体香剂", "nameEn": "Deodorant", "wikiEn": "Deodorant", "aliases": [ "Antiperspirant" ], "year": 1888, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1888年首款商品Mum；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "soap" ], "related": [ "safety_razor", "shampoo" ], "desc": "抑制腋下细菌或阻塞汗腺，为无暇日日沐浴的现代人守住体味体面。" }, { "id": "electricity_meter", "name": "感应式电能表", "nameEn": "Electricity Meter", "wikiEn": "Electricity meter", "aliases": [ "电度表", "瓦时计" ], "year": 1888, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation", "galvanometer" ], "related": [ "transformer", "alternating_current", "electrical_grid" ], "desc": "电压与电流线圈在铝盘上感应出正比功率的转矩，电量第一次可计量可售" }, { "id": "international_phonetic_alphabet", "name": "国际音标", "nameEn": "International Phonetic Alphabet", "wikiEn": "International Phonetic Alphabet", "aliases": [ "IPA", "语音符号" ], "year": 1888, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "greek_alphabet", "hangul" ], "related": [ "standard_language_norm", "distance_education", "typewriter" ], "desc": "一套符号标注各种语言读音，田野记录与教学有了公度" }, { "id": "kodak_camera", "name": "柯达手持相机", "nameEn": "Kodak roll-film camera", "wikiEn": "Kodak", "aliases": [ "柯达相机", "卷片相机", "roll film camera" ], "year": 1888, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "autochrome", "halftone", "cinematograph" ], "desc": "伊斯曼柯达卷片手持相机，摄影走向大众。" }, { "id": "wind_turbine_electric", "name": "风力发电机", "nameEn": "Wind turbine", "wikiEn": "Wind turbine", "aliases": [ "Brush wind turbine", "布拉什风力机", "风力发电" ], "year": 1888, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "hydroelectricity", "geothermal_power" ], "desc": "布拉什1888年建成首台自动发电风力机，风电雏形。" }, { "id": "appendectomy", "name": "阑尾切除术", "nameEn": "Appendectomy", "wikiEn": "Appendectomy", "aliases": [ "麦克伯尼手术", "McBurney appendectomy" ], "year": 1889, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "aseptic_surgery", "surgical_gloves", "vulcanized_rubber" ], "related": [ "cesarean_section", "high_speed_steel", "stainless_steel" ], "desc": "麦克伯尼确立阑尾切除术，奠定急腹症外科。" }, { "id": "arrhenius_activation_energy", "name": "阿伦尼乌斯方程", "nameEn": "Arrhenius equation", "wikiEn": "Arrhenius equation", "aliases": [ "活化能方程", "阿伦尼乌斯公式", "Arrhenius plot", "温度速率方程" ], "year": 1889, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "law_of_mass_action" ], "related": [ "transition_state_theory", "catalysis_concept" ], "desc": "阿伦尼乌斯给出速率常数随温度指数变化的方程。" }, { "id": "holders_inequality", "name": "赫尔德不等式", "nameEn": "Hölder's inequality", "wikiEn": "Hölder's inequality", "aliases": [ "赫尔德不等式", "共轭指数不等式", "Hölder inequality", "Lp对偶基础" ], "year": 1889, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_integral" ], "related": [ "minkowski_inequality", "lp_spaces" ], "desc": "赫尔德证明共轭指数下积分乘积的估计，是Lp空间对偶与整个现代分析的基本不等式。" }, { "id": "jukebox", "name": "自动点唱机", "nameEn": "Jukebox", "wikiEn": "Jukebox", "aliases": [], "year": 1889, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "投币点唱为前身，电动点唱机1940年代成熟", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gramophone" ], "related": [ "vending_machine" ], "desc": "投币选碟自动播放，公共场所的音乐点播把唱片从客厅带到吧台。" }, { "id": "notifiable_disease_reporting", "name": "法定传染病报告制度", "nameEn": "Notifiable Disease Reporting", "wikiEn": "Notifiable disease", "aliases": [ "传染病法定报告", "疫情报告制" ], "year": 1889, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "germ_theory", "john_snow_epidemiology" ], "related": [ "quarantine", "census_system", "international_telegraph_union", "contact_tracing" ], "desc": "医生须按时上报病名，疫情曲线成为连续的统计数据" }, { "id": "peano_axioms", "name": "皮亚诺算术公理", "nameEn": "Peano axioms", "wikiEn": "Peano axioms", "aliases": [ "皮亚诺公设", "自然数公理", "Peano postulates", "Dedekind–Peano axioms" ], "year": 1889, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "frege_begriffsschrift" ], "related": [ "cantor_set_theory", "godel_incompleteness" ], "desc": "皮亚诺以五条公理刻画自然数与归纳法，并创简明符号，成为形式算术的标准起点。" }, { "id": "photographic_film", "name": "感光软片", "nameEn": "Photographic Film", "wikiEn": "Photographic film", "aliases": [ "胶卷", "软片" ], "year": 1889, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "photography", "celluloid" ], "related": [ "cinematograph", "xerography", "autochrome" ], "desc": "片基涂感光乳剂并卷装成卷，摄影从此摆脱玻璃底板" }, { "id": "residency_training", "name": "住院医师培训制", "nameEn": "Medical Residency", "wikiEn": "Residency (medicine)", "aliases": [ "住院医制度", "毕业后医学教育" ], "year": 1889, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "clinical_thermometer", "koch_postulates", "antiseptic_surgery" ], "related": [ "nursing_profession", "standardized_test", "normal_school", "aseptic_surgery" ], "desc": "教学医院分级驻院培训并考核，外科技术靠动手授权" }, { "id": "surgical_gloves", "name": "医用橡胶手套", "nameEn": "Sterile surgical gloves", "wikiEn": "Medical glove", "aliases": [ "手术手套", "Halsted gloves", "消毒手套" ], "year": 1889, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "aseptic_surgery", "vulcanized_rubber", "weaving" ], "related": [ "appendectomy", "cesarean_section", "polyethylene", "silicone" ], "desc": "霍尔斯特德推行橡胶手套，减少术中感染。" }, { "id": "antitrust_law", "name": "反托拉斯法", "nameEn": "Antitrust law", "wikiEn": "Competition law", "aliases": [ "竞争法", "反垄断法" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1890年谢尔曼法；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "corporate_law", "smith_wealth_of_nations" ], "related": [ "coase_theorem", "information_asymmetry", "marshall_neoclassical_economics" ], "desc": "宣布垄断协议与串通定价违法，市场结构本身成为规制对象。" }, { "id": "arithmetic_group", "name": "算术群", "nameEn": "Arithmetic group", "wikiEn": "Arithmetic group", "aliases": [ "算术子群", "整数李群", "Arithmetic subgroup" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algebraic_number_field" ], "related": [ "geometry_of_numbers", "langlands_program" ], "desc": "李群中与整数格可公度的离散子群，其轨道与商空间联系数论与几何。" }, { "id": "cantilever_bridge", "name": "悬臂桥", "nameEn": "Cantilever bridge", "wikiEn": "Cantilever bridge", "aliases": [ "平衡悬臂梁桥" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "苏格兰福斯桥1890年建成；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bessemer_steel", "suspension_bridge" ], "related": [ "cable_stayed_bridge", "railway_locomotive", "truss" ], "desc": "以悬臂逐段外伸、中部挂孔合龙的桥型，铁路过海利器。" }, { "id": "harvard_spectral_classification", "name": "恒星光谱分类", "nameEn": "Harvard spectral classification", "wikiEn": "Harvard spectral classification", "aliases": [ "哈佛分类法", "OBAFGKM序列" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "皮克林《德雷伯星表》初版1890年，1900年代重排成温度序列；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "spectroscopy", "kirchhoff_blackbody_radiation" ], "related": [ "hertzsprung_russell_diagram", "period_luminosity_relation" ], "desc": "按谱线把恒星排成OBAFGKM序列，星族研究的通用语言。" }, { "id": "installment_credit", "name": "分期付款销售", "nameEn": "Installment credit", "wikiEn": "Installment loan", "aliases": [ "分期付款", "分期信贷" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "缝纫机等耐用品的月付制度在十九世纪最后二十年普及", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "department_store", "savings_bank" ], "related": [ "credit_card_system", "supermarket", "pawnbroker" ], "desc": "按月收款出售耐用机器，把未来工资折进当期消费。" }, { "id": "james_principles_psychology", "name": "詹姆斯心理学原理", "nameEn": "The Principles of Psychology", "wikiEn": "The Principles of Psychology", "aliases": [ "机能主义心理学", "意识流", "William James", "实用主义心理学" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "wundt_experimental_psychology" ], "desc": "以意识流与机能适应界定心理，开创美国机能主义心理学。" }, { "id": "marshall_neoclassical_economics", "name": "马歇尔新古典经济学", "nameEn": "Alfred Marshall", "wikiEn": "Alfred Marshall", "aliases": [ "经济学原理", "供求均衡", "马歇尔剪刀", "Marshall cross" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "marginal_utility_revolution" ], "related": [ "smith_wealth_of_nations" ], "desc": "以供求曲线与边际分析建立价格均衡框架，集新古典之大成。" }, { "id": "peano_space_filling_curve", "name": "皮亚诺曲线", "nameEn": "Peano curve", "wikiEn": "Peano curve", "aliases": [ "空间填充曲线", "皮亚诺填满曲线", "Space-filling curve", "Peano's curve" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "peano_axioms" ], "related": [ "mandelbrot_fractal", "poincare_topology" ], "desc": "皮亚诺构造出填满正方形的连续曲线，颠覆维数直觉，预示分形与病态函数研究。" }, { "id": "picard_lindelof_theorem", "name": "皮卡-林德勒夫定理", "nameEn": "Picard–Lindelöf theorem", "wikiEn": "Picard–Lindelöf theorem", "aliases": [ "皮卡存在唯一性", "柯西-李普希茨定理", "Picard iteration", "解的存在唯一性" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "peano_existence_theorem" ], "related": [ "banach_fixed_point", "liouville_riccati_impossibility" ], "desc": "皮卡以迭代、林德勒夫以压缩条件证明利普希茨右端解存在唯一，ODE基本定理。" }, { "id": "poincare_three_body_problem", "name": "庞加莱三体问题研究", "nameEn": "Three-body problem", "wikiEn": "Three-body problem", "aliases": [ "三体问题", "天体力学新方法", "同宿缠结", "Poincaré three-body", "Mécanique céleste" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hamilton_jacobi_equation", "lindstedt_perturbation" ], "related": [ "poincare_qualitative_theory", "lyapunov_stability", "kam_theorem" ], "desc": "庞加莱发现轨道对初值敏感与同宿缠结，否定简单可积性，催生混沌研究。" }, { "id": "punched_card", "name": "穿孔卡片", "nameEn": "Punched card", "wikiEn": "Punched card", "aliases": [ "打孔卡", "霍勒利斯卡片", "punch card", "IBM card" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "霍勒里斯为1890年美国人口普查设计电动制表系统；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "jacquard_loom" ], "related": [ "ibm_407", "stored_program_computer", "assembler", "numerical_control" ], "desc": "以孔位组合编码数据并由机器读入统计，把织机的穿孔思路变成数据处理产业。" }, { "id": "serum_therapy", "name": "血清疗法", "nameEn": "Serum therapy (antitoxin)", "wikiEn": "Antiserum", "aliases": [ "抗毒素疗法", "抗血清", "antitoxin therapy" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "anthrax_vaccine", "glassmaking", "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "diphtheria_antitoxin", "tetanus_toxoid", "tuberculin" ], "desc": "冯·贝林与北里发现抗毒素，开创血清疗法。" }, { "id": "tuberculin", "name": "结核菌素", "nameEn": "Tuberculin", "wikiEn": "Tuberculin", "aliases": [ "科赫结核菌素", "Koch tuberculin", "旧结核菌素" ], "year": 1890, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "microscope", "pasteurization" ], "related": [ "bcg_vaccine", "refrigeration", "serum_therapy" ], "desc": "科赫公布结核菌素，后转为结核诊断试剂。" }, { "id": "automatic_telephone_switch", "name": "步进制自动电话交换机", "nameEn": "Strowger switch", "wikiEn": "Strowger switch", "aliases": [ "斯特罗格交换机", "自动电话交换", "dial telephone exchange" ], "year": 1891, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telephone", "telephone_exchange" ], "related": [ "telex", "teleprinter" ], "desc": "斯特罗格步进制交换机，拨号自动取代话务员。" }, { "id": "basketball", "name": "篮球", "nameEn": "Basketball", "wikiEn": "Basketball", "aliases": [ "投筐球", "室内五人制球赛" ], "year": 1891, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "奈史密斯 1891 年于 Springfield 制定十三条规则", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "history_of_football", "modern_olympic_games", "esports" ], "desc": "为冬季室内体能训练设计的投筐团体项目，因场地小而迅速全球化。" }, { "id": "electrical_grid", "name": "电网", "nameEn": "Electrical grid", "wikiEn": "Electrical grid", "aliases": [ "供电网", "电力系统", "输配电网" ], "year": 1891, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "alternating_current", "transformer", "pearl_street_station" ], "related": [ "three_phase_power", "hydroelectricity" ], "desc": "1890年代交流高压输电线互联成网，中央电站集中供电。" }, { "id": "kinetoscope", "name": "活动电影放映机", "nameEn": "Kinetoscope", "wikiEn": "Kinetoscope", "aliases": [ "电影视镜", "爱迪生窥视镜", "西洋镜" ], "year": 1891, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "phonograph" ], "related": [ "cinematograph", "kodak_camera" ], "desc": "爱迪生单人窥视式活动影像装置，电影放映前身。" }, { "id": "mimeograph", "name": "蜡版油印", "nameEn": "Mimeograph", "wikiEn": "Mimeograph", "aliases": [ "油印机", "蜡纸复印" ], "year": 1891, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "papermaking", "printing_ink" ], "related": [ "typewriter", "distance_education", "carbon_paper" ], "desc": "刻蜡纸让油墨漏印成张，低成本复制使讲义迅速扩散" }, { "id": "natural_gas_distribution", "name": "天然气输配", "nameEn": "Natural gas", "wikiEn": "Natural gas", "aliases": [ "天然气管网", "长距离天然气管道", "城市燃气" ], "year": 1891, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "oil_pipeline", "liquefied_petroleum_gas", "gas_mantle" ], "desc": "1891年美国建成首条长距离天然气管道，城市燃气输配成型。" }, { "id": "neuron_doctrine", "name": "神经元学说", "nameEn": "Neuron doctrine", "wikiEn": "Neuron doctrine", "aliases": [ "卡哈尔神经元学说", "神经原学说", "Cajal neuron doctrine", "神经细胞学说" ], "year": 1891, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cell_theory", "microscope" ], "related": [ "eeg", "electron_microscope", "hodgkin_huxley_model", "virchow_cellular_pathology" ], "desc": "卡哈尔证明神经元是神经系统基本单位，奠基现代神经科学。" }, { "id": "silicon_carbide", "name": "碳化硅", "nameEn": "Silicon carbide", "wikiEn": "Silicon carbide", "aliases": [ "金刚砂", "Carborundum", "碳硅砂" ], "year": 1891, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "synthetic_graphite", "tungsten_carbide", "electric_arc_furnace" ], "desc": "艾奇逊1891年电炉合成碳化硅，首种人造磨料。" }, { "id": "solar_water_heating", "name": "太阳能热水器", "nameEn": "Solar water heating", "wikiEn": "Solar water heating", "aliases": [ "Climax solar heater", "Kemp solar water heater", "太阳能热利用" ], "year": 1891, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "conservation_of_energy", "glassblowing", "plate_glass" ], "related": [ "greenhouse", "seg_solar_thermal", "solar_cell" ], "desc": "肯普1891年获商用太阳能热水器专利，太阳能热利用开端。" }, { "id": "three_phase_power", "name": "三相交流电", "nameEn": "Three-phase electric power", "wikiEn": "Three-phase electric power", "aliases": [ "三相电", "多相交流", "Lauffen-Frankfurt" ], "year": 1891, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "alternating_current", "transformer" ], "related": [ "induction_motor", "electrical_grid", "hydroelectricity" ], "desc": "1891年劳芬-法兰克福三相输电演示成功，交流制式定型。" }, { "id": "bicomplex_number", "name": "双复数", "nameEn": "Bicomplex number", "wikiEn": "Bicomplex number", "aliases": [ "双复数系", "交换四元数", "双复虚数", "Bicomplex" ], "year": 1892, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gauss_fundamental_theorem_algebra" ], "related": [ "hamilton_quaternions", "clifford_algebra" ], "desc": "塞格雷1892年引入的交换四维复超复数系，含零因子，是多复变数的早期推广。" }, { "id": "calcium_carbide", "name": "碳化钙", "nameEn": "Calcium carbide", "wikiEn": "Calcium carbide", "aliases": [ "电石", "乙炔钙" ], "year": 1892, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "calcium_cyanamide", "chloralkali_process" ], "desc": "威尔逊1892年电炉制电石，遇水产乙炔，照明与化工原料。" }, { "id": "chloralkali_process", "name": "氯碱法", "nameEn": "Chloralkali process", "wikiEn": "Chloralkali process", "aliases": [ "Castner-Kellner process", "电解食盐水", "氯碱工业" ], "year": 1892, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "solvay_process", "contact_process", "calcium_carbide" ], "desc": "卡斯特纳-克尔纳1892年电解食盐水制氯气与烧碱。" }, { "id": "conveyor_belt", "name": "输送带", "nameEn": "Conveyor system", "wikiEn": "Conveyor system", "aliases": [ "皮带输送机", "Robins conveyor", "传送带" ], "year": 1892, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "assembly_line", "coal_cutting_machine" ], "desc": "罗宾斯1892年推出耐重型皮带输送机，流水线物流基础。" }, { "id": "lyapunov_stability", "name": "李雅普诺夫稳定性理论", "nameEn": "Lyapunov stability", "wikiEn": "Lyapunov stability", "aliases": [ "李雅普诺夫指数", "李雅普诺夫函数", "运动稳定性", "Lyapunov function", "Lyapunov exponent" ], "year": 1892, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "poincare_qualitative_theory" ], "related": [ "poincare_three_body_problem", "lorenz_chaos", "kam_theorem" ], "desc": "李雅普诺夫在博士论文中以直接法函数与特征指数判别平衡稳定性，成为控制与混沌标准。" }, { "id": "pade_approximant", "name": "Padé逼近", "nameEn": "Padé approximant", "wikiEn": "Padé approximant", "aliases": [ "帕德逼近", "帕德近似", "有理函数逼近", "Pade approximation" ], "year": 1892, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "taylor_series" ], "related": [ "runge_phenomenon", "fractional_fourier_transform" ], "desc": "帕德1892年系统研究的有理函数逼近，局部常比同阶泰勒级数更准确。" }, { "id": "snakes_and_ladders", "name": "蛇梯棋", "nameEn": "Snakes and ladders", "wikiEn": "Snakes and ladders", "aliases": [], "year": 1892, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "印度起源，1892年英国专利输出", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "dice" ], "related": [ "backgammon", "playing_cards" ], "desc": "掷骰上行遇蛇下滑，业力教具变成最早的量产儿童桌游之一。" }, { "id": "tractor", "name": "拖拉机", "nameEn": "Tractor", "wikiEn": "Tractor", "aliases": [ "Froelich tractor", "汽油拖拉机", "Hart-Parr" ], "year": 1892, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "tank", "automobile" ], "desc": "弗勒利希制成首台实用汽油机拖拉机，农机动力革命。" }, { "id": "vacuum_flask", "name": "保温瓶", "nameEn": "Vacuum flask", "wikiEn": "Vacuum flask", "aliases": [ "杜瓦瓶", "Dewar flask", "热水瓶" ], "year": 1892, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "diffusion_pump", "linde_air_liquefaction" ], "desc": "杜瓦1892年发明真空夹层保温瓶，低温实验与民用保温。" }, { "id": "weismann_germ_plasm", "name": "魏斯曼种质论", "nameEn": "Germ plasm", "wikiEn": "Germ plasm", "aliases": [ "种质连续学说", "魏斯曼屏障", "Weismannism", "种质体质区分" ], "year": 1892, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "evolution_natural_selection", "microscope" ], "related": [ "electron_microscope", "lamarckism", "mendelian_inheritance", "photography" ], "desc": "区分种质与体质，遗传仅经生殖细胞传递，否定获得性遗传。" }, { "id": "borosilicate_glass", "name": "硼硅酸盐玻璃", "nameEn": "Borosilicate glass", "wikiEn": "Borosilicate glass", "aliases": [ "耶拿玻璃", "Pyrex", "派热克斯" ], "year": 1893, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fourcault_process", "fiberglass", "laminated_glass" ], "desc": "肖特1893年研制耐温差硼硅玻璃，化工与耐热器皿材料。" }, { "id": "ferris_wheel", "name": "摩天轮", "nameEn": "Ferris wheel", "wikiEn": "Ferris wheel", "aliases": [], "year": 1893, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1893年芝加哥世博会展出", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine" ], "related": [ "steel_frame_construction" ], "desc": "蒸汽驱动巨型钢轮载人旋转俯瞰博览会，观景游乐自此有了地标。" }, { "id": "mop", "name": "拖把", "nameEn": "Mop", "wikiEn": "Mop", "aliases": [ "拖布", "抹布拖" ], "year": 1893, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以绞水架与棉纱头组合的湿式地面清洁具在十九世纪末定型", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bucket", "broom" ], "related": [ "bucket", "towel", "bathtub" ], "desc": "以吸水纤维头蘸水擦地的长柄工具，把硬质地面清洁从扫变为擦洗。" }, { "id": "poincare_duality", "name": "庞加莱对偶定理", "nameEn": "Poincaré duality", "wikiEn": "Poincaré duality", "aliases": [ "庞加莱对偶性", "流形同调对偶", "Poincare duality", "对偶定理" ], "year": 1893, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "betti_numbers" ], "related": [ "de_rham_theorem", "homology_theory", "maxwell_equations" ], "desc": "闭流形k维与余k维同调群同构，揭示流形上同调与上同调的根本对称。" }, { "id": "slow_sand_filter", "name": "慢砂滤水", "nameEn": "Slow sand filtration", "wikiEn": "Slow sand filter", "aliases": [ "慢砂滤池", "bacterial water filtration", "细菌学滤水" ], "year": 1893, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "modern_sewer" ], "related": [ "water_chlorination", "typhoid_vaccine", "activated_sludge" ], "desc": "基于细菌学的慢砂滤池净化城市饮用水。" }, { "id": "toaster", "name": "多士炉", "nameEn": "Toaster", "wikiEn": "Toaster", "aliases": [ "Electric toaster" ], "year": 1893, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "clothes_iron", "air_fryer" ], "desc": "电热丝秒烤面包片，与电熨斗同为最早改变家务节奏的小型电器。" }, { "id": "universal_suffrage", "name": "普选权", "nameEn": "Universal suffrage", "wikiEn": "Universal suffrage", "aliases": [ "普遍选举权", "一人一票" ], "year": 1893, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新西兰 1893 年首个给予妇女投票权的自治国家；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "constitution_written", "parliament" ], "related": [ "welfare_state" ], "desc": "投票权不再受财产、出身与性别限制，主权归属在法理上落到全体成人。" }, { "id": "wien_displacement_law", "name": "维恩位移定律", "nameEn": "Wien's displacement law", "wikiEn": "Wien's displacement law", "aliases": [ "维恩位移定律", "Wien's law", "黑体峰值波长定律", "维恩定律" ], "year": 1893, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stefan_boltzmann_law" ], "related": [ "planck_quantum_hypothesis", "rayleigh_jeans_law" ], "desc": "维恩给出黑体辐射峰值波长与温度成反比，催生色温概念。" }, { "id": "zipper", "name": "拉链", "nameEn": "Zipper", "wikiEn": "Zipper", "aliases": [ "拉锁", "牙链扣" ], "year": 1893, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1893 年芝加哥世博会展出钩扣式样，1913 年改为现代齿牙；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sewing_machine", "button" ], "related": [ "button", "jeans", "brassiere" ], "desc": "以连续齿牙互锁实现开合的柔性扣件，把成衣穿脱变为一次拉动。" }, { "id": "automatic_block_signaling", "name": "自动闭塞信号", "nameEn": "Automatic Block Signaling", "wikiEn": "Automatic block signaling", "aliases": [ "轨道电路自动信号" ], "year": 1894, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "railway_signalling", "telegraph" ], "related": [ "railway_air_brake", "electric_locomotive", "subway" ], "desc": "轨道电路被列车分路即自动改显示，闭塞不再靠人工报知，行车密度才提得上" }, { "id": "automobile_transmission", "name": "手动变速器", "nameEn": "Sliding-gear manual transmission", "wikiEn": "Manual transmission", "aliases": [ "Panhard system", "滑动齿轮变速器", "汽车变速箱", "Systeme Panhard" ], "year": 1894, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "automobile" ], "related": [ "automatic_transmission" ], "desc": "庞阿尔滑动齿轮变速器奠定前置后驱传动布局。" }, { "id": "big_o_notation", "name": "大 O 记号", "nameEn": "Big O notation", "wikiEn": "Big O notation", "aliases": [ "O记号", "渐近记号", "Landau symbol" ], "year": 1894, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "巴赫曼1894年引入，兰道普及", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "asymptotic_expansions" ], "related": [ "algorithm", "computational_complexity_theory", "cooley_tukey_fft", "unit_of_measurement" ], "desc": "刻画函数增长阶的符号约定，成为全行业衡量算法效率的通用度量衡。" }, { "id": "diphtheria_antitoxin", "name": "白喉抗毒素", "nameEn": "Diphtheria antitoxin", "wikiEn": "Diphtheria antitoxin", "aliases": [ "白喉血清", "Roux diphtheria antitoxin" ], "year": 1894, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "borosilicate_glass", "refrigeration", "serum_therapy" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "freeze_drying", "rabies_vaccine", "tetanus_toxoid" ], "desc": "鲁制备白喉抗毒素，血清疗法大规模应用。" }, { "id": "drywall", "name": "石膏板", "nameEn": "Drywall", "wikiEn": "Drywall", "aliases": [ "萨基特板", "石膏墙板", "Sackett board" ], "year": 1894, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "reinforced_concrete", "rotary_kiln" ], "desc": "萨克特1894年发明石膏夹纸板，干式建造加速房屋施工。" }, { "id": "minimum_wage_law", "name": "最低工资法", "nameEn": "Minimum wage law", "wikiEn": "Minimum wage", "aliases": [ "最低工资", "工资下限法" ], "year": 1894, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新西兰1894年《劳资调解与仲裁法》首创强制工资下限；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "trade_union", "social_insurance" ], "related": [ "collective_bargaining", "welfare_state", "trade_union" ], "desc": "立法设定劳动报酬下限，并设仲裁法庭强制雇主执行。" }, { "id": "pearson_standard_deviation", "name": "皮尔逊标准差与矩体系", "nameEn": "Standard deviation", "wikiEn": "Standard deviation", "aliases": [ "标准差", "变异系数", "偏度", "峰度", "皮尔逊矩体系" ], "year": 1894, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "galton_regression_correlation" ], "related": [ "pearson_correlation_coefficient", "gauss_normal_error_theory" ], "desc": "皮尔逊命名标准差并建偏度、峰度等矩体系，使分布形态可系统度量。" }, { "id": "slot_machine", "name": "老虎机", "nameEn": "Slot machine", "wikiEn": "Slot machine", "aliases": [], "year": 1894, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1890年代布鲁克林投币机", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "vending_machine" ], "related": [ "playing_cards" ], "desc": "投币转盘三符成线即吐彩，从酒馆小机器到电子角子机的赌博主力。" }, { "id": "stieltjes_integral", "name": "斯蒂尔切斯积分", "nameEn": "Riemann–Stieltjes integral", "wikiEn": "Riemann–Stieltjes integral", "aliases": [ "黎曼-斯蒂尔切斯积分", "RS积分", "Stieltjes integral", "对函数积分" ], "year": 1894, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "jordan_bounded_variation" ], "related": [ "lebesgue_integration", "cantor_function", "asymptotic_expansions" ], "desc": "斯蒂尔切斯为研究连分数引入对另一函数的积分，统一离散求和与连续积分，革新矩问题。" }, { "id": "biogas", "name": "沼气", "nameEn": "Biogas", "wikiEn": "Biogas", "aliases": [ "甲烷发酵气", "Anaerobic digestion" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "19世纪末建成首批厌氧消化池", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fermentation" ], "related": [ "manure", "natural_gas_distribution", "dairy" ], "desc": "厌氧消化粪污与有机垃圾所得可燃气体及其工程。" }, { "id": "cinematograph", "name": "电影机", "nameEn": "Cinématographe", "wikiEn": "Cinematograph", "aliases": [ "电影放映机", "卢米埃尔电影机", "Lumière cinematograph" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kinetoscope" ], "related": [ "sound_film", "technicolor", "phonograph" ], "desc": "卢米埃尔兄弟电影机首次公开售票放映电影。" }, { "id": "fundamental_group", "name": "基本群", "nameEn": "Fundamental group", "wikiEn": "Fundamental group", "aliases": [ "一阶同伦群", "基本群论", "单连通性", "覆叠空间", "Fundamental groups" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "poincare_topology" ], "related": [ "homology_theory", "knot_group_wirtinger", "liquid_crystal_material", "seifert_van_kampen" ], "desc": "庞加莱以闭路同伦类成群刻画空间孔洞，引出单连通、覆叠空间与同伦群体系。" }, { "id": "heine_borel_theorem", "name": "海涅-博雷尔定理", "nameEn": "Heine–Borel theorem", "wikiEn": "Heine–Borel theorem", "aliases": [ "海涅博雷尔", "有限覆盖定理", "闭区间紧性", "Heine-Borel compactness" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bolzano_weierstrass_theorem" ], "related": [ "compactness_concept", "dinis_theorem" ], "desc": "海涅与博雷尔刻画欧氏空间中有界闭集的有限覆盖性质，把紧性引入分析论证。" }, { "id": "homology_theory", "name": "同调论", "nameEn": "Homology (mathematics)", "wikiEn": "Homology (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "同调理论", "同调群", "庞加莱同调", "位置分析同调", "Homology theory" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "betti_numbers", "poincare_topology" ], "related": [ "cohomology_theory", "ct_scanner", "euler_polyhedron_formula", "singular_homology" ], "desc": "庞加莱以边缘链与同调群代数化计数各维孔洞，经布劳威尔等发展为核心工具。" }, { "id": "kdv_equation", "name": "KdV方程", "nameEn": "Korteweg–De Vries equation", "wikiEn": "Korteweg–De Vries equation", "aliases": [ "科特韦赫-德弗里斯方程", "浅水波方程", "KdV equation", "孤立波方程" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "russell_solitary_wave" ], "related": [ "kruskal_solitons", "lax_pairs" ], "desc": "科特韦赫与德弗里斯导出浅水波方程并得到罗素孤立波解，七十年后成为孤子理论原型。" }, { "id": "kiaer_representative_sampling", "name": "凯弗代表性抽样", "nameEn": "Survey sampling", "wikiEn": "Survey sampling", "aliases": [ "代表性抽样", "抽样调查", "凯弗方法", "奈曼分层抽样" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "graunt_life_table" ], "related": [ "neyman_confidence_interval" ], "desc": "凯弗1895年倡导代表性抽样，奈曼1934年奠定分层抽样的理论基础。" }, { "id": "linde_air_liquefaction", "name": "空气液化精馏", "nameEn": "Air separation", "wikiEn": "Air separation", "aliases": [ "林德空气液化法", "Hampson–Linde cycle", "深冷空气分离" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "oxy_acetylene_welding", "haber_process", "gas_turbine" ], "desc": "林德1895年实现空气液化精馏，工业制氧制氮之始。" }, { "id": "lorentz_force", "name": "洛伦兹力", "nameEn": "Lorentz force", "wikiEn": "Lorentz force", "aliases": [ "洛伦兹力", "Lorentz force", "电磁力公式", "洛伦兹力定律" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "maxwell_equations" ], "related": [ "oersted_electromagnetism", "zeeman_effect" ], "desc": "洛伦兹给出电荷在电磁场中受力公式，经典电动力学核心。" }, { "id": "motor_bus", "name": "公共汽车", "nameEn": "Motor bus", "wikiEn": "Bus", "aliases": [ "Omnibus", "Benz omnibus", "巴士", "公交车" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "motor_truck", "streetcar" ], "desc": "本茨动力客车在德国首开内燃机公交班线。" }, { "id": "pearson_correlation_coefficient", "name": "皮尔逊积差相关系数", "nameEn": "Pearson correlation coefficient", "wikiEn": "Pearson correlation coefficient", "aliases": [ "皮尔逊相关系数", "积差相关", "皮尔逊积矩相关", "Pearson r" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "galton_regression_correlation" ], "related": [ "heterosis", "plant_breeding", "principal_component_analysis", "spearman_rank_correlation" ], "desc": "皮尔逊将高尔顿相关发展为积矩相关系数，成为度量线性关联的标准。" }, { "id": "poincare_topology", "name": "庞加莱拓扑学", "nameEn": "Topology", "wikiEn": "Topology", "aliases": [ "位置分析", "同伦论", "庞加莱对偶", "Analysis Situs", "Homotopy" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_geometry" ], "related": [ "general_relativity", "perelman_poincare_conjecture", "poincare_three_body_problem", "seven_bridges_graph_theory" ], "desc": "庞加莱《位置分析》引入同伦、同调与基本群，使拓扑成长为20世纪核心数学分支。" }, { "id": "radio", "name": "无线电", "nameEn": "Radio", "wikiEn": "Invention of radio", "aliases": [ "无线电报", "wireless telegraphy", "马可尼无线电" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "transoceanic_radio", "audion_triode", "broadcasting", "radar" ], "desc": "马可尼实现无线电报，无线通信由此诞生。" }, { "id": "simplicial_complex", "name": "单纯复形", "nameEn": "Simplicial complex", "wikiEn": "Simplicial complex", "aliases": [ "单纯形", "单形复形", "三角复形", "Simplicial complexes", "Simplex" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "poincare_topology" ], "related": [ "triangulation_rado", "cw_complex", "euler_polyhedron_formula" ], "desc": "以单纯形沿面粘合构成空间的组合模型，把拓扑问题化为可计算的链与边界运算。" }, { "id": "stop_motion", "name": "定格动画", "nameEn": "Stop motion", "wikiEn": "Stop motion", "aliases": [ "逐格拍摄", "木偶动画" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以逐帧挪动实体再拍摄的技法在十九世纪九十年代出现", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kinetoscope", "gelatin_silver_process" ], "related": [ "animation", "puppet_theatre", "cinematograph" ], "desc": "逐帧挪动实体物件再拍摄成影像的技法，让无生命物在银幕上动起来。" }, { "id": "tenpin_bowling", "name": "十瓶保龄球", "nameEn": "Tenpin bowling", "wikiEn": "Tenpin bowling", "aliases": [], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1895年美国保龄球大会定规则；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "team_sport" ], "related": [ "dice" ], "desc": "九瓶改为十瓶并统一记分，机器摆瓶加持，球道成为大众夜生活标配。" }, { "id": "thermite_welding", "name": "铝热焊", "nameEn": "Exothermic welding", "wikiEn": "Exothermic welding", "aliases": [ "放热焊", "Goldschmidt thermite", "铝热剂焊" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "electric_arc_welding", "oxy_acetylene_welding" ], "desc": "戈德施密特1895年发明铝热反应焊，铁轨与电缆现场焊接。" }, { "id": "volleyball", "name": "排球", "nameEn": "Volleyball", "wikiEn": "Volleyball", "aliases": [], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "摩根1895年马萨诸塞创制", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "basketball" ], "related": [ "history_of_tennis" ], "desc": "高网隔网传球不身体对抗，为宜室运动而生，席卷学校与沙滩。" }, { "id": "x_ray", "name": "X射线", "nameEn": "X-ray", "wikiEn": "X-ray", "aliases": [ "伦琴射线", "Rontgen ray", "X光" ], "year": 1895, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "radiation_therapy", "x_ray_crystallography", "ecg" ], "desc": "伦琴发现X射线，迅速用于医学影像诊断。" }, { "id": "becquerel_radioactivity", "name": "贝克勒尔发现放射性", "nameEn": "Discovery of radioactivity", "wikiEn": "Henri Becquerel", "aliases": [ "放射性发现", "铀射线", "Becquerel radioactivity", "Henri Becquerel", "贝克勒尔射线" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "x_ray" ], "related": [ "curie_radioactivity", "thomson_electron" ], "desc": "贝克勒尔发现铀盐自发放出穿透射线，放射性研究开端。" }, { "id": "convex_combination", "name": "凸组合", "nameEn": "Convex combination", "wikiEn": "Convex combination", "aliases": [ "凸性组合", "凸线性组合", "权重凸组合" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "absolutely_convex_set", "geometry_of_numbers" ], "desc": "系数非负且和为1的线性组合，是闵可夫斯基凸体理论中的基本运算。" }, { "id": "escalator", "name": "自动扶梯", "nameEn": "Escalator", "wikiEn": "Escalator", "aliases": [ "Reno inclined elevator", "自动楼梯", "扶梯", "Moving staircase" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "safety_elevator" ], "desc": "里诺倾斜自动扶梯在康尼岛投入游乐运营。" }, { "id": "gauge_blocks", "name": "量块", "nameEn": "Gauge block", "wikiEn": "Gauge block", "aliases": [ "块规", "Johansson gauge", "约翰逊量块" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "precision_grinding", "assembly_line" ], "desc": "约翰松1896年创制精密量块，工业长度计量统一基准。" }, { "id": "geometry_of_numbers", "name": "几何数论", "nameEn": "Geometry of numbers", "wikiEn": "Geometry of numbers", "aliases": [ "数的几何", "数论几何", "格点几何" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "definite_quadratic_form" ], "related": [ "arithmetic_group", "blichfeldt_theorem", "dirichlet_approximation_theorem", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "desc": "闵可夫斯基1896年创立，用格与凸体几何研究丢番图逼近和代数数论。" }, { "id": "minkowski_convex_geometry", "name": "闵可夫斯基凸体理论", "nameEn": "Convex body", "wikiEn": "Convex body", "aliases": [ "闵可夫斯基凸几何", "凸体", "凸集几何", "Minkowski convex geometry" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mixed_volume", "erlangen_program" ], "desc": "闵可夫斯基以支撑函数、加法与格点研究凸体，开创现代凸几何并反哺数论。" }, { "id": "minkowski_inequality", "name": "闵可夫斯基不等式", "nameEn": "Minkowski inequality", "wikiEn": "Minkowski inequality", "aliases": [ "闵可夫斯基不等式", "三角不等式积分版", "Minkowski inequality", "Lp三角不等式" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "holders_inequality" ], "related": [ "lp_spaces", "minkowski_convex_geometry" ], "desc": "闵可夫斯基给出积分和的范数估计，使Lp满足三角不等式，是函数空间公理化前提。" }, { "id": "modern_olympic_games", "name": "现代奥林匹克运动会", "nameEn": "Olympic Games", "wikiEn": "Olympic Games", "aliases": [ "奥运会", "夏季奥运会" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1896 年雅典举行首届现代奥运会", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ancient_olympic_games", "history_of_football" ], "related": [ "esports", "basketball", "history_of_boxing" ], "desc": "以民族国家为单位、周期轮办的全球综合竞技制度，重塑了古代赛会传统。" }, { "id": "motor_truck", "name": "卡车", "nameEn": "Truck", "wikiEn": "Truck", "aliases": [ "Lorry", "Daimler truck", "载货汽车", "货车" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "semi_trailer", "motor_bus", "forklift" ], "desc": "戴姆勒造出首辆内燃机载货卡车，革新公路货运。" }, { "id": "prime_number_theorem", "name": "素数定理", "nameEn": "Prime number theorem", "wikiEn": "Prime number theorem", "aliases": [ "质数定理", "PNT" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "阿达马与德·拉·瓦莱—普桑1896年各自证明；高斯与勒让德早前给出猜想", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "analytic_number_theory", "euler_product_zeta" ], "related": [ "prime_number", "rsa" ], "desc": "不超过 x 的素数个数近似于 x 除以 ln x，首次给出素数增长的确切阶。" }, { "id": "radiation_therapy", "name": "放射治疗", "nameEn": "Radiation therapy", "wikiEn": "Radiation therapy", "aliases": [ "放疗", "镭疗", "radium therapy" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "becquerel_radioactivity", "x_ray" ], "related": [ "bcg_vaccine", "curie_radioactivity", "geiger_counter", "pap_smear" ], "desc": "X线与居里夫妇发现的镭相继用于肿瘤治疗。" }, { "id": "sanitary_napkin", "name": "卫生巾", "nameEn": "Sanitary napkin", "wikiEn": "Sanitary napkin", "aliases": [ "月经带", "护垫" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以纤维素吸收垫制成的商品化月经用品在 1896 年前后上市；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "papermaking", "cotton" ], "related": [ "toilet_paper", "disposable_diaper", "cosmetics" ], "desc": "一次性吸收经血的贴身用品，把月经护理从可洗织物转向商品化耗材。" }, { "id": "sphygmomanometer", "name": "血压计", "nameEn": "Sphygmomanometer", "wikiEn": "Sphygmomanometer", "aliases": [ "里瓦-罗奇血压计", "Riva-Rocci cuff", "袖带血压计" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "barometer", "hydraulic_press" ], "related": [ "clinical_thermometer", "ecg", "vulcanized_rubber" ], "desc": "里瓦-罗奇发明袖带式血压计。" }, { "id": "synthetic_graphite", "name": "人造石墨", "nameEn": "Graphite", "wikiEn": "Graphite", "aliases": [ "Acheson graphite", "艾奇逊石墨", "电极石墨" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "silicon_carbide", "electric_arc_furnace" ], "desc": "艾奇逊1896年高温电炉制人造石墨，供电极与润滑之需。" }, { "id": "typhoid_vaccine", "name": "伤寒疫苗", "nameEn": "Typhoid vaccine", "wikiEn": "Typhoid vaccine", "aliases": [ "赖特伤寒疫苗", "Wright typhoid vaccine" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cholera_vaccine", "pasteurization" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "refrigeration", "slow_sand_filter", "tetanus_toxoid" ], "desc": "赖特伤寒灭活疫苗率先在军队接种。" }, { "id": "volterra_integral_equations", "name": "沃尔泰拉积分方程", "nameEn": "Volterra integral equation", "wikiEn": "Volterra integral equation", "aliases": [ "沃尔泰拉方程", "记忆核方程", "Volterra equations", "种群年龄结构方程" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "abel_integral_equation" ], "related": [ "fredholm_integral_equations", "hilbert_integral_equations" ], "desc": "沃尔泰拉系统研究上限含未知函数的积分方程，后用于人口学、粘弹性与泛函分析奠基。" }, { "id": "zeeman_effect", "name": "塞曼效应", "nameEn": "Zeeman effect", "wikiEn": "Zeeman effect", "aliases": [ "塞曼效应", "Zeeman effect", "谱线磁分裂", "塞曼分裂" ], "year": 1896, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lorentz_force" ], "related": [ "bohr_atom_model" ], "desc": "塞曼发现磁场使原子谱线分裂，证实洛伦兹电子论。" }, { "id": "aspirin", "name": "阿司匹林", "nameEn": "Aspirin", "wikiEn": "Aspirin", "aliases": [ "乙酰水杨酸", "acetylsalicylic acid", "拜耳阿司匹林" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "butlerov_structure_theory", "kekule_benzene_ring" ], "related": [ "barbital", "indigo_synthesis", "mauveine", "salvarsan" ], "desc": "霍夫曼合成乙酰水杨酸，拜耳1899年上市。" }, { "id": "cathode_ray_tube", "name": "阴极射线管", "nameEn": "Cathode-ray tube", "wikiEn": "Cathode-ray tube", "aliases": [ "显像管", "CRT 显示管", "电视显像管" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "布劳恩1897年做出示波管，1930年代起成为电视显像管；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "incandescent_lamp" ], "related": [ "oscilloscope", "television", "computer_monitor", "vacuum_tube" ], "desc": "真空管内聚焦电子束轰击荧光屏扫描成像，撑起电视、示波器与大半个世纪的显示器。" }, { "id": "collective_bargaining", "name": "集体谈判", "nameEn": "Collective bargaining", "wikiEn": "Collective bargaining", "aliases": [ "团体协约", "劳资谈判" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "韦伯夫妇1897年系统论述并定名，制度化立法在此后数十年；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "trade_union", "antitrust_law" ], "related": [ "minimum_wage_law", "taylor_scientific_management", "welfare_state" ], "desc": "工会以整体身份与雇主议定工资工时，个体议价转为集体议价。" }, { "id": "diesel_engine", "name": "柴油机", "nameEn": "Diesel engine", "wikiEn": "Diesel engine", "aliases": [ "压燃式发动机", "狄塞尔机", "柴油发动机" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "otto_engine" ], "related": [ "internal_combustion_engine", "cracking_refining", "gas_turbine" ], "desc": "狄塞尔1897年制成压燃式柴油机，热效率高且可燃重油。" }, { "id": "durkheim_sociology", "name": "涂尔干社会学实证研究", "nameEn": "Suicide (Durkheim book)", "wikiEn": "Suicide (Durkheim book)", "aliases": [ "自杀论", "社会事实", "迪尔凯姆", "Durkheim", "实证社会学" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "graunt_life_table", "john_snow_epidemiology", "petty_political_arithmetic", "scientific_method" ], "related": [ "freud_psychoanalysis", "kiaer_representative_sampling", "weber_bureaucracy", "wundt_experimental_psychology" ], "desc": "《自杀论》以社会事实解释个体行为，确立实证社会学方法。" }, { "id": "ehrlich_side_chain_theory", "name": "埃尔利希侧链学说", "nameEn": "Side-chain theory", "wikiEn": "Side-chain theory", "aliases": [ "受体学说", "侧链理论", "魔弹理论", "Side-chain", "受体理论起源" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "butlerov_structure_theory", "germ_theory", "mauveine" ], "related": [ "indigo_synthesis", "sulfa_drugs" ], "desc": "以侧链特异结合解释抗体生成，是现代受体理论的起点。" }, { "id": "enzyme_concept", "name": "酶与无细胞发酵", "nameEn": "Enzyme", "wikiEn": "Enzyme", "aliases": [ "酵素", "酶学" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "毕希纳1897年无细胞发酵实验；1878年已定名；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "law_of_mass_action" ], "related": [ "fermentation", "beadle_tatum_hypothesis", "catalysis_concept" ], "desc": "酵母汁无细胞发酵证明催化可脱离活细胞，生物化学肇始。" }, { "id": "indigo_synthesis", "name": "合成靛蓝", "nameEn": "Indigo dye", "wikiEn": "Indigo dye", "aliases": [ "人工靛蓝", "BASF indigo", "拜耳靛蓝" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mauveine", "alizarin_synthesis" ], "desc": "拜耳研创、巴斯夫1897年工业生产合成靛蓝，击垮种植园靛蓝。" }, { "id": "mellin_transform", "name": "梅林变换", "nameEn": "Mellin transform", "wikiEn": "Mellin transform", "aliases": [ "Mellin变换", "梅林转换", "Mellin transformation", "乘法傅里叶变换" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "laplace_transform" ], "desc": "梅林1897年严格化的乘性卷积变换，是数论渐近估计与摄动展开的基本工具。" }, { "id": "oscilloscope", "name": "阴极射线示波器", "nameEn": "Cathode-ray oscilloscope", "wikiEn": "Oscilloscope", "aliases": [ "示波器", "布劳恩管", "Braun tube" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "audion_triode", "television", "radar" ], "desc": "布劳恩阴极射线管，奠定电子波形显示仪器。" }, { "id": "plague_vaccine", "name": "鼠疫疫苗", "nameEn": "Plague vaccine", "wikiEn": "Plague vaccine", "aliases": [ "哈夫金鼠疫疫苗", "Haffkine plague vaccine" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cholera_vaccine", "microscope", "pasteurization" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "ddt", "serum_therapy" ], "desc": "哈夫金在印度大规模接种鼠疫疫苗。" }, { "id": "thomson_electron", "name": "汤姆逊发现电子", "nameEn": "Discovery of the electron", "wikiEn": "J. J. Thomson", "aliases": [ "电子发现", "Discovery of electron", "J.J.汤姆逊", "阴极射线粒子" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "atomic_theory", "rutherford_nuclear_model" ], "desc": "汤姆逊由阴极射线测定荷质比，确认电子为第一种基本粒子。" }, { "id": "turbinia", "name": "特宾尼亚号轮机船", "nameEn": "Turbinia", "wikiEn": "Turbinia", "aliases": [ "Steam turbine ship", "蒸汽轮机船", "帕森斯涡轮船", "蒸汽涡轮动力船" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_turbine" ], "related": [ "diesel_motorship", "dreadnought" ], "desc": "帕森斯特宾尼亚号展示蒸汽轮机动力，航速震惊海军。" }, { "id": "yule_multiple_regression", "name": "尤尔多元回归", "nameEn": "Regression analysis", "wikiEn": "Regression analysis", "aliases": [ "多元回归", "复回归", "一般线性模型", "约尔回归" ], "year": 1897, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_least_squares", "pearson_correlation_coefficient" ], "related": [ "fisher_anova", "nelder_wedderburn_glm" ], "desc": "尤尔将回归推广到多个解释变量，奠定一般线性模型与计量回归。" }, { "id": "borel_sets", "name": "博雷尔集与博雷尔测度", "nameEn": "Borel set", "wikiEn": "Borel set", "aliases": [ "博雷尔集", "波莱尔可测集", "Borel sets", "Borel sigma algebra", "博雷尔σ代数" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cantor_set_theory" ], "related": [ "lebesgue_integration", "caratheodory_outer_measure" ], "desc": "博雷尔在函数论讲义中以开集经可数运算生成σ代数，首次系统给出可测集族构造。" }, { "id": "breakfast_cereal", "name": "早餐谷物", "nameEn": "Breakfast cereal", "wikiEn": "Breakfast cereal", "aliases": [ "玉米片", "corn flakes", "Kellogg cereal" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pasteurized_milk", "margarine", "vitamins" ], "desc": "凯洛格玉米片开创工业化早餐谷物食品。" }, { "id": "calcium_cyanamide", "name": "氰氨化钙", "nameEn": "Calcium cyanamide", "wikiEn": "Calcium cyanamide", "aliases": [ "石灰氮", "Cyanamide process", "Frank-Caro process" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calcium_carbide" ], "related": [ "haber_process", "birkeland_eyde_process" ], "desc": "弗兰克与卡罗1898年用电石制氰氨化钙，早期工业化氮肥。" }, { "id": "circuit_breaker", "name": "断路器", "nameEn": "Circuit Breaker", "wikiEn": "Circuit breaker", "aliases": [ "空气断路器", "开关设备" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electrical_grid", "electromechanical_relay" ], "related": [ "transformer", "electricity_generation", "induction_motor" ], "desc": "过流时触头分离并在灭弧室拉断电弧，电网故障被隔离而不必全站停电" }, { "id": "curie_radioactivity", "name": "居里夫妇放射性研究", "nameEn": "Curie radioactivity research", "wikiEn": "Marie Curie", "aliases": [ "居里夫人", "镭钋发现", "Marie Curie", "Radioactivity research", "放射性研究" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "becquerel_radioactivity" ], "related": [ "thomson_electron" ], "desc": "居里夫妇发现钋与镭并提出放射性概念，开创核物理研究。" }, { "id": "hearing_aid", "name": "电助听器", "nameEn": "Electric hearing aid", "wikiEn": "Hearing aid", "aliases": [ "助听器", "Akouphone", "carbon hearing aid" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telephone" ], "related": [ "radio", "local_anesthesia" ], "desc": "碳粒话筒与电话技术衍生出最早电助听器。" }, { "id": "icebreaker", "name": "破冰船", "nameEn": "Icebreaker", "wikiEn": "Icebreaker", "aliases": [ "Yermak", "叶尔马克号", "极地破冰船", "Makarov icebreaker" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_engine", "bessemer_steel" ], "related": [ "diesel_motorship" ], "desc": "马卡洛夫设计叶尔马克号，首艘远洋极地破冰船。" }, { "id": "sabine_reverberation", "name": "赛宾混响定律", "nameEn": "Sabine reverberation law", "wikiEn": "Reverberation", "aliases": [ "混响时间公式", "赛宾公式" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "赛宾1898年发表混响实验公式，奠定建筑声学；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hearing_aid", "magnetic_tape_recorder" ], "desc": "混响时间与厅堂体积成正比、与吸声量成反比，声学设计始建。" }, { "id": "schuster_periodogram", "name": "舒斯特周期图", "nameEn": "Periodogram", "wikiEn": "Periodogram", "aliases": [ "周期图", "舒斯特周期图", "周期图法", "Schuster periodogram" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "yule_autoregressive_model", "blackman_tukey_spectral" ], "desc": "舒斯特提出以周期图检测隐藏周期，开时间序列频域分析之先河。" }, { "id": "semi_trailer", "name": "半挂车", "nameEn": "Semi-trailer", "wikiEn": "Semi-trailer", "aliases": [ "Semi-trailer truck", "Winton semi-trailer", "牵引挂车", "货柜拖车" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "motor_truck" ], "related": [ "intermodal_container" ], "desc": "温顿发明可分离半挂车，奠定公路甩挂运输形态。" }, { "id": "spinal_anesthesia", "name": "腰麻", "nameEn": "Spinal anesthesia", "wikiEn": "Spinal anaesthesia", "aliases": [ "蛛网膜下腔麻醉", "Bier spinal block", "比尔腰麻" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "glassmaking", "local_anesthesia" ], "related": [ "aseptic_surgery", "high_speed_steel", "procaine", "vulcanized_rubber" ], "desc": "比尔首创蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉。" }, { "id": "wire_recorder", "name": "钢丝录音机", "nameEn": "Magnetic wire recorder", "wikiEn": "Wire recording", "aliases": [ "磁钢录音机", "telegraphone", "Poulsen telegraphone", "Magnetic wire recorder" ], "year": 1898, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "phonograph" ], "related": [ "magnetic_tape_recorder", "radio" ], "desc": "波尔森录音电话机，为磁性录音先驱。" }, { "id": "baire_category_theorem", "name": "贝尔纲定理", "nameEn": "Baire category theorem", "wikiEn": "Baire category theorem", "aliases": [ "贝尔范畴定理", "纲定理", "完备空间无处稠密", "Baire theorem" ], "year": 1899, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cantor_set_topological" ], "related": [ "metric_space", "hausdorff_space" ], "desc": "贝尔证明完备度量空间中可数个无处稠密闭集不能覆盖全空间，是分析存在性论证利器。" }, { "id": "dirichlet_principle", "name": "狄利克雷原理的复兴", "nameEn": "Dirichlet's principle", "wikiEn": "Dirichlet's principle", "aliases": [ "狄利克雷原理", "位势极小化", "Dirichlet Prinzip", "黎曼位势方法" ], "year": 1899, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "greens_function", "riemann_mapping_theorem" ], "related": [ "hilbert_integral_equations", "sobolev_spaces", "neumann_boundary_problem" ], "desc": "黎曼用它证映射定理曾遭驳，希尔伯特1899年严格复兴，开变分直接法。" }, { "id": "freud_psychoanalysis", "name": "弗洛伊德精神分析", "nameEn": "The Interpretation of Dreams", "wikiEn": "The Interpretation of Dreams", "aliases": [ "梦的解析", "潜意识理论", "精神分析学派", "Psychoanalysis" ], "year": 1899, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wundt_experimental_psychology" ], "related": [ "james_principles_psychology", "neuron_doctrine", "pavlov_conditioned_reflex", "watson_behaviorism" ], "desc": "以潜意识、梦与力比多解释心理冲突，重塑人类自我认知。" }, { "id": "hilbert_program", "name": "希尔伯特公理化纲领", "nameEn": "Hilbert's program", "wikiEn": "Hilbert's program", "aliases": [ "希尔伯特纲领", "希尔伯特23问", "《几何基础》", "Hilbert's problems", "Formalist program" ], "year": 1899, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "peano_axioms", "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "godel_incompleteness", "zermelo_zfc", "russell_paradox" ], "desc": "希尔伯特重筑几何公理并提出23问与形式化相容性纲领，规定了现代数学的议程。" }, { "id": "lorentz_transformations", "name": "洛伦兹变换", "nameEn": "Lorentz transformation", "wikiEn": "Lorentz transformation", "aliases": [ "洛伦兹变换", "Lorentz transformation", "长度收缩", "地方时" ], "year": 1899, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "michelson_morley_experiment", "maxwell_equations" ], "related": [ "special_relativity" ], "desc": "洛伦兹提出长度收缩与时空变换公式，为狭义相对论铺路。" }, { "id": "morley_trisector_theorem", "name": "莫雷三分角定理", "nameEn": "Morley's trisector theorem", "wikiEn": "Morley's trisector theorem", "aliases": [ "莫利定理", "角三分线定理", "Morley theorem", "Morley's theorem" ], "year": 1899, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "geometry_deductive" ], "related": [ "projective_geometry" ], "desc": "三角形各内角相邻三分线的交点构成正三角形，被誉为十九世纪末初等几何最优美发现。" }, { "id": "nickel_iron_battery", "name": "镍铁蓄电池", "nameEn": "Nickel–iron battery", "wikiEn": "Nickel–iron battery", "aliases": [ "爱迪生电池", "Jungner battery", "镍铁电池" ], "year": 1899, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lead_acid_battery", "dry_cell" ], "desc": "荣格纳1899年、爱迪生1901年推出耐用镍铁蓄电池。" }, { "id": "aurora_theory", "name": "极光成因理论", "nameEn": "Aurora", "wikiEn": "Aurora", "aliases": [ "极光", "伯克兰极光实验" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "伯克兰1900年以地球实验室提出带电粒子致极光说；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "solar_cycle", "solar_wind", "ionosphere" ], "desc": "太阳带电粒子沿地磁极沉降激发高层大气辉光。" }, { "id": "automorphic_number", "name": "自守数", "nameEn": "Automorphic number", "wikiEn": "Automorphic number", "aliases": [ "平方尾数自守数", "循环数", "自守數", "Circular number" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "divisibility_rule" ], "desc": "平方的尾数恰为自身的数（如5、6、76），一种古典趣味数论对象。" }, { "id": "bachelier_theory_speculation", "name": "巴舍利耶投机理论", "nameEn": "Louis Bachelier", "wikiEn": "Louis Bachelier", "aliases": [ "《投机理论》", "巴舍利耶", "布朗运动股价模型", "Théorie de la spéculation" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rayleigh_random_walk" ], "related": [ "black_scholes_formula", "einstein_brownian_motion", "wiener_process" ], "desc": "巴舍利耶博士论文首次以布朗运动建模股价，比爱因斯坦早五年给扩散。" }, { "id": "barnes_g_function", "name": "巴尼斯G函数", "nameEn": "Barnes G-function", "wikiEn": "Barnes G-function", "aliases": [ "超级阶乘复推广", "巴尼斯双重伽马型", "Barnes G" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "incomplete_gamma_function" ], "desc": "巴尼斯1900年提出的超级阶乘复推广，满足G(z+1)=Γ(z)G(z)。" }, { "id": "chi_squared_test", "name": "卡方检验", "nameEn": "Chi-squared test", "wikiEn": "Chi-squared test", "aliases": [ "卡方检验", "χ²检验", "列联表检验", "皮尔逊卡方" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gauss_normal_error_theory", "pearson_correlation_coefficient" ], "related": [ "fisher_anova", "hardy_weinberg_principle", "kolmogorov_smirnov_test", "mendelian_inheritance" ], "desc": "皮尔逊提出卡方统计量检验拟合优度与列联表关联，开创假设检验实践。" }, { "id": "electric_arc_furnace", "name": "电弧炉炼钢", "nameEn": "Electric arc furnace", "wikiEn": "Electric arc furnace", "aliases": [ "埃鲁电炉", "EAF steelmaking", "电炉炼钢" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "bessemer_steel", "silicon_carbide", "synthetic_graphite" ], "desc": "埃鲁1900年前后实现商用电弧炉炼钢，可炼优质合金钢。" }, { "id": "fredholm_integral_equations", "name": "弗雷德霍姆积分方程", "nameEn": "Fredholm integral equation", "wikiEn": "Fredholm integral equation", "aliases": [ "弗雷德霍姆方程", "弗雷德霍姆择一性", "Fredholm alternative", "离散行列式类比" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "volterra_integral_equations" ], "related": [ "born_probability_interpretation", "hilbert_integral_equations", "neumann_boundary_problem", "riesz_schauder_theory" ], "desc": "弗雷德霍姆用类行列式证明积分方程解的择一性，震动希尔伯特，直接催生泛函分析。" }, { "id": "grignard_reagent", "name": "格氏试剂", "nameEn": "Grignard reagent", "wikiEn": "Grignard reagent", "aliases": [ "格林尼亚试剂", "有机镁试剂" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "butlerov_structure_theory" ], "related": [], "desc": "有机镁卤化物使碳链亲核偶联，碳-碳键构建的通用利器。" }, { "id": "handbag", "name": "手提包", "nameEn": "Handbag", "wikiEn": "Handbag", "aliases": [ "女式提包", "手袋" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "随铁路与轮船旅行普及而成为随身携物标准器", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "zipper" ], "related": [ "dress", "jeans", "suitcase" ], "desc": "随身携带私物的有带提手容器，兼作服饰配件与个人空间的移动单元。" }, { "id": "high_speed_steel", "name": "高速钢", "nameEn": "High-speed steel", "wikiEn": "High-speed steel", "aliases": [ "Taylor-White steel", "锋钢", "风钢" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "tungsten_carbide", "mangalloy", "precision_grinding" ], "desc": "泰勒-怀特1900年展出钨合金高速钢，机床切削效率倍增。" }, { "id": "planck_quantum_hypothesis", "name": "普朗克量子假说", "nameEn": "Planck's quantum hypothesis", "wikiEn": "Planck's law", "aliases": [ "普朗克量子假说", "量子假说", "Planck's quantum hypothesis", "能量量子化", "普朗克定律" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kirchhoff_blackbody_radiation", "rayleigh_jeans_law" ], "related": [ "einstein_photoelectric", "stimulated_emission_theory" ], "desc": "普朗克提出能量量子化假设导出黑体辐射公式，量子论诞生。" }, { "id": "plant_breeding", "name": "作物育种", "nameEn": "Plant breeding", "wikiEn": "Plant breeding", "aliases": [ "育种学", "Selective breeding of crops" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1900年前后孟德尔定律重现，育种成为学科", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mendelian_inheritance", "evolution_natural_selection" ], "related": [ "heterosis", "radiation_breeding", "green_revolution" ], "desc": "以选择与杂交定向改良作物遗传性状的学科实践。" }, { "id": "rayleigh_jeans_law", "name": "瑞利-金斯定律", "nameEn": "Rayleigh–Jeans law", "wikiEn": "Rayleigh–Jeans law", "aliases": [ "瑞利-金斯定律", "Rayleigh–Jeans law", "紫外灾难", "瑞利金斯公式" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wien_displacement_law" ], "related": [ "planck_quantum_hypothesis" ], "desc": "瑞利-金斯给出长波黑体辐射公式，紫外灾难暴露经典困境。" }, { "id": "submarine", "name": "潜艇", "nameEn": "Submarine", "wikiEn": "Submarine", "aliases": [ "USS Holland", "Holland VI", "潜水艇", "U-boat" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine", "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "sonar", "dreadnought" ], "desc": "荷兰号服役，汽油机水面航行加电池潜航的现代潜艇。" }, { "id": "young_tableau", "name": "杨表", "nameEn": "Young tableau", "wikiEn": "Young tableau", "aliases": [ "杨氏矩阵", "杨盘", "杨图填数", "Young tableaux" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integer_partition" ], "related": [ "classification_finite_simple_groups", "composition_series", "quark_model" ], "desc": "依分拆形状填数、行列递增的方格表，杨1900年引入，是对称群表示论的组合工具。" }, { "id": "zeppelin", "name": "齐柏林飞艇", "nameEn": "Zeppelin", "wikiEn": "Zeppelin", "aliases": [ "Airship", "Rigid airship", "飞艇", "LZ 1" ], "year": 1900, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "airplane" ], "desc": "齐柏林LZ 1首飞硬式飞艇，开辟大型航空器时代。" }, { "id": "adrenaline", "name": "肾上腺素", "nameEn": "Adrenaline", "wikiEn": "Epinephrine (medication)", "aliases": [ "副肾素", "Takamine adrenaline", "高峰让吉肾上腺素" ], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "periodic_table", "titration_method" ], "related": [ "heparin", "insulin", "mass_spectrometry", "thyroxine" ], "desc": "高峰让吉分离肾上腺素，为首个纯激素药物。" }, { "id": "blood_types", "name": "ABO血型系统", "nameEn": "Blood type", "wikiEn": "Blood type", "aliases": [ "血型", "兰德施泰纳血型" ], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "blood_transfusion", "microscope", "titration_method" ], "related": [ "kidney_transplant", "hemodialysis", "blood_bank" ], "desc": "红细胞表面抗原决定血型，配型让输血与移植成为常规。" }, { "id": "espresso_machine", "name": "意式咖啡机", "nameEn": "Espresso machine", "wikiEn": "Espresso machine", "aliases": [], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "贝扎拉1901年锅炉加压设计；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "high_pressure_steam_engine" ], "related": [ "coffee", "vending_machine" ], "desc": "高压热水数十秒穿过粉饼，逼出油脂奶泡，吧台与自动贩卖机的引擎。" }, { "id": "instant_coffee", "name": "速溶咖啡", "nameEn": "Instant coffee", "wikiEn": "Instant coffee", "aliases": [], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "加藤萨多里1901年芝加哥配方；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "coffee" ], "related": [ "tea", "vending_machine" ], "desc": "萃取液干燥成颗粒热水即溶，军粮采购推动工艺，两千年饮用方式生变。" }, { "id": "mercury_vapor_lamp", "name": "汞蒸气灯", "nameEn": "Mercury-vapor lamp", "wikiEn": "Mercury-vapor lamp", "aliases": [ "水银灯", "Cooper Hewitt lamp", "汞灯" ], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "fluorescent_lamp", "sodium_vapor_lamp", "neon_lighting" ], "desc": "库珀-休伊特1901年发明汞蒸气放电灯，气体放电灯先驱。" }, { "id": "principal_component_analysis", "name": "主成分分析", "nameEn": "Principal component analysis", "wikiEn": "Principal component analysis", "aliases": [ "主成分分析", "主分量分析", "PCA", "霍特林变换" ], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pearson_correlation_coefficient", "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "related": [ "factor_analysis_spearman", "fmri", "human_genome_project", "k_means_clustering" ], "desc": "皮尔逊提出最佳拟合直线降维，霍特林1933年发展为主成分分析。" }, { "id": "rotary_drilling", "name": "旋转钻井", "nameEn": "Drilling rig", "wikiEn": "Drilling rig", "aliases": [ "旋转钻机", "Spindletop rotary rig", "石油旋转钻机" ], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "oil_well" ], "related": [ "petroleum_refinery", "oil_pipeline" ], "desc": "1901年纺锤顶油田以旋转钻钻成大喷油井，现代钻井定型。" }, { "id": "runge_kutta_methods", "name": "龙格-库塔方法", "nameEn": "Runge–Kutta methods", "wikiEn": "Runge–Kutta methods", "aliases": [ "龙格库塔法", "RK方法", "四阶龙格库塔", "Runge-Kutta" ], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "euler_method", "taylor_series" ], "related": [ "adams_multistep_method", "rkf45_fehlberg", "dormand_prince", "bdf_methods" ], "desc": "龙格1895年、库塔1901年建立的多级单步ODE算法族，四阶格式至今最常用。" }, { "id": "runge_phenomenon", "name": "龙格现象", "nameEn": "Runge's phenomenon", "wikiEn": "Runge's phenomenon", "aliases": [ "龙格振荡", "高次插值振荡", "端点振荡", "Runge phenomenon" ], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lagrange_interpolation" ], "related": [ "chebyshev_polynomials", "b_spline" ], "desc": "龙格1901年发现等距节点高次插值在区间端点剧烈振荡，催生样条与切比雪夫节点。" }, { "id": "russell_paradox", "name": "罗素悖论", "nameEn": "Russell's paradox", "wikiEn": "Russell's paradox", "aliases": [ "理发师悖论", "集合论悖论", "Russell antinomy", "Russell–Zermelo paradox" ], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cantor_set_theory" ], "related": [ "zermelo_zfc", "frege_begriffsschrift", "godel_incompleteness" ], "desc": "罗素以所有不自属集合之集合的矛盾击中朴素集合论，引发数学基础第三次危机。" }, { "id": "table_tennis", "name": "乒乓球", "nameEn": "Table tennis", "wikiEn": "Table tennis", "aliases": [ "Ping-pong" ], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "源自19世纪末英国家庭游戏，1901年起有正式赛事", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "history_of_tennis", "vulcanized_rubber" ], "related": [ "bakelite", "celluloid" ], "desc": "餐桌当球台缩小版网球，橡胶拍面与赛璐珞球让它成为厅堂竞技。" }, { "id": "transoceanic_radio", "name": "跨洋无线电", "nameEn": "Transatlantic wireless transmission", "wikiEn": "Wireless telegraphy", "aliases": [ "跨大西洋无线电", "Marconi transatlantic signal", "越洋无线电报" ], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radio" ], "related": [ "broadcasting", "telex", "radar" ], "desc": "1901年无线电信号跨越大西洋，越洋通信无线化。" }, { "id": "vacuum_cleaner", "name": "吸尘器", "nameEn": "Vacuum cleaner", "wikiEn": "Vacuum cleaner", "aliases": [], "year": 1901, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "布斯1901年机动抽尘，1908年便携款；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "vacuum_pump", "induction_motor" ], "related": [ "robotic_vacuum_cleaner", "broom" ], "desc": "电机抽负压吸走尘屑，泵式集尘替代拍打地毯，除尘不扬灰。" }, { "id": "air_conditioning", "name": "空气调节", "nameEn": "Air conditioning", "wikiEn": "Air conditioning", "aliases": [ "空调", "Carrier air conditioning" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "开利1902年第一套温湿度调节装置；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "safety_elevator", "hypocaust", "skyscraper" ], "desc": "对室内温湿度与洁净度联合调节，重塑办公与居住。" }, { "id": "gibbs_statistical_ensembles", "name": "吉布斯系综统计力学", "nameEn": "Gibbs statistical mechanics", "wikiEn": "Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)", "aliases": [ "系综理论", "统计力学", "Statistical ensemble", "Gibbs ensemble", "吉布斯统计" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "boltzmann_h_theorem" ], "related": [ "maxwell_velocity_distribution" ], "desc": "吉布斯以系综与相空间建立普遍统计力学框架，连接热与力学。" }, { "id": "hadamard_well_posedness", "name": "阿达马适定性概念", "nameEn": "Well-posed problem", "wikiEn": "Well-posed problem", "aliases": [ "适定性", "良态问题", "阿达马三条件", "Hadamard well-posed", "解连续依赖初值" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "laplace_equation" ], "related": [ "poincare_three_body_problem", "schwartz_distributions" ], "desc": "阿达马提出合理数学物理问题须解存在、唯一且连续依赖数据，界定反问题与病态问题。" }, { "id": "lebesgue_integration", "name": "勒贝格测度与积分", "nameEn": "Lebesgue integration", "wikiEn": "Lebesgue integration", "aliases": [ "勒贝格积分", "勒贝格测度", "Lebesgue measure", "Measure theory" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_integral", "cantor_set_theory" ], "related": [ "dedekind_cuts", "gibbs_statistical_ensembles", "probability_theory", "von_neumann_quantum_foundations" ], "desc": "勒贝格以测度重定义积分，使极限交换更自由，成为现代分析与概率论的基石。" }, { "id": "nitrogen_cycle", "name": "氮循环", "nameEn": "Nitrogen cycle", "wikiEn": "Nitrogen cycle", "aliases": [ "固氮循环" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "19世纪末确证硝化作用，1901年贝杰林克发现固氮菌成环", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "haber_process", "agriculture", "photosynthesis_discovery" ], "desc": "氮在大气、土壤与生物体间循环转化，肥力与农业的核心。" }, { "id": "progressive_education", "name": "进步主义教育", "nameEn": "Progressive education", "wikiEn": "Progressive education", "aliases": [ "杜威教育思想", "从做中学" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "杜威1896年实验学校，1902年体系化", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kindergarten", "research_university" ], "related": [ "common_school", "educational_psychology" ], "desc": "杜威主张从做中学、以儿童经验为中心的教育改革" }, { "id": "secretin_hormone", "name": "促胰液素与激素概念", "nameEn": "Secretin", "wikiEn": "Secretin", "aliases": [ "激素发现", "贝利斯-斯塔林实验", "Bayliss-Starling", "secretin" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "enzyme_concept", "titration_method" ], "related": [ "insulin", "mass_spectrometry" ], "desc": "发现首种激素促胰液素，开创内分泌学与体液调节概念。" }, { "id": "spark_plug", "name": "火花塞", "nameEn": "Spark plug", "wikiEn": "Spark plug", "aliases": [ "Bosch spark plug", "火星塞", "高压磁电机点火塞" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "otto_engine" ], "related": [ "carburetor", "dry_cell", "internal_combustion_engine" ], "desc": "博世1902年推高压磁电机火花塞，汽油机点火系统成熟。" }, { "id": "special_effects", "name": "电影特效", "nameEn": "Special effects", "wikiEn": "Special effects", "aliases": [ "特技", "视觉特效" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "梅里爱以停机换景、多重曝光造出银幕幻象", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cinematograph", "gelatin_silver_process" ], "related": [ "animation", "stop_motion", "film_genre" ], "desc": "在拍摄与洗印中制造不可能影像的手法术集合，把特技变成叙事手段。" }, { "id": "tarmacadam", "name": "柏油碎石路面", "nameEn": "Tarmacadam", "wikiEn": "Tarmacadam", "aliases": [ "Tarmac", "沥青碎石路面", "Hooley tarmac", "柏油路面" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "autobahn", "traffic_light" ], "desc": "胡利获柏油碎石路面专利，无尘耐用车行道普及。" }, { "id": "teddy_bear", "name": "泰迪熊", "nameEn": "Teddy bear", "wikiEn": "Teddy bear", "aliases": [ "玩具熊", "布偶熊" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "因罗斯福拒猎幼熊的新闻漫画而得名并量产；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "toy", "sewing_machine" ], "related": [ "lego_brick", "toy", "puzzle" ], "desc": "以填充绒毛制成的拟人玩具熊，标志现代玩具工业与角色商品化的开端。" }, { "id": "verneuil_process", "name": "焰熔法", "nameEn": "Verneuil method", "wikiEn": "Verneuil method", "aliases": [ "维尔纳叶法", "合成红宝石", "Verneuil process" ], "year": 1902, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bayer_process", "electrolysis_of_water", "glassblowing", "linde_air_liquefaction" ], "related": [ "oxy_acetylene_welding", "ruby_laser", "synthetic_diamond", "synthetic_rubber" ], "desc": "维尔纳叶1902年以氢氧焰熔融粉末合成红宝石，人造宝石之始。" }, { "id": "airplane", "name": "飞机", "nameEn": "Airplane", "wikiEn": "Airplane", "aliases": [ "Aeroplane", "Wright Flyer", "莱特飞行器", "Wright brothers" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "zeppelin", "seaplane", "first_jet_aircraft" ], "desc": "莱特兄弟动力重于空气飞机首次可控持续飞行。" }, { "id": "barbital", "name": "巴比妥", "nameEn": "Barbital", "wikiEn": "Barbital", "aliases": [ "佛罗拿", "Veronal", "巴比妥酸类" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "grignard_reagent", "wohler_urea_synthesis" ], "related": [ "aspirin", "indigo_synthesis", "procaine" ], "desc": "费歇尔与梅林合成巴比妥，现代镇静安眠药开端。" }, { "id": "birkeland_eyde_process", "name": "电弧固氮制硝酸法", "nameEn": "Birkeland–Eyde process", "wikiEn": "Birkeland–Eyde process", "aliases": [ "电弧固氮法", "伯克兰-艾德法", "硝酸电弧法" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "haber_process", "calcium_cyanamide", "hydroelectricity" ], "desc": "伯克兰与艾德1903年利用电弧固氮制硝酸，依托廉价水电。" }, { "id": "brachytherapy", "name": "组织间近距离放疗", "nameEn": "Brachytherapy", "wikiEn": "Brachytherapy", "aliases": [ "腔内照射", "放射性粒子植入" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "curie_radioactivity", "x_ray" ], "related": [ "radiation_therapy", "cobalt_teletherapy", "gadolinium_contrast" ], "desc": "放射源置入体腔贴近瘤体，高剂量集中于病灶而少伤周围" }, { "id": "canning_industrialization", "name": "罐头工业化", "nameEn": "Industrial canning", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Canning", "sanitary can", "卫生罐", "双重卷封罐" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "canning" ], "related": [ "frozen_food", "pasteurization", "refrigeration" ], "desc": "双重卷封卫生罐与高速制罐线推动罐头量产。" }, { "id": "chromatography", "name": "色谱法", "nameEn": "Chromatography", "wikiEn": "Chromatography", "aliases": [ "层析", "色层分离" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "茨维特分离植物色素；1906年发表；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fractional_distillation" ], "related": [ "mass_spectrometry", "petroleum_refinery" ], "desc": "依两相分配差分离混合物，从植物色素到蛋白组学支柱。" }, { "id": "ecg", "name": "心电图", "nameEn": "Electrocardiography (ECG)", "wikiEn": "Electrocardiography", "aliases": [ "心电描记", "Einthoven ECG", "爱因托芬心电图" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electromagnet", "galvanometer", "oersted_electromagnetism", "wire_recorder" ], "related": [ "sphygmomanometer", "clinical_thermometer", "eeg", "x_ray" ], "desc": "爱因托芬弦线电流计精确记录心电图。" }, { "id": "educational_psychology", "name": "教育心理学", "nameEn": "Educational psychology", "wikiEn": "Educational psychology", "aliases": [ "学习心理学" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "桑代克1903年出版《教育心理学》；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "wundt_experimental_psychology" ], "related": [ "standardized_test", "progressive_education" ], "desc": "以实验研究学习与儿童心理来指导教学的学科" }, { "id": "electrical_steel", "name": "硅钢", "nameEn": "Electrical steel", "wikiEn": "Electrical steel", "aliases": [ "电工钢", "硅钢片", "变压器钢" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "transformer", "mangalloy" ], "desc": "哈德菲尔德1903年制硅铁软磁合金，电机变压器铁芯关键材料。" }, { "id": "gas_turbine", "name": "燃气轮机", "nameEn": "Gas-turbine engine", "wikiEn": "Gas-turbine engine", "aliases": [ "燃气涡轮", "Elling gas turbine", "埃林燃气轮机" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "steam_turbine", "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "diesel_engine", "linde_air_liquefaction" ], "desc": "埃林1903年制成首台可输出功率燃气轮机，喷气动力前身。" }, { "id": "moment_generating_function", "name": "矩与矩母函数", "nameEn": "Moment generating function", "wikiEn": "Moment generating function", "aliases": [ "矩", "矩母函数", "动差生成函数", "累积量", "MGF" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "levy_characteristic_function", "chernoff_bound" ], "desc": "以指数期望统一编码各阶矩，配合矩问题与累积量刻画概率分布。" }, { "id": "oxy_acetylene_welding", "name": "氧乙炔焊", "nameEn": "Oxy–fuel welding and cutting", "wikiEn": "Oxy–fuel welding and cutting", "aliases": [ "气焊", "气割", "Fouché–Picard torch" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "linde_air_liquefaction" ], "related": [ "electric_arc_welding", "thermite_welding" ], "desc": "富歇与皮卡尔1903年制成高压氧乙炔焊炬，气焊气割普及。" }, { "id": "pavlov_conditioned_reflex", "name": "巴甫洛夫条件反射学说", "nameEn": "Classical conditioning", "wikiEn": "Classical conditioning", "aliases": [ "经典条件反射", "巴甫洛夫的狗", "条件刺激", "Pavlovian conditioning" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "watson_behaviorism" ], "desc": "以狗唾液实验揭示条件反射机制，开创高级神经活动研究。" }, { "id": "sutton_boveri_theory", "name": "萨顿-博韦里染色体理论", "nameEn": "Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory", "wikiEn": "Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory", "aliases": [ "染色体遗传学说", "Sutton-Boveri", "遗传染色体学说" ], "year": 1903, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mendelian_inheritance", "microscope" ], "related": [ "cell_theory", "electron_microscope", "photography", "weismann_germ_plasm" ], "desc": "论证孟德尔因子位于染色体上，把细胞学与遗传学统一。" }, { "id": "boundary_layer_theory", "name": "边界层理论", "nameEn": "Boundary layer", "wikiEn": "Boundary layer", "aliases": [ "附面层", "普朗特边界层", "Prandtl boundary layer", "边界层" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "navier_stokes_equations", "reynolds_number" ], "related": [ "singular_perturbation", "upwind_scheme" ], "desc": "普朗特1904年提出黏性仅在物面薄层重要，化解达朗贝尔佯谬，开创近代流体力学。" }, { "id": "factor_analysis_spearman", "name": "斯皮尔曼因子分析", "nameEn": "Factor analysis", "wikiEn": "Factor analysis", "aliases": [ "因子分析", "因素分析", "一般智力g因子", "潜变量模型" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pearson_correlation_coefficient", "principal_component_analysis" ], "related": [ "eeg", "em_algorithm", "wundt_experimental_psychology" ], "desc": "斯皮尔曼以一般因子加特殊因子解释智力相关，开创潜变量因子分析。" }, { "id": "fourcault_process", "name": "垂直引上平板玻璃法", "nameEn": "Fourcault process", "wikiEn": "Fourcault process", "aliases": [ "弗克法", "有槽垂直引上法", "平板玻璃拉制" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "borosilicate_glass", "laminated_glass", "fiberglass" ], "desc": "富尔科1904年创垂直引上平板玻璃法，浮法玻璃之前的主力工艺。" }, { "id": "geothermal_power", "name": "地热发电", "nameEn": "Geothermal energy", "wikiEn": "Geothermal energy", "aliases": [ "Geothermal power", "Larderello geothermal", "地热能", "怀拉基地热电站", "拉德瑞罗地热电站" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_turbine" ], "related": [ "electricity_generation", "hydroelectricity" ], "desc": "1904年意大利拉德瑞罗首次用地热蒸汽发电。" }, { "id": "offset_printing", "name": "胶印", "nameEn": "Offset printing", "wikiEn": "Offset printing", "aliases": [ "平版胶印", "Rubel offset", "橡皮布转印" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "linotype", "halftone" ], "related": [ "halftone" ], "desc": "鲁贝尔胶版转印，配合照相制版大批量印刷。" }, { "id": "spearman_rank_correlation", "name": "斯皮尔曼等级相关", "nameEn": "Spearman's rank correlation coefficient", "wikiEn": "Spearman's rank correlation coefficient", "aliases": [ "斯皮尔曼相关", "等级相关", "秩相关系数", "Spearman rho" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pearson_correlation_coefficient" ], "related": [ "mann_whitney_u_test" ], "desc": "斯皮尔曼以变量等级的皮尔逊相关度量单调关联，首开非参数统计。" }, { "id": "t_shirt", "name": "圆领汗衫", "nameEn": "T-shirt", "wikiEn": "T-shirt", "aliases": [ "T恤" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "美军水手无袖内衣演变而来", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "sewing_machine" ], "related": [ "jeans", "sneakers" ], "desc": "针织棉质一体成型短袖，从海军内衣经上世纪中期零售推广成全球便服。" }, { "id": "tungsten_filament", "name": "钨丝灯", "nameEn": "Tungsten filament lamp", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Just-Hanaman tungsten lamp", "Coolidge tungsten filament", "钨丝白炽灯" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "incandescent_lamp" ], "related": [ "fluorescent_lamp", "gas_mantle" ], "desc": "1904年起钨丝取代碳丝，白炽灯寿命与光效大幅提高。" }, { "id": "vacuum_diode", "name": "真空二极管", "nameEn": "Fleming valve", "wikiEn": "Fleming valve", "aliases": [ "弗莱明阀", "Fleming diode", "热离子二极管" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "incandescent_lamp" ], "related": [ "diffusion_pump", "mercury_vapor_lamp" ], "desc": "弗莱明1904年利用爱迪生效应制真空二极管，首只整流电子器件。" }, { "id": "vacuum_tube", "name": "真空管", "nameEn": "Vacuum tube", "wikiEn": "Vacuum tube", "aliases": [ "电子管", "热电子管", "thermionic valve", "valve" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "弗莱明1904年二极管；1906年德·福雷斯特加栅极成三极 Audion", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "incandescent_lamp", "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "audion_triode", "radio", "radar", "electronic_computer" ], "desc": "真空玻璃管内以电极控制电子流，实现整流与放大，成就无线电、电视与第一代计算机。" }, { "id": "wristwatch", "name": "腕表", "nameEn": "Wristwatch", "wikiEn": "Wristwatch", "aliases": [ "手表", "腕上时计" ], "year": 1904, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "二十世纪初为飞行与军事需求定型，一战后全民普及", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "pocket_watch", "mainspring" ], "related": [ "mechanical_clock", "alarm_clock", "assembly_line" ], "desc": "佩戴于腕上的小型时计，把计时从口袋中取出变为随时可看的身体附件。" }, { "id": "alpine_skiing", "name": "高山滑雪", "nameEn": "Alpine skiing", "wikiEn": "Alpine skiing", "aliases": [], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "祖达尔斯基1905年奠定阿尔卑斯技术", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ski" ], "related": [ "modern_olympic_games" ], "desc": "雪板从北欧交通术变为贴坡转向的阿尔卑斯技术，滑雪场经济由此兴起。" }, { "id": "einstein_brownian_motion", "name": "布朗运动的原子论解释", "nameEn": "Brownian motion", "wikiEn": "Brownian motion", "aliases": [ "布朗运动", "Brownian motion", "原子实在性证明", "分子运动论" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "boltzmann_h_theorem" ], "related": [ "atomic_theory" ], "desc": "爱因斯坦以分子随机运动定量解释布朗运动，证实原子存在。" }, { "id": "einstein_photoelectric", "name": "爱因斯坦光电效应理论", "nameEn": "Photoelectric effect", "wikiEn": "Photoelectric effect", "aliases": [ "光电效应", "光量子理论", "Photoelectric effect", "光量子假说" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "planck_quantum_hypothesis" ], "related": [ "hertz_electromagnetic_waves", "de_broglie_matter_waves" ], "desc": "爱因斯坦以光量子解释光电效应，确立波粒二象性先声。" }, { "id": "fluid_coupling", "name": "液力耦合器", "nameEn": "Fluid Coupling", "wikiEn": "Fluid coupling", "aliases": [ "液力联轴器", "福廷格传动" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_turbine", "induction_motor" ], "related": [ "automatic_transmission", "motor_truck", "euler_fluid_equations" ], "desc": "泵轮与涡轮间靠液体动量矩传扭，能柔化冲击并容许滑转，起步不再顶熄火" }, { "id": "froth_flotation", "name": "泡沫浮选", "nameEn": "Froth flotation", "wikiEn": "Froth flotation", "aliases": [ "浮选法", "矿物浮选", "浮游选矿" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gold_cyanidation", "copper_electrorefining" ], "desc": "1905年前后成熟的泡沫浮选，凭表面亲疏分选硫化矿。" }, { "id": "hilbert_integral_equations", "name": "希尔伯特积分方程与谱理论", "nameEn": "Integral equation", "wikiEn": "Integral equation", "aliases": [ "希尔伯特谱理论", "无穷多变元", "特征值一般理论", "Hilbert spectral theory" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fredholm_integral_equations" ], "related": [ "hilbert_space", "sturm_liouville_theory", "schrodinger_equation" ], "desc": "希尔伯特以无穷二次型与特征值改造弗雷德霍姆理论，谱思想随即成为量子力学数学骨架。" }, { "id": "knot_group_wirtinger", "name": "维尔丁格扭结群", "nameEn": "Knot group", "wikiEn": "Knot group", "aliases": [ "纽结群", "维尔丁格表示", "扭结补基本群", "Wirtinger presentation" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fundamental_group" ], "related": [ "tait_knot_tables", "alexander_polynomial", "dehn_surgery" ], "desc": "维尔丁格给出以纽结交叉为生成元、绕行关系为关系的纽结补基本群表示法。" }, { "id": "mass_energy_equivalence", "name": "质能方程", "nameEn": "Mass–energy equivalence", "wikiEn": "Mass–energy equivalence", "aliases": [ "质能方程", "质能等价", "Mass–energy equivalence", "E=mc²" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "special_relativity" ], "related": [ "nuclear_fission_mechanism", "nuclear_reactor" ], "desc": "爱因斯坦导出质能等价方程，揭示质量可转化为巨大能量。" }, { "id": "procaine", "name": "普鲁卡因", "nameEn": "Procaine (Novocaine)", "wikiEn": "Procaine", "aliases": [ "奴佛卡因", "Novocaine", "Einhorn procaine" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "grignard_reagent", "kekule_benzene_ring", "local_anesthesia" ], "related": [ "barbital", "spinal_anesthesia", "synthetic_rubber" ], "desc": "爱因霍恩合成低毒普鲁卡因，取代可卡因子。" }, { "id": "special_relativity", "name": "狭义相对论", "nameEn": "Special relativity", "wikiEn": "Special relativity", "aliases": [ "狭义相对论", "Special relativity", "狭义论", "爱因斯坦相对论" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "maxwell_equations", "michelson_morley_experiment", "lorentz_transformations" ], "related": [ "mass_energy_equivalence", "general_relativity" ], "desc": "爱因斯坦以光速不变与相对性改造时空观，导出全新动力学。" }, { "id": "standardized_test", "name": "标准化测验", "nameEn": "Standardized test", "wikiEn": "Standardized test", "aliases": [ "智力测验", "常模参照测试" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "比奈量表1905年，测验方法随后普及；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "educational_psychology" ], "related": [ "imperial_examination", "disputation" ], "desc": "以统一题目与常模量化比较学业水平的测评手段" }, { "id": "turbocharger", "name": "涡轮增压器", "nameEn": "Turbocharger", "wikiEn": "Turbocharger", "aliases": [ "增压器", "Turbo" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "布希1905年为柴油机排气增压申请专利；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gas_turbine", "diesel_engine" ], "related": [ "diesel_locomotive", "automobile", "internal_combustion_engine" ], "desc": "用废气涡轮驱动压气机给进气增压，提高功率密度。" }, { "id": "vitali_absolute_continuity", "name": "维塔利绝对连续定理", "nameEn": "Absolute continuity", "wikiEn": "Absolute continuity", "aliases": [ "绝对连续性", "维塔利定理", "积分的绝对连续", "Vitali theorem", "AC函数" ], "year": 1905, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "cantor_function", "radon_nikodym_theorem", "fatous_lemma" ], "desc": "维塔利给出绝对连续函数恰为其导数勒贝格积分的刻画，厘清微积分基本定理的有效边界。" }, { "id": "animation", "name": "动画", "nameEn": "Animation", "wikiEn": "Animation", "aliases": [ "卡通片", "美术片" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1906 年《滑稽脸》为首部广泛放映的逐格手绘片；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cinematograph" ], "related": [ "stop_motion", "comic_book", "video_game_console", "youtube" ], "desc": "以连续静态画面制造运动错觉的影像媒介，让虚构形象获得可传播的动作。" }, { "id": "audion_triode", "name": "真空三极管", "nameEn": "Audion (triode)", "wikiEn": "Triode", "aliases": [ "奥迪恩管", "弗莱明管", "de Forest Audion" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "radio" ], "related": [ "superheterodyne_receiver", "fm_radio", "television", "radar" ], "desc": "德福雷斯三极管实现电信号放大，为广播基石。" }, { "id": "broadcasting", "name": "无线电广播", "nameEn": "Radio broadcasting", "wikiEn": "Radio broadcasting", "aliases": [ "广播", "声音广播", "Fessenden broadcast" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "audion_triode", "hertz_electromagnetic_waves", "radio", "vacuum_diode" ], "related": [ "radio_station", "transoceanic_radio", "fm_radio" ], "desc": "费森登1906年首次语音与音乐广播。" }, { "id": "compactness_concept", "name": "紧性概念", "nameEn": "Compact space", "wikiEn": "Compact space", "aliases": [ "紧致性", "紧空间", "有限覆盖性质", "Compactness", "Borel-Lebesgue" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "metric_space" ], "related": [ "hausdorff_space", "tychonoff_theorem", "stone_cech_compactification" ], "desc": "弗雷歇首先形式化紧性，后由开覆盖有限子覆盖定义统一，与连通性并列为基本拓扑性质。" }, { "id": "dreadnought", "name": "无畏舰", "nameEn": "Dreadnought", "wikiEn": "Dreadnought", "aliases": [ "HMS Dreadnought", "无畏号战列舰", "全重炮战列舰", "Dreadnought battleship" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_turbine", "bessemer_steel" ], "related": [ "submarine", "aircraft_carrier" ], "desc": "无畏号下水，全重炮加蒸汽轮机引发战列舰革命。" }, { "id": "fatous_lemma", "name": "法图引理", "nameEn": "Fatou's lemma", "wikiEn": "Fatou's lemma", "aliases": [ "法图引理", "下极限积分不等式", "Fatou lemma", "Fatou's lemma" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "monotone_convergence_theorem", "dominated_convergence_theorem" ], "desc": "法图在博士论文中建立函数列下极限的积分不等式，是勒贝格积分三大收敛定理的起点。" }, { "id": "freeze_drying", "name": "冷冻干燥", "nameEn": "Freeze drying", "wikiEn": "Freeze drying", "aliases": [ "冻干", "升华干燥" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "达尔松伐尔1906年提出生物制品冻干构想", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "frozen_food", "food_preservation" ], "desc": "冰冻真空升华脱水，色味与营养保存远胜热风烘干。" }, { "id": "hilbert_space", "name": "希尔伯特空间", "nameEn": "Hilbert space", "wikiEn": "Hilbert space", "aliases": [ "希尔伯特空间", "l²空间", "完备内积空间", "Hilbert spaces", "l2" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hilbert_integral_equations", "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "banach_space", "matrix_mechanics", "riesz_representation_theorem", "sturm_liouville_theory" ], "desc": "完备内积空间的抽象，统一傅里叶展开与量子力学，是泛函分析中心舞台。" }, { "id": "hydrofoil", "name": "水翼船", "nameEn": "Hydrofoil", "wikiEn": "Hydrofoil", "aliases": [ "Forlanini hydrofoil", "水翼艇", "飞翼船", "HD-4" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "early_hovercraft" ], "desc": "佛拉尼尼水翼船在马焦雷湖高速载客试航。" }, { "id": "jensen_inequality", "name": "延森不等式", "nameEn": "Jensen's inequality", "wikiEn": "Jensen's inequality", "aliases": [ "詹森不等式", "凸函数期望不等式", "Jensen inequality", "Jensen's inequality" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "riemann_integral" ], "related": [ "holders_inequality", "minkowski_convex_geometry" ], "desc": "延森证明凸函数的函数值不超过（或不小于）平均值，在概率、信息论与优化中无处不在。" }, { "id": "markov_chains", "name": "马尔可夫链", "nameEn": "Markov chain", "wikiEn": "Markov chain", "aliases": [ "马尔可夫过程", "马氏链", "Markov process", "Markov chains" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "central_limit_theorem", "kimura_neutral_theory", "mcts", "monte_carlo_method" ], "desc": "马尔可夫创立无后效随机过程模型，后广泛用于统计物理、排队论、语言与算法。" }, { "id": "metric_space", "name": "度量空间", "nameEn": "Metric space", "wikiEn": "Metric space", "aliases": [ "距离空间", "弗雷歇度量空间", "度量公理", "Metric spaces" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cantor_set_theory" ], "related": [ "hausdorff_space", "compactness_concept", "lebesgue_integration" ], "desc": "弗雷歇在泛函数研究中抽象出距离公理，把收敛与连续推广到函数空间等任意集合。" }, { "id": "monotone_convergence_theorem", "name": "单调收敛定理", "nameEn": "Monotone convergence theorem", "wikiEn": "Monotone convergence theorem", "aliases": [ "单调收敛", "勒贝格单调收敛", "Monotone convergence", "Beppo Levi定理" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "fatous_lemma", "dominated_convergence_theorem" ], "desc": "莱维与勒贝格证明非负单调函数列的积分与极限可交换，是测度论交换极限的基本许可。" }, { "id": "third_law_thermodynamics", "name": "热力学第三定律", "nameEn": "Third law of thermodynamics", "wikiEn": "Third law of thermodynamics", "aliases": [ "热力学第三定律", "能斯特定理", "Third law of thermodynamics", "绝对零度不可达" ], "year": 1906, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "entropy_clausius" ], "related": [ "second_law_thermodynamics" ], "desc": "能斯特提出绝对零度不可达与熵趋于定值，热力学第三定律。" }, { "id": "autochrome", "name": "奥托克罗姆彩屏干版", "nameEn": "Autochrome Lumière", "wikiEn": "Autochrome Lumière", "aliases": [ "天然彩屏干版", "Autochrome", "卢米埃尔彩色版" ], "year": 1907, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kodak_camera" ], "related": [ "technicolor", "halftone" ], "desc": "卢米埃尔兄弟彩屏干版，早期实用彩色摄影。" }, { "id": "bakelite", "name": "酚醛树脂", "nameEn": "Bakelite", "wikiEn": "Bakelite", "aliases": [ "贝克兰塑料", "电木", "胶木" ], "year": 1907, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "celluloid", "injection_moulding", "polyvinyl_chloride" ], "desc": "贝克兰1907年合成首个全人工热固性塑料，电气绝缘材料。" }, { "id": "cell_culture", "name": "细胞培养", "nameEn": "Cell culture", "wikiEn": "Cell culture", "aliases": [ "组织培养", "tissue culture", "哈里森培养法" ], "year": 1907, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "borosilicate_glass", "microscope", "steam_digester" ], "related": [ "hela_cells", "refrigeration" ], "desc": "哈里森体外培养神经组织成功，现代细胞培养之始" }, { "id": "fubini_theorem", "name": "富比尼定理", "nameEn": "Fubini's theorem", "wikiEn": "Fubini's theorem", "aliases": [ "富比尼定理", "逐次积分交换", "乘积测度积分", "Fubini theorem", "Tonelli" ], "year": 1907, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "monotone_convergence_theorem", "radon_nikodym_theorem" ], "desc": "富比尼给出可积函数重积分可按任意次序计算的条件，托内利将其推广到非负情形。" }, { "id": "hilbert_schmidt_operator", "name": "希尔伯特-施密特算子", "nameEn": "Hilbert–Schmidt operator", "wikiEn": "Hilbert–Schmidt operator", "aliases": [ "HS算子", "希尔伯特-施密特算符", "Hilbert-Schmidt operator" ], "year": 1907, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hilbert_space", "bounded_operator", "continuous_linear_operator" ], "desc": "平方可积核的积分算子类，希尔伯特与施密特1907年研究，自身构成希尔伯特空间。" }, { "id": "montessori_education", "name": "蒙特梭利教学法", "nameEn": "Montessori education", "wikiEn": "Montessori education", "aliases": [ "蒙氏教育", "幼儿之家" ], "year": 1907, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1907年罗马幼儿之家创办；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kindergarten" ], "related": [ "educational_psychology", "progressive_education" ], "desc": "让儿童以教具自主操作的感官教学法，始于罗马" }, { "id": "radiometric_dating", "name": "放射性测年法", "nameEn": "Radiometric dating", "wikiEn": "Radiometric dating", "aliases": [ "同位素定年", "玻特伍德测年" ], "year": 1907, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "博尔特伍德1907年以铀铅法测定岩石年龄", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "becquerel_radioactivity", "curie_radioactivity" ], "related": [ "radiocarbon_dating", "geologic_time_scale", "continental_drift" ], "desc": "依母体衰变与子体积累比定岩石年龄，地球深时由此打开。" }, { "id": "riesz_fischer_theorem", "name": "里斯-费舍尔定理", "nameEn": "Riesz–Fischer theorem", "wikiEn": "Riesz–Fischer theorem", "aliases": [ "里斯费舍尔定理", "L²完备性", "平方可积序列对应", "Riesz-Fischer" ], "year": 1907, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hilbert_space", "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "fourier_analysis", "lp_spaces", "riesz_representation_theorem" ], "desc": "里斯与费舍尔证明平方可积函数与平方可和系数一一对应，为傅里叶分析奠定完备性基础。" }, { "id": "uniformization_theorem", "name": "单值化定理", "nameEn": "Uniformization theorem", "wikiEn": "Uniformization theorem", "aliases": [ "单值化定理", "万有覆叠曲面分类", "Uniformization", "科伯-庞加莱定理" ], "year": 1907, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_mapping_theorem", "riemann_surface" ], "related": [ "first_superstring_revolution", "jacobi_theta_functions", "poincare_disk_model", "riemann_roch_theorem" ], "desc": "庞加莱与科伯证明任意单连通黎曼面必为球面、平面或圆盘之一，统一曲面分类与函数论。" }, { "id": "aerial_lift", "name": "架空索道", "nameEn": "Aerial lift", "wikiEn": "Aerial lift", "aliases": [ "Aerial cable car", "索道", "Kohlerer cable car", "空中缆车" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bessemer_steel" ], "related": [ "cable_railway" ], "desc": "博尔扎诺科勒尔索道开通，首条现代封闭吊厢客运索道。" }, { "id": "cellophane", "name": "玻璃纸", "nameEn": "Cellophane", "wikiEn": "Cellophane", "aliases": [ "赛璐玢", "再生纤维素膜" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rayon", "polyethylene" ], "desc": "布兰登伯格1908年制玻璃纸，首种透明包装薄膜。" }, { "id": "coffee_filter", "name": "咖啡滤纸", "nameEn": "Coffee filter", "wikiEn": "Coffee filter", "aliases": [], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "贝恩茨借儿子作业本吸墨纸试制；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "papermaking" ], "related": [ "coffee", "teapot" ], "desc": "多孔纸截留咖啡渣与油脂，滴滤一杯干净顺口，家常冲煮门槛骤降。" }, { "id": "dominated_convergence_theorem", "name": "控制收敛定理", "nameEn": "Dominated convergence theorem", "wikiEn": "Dominated convergence theorem", "aliases": [ "勒贝格控制收敛", "DCT", "Dominated convergence", "受控收敛定理" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fatous_lemma" ], "related": [ "monotone_convergence_theorem", "fubini_theorem" ], "desc": "勒贝格证明被可积函数控制的逐点收敛列可在积分号下取极限，是现代分析最常用定理。" }, { "id": "gyrocompass", "name": "陀螺罗经", "nameEn": "Gyrocompass", "wikiEn": "Gyrocompass", "aliases": [ "电罗经", "Anschütz gyrocompass", "陀螺仪罗盘", "Gyroscopic compass" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "autopilot" ], "desc": "安许茨陀螺罗经海试成功，高速舰船上指北不依赖磁。" }, { "id": "hardy_weinberg_principle", "name": "哈迪-温伯格定律", "nameEn": "Hardy–Weinberg principle", "wikiEn": "Hardy–Weinberg principle", "aliases": [ "遗传平衡定律", "Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium", "群体遗传学基础" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "markov_chains", "mendelian_inheritance", "selective_breeding_bakewell" ], "related": [ "metropolis_hastings", "modern_evolutionary_synthesis", "probability_theory" ], "desc": "给出理想群体基因频率平衡公式，奠定群体遗传学基础。" }, { "id": "heterosis", "name": "杂种优势", "nameEn": "Heterosis", "wikiEn": "Heterosis", "aliases": [ "杂交活力", "Hybrid seed", "杂交玉米" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "舒尔1908年提出，1917年用于玉米制种；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "plant_breeding" ], "related": [ "dwarf_wheat", "green_revolution", "ir8_rice" ], "desc": "杂一代在产量与抗性上超越双亲，使制种成为产业。" }, { "id": "model_t", "name": "福特T型车", "nameEn": "Ford Model T", "wikiEn": "Ford Model T", "aliases": [ "Model T", "Tin Lizzie", "T型车", "福特汽车" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "automobile" ], "related": [ "assembly_line", "electric_starter", "automatic_transmission" ], "desc": "T型车以流水线量产走入家庭，美国进入汽车时代。" }, { "id": "monosodium_glutamate", "name": "味精", "nameEn": "Monosodium glutamate", "wikiEn": "Monosodium glutamate", "aliases": [ "谷氨酸钠" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "池田菊苗1908年分离出谷氨酸，次年投产", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fermentation", "salt_production" ], "related": [ "nitrogen_cycle", "food_preservation" ], "desc": "从海带分出谷氨酸并产业化，鲜味成为可制造的商品。" }, { "id": "p_adic_exponential_function", "name": "p进指数函数", "nameEn": "P-adic exponential function", "wikiEn": "P-adic exponential function", "aliases": [ "p进指数", "p-adic exp", "p进指数映射" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "absolute_value_algebra", "adele_ring" ], "desc": "p进数上的指数函数，仅在足够小邻域收敛，与p进对数互为反函数。" }, { "id": "student_t_distribution", "name": "学生t分布", "nameEn": "Student's t-distribution", "wikiEn": "Student's t-distribution", "aliases": [ "t分布", "学生氏分布", "戈塞特t分布", "小样本理论" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gauss_normal_error_theory" ], "related": [ "fisher_p_value", "neyman_confidence_interval", "plant_breeding", "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "desc": "戈塞特以笔名学生发表小样本均值分布，开启精确抽样分布理论。" }, { "id": "tea_bag", "name": "茶包", "nameEn": "Tea bag", "wikiEn": "Tea bag", "aliases": [], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "纽约茶商分装小袋意外走红", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "tea" ], "related": [ "teapot", "rayon" ], "desc": "碎茶装小袋一泡即弃，省去茶具与称量，茶叶进入办公室与旅途。" }, { "id": "teleprinter", "name": "电传打字机", "nameEn": "Teleprinter", "wikiEn": "Teleprinter", "aliases": [ "电传机", "teletypewriter", "Morkrum teleprinter" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "typewriter" ], "related": [ "telex", "automatic_telephone_switch" ], "desc": "电报信号自动打印成字符，实现报文直收直发。" }, { "id": "type_theory", "name": "类型论", "nameEn": "Type theory", "wikiEn": "Type theory", "aliases": [ "分层类型论", "罗素类型论" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "罗素《数学原理》第二卷1908年提出分支类型论；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "russell_paradox" ], "related": [ "curry_howard_correspondence", "intuitionistic_logic", "zermelo_zfc", "peano_axioms" ], "desc": "把对象按层级分类型以禁绝自指悖论，后成证明助手与函数式编程语言的语法底座。" }, { "id": "washing_machine", "name": "洗衣机", "nameEn": "Washing machine", "wikiEn": "Washing machine", "aliases": [ "电动洗衣机", "洋泾浜洗濯机" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以电动机驱动滚筒的家用机型在 1908 年前后商品化；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "induction_motor", "modern_sewer", "soap" ], "related": [ "clothes_iron", "sewing_machine", "electricity_generation" ], "desc": "以机械搅动与水流完成洗涤的家用电器，把最重的家务劳动交给电力。" }, { "id": "water_chlorination", "name": "自来水氯化消毒", "nameEn": "Water chlorination", "wikiEn": "Water chlorination", "aliases": [ "饮水加氯", "chlorine disinfection", "自来水消毒" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "modern_sewer" ], "related": [ "slow_sand_filter", "cholera_vaccine", "activated_sludge" ], "desc": "自来水厂持续加氯消毒，介水传染病大幅下降。" }, { "id": "zermelo_zfc", "name": "选择公理与ZFC", "nameEn": "Axiom of choice", "wikiEn": "Axiom of choice", "aliases": [ "选择公理", "策梅洛公理系统", "ZFC集合论", "Zermelo set theory", "Zermelo–Fraenkel" ], "year": 1908, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "russell_paradox", "cantor_set_theory" ], "related": [ "hilbert_program", "lebesgue_integration" ], "desc": "策梅洛提出选择公理并首建集合论公理系统，后发展为ZFC，化解朴素集合论危机。" }, { "id": "borel_cantelli_lemma", "name": "博雷尔-坎泰利引理", "nameEn": "Borel–Cantelli lemma", "wikiEn": "Borel–Cantelli lemma", "aliases": [ "博雷尔-坎泰利引理", "BC引理", "无穷事件引理", "Borel-Cantelli" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "kolmogorov_zero_one_law", "borel_strong_law_large_numbers" ], "desc": "给出无穷事件列发生有限次或无限次的判据，是强大数律的重要工具。" }, { "id": "borel_strong_law_large_numbers", "name": "博雷尔强大数定律", "nameEn": "Strong law of large numbers", "wikiEn": "Strong law of large numbers", "aliases": [ "强大数定律", "博雷尔大数定律", "几乎处处收敛", "Borel SLLN" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bernoulli_law_large_numbers", "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "insurance", "khinchin_law_large_numbers", "kolmogorov_probability_axioms" ], "desc": "博雷尔证明伯努利试验频率几乎处处收敛，首次给出强大数律形式。" }, { "id": "campbell_white_noise", "name": "白噪声过程", "nameEn": "White noise", "wikiEn": "White noise", "aliases": [ "白噪声", "散粒噪声", "坎贝尔定理", "Campbell shot noise" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "erlang_poisson_process" ], "related": [ "vacuum_tube", "wiener_khinchin_theorem" ], "desc": "坎贝尔研究电子管散粒噪声刻画无记忆起伏信号，后严格化为白噪声。" }, { "id": "credit_rating_agency", "name": "债券信用评级", "nameEn": "Credit rating agency", "wikiEn": "Credit rating agency", "aliases": [ "信用评级", "债券分级" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "穆迪1909年开始发布铁路债券评级；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "government_debt_market", "corporate_law" ], "related": [ "mutual_fund", "securitization", "basel_capital_accord" ], "desc": "专门机构按违约概率给债券分等级，信用成为可交易的信息。" }, { "id": "duralumin", "name": "硬铝", "nameEn": "Duralumin", "wikiEn": "Duralumin", "aliases": [ "杜拉铝", "威尔姆铝合金", "时效硬化铝合金" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hall_heroult_process" ], "related": [ "bayer_process", "stainless_steel", "kroll_process" ], "desc": "威尔姆1909年发明可时效硬化的铝合金，航空结构材料之始。" }, { "id": "erlang_poisson_process", "name": "厄尔朗泊松过程", "nameEn": "Poisson point process", "wikiEn": "Poisson point process", "aliases": [ "泊松过程", "厄尔朗电话过程", "事件到达流", "Poisson process" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "poisson_distribution_law" ], "related": [ "erlang_queueing_theory", "geiger_counter", "kingman_point_process", "traffic_light" ], "desc": "厄尔朗为电话呼叫建模得到泊松过程，成为事件到达流与点过程原型。" }, { "id": "four_vertex_theorem", "name": "四顶点定理", "nameEn": "Four vertex theorem", "wikiEn": "Four vertex theorem", "aliases": [ "四顶点定理", "曲率极值定理", "Four-vertex theorem", "Mukhopadhyaya theorem" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "euler_curve_curvature" ], "related": [ "isoperimetric_inequality_modern" ], "desc": "穆霍帕德海亚证明简单闭光滑曲线的曲率至少有四个局部极值，整体微分几何先声。" }, { "id": "gene_concept", "name": "基因概念", "nameEn": "Gene", "wikiEn": "Gene", "aliases": [ "遗传因子", "基因" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "约翰逊1909年提出gene一词；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mendelian_inheritance" ], "related": [ "sutton_boveri_theory", "dna_double_helix" ], "desc": "把孟德尔遗传因子定名为基因，从抽象数到物质实体。" }, { "id": "haber_process", "name": "合成氨", "nameEn": "Haber process", "wikiEn": "Haber process", "aliases": [ "哈伯法", "Haber–Bosch process", "哈柏法", "哈伯-博施法" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ostwald_process", "birkeland_eyde_process", "urea_synthesis", "calcium_cyanamide" ], "desc": "哈伯1909年实现氮氢合成氨，博施工业化，化肥与军工基石。" }, { "id": "laminated_glass", "name": "夹层玻璃", "nameEn": "Laminated glass", "wikiEn": "Laminated glass", "aliases": [ "安全玻璃", "Triplex", "夹胶玻璃" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fourcault_process", "fiberglass" ], "desc": "本尼迪克图斯1909年发明夹胶安全玻璃，破碎不飞溅。" }, { "id": "mohorovicic_discontinuity", "name": "莫霍洛维奇不连续面", "nameEn": "Mohorovičić discontinuity", "wikiEn": "Mohorovičić discontinuity", "aliases": [ "莫霍面", "Moho", "地壳地幔界面", "Mohorovicic discontinuity" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gutenberg_core_discontinuity", "plate_tectonics" ], "desc": "莫霍洛维奇由地震波发现地壳与地幔分界面。" }, { "id": "ostwald_process", "name": "奥斯特瓦尔德法", "nameEn": "Ostwald process", "wikiEn": "Ostwald process", "aliases": [ "氨氧化制硝酸法", "奥氏制硝酸法" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "haber_process", "urea_synthesis", "calcium_cyanamide", "contact_process" ], "desc": "奥斯特瓦尔德1902年发明、1909年工业化氨氧化制硝酸。" }, { "id": "ph_concept", "name": "pH酸碱度标度", "nameEn": "pH", "wikiEn": "pH", "aliases": [ "氢离子浓度指数", "酸碱值" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "索伦森1909年在哥本哈根酿酒实验室提出；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "arrhenius_ionic_dissociation" ], "related": [ "ph_meter", "titration_method" ], "desc": "以氢离子浓度负对数量度酸碱，化学与生理通用标尺。" }, { "id": "powder_metallurgy", "name": "粉末冶金", "nameEn": "Powder metallurgy", "wikiEn": "Powder metallurgy", "aliases": [ "PM", "粉末压制烧结" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1909年柯立芝以粉末延性钨丝实现工业化；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "incandescent_lamp", "smelting" ], "related": [ "selective_laser_melting", "high_entropy_alloy", "amorphous_metal" ], "desc": "制粉、压制、烧结成形，近净形状并保留多孔与硬质相。" }, { "id": "riesz_representation_theorem", "name": "里斯表示定理", "nameEn": "Riesz representation theorem", "wikiEn": "Riesz representation theorem", "aliases": [ "里斯表示", "线性泛函积分表示", "Riesz representation", "对偶表示" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hilbert_space" ], "related": [ "finite_element_method", "hahn_banach_theorem", "radon_nikodym_theorem", "riesz_fischer_theorem" ], "desc": "里斯证明连续函数空间上的线性泛函可表为对测度的积分，希尔伯特空间中即向量内积。" }, { "id": "salvarsan", "name": "撒尔佛散", "nameEn": "Arsphenamine (Salvarsan)", "wikiEn": "Arsphenamine", "aliases": [ "胂凡纳明", "606", "Ehrlich magic bullet" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "grignard_reagent", "mauveine" ], "related": [ "lysozyme", "periodic_table", "prontosil", "sulfa_drugs" ], "desc": "埃尔希与秦佐八郎制成胂凡纳明，首个化学特效药。" }, { "id": "slip_forming", "name": "滑模施工", "nameEn": "Slip forming", "wikiEn": "Slip forming", "aliases": [ "滑升模板", "连续提模" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以 20 世纪初北美滑模筒仓施工记录为据，取约值", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "concrete", "portland_cement", "reinforced_concrete" ], "related": [ "crane", "skyscraper", "safety_elevator", "three_gorges_dam" ], "desc": "模板随浇筑连续上滑，筒壁与芯墙不分层留冷缝。" }, { "id": "synthetic_rubber", "name": "合成橡胶", "nameEn": "Synthetic rubber", "wikiEn": "Synthetic rubber", "aliases": [ "Buna橡胶", "GR-S", "Neoprene", "SBR", "丁苯橡胶", "氯丁橡胶", "甲基异戊橡胶" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nylon", "pneumatic_tire", "ptfe" ], "desc": "霍夫曼1909年合成首种人造橡胶，二战中规模生产替代天然胶。" }, { "id": "tuned_mass_damper", "name": "调谐质量阻尼器", "nameEn": "Tuned mass damper", "wikiEn": "Tuned mass damper", "aliases": [ "TMD", "质量阻尼器" ], "year": 1909, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "福普尔 1909 年为减振装置申请专利，建筑应用晚至 20 世纪后期；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steel_frame_construction", "safety_elevator", "skyscraper" ], "related": [ "wind_tunnel", "arch", "truss" ], "desc": "顶部大质量块反向摆动，把强风与地震引起的晃动调走。" }, { "id": "carmichael_function", "name": "卡迈克尔函数", "nameEn": "Carmichael function", "wikiEn": "Carmichael function", "aliases": [ "最小通用指数", "卡迈克尔λ函数", "卡邁克爾函數", "Carmichael lambda" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "congruence_relation" ], "related": [ "chinese_remainder_theorem", "industrial_grade_prime", "diffie_hellman" ], "desc": "使a的λ(n)次方模n恒为1的最小通用指数，RSA密码体系的关键参数。" }, { "id": "cartan_moving_frame", "name": "嘉当活动标架与微分形式", "nameEn": "Moving frame", "wikiEn": "Moving frame", "aliases": [ "活动标架法", "嘉当微分形式", "外微分方法", "Cartan repère mobile" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_theorema_egregium" ], "related": [ "fiber_bundle", "christoffel_symbols", "levi_civita_connection" ], "desc": "嘉当以随点运动的标架和外微分形式重写几何与联络，深刻影响后来的规范场数学。" }, { "id": "dehn_surgery", "name": "德恩外科手术", "nameEn": "Dehn surgery", "wikiEn": "Dehn surgery", "aliases": [ "德恩手术", "纽结外科", "三维流形构造", "Dehn's surgery" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "knot_group_wirtinger" ], "related": [ "thurston_geometrization", "hyperbolic_three_manifolds" ], "desc": "德恩沿纽结挖去实心环再按斜率粘回，成为构造与分类三维流形的基本手术。" }, { "id": "film_genre", "name": "电影类型", "nameEn": "Film genre", "wikiEn": "Film genre", "aliases": [ "影片类型", "类型片" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "长篇叙事片形成稳定片种与制片厂分类惯例", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cinematograph", "greek_theatre" ], "related": [ "sound_film", "netflix", "science_fiction" ], "desc": "按题材与叙事程式分类的影片体系，把观众预期变成制片工业的组织原则。" }, { "id": "jazz", "name": "爵士乐", "nameEn": "Jazz", "wikiEn": "Jazz", "aliases": [ "爵士", "新奥尔良爵士" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新奥尔良舞厅与游行乐队在二十世纪前十年的实践", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blues", "music_box" ], "related": [ "rock_and_roll", "symphony", "gramophone" ], "desc": "以即兴、切分与合奏对话为核心的音乐语言，重塑二十世纪的演出方式。" }, { "id": "liquefied_petroleum_gas", "name": "液化石油气", "nameEn": "Liquefied petroleum gas", "wikiEn": "Liquefied petroleum gas", "aliases": [ "LPG", "液化气", "Snelling propane", "瓶装煤气" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "petroleum_refinery" ], "related": [ "natural_gas_distribution", "gasoline" ], "desc": "斯内林1910年分离出丙烷，液化石油气开始瓶装民用。" }, { "id": "lp_spaces", "name": "Lp空间", "nameEn": "Lp spaces", "wikiEn": "Lp spaces", "aliases": [ "Lp空间", "p次可积函数空间", "L^p spaces", "勒贝格空间" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "minkowski_inequality", "riesz_fischer_theorem" ], "related": [ "banach_space", "holders_inequality", "navier_stokes_equations", "sobolev_spaces" ], "desc": "里斯引入p次可积函数空间，成为傅里叶分析与偏微分方程的基本工作环境。" }, { "id": "morgan_chromosome_genetics", "name": "摩尔根果蝇遗传学", "nameEn": "Thomas Hunt Morgan", "wikiEn": "Thomas Hunt Morgan", "aliases": [ "基因染色体学说", "果蝇白眼突变", "连锁互换定律", "Morgan genetics" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "microscope", "selective_breeding_bakewell", "sutton_boveri_theory" ], "related": [ "mendelian_inheritance", "photography", "radiation_breeding" ], "desc": "果蝇实验证明基因在染色体上线性排列，创立经典遗传学。" }, { "id": "neon_lighting", "name": "霓虹灯", "nameEn": "Neon lighting", "wikiEn": "Neon lighting", "aliases": [ "氖灯", "Claude neon light", "霓虹广告灯" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "mercury_vapor_lamp", "fluorescent_lamp" ], "desc": "克劳德1910年制氖气放电灯管，商用霓虹照明兴起。" }, { "id": "plancherel_theorem", "name": "普朗歇尔定理", "nameEn": "Plancherel theorem", "wikiEn": "Plancherel theorem", "aliases": [ "普朗歇尔定理", "傅里叶变换等距", "Parseval-Plancherel", "能量守恒定理" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis", "riesz_fischer_theorem" ], "related": [ "hilbert_space", "cooley_tukey_fft", "information_theory" ], "desc": "普朗歇尔证明傅里叶变换保持L²范数，使信号能量在时域频域间守恒，是调和分析支柱。" }, { "id": "primitive_element_theorem", "name": "本原元定理", "nameEn": "Primitive element theorem", "wikiEn": "Primitive element theorem", "aliases": [ "原元定理", "单生成元定理", "Primitive element theorem" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algebraic_number_field" ], "related": [ "galois_theory" ], "desc": "特征零域每个有限可分扩域都可由单个本原元生成，施泰尼茨1910年证明。" }, { "id": "seaplane", "name": "水上飞机", "nameEn": "Seaplane", "wikiEn": "Seaplane", "aliases": [ "Fabre Hydravion", "浮筒式水上飞机", "Floatplane", "水上机" ], "year": 1910, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "airplane" ], "related": [ "aircraft_carrier" ], "desc": "法布尔水上飞机首飞，可在开阔水面起降。" }, { "id": "brouwer_degree", "name": "布劳威尔拓扑度", "nameEn": "Degree of a continuous mapping", "wikiEn": "Degree of a continuous mapping", "aliases": [ "映射度", "布劳威尔度", "拓扑度理论", "Brouwer degree", "Mapping degree" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "poincare_topology" ], "related": [ "brouwer_fixed_point", "hopf_fibration", "lefschetz_fixed_point", "navier_stokes_equations" ], "desc": "布劳威尔以代数计数定义球面映射的度，同伦不变，推出不动点与向量场诸多定理。" }, { "id": "brouwer_fixed_point", "name": "布劳威尔不动点定理", "nameEn": "Brouwer fixed-point theorem", "wikiEn": "Brouwer fixed-point theorem", "aliases": [ "布劳威尔不动点", "球到自身映射不动点", "Brouwer fixed point" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "brouwer_degree" ], "related": [ "arrow_debreu_model", "lefschetz_fixed_point", "nash_equilibrium" ], "desc": "布劳威尔证明圆盘或球体到自身的连续映射必有不动点，应用遍及拓扑、博弈与经济。" }, { "id": "diesel_motorship", "name": "柴油机船", "nameEn": "Motor ship", "wikiEn": "Motor ship", "aliases": [ "Motorship", "Selandia", "塞兰迪亚号", "Vandal" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diesel_engine" ], "related": [ "turbinia", "oil_tanker", "submarine" ], "desc": "塞兰迪亚号首航，第一艘远洋柴油机动力商船。" }, { "id": "elastic_rebound_theory", "name": "弹性回跳理论", "nameEn": "Elastic-rebound theory", "wikiEn": "Elastic-rebound theory", "aliases": [ "弹性回跳说", "劳森地震理论" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "劳森总结1906年旧金山地震野外调查；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "linear_elasticity_math" ], "related": [ "seismoscope", "plate_tectonics", "continental_drift" ], "desc": "断层应变积累后突然错动回弹，地震成因的经典解释。" }, { "id": "invariance_of_dimension", "name": "维数不变性定理", "nameEn": "Invariance of dimension", "wikiEn": "Invariance of domain", "aliases": [ "维数不变性", "布劳威尔维数定理", "区域不变性", "Invariance of domain" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "poincare_topology" ], "related": [ "brouwer_fixed_point", "peano_space_filling_curve" ], "desc": "布劳威尔证明不同维欧氏空间不能同胚，挫败皮亚诺曲线引发的维数混乱。" }, { "id": "mixed_volume", "name": "混合体积理论", "nameEn": "Mixed volume", "wikiEn": "Mixed volume", "aliases": [ "混合体积", "闵可夫斯基混合体积", "Minkowski mixed volumes" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "minkowski_convex_geometry" ], "related": [ "minkowski_convex_geometry" ], "desc": "闵可夫斯基定义凸体线性组合体积展开的系数，统一表面积、平均宽度等凸几何量。" }, { "id": "quantity_theory_of_money", "name": "货币数量论", "nameEn": "Quantity theory of money", "wikiEn": "Quantity theory of money", "aliases": [ "交易方程", "费雪方程" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "取费雪《货币的购买力》1911年；早期表述可追至十六世纪萨拉曼卡；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gold_standard", "bimetallism_standard" ], "related": [ "monetarism", "consumer_price_index", "keynes_general_theory" ], "desc": "把物价水平写成货币量与流通速度的函数，通胀有了可核算式。" }, { "id": "richardson_extrapolation", "name": "理查德森外推", "nameEn": "Richardson extrapolation", "wikiEn": "Richardson extrapolation", "aliases": [ "理查森外推法", "李查逊外推", "Richardson extrapolation", "步长外推" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "romberg_integration", "finite_difference_method" ], "desc": "理查德森1911年提出以不同步长解的线性组合消去误差项，是高精度数值方法的支柱。" }, { "id": "rutherford_nuclear_model", "name": "卢瑟福原子核式模型", "nameEn": "Rutherford model", "wikiEn": "Rutherford model", "aliases": [ "核式模型", "行星模型", "Rutherford model", "α散射实验", "卢瑟福模型" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "thomson_electron" ], "related": [ "bohr_atom_model", "neutron_discovery" ], "desc": "卢瑟福由α散射实验提出原子核式结构，颠覆实心原子观。" }, { "id": "superconductivity_discovery", "name": "超导现象", "nameEn": "Superconductivity", "wikiEn": "Superconductivity", "aliases": [ "超导发现", "Superconductivity", "零电阻现象", "昂内斯超导" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bcs_theory" ], "desc": "昂内斯发现汞在极低温下电阻骤降为零，开辟超导领域。" }, { "id": "taylor_scientific_management", "name": "泰勒科学管理", "nameEn": "Scientific management", "wikiEn": "Scientific management", "aliases": [ "泰勒制", "科学管理原理", "Taylorism", "工时动作研究" ], "year": 1911, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "weber_bureaucracy" ], "desc": "以工时动作研究与标准化提高效率，开创现代管理科学。" }, { "id": "autopilot", "name": "自动驾驶仪", "nameEn": "Autopilot", "wikiEn": "Autopilot", "aliases": [ "Sperry autopilot", "陀螺驾驶仪", "Gyroscopic autopilot", "自动飞行仪" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "airplane", "radio_navigation", "gyrocompass" ], "desc": "斯佩里陀螺稳定驾驶仪试飞，可自动保持平飞姿态。" }, { "id": "continental_drift", "name": "大陆漂移学说", "nameEn": "Continental drift", "wikiEn": "Continental drift", "aliases": [ "魏格纳大陆漂移", "泛大陆", "Pangaea", "Wegener drift", "大陆水平移动" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lyell_principles_geology", "seafloor_spreading", "plate_tectonics" ], "desc": "魏格纳提出大陆曾连成泛大陆并水平漂移。" }, { "id": "cosmic_rays", "name": "宇宙线的发现", "nameEn": "Cosmic ray", "wikiEn": "Cosmic ray", "aliases": [ "宇宙射线", "赫斯气球实验" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "赫斯1912年气球升高电离增强", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "becquerel_radioactivity" ], "related": [ "radiocarbon_dating", "geiger_counter" ], "desc": "来自外层空间的高能粒子流，粒子物理与天体物理交汇点。" }, { "id": "electric_blanket", "name": "电热毯", "nameEn": "Electric blanket", "wikiEn": "Electric blanket", "aliases": [], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "电热丝织入毛毯", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "central_heating_modern" ], "desc": "发热线织入毯体并配温控，寒冷地区睡前预热被窝，替代汤婆子。" }, { "id": "electric_starter", "name": "电动起动机", "nameEn": "Starter motor", "wikiEn": "Starter (engine)", "aliases": [ "Self-starter", "Kettering starter", "电启动器", "启动马达" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "automobile", "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "model_t" ], "desc": "凯特林电启动器首装凯迪拉克，手摇曲柄启动终结。" }, { "id": "fisher_maximum_likelihood", "name": "费希尔最大似然估计", "nameEn": "Maximum likelihood estimation", "wikiEn": "Maximum likelihood estimation", "aliases": [ "最大似然估计", "极大似然", "MLE", "最大似然法" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_least_squares", "gauss_normal_error_theory" ], "related": [ "em_algorithm", "fisher_likelihood_function", "pet_scanner", "radiometric_dating" ], "desc": "费希尔提出使观测似然最大的参数估计准则，1922年完成理论奠基。" }, { "id": "gestalt_psychology", "name": "格式塔心理学", "nameEn": "Gestalt psychology", "wikiEn": "Gestalt psychology", "aliases": [ "完形心理学", "韦特海默", "似动现象", "整体大于部分之和" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "wundt_experimental_psychology" ], "desc": "心理以整体结构知觉世界，反对元素主义构造心理学。" }, { "id": "gini_coefficient", "name": "基尼系数", "nameEn": "Gini coefficient", "wikiEn": "Gini coefficient", "aliases": [ "劳伦茨曲线", "不平等指数" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "吉尼1912年提出，曲线本身早两年；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pearson_correlation_coefficient", "census_system" ], "related": [ "poverty_threshold", "human_development_index", "kuznets_national_income" ], "desc": "用洛伦茨曲线与对角线间面积度量收入分配的不平等程度。" }, { "id": "hairy_ball_theorem", "name": "毛球定理", "nameEn": "Hairy ball theorem", "wikiEn": "Hairy ball theorem", "aliases": [ "毛球定理", "球面向量场零点", "刺猬定理", "Hairy ball" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "brouwer_degree" ], "related": [ "hopf_fibration", "brouwer_fixed_point" ], "desc": "布劳威尔证明偶维球面上连续切向量场必在某处为零，故无处可梳平一个毛球。" }, { "id": "mass_spectrometry", "name": "质谱法", "nameEn": "Mass spectrometry", "wikiEn": "Mass spectrometry", "aliases": [ "质谱仪", "Thomson parabola spectrograph", "质谱分析" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "oscilloscope" ], "related": [ "cyclotron", "x_ray_crystallography", "electron_microscope" ], "desc": "汤姆孙按质荷比分离粒子，鉴别原子与同位素。" }, { "id": "montel_normal_families", "name": "蒙泰尔正规族理论", "nameEn": "Montel's theorem", "wikiEn": "Montel's theorem", "aliases": [ "蒙泰尔定理", "正规族", "Normal families", "紧性族", "Montel normal family" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "picard_theorem", "heine_borel_theorem" ], "related": [ "runge_theorem", "riemann_mapping_theorem" ], "desc": "有界全纯函数族含局部一致收敛子列，以紧性思想简化皮卡定理等经典证明。" }, { "id": "period_luminosity_relation", "name": "周光关系", "nameEn": "Period-luminosity relation", "wikiEn": "Period-luminosity relation", "aliases": [ "勒维特定律", "造父变星周光关系" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "harvard_spectral_classification" ], "related": [ "cosmic_distance_ladder", "hubble_law" ], "desc": "造父变星光变周期正比于光度，宇宙量天第一把标尺。" }, { "id": "vitamins", "name": "维生素", "nameEn": "Vitamins", "wikiEn": "Vitamin", "aliases": [ "维他命", "vitamine", "Funk vitamine" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "vitamin_d", "iodized_salt", "breakfast_cereal" ], "desc": "芬克提出维生素假说，开启现代营养学。" }, { "id": "x_ray_crystallography", "name": "X射线晶体学", "nameEn": "X-ray crystallography", "wikiEn": "X-ray crystallography", "aliases": [ "X射线衍射", "布拉格定律", "Laue diffraction" ], "year": 1912, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "x_ray" ], "related": [ "electron_microscope", "mass_spectrometry" ], "desc": "冯·劳厄衍射与布拉格定律，用于解析分子结构。" }, { "id": "assembly_line", "name": "流水线", "nameEn": "Assembly line", "wikiEn": "Assembly line", "aliases": [ "福特流水线", "移动装配线", "装配线" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "conveyor_belt", "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "continuous_strip_mill", "injection_moulding" ], "desc": "福特1913年高地公园工厂启用移动流水线，量产方式革命。" }, { "id": "bergius_process", "name": "煤直接液化", "nameEn": "Bergius process", "wikiEn": "Bergius process", "aliases": [ "贝吉乌斯法", "煤制油", "煤炭加氢液化" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fischer_tropsch_process", "haber_process", "linde_air_liquefaction" ], "desc": "贝吉乌斯1913年煤加氢液化制油，缺油国的燃料路线。" }, { "id": "bohr_atom_model", "name": "玻尔原子模型", "nameEn": "Bohr model", "wikiEn": "Bohr model", "aliases": [ "玻尔模型", "Bohr model", "氢原子模型", "旧量子论" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "rutherford_nuclear_model", "planck_quantum_hypothesis" ], "related": [ "zeeman_effect", "pauli_exclusion_principle" ], "desc": "玻尔将量子化引入原子轨道解释氢光谱，旧量子论顶峰。" }, { "id": "bragg_plane", "name": "布拉格平面", "nameEn": "Bragg plane", "wikiEn": "Bragg plane", "aliases": [ "布拉格晶面", "倒易反射面", "Bragg反射面" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "crystallographic_restriction_theorem", "burgers_vector" ], "desc": "倒易空间中表达布拉格衍射条件的中垂面，用于X射线衍射与晶格结构分析。" }, { "id": "caratheodory_boundary_theorem", "name": "卡拉泰奥多里边界对应定理", "nameEn": "Carathéodory's theorem (conformal mapping)", "wikiEn": "Carathéodory's theorem (conformal mapping)", "aliases": [ "边界对应", "卡拉泰奥多里共形定理", "Carathéodory conformal", "若尔当区域延拓" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "riemann_mapping_theorem", "jordan_curve_theorem" ], "related": [ "poisson_kernel", "montel_normal_families" ], "desc": "卡拉泰奥多里证明若边界为若尔当曲线，共形映射可同胚延拓到边界，补全黎曼映射定理。" }, { "id": "consumer_price_index", "name": "消费价格指数", "nameEn": "Consumer price index", "wikiEn": "Consumer price index", "aliases": [ "CPI", "零售物价指数", "生活费用指数" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "美国劳工统计局1913年开始编制零售物价指数", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "census_system", "unit_of_measurement" ], "related": [ "quantity_theory_of_money", "inflation_targeting" ], "desc": "跟踪固定商品篮子的零售价格，通胀成了每月可比数字。" }, { "id": "cracking_refining", "name": "石油裂化", "nameEn": "Cracking (chemistry)", "wikiEn": "Cracking (chemistry)", "aliases": [ "Burton process", "柏顿热裂化", "热裂解法" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "petroleum_refinery", "fractional_distillation" ], "related": [ "gasoline", "fischer_tropsch_process", "diesel_engine" ], "desc": "标准石油1913年用伯顿热裂化法倍增汽油收率。" }, { "id": "dimension_theorem_vector_spaces", "name": "向量空间维数定理", "nameEn": "Dimension theorem for vector spaces", "wikiEn": "Dimension theorem for vector spaces", "aliases": [ "维数不变定理", "基等势定理", "维数良定义定理" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rank_nullity_theorem", "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "desc": "向量空间任意两基等势故维数良定义，施泰尼茨1913年证明，是线性代数基石。" }, { "id": "echo_sounding", "name": "回声测深仪", "nameEn": "Echo sounding", "wikiEn": "Echo sounding", "aliases": [ "Echolot", "Behm echo sounder", "回声测深", "声学测深" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "sonar", "bathysphere" ], "desc": "贝姆取得回声测深专利，用声波反射快速测量水深。" }, { "id": "economic_order_quantity", "name": "经济订货批量", "nameEn": "Economic order quantity", "wikiEn": "Economic order quantity", "aliases": [ "EOQ", "最优批量", "库存批量公式" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "哈里斯1913年论文给出公式，1920年代被生产统计采纳", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "taylor_scientific_management", "double_entry_bookkeeping" ], "related": [ "toyota_production_system", "supply_chain_management", "operations_research" ], "desc": "在订货费用与持有成本间求导取极值，库存批量首次公式化。" }, { "id": "engel_expansion", "name": "恩格尔展开式", "nameEn": "Engel expansion", "wikiEn": "Engel expansion", "aliases": [ "恩格尔展开", "恩格尔级数展开", "Engel series" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "diophantine_approximation" ], "desc": "恩格尔1913年提出的唯一非降整数序列展开，是连分数之外的实数展开法。" }, { "id": "federal_reserve_system", "name": "联邦储备体系", "nameEn": "Federal Reserve System", "wikiEn": "Federal Reserve", "aliases": [ "美联储", "中央银行体系" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1913年《联邦储备法》通过，1914年开业", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fractional_reserve_banking", "bank_of_england" ], "related": [ "deposit_insurance", "quantitative_easing", "fiat_money" ], "desc": "区域储备银行网充当最后贷款人，通货弹性与货币政策被集中。" }, { "id": "gutenberg_core_discontinuity", "name": "古登堡不连续面", "nameEn": "Gutenberg discontinuity", "wikiEn": "Gutenberg discontinuity", "aliases": [ "核幔边界", "古登堡面", "地核界面", "Gutenberg discontinuity" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "mohorovicic_discontinuity" ], "desc": "古登堡由地震波确认约2900公里深处核幔边界。" }, { "id": "hertzsprung_russell_diagram", "name": "赫罗图", "nameEn": "Hertzsprung-Russell diagram", "wikiEn": "Hertzsprung–Russell diagram", "aliases": [ "H-R图", "主序图" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "赫茨普龙1911年初绘，罗素1913年独立发表", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "harvard_spectral_classification", "period_luminosity_relation" ], "related": [ "chandrasekhar_limit", "bethe_stellar_nucleosynthesis" ], "desc": "光度对温度的散点图显出主序与巨星支，恒星演化地图。" }, { "id": "kaplan_turbine", "name": "卡普兰水轮机", "nameEn": "Kaplan turbine", "wikiEn": "Kaplan turbine", "aliases": [ "转桨式水轮机", "轴流转桨水轮机" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "water_turbine" ], "related": [ "pelton_wheel", "hydroelectricity" ], "desc": "卡普兰1913年发明可调桨叶轴流水轮机，适配低水头大流量。" }, { "id": "markov_onegin_application", "name": "马尔可夫《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》试验", "nameEn": "Markov chain", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Markov chain", "元音辅音链", "奥涅金文本统计", "普希金文本试验", "马尔可夫链首应用" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "markov_chains" ], "related": [ "kolmogorov_markov_process", "baum_welch_hidden_markov" ], "desc": "马尔可夫统计普希金诗行元音辅音转换，首次用真实数据验证马氏链。" }, { "id": "moseley_atomic_number", "name": "莫塞莱原子序数定律", "nameEn": "Moseley's law", "wikiEn": "Moseley's law", "aliases": [ "莫塞莱定律", "原子序数律", "Moseley law", "X射线原子序数" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "soddy_isotopes", "x_ray" ], "related": [ "periodic_table", "atomic_theory" ], "desc": "莫塞莱由X射线谱确立原子序数对应核电荷数。" }, { "id": "radon_nikodym_theorem", "name": "拉东-尼科迪姆定理", "nameEn": "Radon–Nikodym theorem", "wikiEn": "Radon–Nikodym theorem", "aliases": [ "拉东尼科迪姆", "测度密度定理", "RN导数", "Radon-Nikodym derivative" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "vitali_absolute_continuity" ], "related": [ "riesz_representation_theorem", "borel_sets", "lebesgue_integration" ], "desc": "拉东提出、尼科迪姆证明绝对连续测度可表为密度的积分，是条件期望与随机过程的基础。" }, { "id": "soddy_isotopes", "name": "同位素概念", "nameEn": "Soddy's isotope concept", "wikiEn": "Isotope", "aliases": [ "索迪同位素", "同位素", "Isotopes", "同量异位素" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "atomic_theory" ], "related": [ "moseley_atomic_number", "isotope_tracer", "periodic_table" ], "desc": "索迪提出同位素概念，同元素可有不同原子量。" }, { "id": "stainless_steel", "name": "不锈钢", "nameEn": "Stainless steel", "wikiEn": "Stainless steel", "aliases": [ "铬钢", "Brearley stainless", "不锈耐酸钢" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "duralumin", "high_speed_steel", "mangalloy" ], "desc": "布雷尔利1913年发明含铬耐蚀钢，厨具与化工装备广泛使用。" }, { "id": "watson_behaviorism", "name": "华生行为主义", "nameEn": "Behaviorism", "wikiEn": "Behaviorism", "aliases": [ "行为主义宣言", "行为学派", "Watson behaviorism", "刺激反应公式" ], "year": 1913, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pavlov_conditioned_reflex" ], "related": [ "skinner_operant_conditioning" ], "desc": "主张心理学只研究可观察行为，开启行为主义革命。" }, { "id": "activated_sludge", "name": "活性污泥法", "nameEn": "Activated sludge process", "wikiEn": "Activated sludge", "aliases": [ "活性污泥污水处理", "Ardern-Lockett process" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "modern_sewer", "slow_sand_filter" ], "related": [ "water_chlorination" ], "desc": "阿登与洛克特以活性污泥曝气处理城市污水。" }, { "id": "blichfeldt_theorem", "name": "布利希费尔特定理", "nameEn": "Blichfeldt's theorem", "wikiEn": "Blichfeldt's theorem", "aliases": [ "布利希费尔特原理", "格点体积原理", "Blichfeldt principle" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "geometry_of_numbers" ], "desc": "体积大于格基本域的可测集必含差为格向量的两点，是闵可夫斯基定理的前驱。" }, { "id": "blood_citrate_anticoagulation", "name": "柠檬酸钠抗凝储血", "nameEn": "Citrate Anticoagulant Solution", "wikiEn": "Acid-citrate-dextrose", "aliases": [ "ACD保养液", "抗凝储血" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blood_types", "germ_theory" ], "related": [ "blood_bank", "heparin", "solvay_process", "warfarin" ], "desc": "柠檬酸络合钙离子阻止凝血，血液可分型保存随时取用" }, { "id": "brassiere", "name": "胸罩", "nameEn": "Brassiere", "wikiEn": "Brassiere", "aliases": [ "乳罩", "胸衣" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1914 年美国专利的现代手帕式胸罩为其定型标志", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "zipper", "sewing_machine" ], "related": [ "dress", "jeans", "button" ], "desc": "取代紧身胸衣的分件支撑内衣，标志女装从骨架结构转向软性剪裁。" }, { "id": "buckingham_pi_theorem", "name": "白金汉π定理", "nameEn": "Buckingham π theorem", "wikiEn": "Buckingham π theorem", "aliases": [ "白金汉定理", "π定理", "Buckingham pi", "量纲齐次定理" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dimensional_analysis" ], "related": [ "reynolds_number" ], "desc": "白金汉1914年证明物理关系必可化为无量纲π量群，系统指导模型实验与公式归并。" }, { "id": "caratheodory_outer_measure", "name": "卡拉泰奥多里外测度构造", "nameEn": "Carathéodory's criterion", "wikiEn": "Carathéodory's criterion", "aliases": [ "外测度法", "可测性判据", "Carathéodory construction", "测度扩张" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "borel_sets" ], "related": [ "lebesgue_integration", "radon_nikodym_theorem" ], "desc": "卡拉泰奥多里给出由外测度切割出可测集的判据，一揽子构造勒贝格与豪斯多夫测度。" }, { "id": "commutative_ring", "name": "交换环", "nameEn": "Commutative ring", "wikiEn": "Commutative ring", "aliases": [ "可换环", "交换环结构", "交换结合环" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "additive_group" ], "related": [ "algebraic_number_field", "clifford_algebra", "adele_ring" ], "desc": "乘法满足交换律的环，弗伦克尔1914年给出环的公理化，是代数几何与数论基础。" }, { "id": "hausdorff_space", "name": "豪斯多夫空间", "nameEn": "Hausdorff space", "wikiEn": "Hausdorff space", "aliases": [ "豪斯多夫分离公理", "T2空间", "分离性", "Hausdorff spaces" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "metric_space" ], "related": [ "compactness_concept", "general_relativity", "tychonoff_theorem", "urysohn_metrization" ], "desc": "豪斯多夫在《集论基础》中以邻域和分离公理定义拓扑空间，奠定点集拓扑语言。" }, { "id": "panama_canal", "name": "巴拿马运河", "nameEn": "Panama Canal", "wikiEn": "Panama Canal", "aliases": [ "巴拿马地峡运河" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1914年8月首次通航", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "suez_canal", "pound_lock" ], "related": [ "maritime_dock", "hydroelectricity", "intermodal_container" ], "desc": "以船闸翻越地峡分水岭的两洋运河，工程与防疫并举。" }, { "id": "thyroxine", "name": "甲状腺素", "nameEn": "Thyroxine", "wikiEn": "Thyroxine", "aliases": [ "T4", "Kendall thyroxine", "肯德尔甲状腺素" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "adrenaline", "periodic_table", "titration_method" ], "related": [ "insulin", "mass_spectrometry", "vitamins" ], "desc": "肯德尔分离甲状腺素，用于治疗甲状腺功能低下。" }, { "id": "traffic_light", "name": "交通信号灯", "nameEn": "Traffic light", "wikiEn": "Traffic light", "aliases": [ "Traffic signal", "红绿灯", "Electric traffic light", "信号灯" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "stop_sign", "tarmacadam" ], "desc": "克利夫兰首装电动红绿灯，自动管控路口通行权。" }, { "id": "trench_warfare", "name": "堑壕战", "nameEn": "Trench warfare", "wikiEn": "Trench warfare", "aliases": [ "阵地战", "战壕战" ], "year": 1914, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "西线堑壕体系始于1914年马恩河之后", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "machine_gun", "minie_ball" ], "related": [ "chemical_warfare", "howitzer", "camouflage" ], "desc": "机枪、铁丝网与火炮构成的静态阵地消耗战。" }, { "id": "anti_aircraft_warfare", "name": "防空火力", "nameEn": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "wikiEn": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "aliases": [ "高射炮", "Flak" ], "year": 1915, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "一战中期形成专门高射炮兵", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "machine_gun", "howitzer" ], "related": [ "radar", "strategic_bombing", "cruise_missile" ], "desc": "对付飞机的地面炮火与火控体系，催生雷达引导射击。" }, { "id": "camouflage", "name": "迷彩伪装", "nameEn": "Camouflage", "wikiEn": "Camouflage", "aliases": [ "伪装", "Dazzle camouflage" ], "year": 1915, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "法军1915年首设专职伪装分队", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dyeing" ], "related": [ "stealth_technology", "ship_of_the_line", "tank" ], "desc": "以破碎色块扰乱轮廓，源于炮兵观测与航空侦察。" }, { "id": "chemical_warfare", "name": "化学武器", "nameEn": "Chemical warfare", "wikiEn": "Chemical warfare", "aliases": [ "毒气战", "Chemical agent" ], "year": 1915, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1915年伊普尔首次大规模使用氯气；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bleaching_powder" ], "related": [ "trench_warfare", "biological_warfare", "gas_mask" ], "desc": "以工业毒剂杀伤有生力量，1915年伊普尔首开先例。" }, { "id": "diffusion_pump", "name": "扩散泵", "nameEn": "Diffusion pump", "wikiEn": "Diffusion pump", "aliases": [ "盖德扩散泵", "mercury diffusion pump", "高真空泵" ], "year": 1915, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "vacuum_flask", "vacuum_diode" ], "desc": "盖德1915年发明汞扩散泵，高真空技术得以实用。" }, { "id": "early_hovercraft", "name": "早期气垫船", "nameEn": "Early hovercraft", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Dagobert Müller hovercraft", "Hovercraft", "Luftkissengleitboot", "气垫艇", "腾空艇" ], "year": 1915, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "hydrofoil" ], "desc": "奥地利米勒鱼雷形气垫艇试航，气垫船最早雏形。" }, { "id": "general_relativity", "name": "广义相对论", "nameEn": "General relativity", "wikiEn": "General relativity", "aliases": [ "广义相对论", "General relativity", "广义论", "引力几何化" ], "year": 1915, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "special_relativity" ], "related": [ "schwarzschild_black_hole", "gravitational_waves_prediction" ], "desc": "爱因斯坦以时空弯曲描述引力，重塑宇宙观，现代引力理论。" }, { "id": "hardy_spaces", "name": "哈代空间", "nameEn": "Hardy space", "wikiEn": "Hardy space", "aliases": [ "哈代空间", "H^p空间", "Hardy spaces", "解析函数平均有界" ], "year": 1915, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "poisson_kernel", "lp_spaces" ], "related": [ "fourier_analysis", "plancherel_theorem", "riesz_fischer_theorem" ], "desc": "哈代研究平均增长受控的解析函数，里斯兄弟发展为H^p理论，后与实变硬分析合流。" }, { "id": "stop_sign", "name": "停车标志", "nameEn": "Stop sign", "wikiEn": "Stop sign", "aliases": [ "八角停车标志", "停车让行标志", "Stop signal" ], "year": 1915, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "traffic_light" ], "desc": "底特律首批停车标志设置，规范无信号路口优先权。" }, { "id": "submachine_gun", "name": "冲锋枪", "nameEn": "Submachine gun", "wikiEn": "Submachine gun", "aliases": [ "SMG", "汤姆森冲锋枪" ], "year": 1915, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "维拉尔-佩罗萨1915年，MP18于1918年列装", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "machine_gun", "cartridge_firearms" ], "related": [ "assault_rifle", "trench_warfare", "tank" ], "desc": "发射手枪弹的便携全自动武器，近距离扫射利器。" }, { "id": "absolute_value_algebra", "name": "绝对赋值", "nameEn": "Absolute value (algebra)", "wikiEn": "Absolute value (algebra)", "aliases": [ "域上绝对值", "域赋值", "代数绝对值", "Field absolute value" ], "year": 1916, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "p_adic_exponential_function", "adele_ring" ], "desc": "域上满足乘法与三角不等式的非负函数，奥斯特洛夫斯基据其分类有理数域。" }, { "id": "all_metal_aircraft", "name": "容克斯J 1", "nameEn": "Junkers J 1", "wikiEn": "Junkers J 1", "aliases": [ "Blechesel", "全金属单翼机", "Junkers all-metal aircraft", "锡驴" ], "year": 1916, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "airplane" ], "related": [ "junkers_ju52", "dc_3" ], "desc": "容克斯J 1首飞，第一架全金属悬臂结构单翼机。" }, { "id": "gas_mask", "name": "防毒面具", "nameEn": "Gas mask", "wikiEn": "Gas mask", "aliases": [ "防毒面罩", "Respirator" ], "year": 1916, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "德军1916年列装带滤毒罐的防毒面具；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chemical_warfare" ], "related": [ "charcoal", "trench_warfare", "camouflage" ], "desc": "滤毒罐吸附或中和毒剂蒸气，化学战的标配防护。" }, { "id": "gravitational_waves_prediction", "name": "引力波预言", "nameEn": "Gravitational wave", "wikiEn": "Gravitational wave", "aliases": [ "引力波", "Gravitational wave", "时空涟漪", "Gravitational radiation" ], "year": 1916, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "general_relativity" ], "related": [ "ligo_gravitational_waves" ], "desc": "爱因斯坦据广义相对论预言加速质量辐射引力波，百年后获验证。" }, { "id": "heparin", "name": "肝素", "nameEn": "Heparin", "wikiEn": "Heparin", "aliases": [ "抗凝血素", "Howell heparin" ], "year": 1916, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "adrenaline", "blood_bank", "blood_transfusion", "container_shipping" ], "desc": "麦克莱恩在豪厄尔实验室发现肝素抗凝作用。" }, { "id": "lewis_covalent_octet", "name": "共价键与八隅体规则", "nameEn": "Lewis covalent bond and octet rule", "wikiEn": "Lewis structure", "aliases": [ "路易斯共价键", "八隅体", "电子对键", "Octet rule", "路易斯点式" ], "year": 1916, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "atomic_theory" ], "related": [ "periodic_table", "arrhenius_ionic_dissociation", "heitler_london_bond", "lewis_acid_base_theory" ], "desc": "路易斯提出电子对共价键与八隅体稳定规则。" }, { "id": "schwarzschild_black_hole", "name": "史瓦西黑洞解", "nameEn": "Schwarzschild metric", "wikiEn": "Schwarzschild metric", "aliases": [ "史瓦西解", "Schwarzschild metric", "史瓦西半径", "黑洞解" ], "year": 1916, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "general_relativity" ], "related": [ "oppenheimer_gravitational_collapse", "hawking_radiation" ], "desc": "史瓦西得到广义相对论球对称精确解，首次预言黑洞。" }, { "id": "tank", "name": "坦克", "nameEn": "Tank", "wikiEn": "Tank", "aliases": [ "Mark I tank", "陆地战舰", "战车", "British Mark I" ], "year": 1916, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine", "bessemer_steel" ], "related": [ "tractor", "automobile" ], "desc": "英国马克I型坦克在索姆河首战，开启陆战机械化。" }, { "id": "zoning_regulation", "name": "城市分区制", "nameEn": "Zoning", "wikiEn": "Zoning", "aliases": [ "用途分区", "土地分区管制" ], "year": 1916, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以 1916 年纽约强制性分区决议为现代制度起点；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "building_code", "grid_plan", "planned_city", "surveying" ], "related": [ "skyscraper", "metric_system", "planned_city" ], "desc": "按用途、容积与退线分区管制地块，塑造天际线与日照。" }, { "id": "ecological_niche", "name": "生态位概念", "nameEn": "Ecological niche", "wikiEn": "Ecological niche", "aliases": [ "格林内尔生态位", "哈钦森多维生态位", "Niche", "生态龛" ], "year": 1917, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "cartography" ], "related": [ "greenhouse", "tansley_ecosystem" ], "desc": "界定物种在群落中的功能位置与资源空间，1917年提出。" }, { "id": "erlang_queueing_theory", "name": "厄尔朗排队论", "nameEn": "Queueing theory", "wikiEn": "Queueing theory", "aliases": [ "排队论", "排队理论", "Erlang-C公式", "M/M/1模型", "肯德尔记号" ], "year": 1917, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "erlang_poisson_process" ], "related": [ "operations_research", "weibull_distribution" ], "desc": "厄尔朗给出电话交换等待概率公式，M/M/1模型与1953年肯德尔记号成体系。" }, { "id": "forklift", "name": "叉车", "nameEn": "Forklift", "wikiEn": "Forklift", "aliases": [ "Clark Tructractor", "铲车", "叉式装卸车", "Fork truck" ], "year": 1917, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "motor_truck", "intermodal_container" ], "desc": "克拉克Tructractor内燃搬运车问世，现代叉车雏形。" }, { "id": "hydraulic_brake", "name": "液压车轮制动", "nameEn": "Hydraulic Wheel Brake", "wikiEn": "Hydraulic brake", "aliases": [ "液压刹车", "四轮液压制动" ], "year": 1917, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "automobile", "hydraulic_press" ], "related": [ "railway_air_brake", "pneumatic_tire", "model_t" ], "desc": "主缸经管路把油压分到各轮缸，制动同步且比拉杆机械结构更易补偿" }, { "id": "levi_civita_connection", "name": "列维-奇维塔联络", "nameEn": "Levi-Civita connection", "wikiEn": "Levi-Civita connection", "aliases": [ "平行移动", "列维奇维塔联络", "黎曼联络", "Parallel transport" ], "year": 1917, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "christoffel_symbols", "riemann_curvature_tensor" ], "related": [ "riemann_geometry", "fiber_bundle", "cartan_moving_frame" ], "desc": "列维-奇维塔定义流形上无挠且保度量的平行移动，联络成为二十世纪几何核心概念。" }, { "id": "radon_transform", "name": "拉东变换", "nameEn": "Radon transform", "wikiEn": "Radon transform", "aliases": [ "雷登变换", "氡变换", "Radon变换", "直线积分变换" ], "year": 1917, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "ct_scanner", "filtered_backprojection", "inverse_problem", "tikhonov_regularization" ], "desc": "拉东1917年提出的沿直线积分变换及其逆变换，是CT等断层成像的数学基础。" }, { "id": "sneakers", "name": "胶底运动鞋", "nameEn": "Sneakers", "wikiEn": "Sneakers", "aliases": [ "球鞋", "网球鞋" ], "year": 1917, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "硫化橡胶底帆布鞋大规模量产于二十年代前", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "vulcanized_rubber", "shoe" ], "related": [ "jeans", "history_of_tennis" ], "desc": "以橡胶软底与帆布鞋面制成的运动鞋，后成街头与校园的通用便鞋。" }, { "id": "stimulated_emission_theory", "name": "受激辐射理论", "nameEn": "Stimulated emission", "wikiEn": "Stimulated emission", "aliases": [ "受激辐射", "Stimulated emission", "爱因斯坦系数", "激光原理" ], "year": 1917, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "planck_quantum_hypothesis" ], "related": [ "laser", "maser" ], "desc": "爱因斯坦提出受激辐射与跃迁概率系数，激光与微波激射理论源头。" }, { "id": "aircraft_carrier", "name": "航空母舰", "nameEn": "Aircraft carrier", "wikiEn": "Aircraft carrier", "aliases": [ "HMS Argus", "百眼巨人号", "航母", "Flat-top carrier" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "airplane" ], "related": [ "seaplane", "dreadnought" ], "desc": "百眼巨人号服役，首艘全通飞行甲板航空母舰。" }, { "id": "drum_kit", "name": "架子鼓", "nameEn": "Drum kit", "wikiEn": "Drum kit", "aliases": [ "Drum set" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "踏板联动整合成一人套件", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "drum" ], "related": [ "jazz", "sewing_machine" ], "desc": "借脚踏驱动大鼓，一人接住原本数人的打击组，节奏声部进爵士乐队。" }, { "id": "finsler_geometry", "name": "芬斯勒几何", "nameEn": "Finsler manifold", "wikiEn": "Finsler manifold", "aliases": [ "芬斯勒流形", "一般度量几何", "Finsler geometry", "Finsler space" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "riemann_geometry" ], "related": [ "calculus_of_variations" ], "desc": "芬斯勒在学位论文中以不必二次的一般范数定义流形度量，推广黎曼几何。" }, { "id": "fisher_anova", "name": "费希尔方差分析", "nameEn": "Analysis of variance", "wikiEn": "Analysis of variance", "aliases": [ "方差分析", "ANOVA", "方差来源分解", "Fisher ANOVA" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gauss_least_squares", "yule_multiple_regression" ], "related": [ "f_distribution_f_test", "fisher_design_of_experiments", "modern_evolutionary_synthesis", "plant_breeding" ], "desc": "费希尔分解遗传与环境方差来源，后成比较多组均值的标准方法。" }, { "id": "flip_flop", "name": "触发器", "nameEn": "Flip-flop (electronics)", "wikiEn": "Flip-flop (electronics)", "aliases": [ "双稳态电路", "Eccles–Jordan circuit", "正反器" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "埃克斯与乔丹1918年双三极管电路，后成数字存储基元；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "audion_triode", "logic_gate", "vacuum_tube" ], "related": [ "airborne_radar", "dram", "magnetic_core_memory", "von_neumann_architecture" ], "desc": "两路放大交叉耦合形成双稳态电路，能记住一位二进制，是寄存器与内存的最小单元。" }, { "id": "hausdorff_dimension", "name": "豪斯多夫维数", "nameEn": "Hausdorff dimension", "wikiEn": "Hausdorff dimension", "aliases": [ "分形维数", "豪斯多夫-贝西科维奇维", "Hausdorff-Besicovitch", "分数维" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "caratheodory_outer_measure" ], "related": [ "hydraulic_fracturing", "mandelbrot_fractal", "peano_space_filling_curve", "weierstrass_pathological_function" ], "desc": "豪斯多夫以测度定义可取非整数的维数，半个世纪后成为分形几何的核心度量。" }, { "id": "modal_logic", "name": "模态逻辑", "nameEn": "Modal logic", "wikiEn": "Modal logic", "aliases": [ "必然可能逻辑", "严格蕴涵逻辑" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "刘易斯1918年以严格蕴涵重建；克里普克可能世界语义1960年代；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "propositional_calculus" ], "related": [ "first_order_logic", "model_theory", "model_checking", "tarski_truth_theory" ], "desc": "在真值之上加入必然与可能算子的逻辑，用于知识、时态推理与并发系统验证。" }, { "id": "riesz_schauder_theory", "name": "里斯-绍德尔紧算子理论", "nameEn": "Compact operator", "wikiEn": "Compact operator", "aliases": [ "紧算子", "全连续算子", "Riesz-Schauder", "Fredholm择一性推广" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fredholm_integral_equations", "hilbert_space" ], "related": [ "banach_space", "schauder_fixed_point", "fredholm_integral_equations" ], "desc": "里斯与绍德尔把弗雷德霍姆择一性提升为巴拿赫空间紧算子的一般谱理论，推广线性代数。" }, { "id": "sonar", "name": "声呐", "nameEn": "Sonar", "wikiEn": "Sonar", "aliases": [ "ASDIC", "声纳", "主动声呐", "Underwater sound detection" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "echo_sounding", "submarine" ], "desc": "英国ASDIC主动声呐原型装船，一战后用于反潜探测。" }, { "id": "strategic_bombing", "name": "战略轰炸", "nameEn": "Strategic bombing", "wikiEn": "Strategic bombing", "aliases": [ "战略空袭" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1918年英国独立空军成立；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "airplane", "bomb" ], "related": [ "nuclear_weapon", "precision_guided_munition", "anti_aircraft_warfare" ], "desc": "以空袭摧毁敌方战争潜力与国民意志的空军学说。" }, { "id": "superheterodyne_receiver", "name": "超外差接收机", "nameEn": "Superheterodyne receiver", "wikiEn": "Superheterodyne receiver", "aliases": [ "超外差电路", "Armstrong superheterodyne" ], "year": 1918, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "audion_triode" ], "related": [ "apollo_11", "fm_radio", "radar", "radio_station" ], "desc": "阿姆斯特朗超外差电路，成为现代接收机基础。" }, { "id": "air_traffic_control", "name": "空中交通管制", "nameEn": "Air Traffic Control", "wikiEn": "Air traffic control", "aliases": [ "空管", "航空管制" ], "year": 1919, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "airplane", "telephone" ], "related": [ "traffic_light", "consumer_drone", "radio_navigation" ], "desc": "以扇区席位、强制间隔与报告规则把空域当路网调度，民航成规模的前提" }, { "id": "bruns_constant", "name": "布朗常数", "nameEn": "Brun's constant", "wikiEn": "Brun's constant", "aliases": [ "孪生素数常数", "B2常数", "Brun constant" ], "year": 1919, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "analytic_number_theory" ], "related": [ "de_bruijn_newman_constant" ], "desc": "所有孪生素数对倒数之和，布朗1919年用筛法证明其有限，数值约1.902。" }, { "id": "likbez", "name": "苏维埃扫盲运动", "nameEn": "Likbez", "wikiEn": "Likbez", "aliases": [ "扫盲运动", "消灭文盲" ], "year": 1919, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1919年苏俄扫盲法令；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compulsory_education" ], "related": [ "adult_education", "common_school" ], "desc": "苏俄大规模消灭文盲的国家识字运动与短训体系" }, { "id": "one_time_pad", "name": "一次一密", "nameEn": "One-time pad", "wikiEn": "One-time pad", "aliases": [ "一次性便笺密码", "Vernam cipher", "弗纳姆密码" ], "year": 1919, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "米勒1882年已有电报方案，弗纳姆1919年申请专利，香农1949年证明其无条件安全", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telegraph" ], "related": [ "cryptography", "information_theory", "enigma_machine", "vigenere_cipher" ], "desc": "密钥与明文等长且绝不复用的理论上不可破密码，代价是密钥分发极难。" }, { "id": "adult_education", "name": "成人教育", "nameEn": "Adult education", "wikiEn": "Adult education", "aliases": [ "继续教育", "社会教育" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1920年代作为独立领域确立", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mechanics_institute" ], "related": [ "open_university", "likbez" ], "desc": "面向已就业成年人延续学校教育的制度化教学领域" }, { "id": "asphalt_concrete_pavement", "name": "沥青混凝土路面", "nameEn": "Asphalt concrete", "wikiEn": "Asphalt concrete", "aliases": [ "沥青砼面层", "热拌沥青" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "热拌沥青面层随公路网在 20 世纪 20 年代普及，取年代中值", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "macadam", "tarmacadam", "bitumen" ], "related": [ "motor_truck", "autobahn", "roman_roads" ], "desc": "矿料与热沥青拌和压实成连续柔性面层，平整耐磨。" }, { "id": "endomorphism", "name": "自同态", "nameEn": "Endomorphism", "wikiEn": "Endomorphism", "aliases": [ "自态射", "自同態", "内自同态", "Endomorphism" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "associative_property" ], "related": [ "composition_series", "idempotence", "graph_homomorphism" ], "desc": "对象到自身的同态，全体自同态在复合下构成幺半群，可逆者即自同构。" }, { "id": "factory_farming", "name": "工厂化养殖", "nameEn": "Factory farming", "wikiEn": "Intensive animal farming", "aliases": [ "集约化养殖", "工厂化牧场" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "家禽集约化饲养20世纪20年代起步，二战后成型", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "animal_husbandry", "selective_breeding_bakewell" ], "related": [ "dairy", "poultry_farming" ], "desc": "高密度笼舍与配合饲料的流水线畜禽生产体制。" }, { "id": "fisher_sufficient_statistic", "name": "费希尔充分统计量", "nameEn": "Sufficient statistic", "wikiEn": "Sufficient statistic", "aliases": [ "充分统计量", "充分性", "充分统计", "Fisher sufficiency" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fisher_maximum_likelihood" ], "related": [ "exponential_family", "cramer_rao_bound" ], "desc": "费希尔提出不损失样本信息的充分统计量，成为点估计约化数据核心。" }, { "id": "hydrogen_bond", "name": "氢键", "nameEn": "Hydrogen bond", "wikiEn": "Hydrogen bond", "aliases": [ "氢桥键" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "拉蒂默与罗代布什1920年首次明确表述；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lewis_covalent_octet" ], "related": [ "dna_double_helix", "van_der_waals_equation" ], "desc": "氢与强电负原子间的定向弱键，决定水的反常与碱基配对。" }, { "id": "league_of_nations", "name": "国际联盟", "nameEn": "League of Nations", "wikiEn": "League of Nations", "aliases": [ "国联", "凡尔赛体系" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1920年 Covenant 生效；挂词条League of Nations", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "treaty_kadesh", "amphictyonic_league", "peace_of_westphalia", "hanseatic_league" ], "related": [ "united_nations", "universal_suffrage", "social_insurance", "broadcasting" ], "desc": "设常任秘书处与大会表决程序，并以国际文书托管领土，使协调成为常态行政。" }, { "id": "milankovitch_cycles", "name": "米兰科维奇循环", "nameEn": "Milankovitch cycles", "wikiEn": "Milankovitch cycles", "aliases": [ "米兰科维奇周期", "轨道驱动冰期", "Milankovitch cycles", "天文气候理论" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agassiz_ice_age" ], "related": [ "keplers_laws" ], "desc": "米兰科维奇提出轨道偏心率、倾角、岁差驱动冰期旋回。" }, { "id": "pallet_unit_load", "name": "联运托盘", "nameEn": "Pallet Unit Load", "wikiEn": "Pallet", "aliases": [ "标准托盘", "货盘单元化" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "forklift", "semi_trailer" ], "related": [ "container_shipping", "conveyor_belt", "intermodal_container" ], "desc": "标准尺寸托盘让叉车整垛起吊，散件货物第一次变成可堆叠的搬运单元" }, { "id": "radio_station", "name": "广播电台", "nameEn": "Commercial radio station", "wikiEn": "AM broadcasting", "aliases": [ "KDKA", "WWJ", "商业电台" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "broadcasting" ], "related": [ "fm_radio", "transoceanic_radio" ], "desc": "1920年KDKA等首批商业电台定期播出。" }, { "id": "staudinger_macromolecules", "name": "大分子假说", "nameEn": "Staudinger's macromolecular theory", "wikiEn": "Hermann Staudinger", "aliases": [ "施陶丁格大分子", "高分子学说", "长链分子", "Macromolecular theory", "聚合大分子" ], "year": 1920, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "butlerov_structure_theory" ], "related": [ "ziegler_natta_catalyst", "woodward_hoffmann_rules" ], "desc": "施陶丁格提出共价长链大分子说，开创高分子科学。" }, { "id": "aerial_application", "name": "航空植保", "nameEn": "Aerial application", "wikiEn": "Aerial application", "aliases": [ "飞机喷药", "农用航空" ], "year": 1921, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1921年俄亥俄州代顿用改装机喷砷铅粉防治Catalogna木蛾；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "airplane" ], "related": [ "pesticide", "combine_harvester" ], "desc": "用飞机喷洒药粉治虫，植保作业第一次离开地面。" }, { "id": "bcg_vaccine", "name": "卡介苗", "nameEn": "BCG vaccine", "wikiEn": "BCG vaccine", "aliases": [ "卡介菌", "Bacille Calmette-Guerin" ], "year": 1921, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tuberculin" ], "related": [ "pasteurization", "radiation_therapy" ], "desc": "卡尔梅特与介兰减毒活菌苗首次用于婴儿。" }, { "id": "economic_planning_board", "name": "国家计划机关", "nameEn": "Economic planning", "wikiEn": "Economic planning", "aliases": [ "国民经济计划", "计划委员会" ], "year": 1921, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1921年国家计划委员会成立，把电气化计划的平衡法制度化；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "marx_das_kapital", "census_system" ], "related": [ "input_output_analysis", "arrow_debreu_model", "operations_research" ], "desc": "以国家计划机关统一编制物资平衡表配置投资与生产。" }, { "id": "fast_food_chain", "name": "连锁快餐", "nameEn": "Fast food", "wikiEn": "Fast food", "aliases": [], "year": 1921, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "白城堡1921年开店立标准；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "assembly_line" ], "related": [ "supermarket", "can_opener" ], "desc": "标准化厨房流水线出餐，便宜快速口味一致，重排全球饮食时间表。" }, { "id": "fluidized_bed_combustion", "name": "流化床燃烧", "nameEn": "Fluidized Bed Combustion", "wikiEn": "Fluidized bed", "aliases": [ "温克勒炉", "循环流化床" ], "year": 1921, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "coal_cutting_machine", "coal_fired_power_station" ], "related": [ "steam_reforming", "bergius_process", "carbon_capture_and_storage", "portland_cement" ], "desc": "煤粒在气流中悬浮翻腾燃烧，低温均匀并可在床内加石灰石就地固硫" }, { "id": "insulin", "name": "胰岛素", "nameEn": "Insulin", "wikiEn": "Insulin (medication)", "aliases": [ "因苏林", "Banting insulin", "班廷胰岛素" ], "year": 1921, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "enzyme_concept" ], "related": [ "adrenaline", "mass_spectrometry", "thyroxine", "vitamins" ], "desc": "班廷与贝斯特提取胰岛素，糖尿病转为可控。" }, { "id": "lysozyme", "name": "溶菌酶", "nameEn": "Lysozyme", "wikiEn": "Lysozyme", "aliases": [ "弗莱明溶菌酶", "Fleming lysozyme", "胞壁质酶" ], "year": 1921, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "enzyme_concept", "pasteurization" ], "related": [ "chromatography", "prontosil", "streptomycin", "sulfa_drugs" ], "desc": "弗莱明发现溶菌酶，为青霉素前的抗菌探索。" }, { "id": "tetraethyllead", "name": "四乙基铅", "nameEn": "Tetraethyllead", "wikiEn": "Tetraethyllead", "aliases": [ "含铅汽油", "TEL", "乙基抗爆剂" ], "year": 1921, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gasoline" ], "related": [ "otto_engine", "cracking_refining" ], "desc": "米奇利1921年发明四乙基铅抗爆剂，后因毒性被淘汰。" }, { "id": "banach_fixed_point", "name": "巴拿赫压缩映射不动点定理", "nameEn": "Banach fixed-point theorem", "wikiEn": "Banach fixed-point theorem", "aliases": [ "压缩映射原理", "巴拿赫不动点", "Banach contraction", "迭代收敛定理" ], "year": 1922, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "metric_space" ], "related": [ "brouwer_fixed_point", "general_relativity", "picard_lindelof_theorem", "schauder_fixed_point" ], "desc": "完备度量空间上压缩映射有唯一不动点，统一皮卡迭代与隐函数定理的证明。" }, { "id": "banach_space", "name": "巴拿赫空间", "nameEn": "Banach space", "wikiEn": "Banach space", "aliases": [ "巴拿赫空间", "完备赋范空间", "Banach spaces", "B空间" ], "year": 1922, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "metric_space", "lp_spaces" ], "related": [ "hahn_banach_theorem", "hilbert_space", "numerical_weather_prediction", "open_mapping_theorem" ], "desc": "巴拿赫在博士论文中公理化完备赋范空间，使泛函分析成为独立学科并迅速扩张。" }, { "id": "finite_difference_method", "name": "有限差分法", "nameEn": "Finite difference method", "wikiEn": "Finite difference method", "aliases": [ "差分法", "有限差分", "FDM", "网格差分法" ], "year": 1922, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "taylor_series", "heat_equation" ], "related": [ "cfl_condition", "finite_element_method", "finite_volume_method", "numerical_weather_prediction" ], "desc": "以差商代替导数在网格上离散偏微分方程，理查德森1922年首用于数值天气预报。" }, { "id": "fisher_likelihood_function", "name": "费希尔似然函数", "nameEn": "Likelihood function", "wikiEn": "Likelihood function", "aliases": [ "似然函数", "似然", "Fisher似然", "参数似然" ], "year": 1922, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fisher_maximum_likelihood" ], "related": [ "cramer_rao_bound", "wald_statistical_decision_theory" ], "desc": "费希尔严格区分概率与似然，以似然函数统一估计、检验与推断。" }, { "id": "nets_and_filters", "name": "网与滤子", "nameEn": "Net (mathematics)", "wikiEn": "Net (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "摩尔-史密斯网", "有向集收敛", "嘉当滤子", "Filters", "Moore-Smith convergence" ], "year": 1922, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hausdorff_space" ], "related": [ "compactness_concept", "metric_space" ], "desc": "摩尔与史密斯以有向列网、嘉当以滤子刻画一般拓扑空间中的收敛，弥补序列之不足。" }, { "id": "urea_synthesis", "name": "工业化合成尿素", "nameEn": "Urea", "wikiEn": "Urea", "aliases": [ "Bosch-Meiser process", "尿素化肥", "碳酰二胺" ], "year": 1922, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "haber_process" ], "related": [ "ostwald_process", "calcium_cyanamide" ], "desc": "博施-迈瑟1922年实现尿素工业合成，高浓度氮肥普及。" }, { "id": "vitamin_d", "name": "维生素D佝偻病疗法", "nameEn": "Vitamin D and rickets therapy", "wikiEn": "Vitamin D", "aliases": [ "抗佝偻病维生素", "鱼肝油疗法", "Steenbock irradiation" ], "year": 1922, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "vitamins" ], "related": [ "iodized_salt", "pasteurized_milk" ], "desc": "确认维生素D抗佝偻病，紫外线照射疗法推广。" }, { "id": "weber_bureaucracy", "name": "韦伯科层制理论", "nameEn": "Max Weber", "wikiEn": "Max Weber", "aliases": [ "官僚制理论", "理性化理论", "新教伦理与资本主义精神", "Weber" ], "year": 1922, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "taylor_scientific_management" ], "desc": "以层级规章与非人格化界定科层组织，奠基组织社会学。" }, { "id": "autogyro", "name": "自转旋翼机", "nameEn": "Autogyro", "wikiEn": "Autogyro", "aliases": [ "Cierva C.4", "旋翼机", "谢尔瓦旋翼机", "Gyroplane" ], "year": 1923, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "airplane" ], "related": [ "vs300_helicopter" ], "desc": "谢尔瓦C.4完成稳定可控旋翼飞行，直升机的先声。" }, { "id": "bronsted_lowry_acids", "name": "布朗斯特-劳里酸碱理论", "nameEn": "Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory", "wikiEn": "Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory", "aliases": [ "质子酸碱理论", "Brønsted-Lowry", "酸碱质子论", "质子供体受体" ], "year": 1923, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "arrhenius_ionic_dissociation" ], "related": [ "lewis_acid_base_theory" ], "desc": "布朗斯特与劳里定义酸为质子供体、碱为受体。" }, { "id": "compton_scattering", "name": "康普顿散射", "nameEn": "Compton scattering", "wikiEn": "Compton scattering", "aliases": [ "康普顿效应" ], "year": 1923, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "einstein_photoelectric", "planck_quantum_hypothesis" ], "related": [ "x_ray", "thomson_electron" ], "desc": "X射线被电子散射后波长变长，实锤光子携带动量。" }, { "id": "continuous_strip_mill", "name": "带钢热连轧机", "nameEn": "Tandem rolling mill", "wikiEn": "Tandem rolling mill", "aliases": [ "连续带钢轧机", "宽钢带连轧机" ], "year": 1923, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "continuous_casting", "assembly_line", "mannesmann_piercing" ], "desc": "1923年美国首条连续宽带钢热轧机投产，薄钢板廉价量产。" }, { "id": "debye_huckel_electrolyte", "name": "德拜-休克尔电解质理论", "nameEn": "Debye–Hückel theory", "wikiEn": "Debye–Hückel theory", "aliases": [ "德拜休克尔理论", "离子互吸理论", "Debye-Hückel", "强电解质理论" ], "year": 1923, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arrhenius_ionic_dissociation" ], "related": [], "desc": "德拜与休克尔定量描述强电解质溶液非理想行为。" }, { "id": "enigma_machine", "name": "恩尼格玛密码机", "nameEn": "Enigma machine", "wikiEn": "Enigma machine", "aliases": [ "恩尼格玛", "谜式密码机", "Enigma" ], "year": 1923, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "谢尔比乌斯1918年申请专利，1923年起商用，后为德军采用；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electromechanical_relay", "typewriter" ], "related": [ "cryptography", "one_time_pad", "frequency_analysis", "turing_machine" ], "desc": "用多级转子实现每日换表的机电加密机，对其破译推动了指令分析与早期计算。" }, { "id": "lewis_acid_base_theory", "name": "路易斯酸碱理论", "nameEn": "Lewis acid–base theory", "wikiEn": "Lewis acids and bases", "aliases": [ "电子酸碱理论", "Lewis acid-base", "酸碱电子论", "电子对受体供体" ], "year": 1923, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lewis_covalent_octet" ], "related": [ "bronsted_lowry_acids", "bethe_crystal_field" ], "desc": "路易斯定义酸为电子对受体、碱为电子对供体。" }, { "id": "methanol_synthesis", "name": "合成甲醇", "nameEn": "Methanol", "wikiEn": "Methanol", "aliases": [ "木醇工业化", "BASF甲醇", "米塔施甲醇法" ], "year": 1923, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fischer_tropsch_process", "haber_process", "bergius_process" ], "desc": "巴斯夫1923年高压催化合成甲醇，基础有机化工原料。" }, { "id": "tungsten_carbide", "name": "硬质合金", "nameEn": "Tungsten carbide", "wikiEn": "Tungsten carbide", "aliases": [ "碳化钨", "WIDIA", "钨钢刀具" ], "year": 1923, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "silicon_carbide", "high_speed_steel", "kroll_process" ], "desc": "克虏伯1923年推出烧结碳化钨刀具，硬度接近金刚石。" }, { "id": "wiener_process", "name": "维纳过程", "nameEn": "Wiener process", "wikiEn": "Wiener process", "aliases": [ "布朗运动数学化", "维纳测度", "布朗运动过程", "Wiener measure" ], "year": 1923, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bachelier_theory_speculation", "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "einstein_brownian_motion", "ito_stochastic_calculus" ], "desc": "维纳构造布朗运动的严格测度，轨道连续却处处不可微，随机分析奠基。" }, { "id": "bose_einstein_condensate", "name": "玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚理论", "nameEn": "Bose–Einstein condensate", "wikiEn": "Bose–Einstein condensate", "aliases": [ "玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚", "Bose–Einstein condensate", "BEC", "玻色凝聚" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "planck_quantum_hypothesis", "boltzmann_h_theorem" ], "related": [ "superconductivity_discovery" ], "desc": "玻色与爱因斯坦预言玻色子低温凝聚为新物态，七十年后证实。" }, { "id": "cholesky_decomposition", "name": "Cholesky分解", "nameEn": "Cholesky decomposition", "wikiEn": "Cholesky decomposition", "aliases": [ "楚列斯基分解", "平方根法", "Cholesky factorization", "Cholesky" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hestenes_stiefel_conjugate_gradient", "lu_decomposition", "numerical_weather_prediction", "triangulation_survey" ], "desc": "对称正定矩阵的平方根三角分解，楚列斯基1910年代用于大地测量。" }, { "id": "cosmic_distance_ladder", "name": "宇宙距离阶梯", "nameEn": "Cosmic distance ladder", "wikiEn": "Cosmic distance ladder", "aliases": [ "量天尺", "宇宙距离尺度" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "哈勃1924年以周光关系测定仙女座距离，阶梯法成型；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stellar_parallax", "period_luminosity_relation" ], "related": [ "hubble_law", "event_horizon_telescope" ], "desc": "视差、周光、Ia型超新星逐级定标，丈量宇宙的深度。" }, { "id": "de_broglie_matter_waves", "name": "德布罗意物质波", "nameEn": "Matter wave", "wikiEn": "Matter wave", "aliases": [ "物质波", "德布罗意波", "Matter wave", "波粒二象性" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "einstein_photoelectric", "special_relativity" ], "related": [ "schrodinger_equation" ], "desc": "德布罗意提出实物粒子也具波动性，通向波动力学。" }, { "id": "diesel_locomotive", "name": "柴油机车", "nameEn": "Diesel locomotive", "wikiEn": "Diesel locomotive", "aliases": [ "内燃机车", "Diesel-electric locomotive", "E el-2", "柴油电力机车" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diesel_engine" ], "related": [ "electric_locomotive" ], "desc": "洛莫诺索夫柴油电力调车机车投入运营，铁路换代先声。" }, { "id": "eeg", "name": "脑电图", "nameEn": "Electroencephalography (EEG)", "wikiEn": "Electroencephalography", "aliases": [ "脑电描记", "Berger EEG", "贝格尔脑电图" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ecg" ], "related": [ "iron_lung", "oscilloscope" ], "desc": "贝格尔首次记录人脑电活动并发表脑电图。" }, { "id": "frozen_food", "name": "冷冻食品", "nameEn": "Frozen food", "wikiEn": "Frozen food", "aliases": [ "速冻食品", "Birds Eye", "Birdseye quick-freezing" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "canning_industrialization", "breakfast_cereal" ], "desc": "伯宰发明速冻工艺，冷冻食品进入工业化生产。" }, { "id": "iodized_salt", "name": "加碘盐", "nameEn": "Iodised salt", "wikiEn": "Iodised salt", "aliases": [ "碘盐", "食盐加碘", "iodine fortification" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "vitamins" ], "related": [ "vitamin_d", "breakfast_cereal" ], "desc": "食盐加碘推行，预防地方性甲状腺肿与克汀病。" }, { "id": "khinchin_iterated_logarithm", "name": "重对数律", "nameEn": "Law of the iterated logarithm", "wikiEn": "Law of the iterated logarithm", "aliases": [ "重对数律", "叠对数定律", "Khinchin LIL", "随机游走涨落界" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "borel_strong_law_large_numbers", "rayleigh_random_walk" ], "related": [ "donsker_invariance_principle" ], "desc": "辛钦给出随机游走累积偏差的精确增长阶，刻画强大数律收敛速度。" }, { "id": "mutual_fund", "name": "共同基金", "nameEn": "Mutual fund", "wikiEn": "Mutual fund", "aliases": [ "互惠基金", "开放式基金份额" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1924年波士顿投资者信托首创可按净值赎回的开放式基金；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "joint_stock_company", "government_debt_market" ], "related": [ "credit_rating_agency", "cooperative", "securitization" ], "desc": "集合小额资金分散持股并按净值申赎，家庭也能进入证券市场。" }, { "id": "numerov_method", "name": "努梅罗夫法", "nameEn": "Numerov's method", "wikiEn": "Numerov's method", "aliases": [ "Numerov法", "努梅罗夫方法", "Numerov method", "四阶线性多步" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "runge_kutta_methods" ], "related": [ "verlet_leapfrog", "symplectic_integrator" ], "desc": "努梅罗夫1924年提出的二阶ODE四阶格式，用于天体轨道与量子定态计算。" }, { "id": "tetanus_toxoid", "name": "破伤风类毒素", "nameEn": "Tetanus toxoid", "wikiEn": "Tetanus vaccine", "aliases": [ "破伤风疫苗", "Ramon toxoid", "拉蒙类毒素" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diphtheria_antitoxin", "pasteurization" ], "related": [ "blood_bank", "cold_chain", "refrigeration", "serum_therapy" ], "desc": "拉蒙制成破伤风类毒素，用于主动预防。" }, { "id": "wirephoto", "name": "传真电报", "nameEn": "Wirephoto", "wikiEn": "Wirephoto", "aliases": [ "有线传真", "telephotography", "Belinographe" ], "year": 1924, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "telephone" ], "related": [ "telex", "mechanical_television" ], "desc": "电话线扫描传送新闻照片，属早期传真业务。" }, { "id": "f_distribution_f_test", "name": "F分布与F检验", "nameEn": "F-distribution", "wikiEn": "F-distribution", "aliases": [ "F分布", "F检验", "方差比检验", "斯内德克F" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fisher_anova", "gauss_normal_error_theory" ], "related": [ "tukey_multiple_comparisons" ], "desc": "费希尔在方差分析中导出方差比分布，斯内德克命名为F，检验组间差异。" }, { "id": "fischer_tropsch_process", "name": "费托合成", "nameEn": "Fischer–Tropsch process", "wikiEn": "Fischer–Tropsch process", "aliases": [ "费歇尔-托普斯法", "煤间接液化", "FT合成" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bergius_process", "gasoline", "methanol_synthesis" ], "desc": "费歇尔与托普斯1925年以合成气催化合成烃类燃料。" }, { "id": "fisher_p_value", "name": "费希尔P值", "nameEn": "P-value", "wikiEn": "P-value", "aliases": [ "P值", "p值", "显著性概率", "Fisher p值" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "student_t_distribution", "chi_squared_test" ], "related": [ "neyman_pearson_theory" ], "desc": "费希尔在《研究工作者的统计方法》中推广P值，度量数据与零假设相容性。" }, { "id": "levy_characteristic_function", "name": "莱维特征函数", "nameEn": "Characteristic function (probability theory)", "wikiEn": "Characteristic function (probability theory)", "aliases": [ "特征函数", "分布的特征函数", "莱维连续性定理", "特征函数反演" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis", "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "central_limit_theorem", "moment_generating_function" ], "desc": "以分布的傅里叶变换配合反演与连续性定理，把极限定理化为函数收敛。" }, { "id": "matrix_mechanics", "name": "海森堡矩阵力学", "nameEn": "Matrix mechanics", "wikiEn": "Matrix mechanics", "aliases": [ "矩阵力学", "Matrix mechanics", "海森堡力学", "哥廷根矩阵力学" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bohr_atom_model", "pauli_exclusion_principle" ], "related": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra", "heisenberg_uncertainty_principle", "schrodinger_equation" ], "desc": "海森堡等以矩阵代数建立首套量子力学，力学量只允许可观察量。" }, { "id": "mechanical_television", "name": "机械电视", "nameEn": "Mechanical television", "wikiEn": "Mechanical television", "aliases": [ "贝尔德电视", "Baird television", "机械扫描电视" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wirephoto", "audion_triode" ], "related": [ "television", "broadcasting" ], "desc": "贝尔德以机械扫描盘公开传送活动人脸影像。" }, { "id": "pauli_exclusion_principle", "name": "泡利不相容原理", "nameEn": "Pauli exclusion principle", "wikiEn": "Pauli exclusion principle", "aliases": [ "不相容原理", "泡利原理", "Pauli exclusion principle", "排斥原理" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bohr_atom_model" ], "related": [ "dirac_equation" ], "desc": "泡利提出两电子不能同占量子态，解释元素周期排布。" }, { "id": "quotient_space", "name": "商拓扑与商空间", "nameEn": "Quotient space (topology)", "wikiEn": "Quotient space (topology)", "aliases": [ "商空间", "粘合拓扑", "等同拓扑", "Quotient topology" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hausdorff_space" ], "related": [ "cw_complex", "fiber_bundle" ], "desc": "通过把点按等价关系粘合并赋最细相容拓扑，系统构造曲面、锥空间与胞腔复形。" }, { "id": "rice_cooker", "name": "电饭锅", "nameEn": "Rice cooker", "wikiEn": "Rice cooker", "aliases": [], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1920年代日本出现早期产品", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "oven", "stove" ], "desc": "电热加自动温控，免看火煮出稳定米饭，东亚家庭灶台标配。" }, { "id": "soil_mechanics", "name": "土力学", "nameEn": "Soil mechanics", "wikiEn": "Soil mechanics", "aliases": [ "土壤力学", "有效应力原理" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "太沙基 1925 年出版奠基著作，把土体计算系统化；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "newtonian_mechanics", "archimedes_statics", "archimedes_buoyancy" ], "related": [ "pile_foundation", "qanat", "three_gorges_dam", "youngs_modulus" ], "desc": "把土视为三相散体按有效应力计算，沉降与稳定可预测。" }, { "id": "triangulation_rado", "name": "拉多曲面三角剖分定理", "nameEn": "Triangulation (topology)", "wikiEn": "Triangulation (topology)", "aliases": [ "曲面三角剖分", "拉多定理", "拓扑三角剖分", "Radó triangulation" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "simplicial_complex" ], "related": [ "cw_complex", "riemann_genus" ], "desc": "拉多证明任意二维拓扑流形都可三角剖分，使组合拓扑方法对曲面普遍可用。" }, { "id": "ultracentrifuge", "name": "超速离心机", "nameEn": "Ultracentrifuge", "wikiEn": "Ultracentrifuge", "aliases": [ "斯维德贝里离心机", "Svedberg ultracentrifuge" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ph_meter", "mass_spectrometry" ], "desc": "斯维德贝里超速离心测定蛋白质分子量。" }, { "id": "urysohn_metrization", "name": "乌雷松引理与度量化定理", "nameEn": "Urysohn's lemma", "wikiEn": "Urysohn's lemma", "aliases": [ "乌雷松引理", "度量化定理", "正规空间连续函数", "Urysohn metrization" ], "year": 1925, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hausdorff_space" ], "related": [ "metric_space", "tychonoff_theorem" ], "desc": "乌雷松证明正规空间中可用连续函数分离不交闭集，并给出可度量化的充分条件。" }, { "id": "aitken_delta_squared", "name": "艾特肯Δ²加速", "nameEn": "Aitken's delta-squared process", "wikiEn": "Aitken's delta-squared process", "aliases": [ "艾特肯加速", "Δ平方法", "Aitken acceleration", "delta-squared" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "newton_iterative_method" ], "related": [ "richardson_extrapolation" ], "desc": "艾特肯1926年提出的三个迭代值二次外推加速法，显著改善线性收敛序列速度。" }, { "id": "alum_vaccine_adjuvant", "name": "铝盐疫苗佐剂", "nameEn": "Alum Adjuvant", "wikiEn": "Adjuvant", "aliases": [ "氢氧化铝佐剂", "免疫佐剂" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diphtheria_antitoxin", "tetanus_toxoid", "vaccination" ], "related": [ "solvay_process", "conjugate_vaccine", "hepatitis_b_recombinant_vaccine" ], "desc": "氢氧化铝吸附抗原缓慢释放，小剂量疫苗诱出更强抗体" }, { "id": "beatty_sequence", "name": "贝亚蒂序列", "nameEn": "Beatty sequence", "wikiEn": "Beatty sequence", "aliases": [ "贝亚蒂定理", "Beatty序列", "比蒂序列" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fibonacci_sequence", "dirichlet_approximation_theorem" ], "desc": "两无理数倒数和为1时，其下取整序列恰好互补地分割正整数。" }, { "id": "born_probability_interpretation", "name": "玻恩概率诠释", "nameEn": "Born rule", "wikiEn": "Born rule", "aliases": [ "概率诠释", "玻恩规则", "Born rule", "波函数诠释" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "schrodinger_equation" ], "related": [ "heisenberg_uncertainty_principle", "bell_inequality" ], "desc": "玻恩提出波函数模方为粒子出现概率，量子力学正统诠释。" }, { "id": "constant_velocity_joint", "name": "等速万向节", "nameEn": "Constant-Velocity Joint", "wikiEn": "Constant-velocity joint", "aliases": [ "球笼式万向节", "雷扎接头" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "universal_joint", "automobile" ], "related": [ "automobile_transmission", "model_t", "safety_bicycle" ], "desc": "球与滚道结构在大摆角下仍等速传动，前置前驱的半轴才真正可用" }, { "id": "electrosurgery", "name": "高频电刀", "nameEn": "Electrosurgery", "wikiEn": "Electrosurgery", "aliases": [ "电外科", "高频电凝" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alternating_current", "anesthesia" ], "related": [ "laparoscopic_cholecystectomy", "defibrillator", "tracheal_intubation" ], "desc": "高频电流切割同时封闭血管，术野出血被当场控住" }, { "id": "fermi_dirac_statistics", "name": "费米-狄拉克统计", "nameEn": "Fermi-Dirac statistics", "wikiEn": "Fermi-Dirac statistics", "aliases": [ "费米统计" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1927年狄拉克独立表述并定名；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "pauli_exclusion_principle" ], "related": [ "band_theory", "chandrasekhar_limit" ], "desc": "不相容粒子的分布律，撑起金属电子、白矮星与半导体。" }, { "id": "goddard_liquid_rocket", "name": "戈达德液体火箭", "nameEn": "Goddard liquid-propellant rocket", "wikiEn": "Robert H. Goddard", "aliases": [ "液体燃料火箭", "Goddard rocket", "Nell火箭" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "v2_rocket_postwar", "rocket_engine" ], "desc": "戈达德首飞液体推进剂火箭，奠定现代火箭技术" }, { "id": "hybrid_maize", "name": "杂交玉米", "nameEn": "Hybrid maize", "wikiEn": "Hybrid (biology)", "aliases": [ "杂交种玉米", "double-cross hybrid corn" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "双交制种法1920年代中期建立；玉米杂交无独立词条，挂上位条目Hybrid (biology)", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mendelian_inheritance", "heterosis", "plant_breeding" ], "related": [ "dwarf_wheat", "green_revolution", "maize" ], "desc": "自交系间双交种制种法使玉米单产跃升，种子公司兴起。" }, { "id": "lefschetz_fixed_point", "name": "莱夫谢茨不动点定理", "nameEn": "Lefschetz fixed-point theorem", "wikiEn": "Lefschetz fixed-point theorem", "aliases": [ "莱夫谢茨迹公式", "莱夫谢茨数", "不动点指数", "Lefschetz theorem" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "homology_theory", "brouwer_fixed_point" ], "related": [ "brouwer_degree", "poincare_duality" ], "desc": "莱夫谢茨以同调迹之和构成不动点计数，非零时自映射必有不动点，后推广到代数几何。" }, { "id": "polyvinyl_chloride", "name": "聚氯乙烯", "nameEn": "Polyvinyl chloride", "wikiEn": "Polyvinyl chloride", "aliases": [ "PVC", "赛蒙德增塑PVC", "氯纶" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bakelite", "polyethylene", "polystyrene" ], "desc": "西蒙1926年解决增塑难题后PVC实用化，廉价通用塑料。" }, { "id": "schrodinger_equation", "name": "薛定谔方程", "nameEn": "Schrödinger equation", "wikiEn": "Schrödinger equation", "aliases": [ "薛定谔方程", "Schrödinger equation", "波动方程", "波动力学" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "de_broglie_matter_waves", "matrix_mechanics" ], "related": [ "born_probability_interpretation", "band_theory" ], "desc": "薛定谔给出波函数演化方程，量子力学最基本的数学框架。" }, { "id": "steam_reforming", "name": "蒸汽重整制氢", "nameEn": "Steam reforming", "wikiEn": "Steam reforming", "aliases": [ "天然气重整", "SMR" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1920年代工业化生产合成气与氢", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "haber_process", "natural_gas_distribution" ], "related": [ "green_hydrogen", "fuel_cell", "electrolysis_of_water" ], "desc": "以高温水蒸气重整天然气取氢与合成气的主流工业法。" }, { "id": "symmetric_spaces", "name": "嘉当对称空间", "nameEn": "Symmetric space", "wikiEn": "Symmetric space", "aliases": [ "对称黎曼空间", "黎曼对称空间", "嘉当对称流形", "Symmetric Riemannian space" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "levi_civita_connection" ], "related": [ "riemann_geometry", "erlangen_program", "kahler_manifold" ], "desc": "嘉当分类每点皆有中心对称等距的黎曼流形，统一常曲率空间与李群几何。" }, { "id": "wkb_approximation", "name": "WKB近似", "nameEn": "WKB approximation", "wikiEn": "WKB approximation", "aliases": [ "WKB方法", "半经典近似", "温策尔克拉默斯布里渊近似", "Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin" ], "year": 1926, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "schrodinger_equation" ], "related": [ "singular_perturbation", "boundary_layer_theory" ], "desc": "1926年温策尔等建立的量子力学缓变势高频近似，是经典的数学物理渐近方法。" }, { "id": "artin_primitive_roots_conjecture", "name": "阿廷原根猜想", "nameEn": "Artin's conjecture on primitive roots", "wikiEn": "Artin's conjecture on primitive roots", "aliases": [ "阿廷猜想", "原根猜想", "Artin primitive root conjecture" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "congruence_relation" ], "related": [ "dirichlet_character", "arithmetic_group" ], "desc": "阿廷1927年猜想给定非平方整数是无穷多个素数的原根，GRH下已有条件结果。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "artinian_module", "name": "阿廷模", "nameEn": "Artinian module", "wikiEn": "Artinian module", "aliases": [ "降链条件模", "阿廷模块", "Artin module" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "commutative_ring" ], "related": [ "composition_series", "bimodule" ], "desc": "子模满足降链条件的模，阿廷1927年引入，与诺特模对偶，长度有限。" }, { "id": "cohn_vossen_rigidity", "name": "柯恩-福森刚性定理", "nameEn": "Stefan Cohn-Vossen", "wikiEn": "Stefan Cohn-Vossen", "aliases": [ "凸曲面刚性", "卵形面刚性定理", "Cohn-Vossen theorem", "整体刚性" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gauss_theorema_egregium" ], "related": [ "gauss_bonnet_theorem" ], "desc": "柯恩-福森证明两个等距的闭合凸卵形面必刚体合同，是曲面整体微分几何代表结果。" }, { "id": "concrete_pump", "name": "混凝土泵送施工", "nameEn": "Concrete pump", "wikiEn": "Concrete pump", "aliases": [ "泵送混凝土", "混凝土输送泵" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "泵送混凝土管线于 1920 年代在欧洲出现，取年代中值", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "portland_cement", "reinforced_concrete", "force_pump" ], "related": [ "crane", "tunnelling_shield", "panama_canal", "three_gorges_dam" ], "desc": "管路压送混凝土到高处与远处，免去吊斗接力浇筑。" }, { "id": "continuous_casting", "name": "连续铸造", "nameEn": "Continuous casting", "wikiEn": "Continuous casting", "aliases": [ "连铸", "Junghans continuous casting" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "continuous_strip_mill", "electric_arc_furnace", "bessemer_steel" ], "desc": "荣汉斯1927年实现有色金属连续铸造，后推广至钢铁。" }, { "id": "fuel_injection", "name": "燃油喷射系统", "nameEn": "Fuel Injection", "wikiEn": "Fuel injection", "aliases": [ "机械式喷油", "多点喷射" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine", "diesel_engine" ], "related": [ "carburetor", "catalytic_converter", "electric_starter" ], "desc": "以计量喷油取代化油器浮子室，各缸供油可按工况寻优，稀薄燃烧才可行" }, { "id": "hahn_banach_theorem", "name": "哈恩-巴拿赫定理", "nameEn": "Hahn–Banach theorem", "wikiEn": "Hahn–Banach theorem", "aliases": [ "哈恩巴拿赫", "线性泛函延拓", "Hahn-Banach", "有界泛函延拓定理" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "banach_space" ], "related": [ "arrow_debreu_model", "riesz_representation_theorem", "uniform_boundedness_principle", "von_neumann_quantum_foundations" ], "desc": "哈恩与巴拿赫证明子空间上的线性泛函可保范延拓到全空间，保证对偶空间足够丰富。" }, { "id": "heisenberg_uncertainty_principle", "name": "海森堡不确定性原理", "nameEn": "Uncertainty principle", "wikiEn": "Uncertainty principle", "aliases": [ "不确定性原理", "测不准原理", "Uncertainty principle", "海森堡原理" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "matrix_mechanics" ], "related": [ "born_probability_interpretation" ], "desc": "海森堡证明位置与动量不能同时无限精确，根本改变因果观。" }, { "id": "heitler_london_bond", "name": "海特勒-伦敦化学键理论", "nameEn": "Heitler–London theory", "wikiEn": "Walter Heitler", "aliases": [ "海特勒伦敦理论", "氢分子量子模型", "Heitler-London", "量子成键理论" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lewis_covalent_octet", "atomic_theory" ], "related": [ "pauling_valence_bond", "mulliken_molecular_orbital" ], "desc": "海特勒与伦敦以量子力学解释氢分子成键。" }, { "id": "ionosphere", "name": "电离层", "nameEn": "Ionosphere", "wikiEn": "Ionosphere", "aliases": [ "肯内利-赫维赛德层", "阿普顿层" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "阿普顿1927年电离层实验确证；1902年轻松提出假说；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hertz_electromagnetic_waves" ], "related": [ "radio", "radar", "gps" ], "desc": "高空受紫外电离的大气层反射无线电波，远程通信之镜。" }, { "id": "radio_navigation", "name": "无线电导航", "nameEn": "Radio navigation", "wikiEn": "Radio navigation", "aliases": [ "Low-frequency radio range", "无线电四航道信标", "Aviation radio beacon", "航路信标" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "radio" ], "related": [ "airborne_radar", "dc_3", "autopilot" ], "desc": "低频四航道无线电信标网建成，飞机沿航路仪表导航。" }, { "id": "reidemeister_moves", "name": "瑞德迈斯特移动", "nameEn": "Reidemeister move", "wikiEn": "Reidemeister move", "aliases": [ "赖德迈斯特运动", "纽结图三种变换", "Reidemeister moves", "R1 R2 R3" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tait_knot_tables" ], "related": [ "alexander_polynomial", "knot_group_wirtinger" ], "desc": "瑞德迈斯特与亚历山德罗夫证明纽结图之间三类局部移动足以生成全部同痕变形。" }, { "id": "shampoo", "name": "香波", "nameEn": "Shampoo", "wikiEn": "Shampoo", "aliases": [ "洗发水", "发液" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以合成表面活性剂配制的液态洗发剂在二十年代末上市", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "soap" ], "related": [ "towel", "cosmetics" ], "desc": "专用于头发与头皮的液态洗涤剂，把清洁从通用皂类细化为发用化学品。" }, { "id": "sound_film", "name": "有声电影", "nameEn": "Sound film", "wikiEn": "Sound film", "aliases": [ "有声片", "talkie", "爵士歌手" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cinematograph", "audion_triode" ], "related": [ "technicolor", "gramophone", "magnetic_tape_recorder" ], "desc": "《爵士歌手》上映，电影进入有声时代。" }, { "id": "television", "name": "电视", "nameEn": "All-electronic television", "wikiEn": "Television", "aliases": [ "电子电视", "Farnsworth television", "电视广播" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mechanical_television", "audion_triode" ], "related": [ "broadcasting", "superheterodyne_receiver", "cinematograph" ], "desc": "法恩斯沃斯全电子电视，1936年BBC正式开播。" }, { "id": "uniform_boundedness_principle", "name": "一致有界性原理（共鸣定理）", "nameEn": "Uniform boundedness principle", "wikiEn": "Uniform boundedness principle", "aliases": [ "共鸣定理", "巴拿赫-斯坦豪斯定理", "Banach-Steinhaus", "Uniform boundedness" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "banach_space", "baire_category_theorem" ], "related": [ "open_mapping_theorem", "hahn_banach_theorem" ], "desc": "巴拿赫与斯坦豪斯证明逐点有界算子族一致有界，依赖贝尔纲，是泛函分析三大定理之一。" }, { "id": "yule_autoregressive_model", "name": "尤尔自回归模型", "nameEn": "Autoregressive model", "wikiEn": "Autoregressive model", "aliases": [ "自回归模型", "AR模型", "尤尔过程", "Yule AR" ], "year": 1927, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "schuster_periodogram" ], "related": [ "wold_arma_model", "walker_moving_average_model" ], "desc": "尤尔以太阳黑子序列提出用自身滞后值线性预测的AR模型，开创参数时序。" }, { "id": "ackermann_function", "name": "阿克曼函数", "nameEn": "Ackermann function", "wikiEn": "Ackermann function", "aliases": [ "阿克曼递归函数", "阿克曼双递归函数", "Ackermann-Peter function" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "turing_machine" ], "desc": "阿克曼1928年提出的双递归函数，增长快于任何原始递归函数，是可计算性经典例。" }, { "id": "alexander_polynomial", "name": "亚历山大多项式", "nameEn": "Alexander polynomial", "wikiEn": "Alexander polynomial", "aliases": [ "亚历山大纽结多项式", "Alexander invariant", "纽结行列式多项式" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "knot_group_wirtinger", "homology_theory" ], "related": [ "jones_polynomial", "conway_notation", "reidemeister_moves" ], "desc": "亚历山大从纽结补同调构造首个多项式不变量，以代数手段区分纽结并预示扭结代数。" }, { "id": "band_theory", "name": "能带理论", "nameEn": "Electronic band structure", "wikiEn": "Electronic band structure", "aliases": [ "能带理论", "Bloch theory", "Electronic band structure", "布洛赫定理", "能带结构" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "schrodinger_equation" ], "related": [ "transistor", "led" ], "desc": "布洛赫以周期势中电子波建立能带理论，奠定半导体物理基础。" }, { "id": "birth_death_process", "name": "生灭过程", "nameEn": "Birth–death process", "wikiEn": "Birth–death process", "aliases": [ "生灭过程", "生死过程", "出生死亡过程", "Chapman过程" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "erlang_poisson_process", "markov_chains" ], "related": [ "kolmogorov_markov_process", "kolmogorov_diffusion_equations" ], "desc": "查普曼等研究人口增减的连续时间链式过程，后由科尔莫戈罗夫严格化。" }, { "id": "cfl_condition", "name": "CFL条件", "nameEn": "Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition", "wikiEn": "Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition", "aliases": [ "库朗条件", "CFL数", "Courant condition", "依赖域条件" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "finite_difference_method" ], "related": [ "von_neumann_stability", "upwind_scheme", "lax_wendroff_method" ], "desc": "库朗等1928年给出的显式时间步进稳定性必要条件：数值依赖域须包含物理依赖域。" }, { "id": "diels_alder_reaction", "name": "狄尔斯-阿尔德反应", "nameEn": "Diels-Alder reaction", "wikiEn": "Diels–Alder reaction", "aliases": [ "双烯合成", "D-A反应" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lewis_covalent_octet" ], "related": [ "woodward_hoffmann_rules", "indigo_synthesis" ], "desc": "双烯与亲双烯体一步成环，构建六元环最高效的周环反应。" }, { "id": "dirac_equation", "name": "狄拉克方程", "nameEn": "Dirac equation", "wikiEn": "Dirac equation", "aliases": [ "狄拉克方程", "Dirac equation", "相对论量子力学方程", "反物质预言" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "schrodinger_equation", "special_relativity" ], "related": [ "positron_discovery" ], "desc": "狄拉克写出相对论性电子方程并预言反物质，融合量子与相对论。" }, { "id": "entscheidungsproblem", "name": "判定问题", "nameEn": "Entscheidungsproblem", "wikiEn": "Entscheidungsproblem", "aliases": [ "决策问题", "希尔伯特判定问题" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1928年哥本哈根报告明确提出；1936年图灵、丘奇各自证其无解；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hilbert_program" ], "related": [ "turing_machine", "church_lambda_calculus", "halting_problem", "first_order_logic" ], "desc": "追问是否存在通用机械程序判定任意一阶公式是否可证，其否定答案催生计算机科学。" }, { "id": "first_order_logic", "name": "一阶逻辑", "nameEn": "First-order logic", "wikiEn": "First-order logic", "aliases": [ "谓词逻辑", "一阶演算", "量化逻辑", "Predicate logic" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "弗雷格1879年首创，希尔伯特—阿克曼《逻辑原理》1928年定型为公理化的现代演算；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "frege_begriffsschrift" ], "related": [ "propositional_calculus", "godel_completeness", "model_theory", "peano_axioms" ], "desc": "允许量词作用于个体的逻辑演算，成为现代数学证明与数据库查询的标准语言。" }, { "id": "geiger_counter", "name": "盖革计数器", "nameEn": "Geiger counter", "wikiEn": "Geiger counter", "aliases": [ "盖革-米勒计数器", "Geiger-Muller counter" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cyclotron", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "desc": "盖革与米勒制成便携辐射计数探测器。" }, { "id": "iron_lung", "name": "铁肺", "nameEn": "Iron lung", "wikiEn": "Iron lung", "aliases": [ "负压呼吸机", "Drinker respirator", "德林克呼吸器" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "induction_motor", "vacuum_pump" ], "related": [ "bessemer_steel", "eeg", "hemodialysis", "stainless_steel" ], "desc": "德林克铁肺救治脊髓灰质炎所致呼吸麻痹。" }, { "id": "mulliken_molecular_orbital", "name": "分子轨道理论", "nameEn": "Molecular orbital theory", "wikiEn": "Molecular orbital theory", "aliases": [ "马利肯分子轨道", "Mulliken MO theory", "洪特-马利肯", "MO理论" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "heitler_london_bond" ], "related": [ "pauling_valence_bond", "density_functional_theory", "woodward_hoffmann_rules" ], "desc": "马利肯与洪特创立分子轨道理论解释键合与光谱。" }, { "id": "ordered_vector_space", "name": "有序向量空间", "nameEn": "Ordered vector space", "wikiEn": "Ordered vector space", "aliases": [ "有序线性空间", "偏序向量空间", "序向量空间" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "convex_combination", "absolutely_convex_set" ], "desc": "赋予相容偏序的实向量空间，里斯1928年研究，是泛函分析与正算子理论框架。" }, { "id": "pap_smear", "name": "巴氏涂片", "nameEn": "Pap test", "wikiEn": "Pap test", "aliases": [ "宫颈脱落细胞检查", "Papanicolaou smear", "帕氏涂片" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "aseptic_surgery", "borosilicate_glass", "mauveine", "microscope" ], "related": [ "image_scanner", "radiation_therapy", "x_ray" ], "desc": "帕帕尼古拉乌开创宫颈细胞学防癌筛查。" }, { "id": "prestressed_concrete", "name": "预应力混凝土", "nameEn": "Prestressed concrete", "wikiEn": "Prestressed concrete", "aliases": [ "Freyssinet concrete", "预力混凝土" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "euler_bernoulli_beam_theory", "reinforced_concrete" ], "related": [ "rotary_kiln" ], "desc": "弗雷西内1928年实用化预应力混凝土，大跨度梁桥成为可能。" }, { "id": "proof_theory", "name": "证明论", "nameEn": "Proof theory", "wikiEn": "Proof theory", "aliases": [ "元数学", "Beweistheorie" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "希尔伯特1928年系统阐述，埃尔布朗1930年给出首个一致性证明；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hilbert_program" ], "related": [ "first_order_logic", "godel_incompleteness", "type_theory", "curry_howard_correspondence" ], "desc": "把证明当作有限符号对象作纯语法研究，旨在以可检验步骤确立数学一致性。" }, { "id": "quantum_tunneling", "name": "量子隧穿效应", "nameEn": "Quantum tunnelling", "wikiEn": "Quantum tunnelling", "aliases": [ "量子隧穿", "Quantum tunnelling", "势垒贯穿", "隧穿效应" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "schrodinger_equation" ], "related": [ "becquerel_radioactivity" ], "desc": "伽莫夫等以粒子隧穿势垒解释α衰变，量子力学奇异效应。" }, { "id": "resonance_chemistry", "name": "共振论", "nameEn": "Resonance (chemistry)", "wikiEn": "Resonance (chemistry)", "aliases": [ "价键共振", "介体理论" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "鲍林1928年前后系统引入量子共振概念；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lewis_covalent_octet", "de_broglie_matter_waves" ], "related": [ "kekule_benzene_ring", "mulliken_molecular_orbital" ], "desc": "多个经典结构式叠加描述真实分子，化解苯键长平均化疑难。" }, { "id": "sliced_bread", "name": "切片面包", "nameEn": "Sliced bread", "wikiEn": "Sliced bread", "aliases": [], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1928年8月自动切片机商用", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bread", "roller_mill" ], "related": [ "supermarket" ], "desc": "机器切片加蜡纸封装，厚度均匀免家用刀，面包变成开袋即食商品。" }, { "id": "von_neumann_minimax_theorem", "name": "冯·诺依曼极小极大定理", "nameEn": "Minimax theorem", "wikiEn": "Minimax theorem", "aliases": [ "极小极大定理", "零和博弈", "混合策略", "von Neumann 1928" ], "year": 1928, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "game_theory", "nash_equilibrium", "nuclear_weapon", "strategic_bombing" ], "desc": "冯·诺依曼证明两人零和博弈混合策略的最大最小相等，奠定博弈论数学。" }, { "id": "bethe_crystal_field", "name": "晶体场理论", "nameEn": "Crystal field theory", "wikiEn": "Crystal field theory", "aliases": [ "贝特晶体场", "配位场理论", "Crystal field theory", "d轨道分裂" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "heitler_london_bond" ], "related": [ "lewis_acid_base_theory" ], "desc": "贝特以静电场中轨道能级分裂解释配合物性质。" }, { "id": "cardiac_catheterization", "name": "心脏导管术", "nameEn": "Cardiac catheterization", "wikiEn": "Cardiac catheterization", "aliases": [ "心导管", "Forssmann catheterization", "福斯曼导管" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ecg", "glassmaking", "mannesmann_piercing", "x_ray" ], "related": [ "hemodialysis", "heparin", "oscilloscope", "ptfe" ], "desc": "福斯曼在自身插管，开启心脏导管检查。" }, { "id": "continuous_linear_operator", "name": "连续线性算子", "nameEn": "Continuous linear operator", "wikiEn": "Continuous linear operator", "aliases": [ "连续线性算符", "连续线性映射", "拓扑线性算子" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bounded_operator", "hilbert_schmidt_operator", "banach_alaoglu_theorem" ], "desc": "拓扑向量空间之间保持线性且连续的映射，在赋范空间中等价于有界算子。" }, { "id": "dendrochronology", "name": "树木年代学", "nameEn": "Dendrochronology", "wikiEn": "Dendrochronology", "aliases": [ "树木年轮定年" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radiometric_dating" ], "related": [ "woodblock_printing" ], "desc": "树木年轮交叉定年建立逐年气候序列，用于校准放射性碳并精确断代古代木器与雕版印刷品" }, { "id": "godel_completeness", "name": "哥德尔完全性定理", "nameEn": "Gödel's completeness theorem", "wikiEn": "Gödel's completeness theorem", "aliases": [ "完全性定理", "哥德尔完备性定理" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1929年博士论文，1930年发表；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "first_order_logic" ], "related": [ "godel_incompleteness", "hilbert_program", "proof_theory", "model_theory" ], "desc": "一阶逻辑中语义有效式必可在形式系统内推出，为逻辑演算与模型之间搭桥。" }, { "id": "hubble_law", "name": "哈勃定律", "nameEn": "Hubble's law", "wikiEn": "Hubble's law", "aliases": [ "星系红移定律", "哈勃关系", "Hubble's law", "宇宙膨胀" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "big_bang_theory", "nebular_hypothesis", "quasar_discovery" ], "desc": "哈勃发现星系退行速度与距离成正比，宇宙在膨胀。" }, { "id": "khinchin_law_large_numbers", "name": "辛钦大数定律", "nameEn": "Law of large numbers", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Khinchin theorem", "Law of large numbers", "同分布大数律", "弱大数定律一般形式", "辛钦大数定律" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bernoulli_law_large_numbers", "chebyshev_inequality" ], "related": [ "borel_strong_law_large_numbers", "central_limit_theorem" ], "desc": "辛钦证明独立同分布且期望有限时样本均值依概率收敛，给出弱律最简形。" }, { "id": "mach_number", "name": "马赫数", "nameEn": "Mach number", "wikiEn": "Mach number", "aliases": [ "马赫" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1929年由airplane速度研究引入并定名；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "reynolds_number" ], "related": [ "airplane", "jet_engine", "boundary_layer_theory" ], "desc": "流速与声速之比的无量纲数，划分亚音速与超音速飞行。" }, { "id": "open_mapping_theorem", "name": "开映射定理", "nameEn": "Open mapping theorem (functional analysis)", "wikiEn": "Open mapping theorem (functional analysis)", "aliases": [ "开映射定理", "巴拿赫-绍德尔定理", "Banach-Schauder theorem", "逆算子定理" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "banach_space", "baire_category_theorem" ], "related": [ "uniform_boundedness_principle", "hahn_banach_theorem" ], "desc": "巴拿赫证明巴拿赫空间间的满射有界线性算子必为开映射，推出逆算子与闭图定理。" }, { "id": "optical_character_recognition", "name": "光学字符识别", "nameEn": "Optical character recognition", "wikiEn": "Optical character recognition", "aliases": [ "OCR", "文字识别", "字符自动识别" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "特伦奇1929年取得打字字符识别专利，1970年代后随计算机实用化；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "einstein_photoelectric", "photography", "typewriter" ], "related": [ "image_scanner", "barcode", "digital_camera", "computer_vision" ], "desc": "把印刷与手写字符扫描判别为机器文本，使档案、票据与书籍可被检索与复用。" }, { "id": "power_iteration", "name": "幂迭代法", "nameEn": "Power iteration", "wikiEn": "Power iteration", "aliases": [ "幂法", "乘幂法", "power method", "冯米塞斯迭代" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "inverse_iteration", "qr_algorithm", "jacobi_eigenvalue_algorithm" ], "desc": "反复乘矩阵取主特征向量的简单迭代，冯米塞斯1929年描述，是网页排序的计算内核。" }, { "id": "steroid", "name": "类固醇激素", "nameEn": "Steroid hormone", "wikiEn": "Steroid hormone", "aliases": [ "甾体激素", "steroid" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stoichiometry", "van_t_hoff_stereochemistry" ], "related": [ "cortisone", "diels_alder_reaction", "mass_spectrometry", "oral_contraceptive" ], "desc": "性激素等甾体结构被分离阐明，开辟激素药物" }, { "id": "sunglasses", "name": "太阳镜", "nameEn": "Sunglasses", "wikiEn": "Sunglasses", "aliases": [ "墨镜" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "格兰特1929年起量产销售；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "glasses" ], "related": [ "hat" ], "desc": "染色镜片滤强光紫外，自验光配镜走向海滩街头的随身配件。" }, { "id": "von_neumann_self_adjoint_extensions", "name": "冯·诺依曼自伴算子扩张理论", "nameEn": "Self-adjoint operator", "wikiEn": "Self-adjoint operator", "aliases": [ "自伴算子", "对称算子扩张", "缺指数", "von Neumann extension", "Self-adjointness" ], "year": 1929, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hilbert_space" ], "related": [ "von_neumann_operator_algebras", "schrodinger_equation", "hilbert_space" ], "desc": "冯·诺依曼以缺指数刻画对称算子的自伴延拓，使无界哈密顿量的量子诠释获得严格基础。" }, { "id": "abstract_algebra", "name": "抽象代数", "nameEn": "Abstract algebra", "wikiEn": "Abstract algebra", "aliases": [ "近世代数", "高等代数", "现代代数", "Modern algebra" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "galois_theory" ], "related": [ "category_theory", "classification_finite_simple_groups", "commutative_ring", "standard_model_particle_physics" ], "desc": "研究群、环、域等公理结构的代数，范德瓦尔登1930年《近世代数学》集大成。" }, { "id": "additive_function", "name": "加性函数", "nameEn": "Additive function", "wikiEn": "Additive function", "aliases": [ "加性算术函数", "可加函数", "加性数论函数" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arithmetic_function" ], "related": [ "analytic_number_theory" ], "desc": "对互素整数满足可加性的算术函数，如Ω(n)，20世纪被系统研究。" }, { "id": "bathysphere", "name": "深海潜水球", "nameEn": "Bathysphere", "wikiEn": "Bathysphere", "aliases": [ "Beebe bathysphere", "潜水球", "巴顿深海球", "探海球" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bessemer_steel" ], "related": [ "echo_sounding" ], "desc": "毕比与巴顿乘钢球百慕大外海深潜，创载人深潜纪录。" }, { "id": "chandrasekhar_limit", "name": "钱德拉塞卡极限", "nameEn": "Chandrasekhar limit", "wikiEn": "Chandrasekhar limit", "aliases": [ "钱德拉塞卡极限", "Chandrasekhar limit", "白矮星质量上限", "昌德拉塞卡极限" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "oppenheimer_gravitational_collapse", "schwarzschild_black_hole" ], "desc": "钱德拉塞卡算出白矮星质量上限，开启致密天体物理。" }, { "id": "econometrics", "name": "计量经济学方法", "nameEn": "Econometrics", "wikiEn": "Econometrics", "aliases": [ "经济计量", "回归估计经济方程" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "术语1926年由弗里希提出，1930年计量经济学会成立使其成学科；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_least_squares", "probability_theory", "marshall_neoclassical_economics" ], "related": [ "keynes_general_theory", "kuznets_national_income", "student_t_distribution" ], "desc": "用统计手段估计经济方程并检验理论，经济研究有了实验之外的证据。" }, { "id": "excision_theorem", "name": "切除定理", "nameEn": "Excision theorem", "wikiEn": "Excision theorem", "aliases": [ "切除公理", "同调切除", "Excision", "Excision axiom" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "homology_theory" ], "related": [ "universal_coefficient_theorem", "singular_homology" ], "desc": "切除适当子集不改变相对同调群，使整体同调可由局部拼块计算，是同调公理之一。" }, { "id": "hair_dryer", "name": "吹风机", "nameEn": "Hair dryer", "wikiEn": "Hair dryer", "aliases": [ "电吹风", "烘发器" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "手持式电动吹风机在三十年代进入家庭", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation", "shampoo" ], "related": [ "comb", "towel", "cosmetics" ], "desc": "以电机鼓风并加热烘干头发的便携器具，把梳洗时间从自然晾干中解放。" }, { "id": "intuitionistic_logic", "name": "直觉主义逻辑", "nameEn": "Intuitionistic logic", "wikiEn": "Intuitionistic logic", "aliases": [ "构造性逻辑", "海廷逻辑" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "布劳威尔1907年起主张，海廷1930年给出公理系统；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "propositional_calculus", "first_order_logic" ], "related": [ "type_theory", "curry_howard_correspondence", "hilbert_program" ], "desc": "拒绝排中律、以构造性证明解释真假的逻辑，成为证明助手与构造数学的默认逻辑。" }, { "id": "moment_distribution_method", "name": "弯矩分配法", "nameEn": "Moment distribution method", "wikiEn": "Moment distribution method", "aliases": [ "力矩分配法", "交叉法" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1930 年发表于美国土木工程师学会期刊", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "calculus", "newtonian_mechanics", "linear_elasticity_math" ], "related": [ "steel_frame_construction", "skyscraper", "finite_element_method", "archimedes_statics" ], "desc": "逐节点分配不平衡弯矩并迭代逼近，手算刚架内力。" }, { "id": "neutrino_hypothesis", "name": "中微子假说", "nameEn": "Neutrino", "wikiEn": "Neutrino", "aliases": [ "中微子", "Neutrino", "泡利中微子", "中性轻粒子" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fermi_beta_decay_theory" ], "desc": "泡利为挽救能量守恒假设存在中性轻粒子，后被命名中微子。" }, { "id": "pressure_tape", "name": "压敏胶带", "nameEn": "Pressure-sensitive tape", "wikiEn": "Pressure-sensitive tape", "aliases": [ "透明胶带", "Scotch tape" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1930年透明玻璃纸胶带上市；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "vulcanized_rubber" ], "related": [ "polyethylene" ], "desc": "压敏胶不加热不蘸水，一拉即粘，包装、修补、封口一物全包。" }, { "id": "schauder_fixed_point", "name": "绍德尔不动点定理", "nameEn": "Schauder fixed-point theorem", "wikiEn": "Schauder fixed-point theorem", "aliases": [ "绍德尔不动点", "紧映射不动点", "Schauder theorem", "PDE存在性工具" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "banach_fixed_point", "riesz_schauder_theory" ], "related": [ "brouwer_fixed_point", "navier_stokes_equations" ], "desc": "把布劳威尔不动点推广到赋范空间凸紧集上的紧映射，是非线性PDE利器。" }, { "id": "supermarket", "name": "自助式超级市场", "nameEn": "Supermarket", "wikiEn": "Supermarket", "aliases": [ "超市", "自选卖场" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1930年代美国出现汽车导向的自选大卖场", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "refrigeration", "assembly_line" ], "related": [ "department_store", "toyota_production_system", "barcode", "installment_credit" ], "desc": "顾客自取自货、出口集中结账，仓储与陈列合并压低售价。" }, { "id": "tychonoff_theorem", "name": "蒂霍诺夫定理与乘积拓扑", "nameEn": "Tychonoff's theorem", "wikiEn": "Tychonoff's theorem", "aliases": [ "吉洪诺夫定理", "紧致乘积定理", "任意乘积紧性", "Product topology" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "compactness_concept", "hausdorff_space" ], "related": [ "stone_cech_compactification", "zermelo_zfc" ], "desc": "蒂霍诺夫证明任意多个紧空间的乘积仍紧，确立乘积拓扑并等价依赖选择公理。" }, { "id": "von_neumann_operator_algebras", "name": "冯·诺依曼算子代数", "nameEn": "Von Neumann algebra", "wikiEn": "Von Neumann algebra", "aliases": [ "冯诺依曼代数", "W*代数", "算子环", "von Neumann algebra", "rings of operators" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hilbert_space", "von_neumann_self_adjoint_extensions" ], "related": [ "c_star_algebras", "von_neumann_quantum_foundations" ], "desc": "冯·诺依曼为量子力学研究有界算子的弱闭代数，开创算子代数一脉。" }, { "id": "wiener_khinchin_theorem", "name": "维纳-辛钦定理", "nameEn": "Wiener–Khinchin theorem", "wikiEn": "Wiener–Khinchin theorem", "aliases": [ "维纳-辛钦定理", "维纳-辛钦公式", "自相关谱密度", "WK定理" ], "year": 1930, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "campbell_white_noise", "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "khinchin_stationary_ergodic", "wiener_filter" ], "desc": "维纳与辛钦证明平稳过程自相关函数与其功率谱互为傅里叶变换。" }, { "id": "big_bang_theory", "name": "大爆炸理论", "nameEn": "Big Bang theory (primeval atom)", "wikiEn": "Big Bang", "aliases": [ "勒梅特原初原子", "原始原子假说", "Primeval atom", "Lemaître", "宇宙膨胀起源" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hubble_law" ], "related": [ "big_bang_nucleosynthesis", "cosmic_microwave_background", "dark_matter_evidence" ], "desc": "勒梅特提出宇宙始于原初原子膨胀，即大爆炸先声。" }, { "id": "birkhoff_ergodic_theorem", "name": "伯克霍夫遍历定理", "nameEn": "Birkhoff ergodic theorem", "wikiEn": "Birkhoff ergodic theorem", "aliases": [ "逐点遍历定理", "伯克霍夫定理", "Birkhoff ergodic", "时间平均等于空间平均" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lebesgue_integration", "lyapunov_stability" ], "related": [ "gibbs_statistical_ensembles", "markov_chains", "von_neumann_operator_algebras" ], "desc": "伯克霍夫证明保测系统沿几乎每条轨道的时间平均收敛，奠定遍历定理与统计力学基础。" }, { "id": "cyclotron", "name": "回旋加速器", "nameEn": "Cyclotron", "wikiEn": "Cyclotron", "aliases": [ "劳伦斯回旋加速器", "Lawrence cyclotron" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mass_spectrometry" ], "related": [ "geiger_counter", "radar" ], "desc": "劳伦斯回旋加速器，可加速粒子做核物理实验。" }, { "id": "de_rham_theorem", "name": "德拉姆定理与上同调", "nameEn": "De Rham cohomology", "wikiEn": "De Rham cohomology", "aliases": [ "德拉姆上同调", "微分形式上同调", "de Rham theorem", "德拉姆同构" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "homology_theory", "cartan_moving_frame" ], "related": [ "chern_classes", "cohomology_theory", "poincare_duality", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "desc": "德拉姆证明闭形式模恰当形式的向量空间同构于流形实上同调，贯通分析与拓扑。" }, { "id": "electric_guitar", "name": "电吉他", "nameEn": "Electric guitar", "wikiEn": "Electric guitar", "aliases": [], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "早期拾音器样机1930年代初，量产于1935年后", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electromagnet", "radio" ], "related": [ "jazz", "rock_and_roll" ], "desc": "磁拾音器把琴弦振动转为电流放大，吉他终于盖得过乐队，催生摇滚乐。" }, { "id": "electron_microscope", "name": "电子显微镜", "nameEn": "Electron microscope", "wikiEn": "Electron microscope", "aliases": [ "电镜", "Knoll-Ruska microscope", "鲁斯卡电镜" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "oscilloscope" ], "related": [ "x_ray_crystallography", "mass_spectrometry" ], "desc": "诺尔与鲁斯卡以电子束成像，分辨率超越光学镜。" }, { "id": "godel_incompleteness", "name": "哥德尔不完备定理", "nameEn": "Gödel's incompleteness theorems", "wikiEn": "Gödel's incompleteness theorems", "aliases": [ "哥德尔不完备性定理", "不完备定理", "Gödel's theorem", "Incompleteness theorem" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hilbert_program", "peano_axioms" ], "related": [ "church_lambda_calculus", "turing_machine", "tarski_truth_theory" ], "desc": "哥德尔证明足够强的形式系统含不可判定命题且不能自证相容，终结希尔伯特纲领。" }, { "id": "hopf_fibration", "name": "霍普夫纤维化与霍普夫不变量", "nameEn": "Hopf fibration", "wikiEn": "Hopf fibration", "aliases": [ "霍普夫映射", "S3到S2纤维化", "霍普夫不变量", "Hopf invariant" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fundamental_group" ], "related": [ "epr_paradox", "fiber_bundle", "hairy_ball_theorem", "higher_homotopy_groups" ], "desc": "霍普夫构造三维球到二维球的非平凡纤维化并引入霍普夫不变量，证明高维同伦群丰富。" }, { "id": "kolmogorov_diffusion_equations", "name": "扩散过程与科尔莫戈罗夫方程", "nameEn": "Kolmogorov equations", "wikiEn": "Kolmogorov equations", "aliases": [ "扩散过程", "向前向后方程", "Fokker-Planck方程", "Kolmogorov forward equation" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "wiener_process", "kolmogorov_markov_process" ], "related": [ "einstein_brownian_motion", "ito_stochastic_calculus" ], "desc": "科尔莫戈罗夫导出扩散转移密度的向前、向后偏微分方程，统一连续随机演化。" }, { "id": "kolmogorov_markov_process", "name": "马尔可夫过程一般理论", "nameEn": "Continuous-time Markov chain", "wikiEn": "Continuous-time Markov chain", "aliases": [ "马尔可夫过程", "连续时间马氏过程", "查普曼-科尔莫戈罗夫方程", "C-K方程" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "markov_chains", "birth_death_process" ], "related": [ "kolmogorov_diffusion_equations", "levy_process_theory", "nuclear_reactor", "radiometric_dating" ], "desc": "科尔莫戈罗夫用查普曼方程建立连续时间马氏过程的一般解析理论。" }, { "id": "krylov_subspace", "name": "克雷洛夫子空间", "nameEn": "Krylov subspace", "wikiEn": "Krylov subspace", "aliases": [ "克里洛夫子空间", "Krylov子空间", "Krylov space", "矩阵幂张成空间" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "arnoldi_iteration", "density_functional_theory", "gmres", "lanczos_algorithm" ], "desc": "克雷洛夫1931年提出的矩阵幂张成子空间，是大规模稀疏迭代算法的统一框架。" }, { "id": "pauling_valence_bond", "name": "杂化轨道与价键理论", "nameEn": "Pauling's valence bond theory and hybridization", "wikiEn": "Valence bond theory", "aliases": [ "鲍林价键理论", "轨道杂化", "共振论", "Pauling", "化学键本质" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "heitler_london_bond", "lewis_covalent_octet" ], "related": [ "mulliken_molecular_orbital", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "desc": "鲍林提出轨道杂化与共振，建立现代价键理论。" }, { "id": "plateau_problem", "name": "普拉托问题的道格拉斯解", "nameEn": "Plateau's problem", "wikiEn": "Plateau's problem", "aliases": [ "普拉托问题", "肥皂泡极小曲面", "道格拉斯解", "Douglas-Radó solution" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "minimal_surface" ], "related": [ "calculus_of_variations" ], "desc": "道格拉斯与拉多独立证明任意边界闭曲线都张成极小曲面，道格拉斯因此获首届菲尔兹奖。" }, { "id": "polystyrene", "name": "聚苯乙烯", "nameEn": "Polystyrene", "wikiEn": "Polystyrene", "aliases": [ "PS", "苯乙烯塑料", "法本聚苯乙烯" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "polyvinyl_chloride", "polyethylene", "bakelite" ], "desc": "法本1931年量产聚苯乙烯，透明硬塑料与发泡塑料之母。" }, { "id": "tampon", "name": "内置卫生棉", "nameEn": "Tampon", "wikiEn": "Tampon", "aliases": [ "卫生棉条" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "哈斯1931年专利，1936年商业化；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "rayon" ], "related": [ "sanitary_napkin" ], "desc": "人造丝吸收体配导管内置承接，让经期不再受外贴痕迹束缚。" }, { "id": "walker_moving_average_model", "name": "沃克移动平均模型", "nameEn": "Moving-average model", "wikiEn": "Moving-average model", "aliases": [ "移动平均模型", "滑动平均模型", "MA模型", "Walker MA" ], "year": 1931, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "yule_autoregressive_model" ], "related": [ "wold_arma_model" ], "desc": "沃克在季风预报中以滞后随机冲击之和建模，形成移动平均时序模型。" }, { "id": "autobahn", "name": "高速公路", "nameEn": "Controlled-access highway", "wikiEn": "Controlled-access highway", "aliases": [ "Autobahn", "Autostrada", "波恩科隆高速公路", "汽车专用公路" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "automobile", "tarmacadam" ], "related": [ "model_t" ], "desc": "波恩至科隆全立交汽车专用公路通车，高速公路兴起。" }, { "id": "bounded_operator", "name": "有界算子", "nameEn": "Bounded operator", "wikiEn": "Bounded operator", "aliases": [ "有界算符", "有界线性算子", "Bounded linear operator" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hilbert_space", "continuous_linear_operator", "hilbert_schmidt_operator", "invariant_subspace_problem" ], "desc": "把有界集映为有界集的线性算子，巴拿赫1932年著作奠定其系统理论。" }, { "id": "bulbous_bow", "name": "球鼻艏", "nameEn": "Bulbous Bow", "wikiEn": "Bulbous bow", "aliases": [ "球首", "减阻艏球" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "screw_propeller", "clipper_ship" ], "related": [ "wind_tunnel", "euler_fluid_equations", "diesel_motorship" ], "desc": "艏下球体激起的波浪与船体波相位相消，兴波阻力下降并缓解艏部弯矩" }, { "id": "directional_drilling", "name": "定向钻井", "nameEn": "Directional Drilling", "wikiEn": "Directional drilling", "aliases": [ "斜井钻探", "水平井钻完井" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rotary_drilling" ], "related": [ "hydraulic_fracturing", "oil_pipeline", "compass_navigation" ], "desc": "井下螺杆与随钻测量把井眼按设计轨迹拐弯，一地面井口可采整片油藏" }, { "id": "electronegativity", "name": "电负性", "nameEn": "Electronegativity", "wikiEn": "Electronegativity", "aliases": [ "鲍林标度", "电负度" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "鲍林1932年提出量化标度", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lewis_covalent_octet" ], "related": [ "periodic_table", "hydrogen_bond" ], "desc": "原子在分子中吸电子能力的标度，预判键型与反应位点。" }, { "id": "higher_homotopy_groups", "name": "高阶同伦群（切赫与胡雷维奇）", "nameEn": "Homotopy group", "wikiEn": "Homotopy group", "aliases": [ "高维同伦群", "n阶同伦群", "胡雷维奇定理", "Hurewicz theorem", "Čech homotopy" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fundamental_group" ], "related": [ "hopf_fibration", "whitehead_theorem", "homology_theory" ], "desc": "切赫首先定义高维球面映射同伦类群，胡雷维奇1935年系统建立其与同调群的联系。" }, { "id": "junkers_ju52", "name": "容克斯Ju 52", "nameEn": "Junkers Ju 52", "wikiEn": "Junkers Ju 52", "aliases": [ "Tante Ju", "Iron Annie", "容克斯大婶", "Ju 52运输机" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "all_metal_aircraft" ], "related": [ "dc_3" ], "desc": "三发全金属波纹壳运输机，战间期欧洲民航主力。" }, { "id": "lehmers_totient_problem", "name": "莱默欧拉函数问题", "nameEn": "Lehmer's totient problem", "wikiEn": "Lehmer's totient problem", "aliases": [ "莱默互反数问题", "莱默合数问题", "Lehmer totient conjecture" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "arithmetic_function" ], "related": [ "carmichael_function" ], "desc": "莱默1932年问是否存在合数n使欧拉函数整除n−1，至今无反例亦无证明。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "neutron_discovery", "name": "中子的发现", "nameEn": "Discovery of the neutron", "wikiEn": "Neutron", "aliases": [ "中子发现", "Discovery of neutron", "查德威克", "Neutron" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "rutherford_nuclear_model" ], "related": [ "nuclear_fission_mechanism", "fermi_beta_decay_theory" ], "desc": "查德威克以α轰击实验确认中子，核结构图像由此完整。" }, { "id": "positron_discovery", "name": "正电子的发现", "nameEn": "Positron", "wikiEn": "Positron", "aliases": [ "正电子", "Positron", "反电子", "反物质发现" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dirac_equation" ], "related": [ "thomson_electron" ], "desc": "安德森在宇宙线中发现正电子，首次证实反物质存在。" }, { "id": "prontosil", "name": "百浪多息", "nameEn": "Prontosil", "wikiEn": "Prontosil", "aliases": [ "磺胺百浪多息", "Domagk Prontosil", "红色磺胺" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "butlerov_structure_theory", "indigo_synthesis", "mauveine", "salvarsan" ], "related": [ "chromatography", "lysozyme", "sulfa_drugs" ], "desc": "多马克发现百浪多息，首个磺胺类抗菌药。" }, { "id": "sodium_vapor_lamp", "name": "钠蒸气灯", "nameEn": "Sodium-vapor lamp", "wikiEn": "Sodium-vapor lamp", "aliases": [ "钠灯", "低压钠灯", "道路钠灯" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mercury_vapor_lamp" ], "related": [ "fluorescent_lamp", "neon_lighting" ], "desc": "飞利浦1932年推出低压钠灯，高光效用于道路照明。" }, { "id": "technicolor", "name": "特艺色彩色电影", "nameEn": "Three-strip Technicolor", "wikiEn": "Technicolor", "aliases": [ "三染印特艺色", "Technicolor three-strip", "彩色电影" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cinematograph", "autochrome" ], "related": [ "sound_film", "kodak_camera" ], "desc": "特艺色三染印工艺使彩色电影走向成熟。" }, { "id": "von_neumann_quantum_foundations", "name": "冯·诺依曼量子力学公理化", "nameEn": "The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics", "wikiEn": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics", "aliases": [ "量子力学数学基础", "希尔伯特空间量子论", "Mathematische Grundlagen", "量子公理化", "The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" ], "year": 1932, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "von_neumann_self_adjoint_extensions", "hilbert_space" ], "related": [ "schrodinger_equation", "von_neumann_operator_algebras" ], "desc": "冯·诺依曼以希尔伯特空间与自伴算符公理化量子力学，建立测量、谱与态的严格语言。" }, { "id": "conditional_expectation", "name": "条件期望公理化", "nameEn": "Conditional expectation", "wikiEn": "Conditional expectation", "aliases": [ "条件期望", "条件数学期望", "Radon-Nikodym条件期望", "条件均值" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kolmogorov_probability_axioms", "bayes_theorem" ], "related": [ "em_algorithm", "insurance", "tversky_kahneman_heuristics", "ville_martingale_theory" ], "desc": "柯尔莫哥洛夫借助拉东-尼科迪姆导数定义一般条件期望，是鞅论枢纽。" }, { "id": "convergence_random_variables", "name": "随机变量的收敛", "nameEn": "Convergence of random variables", "wikiEn": "Convergence of random variables", "aliases": [ "依概率收敛", "几乎必然收敛", "依分布收敛", "随机变量收敛模式" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kolmogorov_probability_axioms", "central_limit_theorem" ], "related": [ "donsker_invariance_principle", "levy_characteristic_function", "weibull_distribution" ], "desc": "严格区分依概率、几乎必然、依分布等收敛模式，为极限定理提供精确语言。" }, { "id": "dark_matter_evidence", "name": "暗物质证据", "nameEn": "Evidence for dark matter", "wikiEn": "Dark matter", "aliases": [ "兹威基暗物质", "星系团质量缺失", "Dark matter", "Zwicky virial", "隐匿质量" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hubble_law" ], "related": [ "big_bang_theory", "quasar_discovery" ], "desc": "兹威基由星系团质量缺失提出暗物质存在的证据。" }, { "id": "deposit_insurance", "name": "存款保险制度", "nameEn": "Deposit insurance", "wikiEn": "Deposit insurance", "aliases": [ "存款担保", "联邦存款保险" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1933年美国《银行法》设立联邦存款保险公司；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fractional_reserve_banking", "federal_reserve_system" ], "related": [ "savings_bank", "bank_of_england", "basel_capital_accord" ], "desc": "公共基金为小额存款兜底，挤兑的连锁恐慌被强行截断。" }, { "id": "fm_radio", "name": "调频广播", "nameEn": "FM broadcasting", "wikiEn": "FM broadcasting", "aliases": [ "FM", "Armstrong FM", "调频制" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "audion_triode", "superheterodyne_receiver" ], "related": [ "apollo_11", "broadcasting", "radio_station" ], "desc": "阿姆斯特朗调频制，抗干扰强、音质更佳。" }, { "id": "garbage_disposal", "name": "厨余粉碎机", "nameEn": "Garbage disposal unit", "wikiEn": "Garbage disposal unit", "aliases": [], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "哈默斯1927年发明，1930年代初获专利", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "induction_motor" ], "related": [ "modern_sewer", "toilet" ], "desc": "水槽下小电机研磨食物残渣随水冲走，从源头减量城市湿垃圾。" }, { "id": "intermodal_container", "name": "联运集装箱", "nameEn": "Intermodal container", "wikiEn": "Intermodal container", "aliases": [ "Shipping container", "集装箱", "BIC container", "标准货柜" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "motor_truck" ], "related": [ "semi_trailer", "forklift" ], "desc": "国际集装箱局统一联运箱规格，战后集装箱化雏形。" }, { "id": "kahler_manifold", "name": "凯勒流形", "nameEn": "Kähler manifold", "wikiEn": "Kähler manifold", "aliases": [ "凯勒度量", "凯勒几何", "Kähler geometry", "厄米凯勒流形" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "riemann_geometry" ], "related": [ "chern_classes", "first_superstring_revolution", "symmetric_spaces", "symplectic_geometry" ], "desc": "凯勒给出相容于复结构与辛结构的黎曼度量，成为代数几何与弦论的共同舞台。" }, { "id": "kolmogorov_probability_axioms", "name": "柯尔莫哥洛夫概率公理化", "nameEn": "Probability axioms", "wikiEn": "Probability axioms", "aliases": [ "概率公理化", "概率论基础", "σ代数概率", "Grundbegriffe" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lebesgue_integration", "borel_strong_law_large_numbers" ], "related": [ "born_probability_interpretation", "conditional_expectation", "laplace_classical_probability" ], "desc": "《概率论基础》以测度与σ代数给出概率公理，概率论由此成为严格数学分支。" }, { "id": "kolmogorov_smirnov_test", "name": "科尔莫戈罗夫-斯米尔诺夫检验", "nameEn": "Kolmogorov–Smirnov test", "wikiEn": "Kolmogorov–Smirnov test", "aliases": [ "KS检验", "柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫", "经验分布拟合检验", "K-S test" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chi_squared_test", "gauss_normal_error_theory" ], "related": [ "efron_bootstrap_jackknife", "wilcoxon_signed_rank" ], "desc": "以经验分布与理论分布的最大偏差构造拟合优度检验，斯米尔诺夫1939扩展。" }, { "id": "kolmogorov_zero_one_law", "name": "零一律", "nameEn": "Kolmogorov's zero–one law", "wikiEn": "Kolmogorov's zero–one law", "aliases": [ "零一律", "柯尔莫哥洛夫零一律", "尾事件零一律", "赫维茨-萨维奇零一律" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kolmogorov_probability_axioms", "borel_cantelli_lemma" ], "related": [ "borel_strong_law_large_numbers" ], "desc": "独立序列的尾事件概率非零即一，赫维茨-萨维奇后推广到可交换情形。" }, { "id": "neyman_pearson_theory", "name": "奈曼-皮尔逊检验理论", "nameEn": "Neyman–Pearson lemma", "wikiEn": "Neyman–Pearson lemma", "aliases": [ "假设检验理论", "奈曼-皮尔逊引理", "第一类错误", "第二类错误", "检验功效" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "student_t_distribution", "fisher_p_value" ], "related": [ "fmri", "kolmogorov_smirnov_test", "radar", "wald_statistical_decision_theory" ], "desc": "建立原假设、备择假设、两类错误与功效框架，引理给出最优势检验。" }, { "id": "polyethylene", "name": "聚乙烯", "nameEn": "Polyethylene", "wikiEn": "Polyethylene", "aliases": [ "ICI聚乙烯", "LDPE", "PE", "乙烯聚合物", "高压聚乙烯" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "polyvinyl_chloride", "polystyrene", "nylon", "ziegler_natta_catalyst" ], "desc": "ICI1933年高压合成聚乙烯，雷达绝缘与战后大宗塑料。" }, { "id": "radio_astronomy", "name": "射电天文学", "nameEn": "Radio astronomy", "wikiEn": "Radio astronomy", "aliases": [ "射电天文", "詹斯基银河噪声" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "詹斯基1933年宣布接收银河射电；雷伯1937年建首台射电望远镜", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "radio", "hertz_electromagnetic_waves" ], "related": [ "pulsar_discovery", "cosmic_microwave_background", "event_horizon_telescope" ], "desc": "倾听天体的无线电波，穿透尘埃开启非可见光天文时代。" }, { "id": "random_variable_concept", "name": "随机变量", "nameEn": "Random variable", "wikiEn": "Random variable", "aliases": [ "随机变量", "随机变数", "概率变量", "可测函数随机变量" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kolmogorov_probability_axioms" ], "related": [ "convergence_random_variables", "conditional_expectation" ], "desc": "公理化将随机变量定义为样本空间上的可测函数，统一离散与连续分布。" }, { "id": "seifert_van_kampen", "name": "塞弗特-范坎彭定理", "nameEn": "Seifert–van Kampen theorem", "wikiEn": "Seifert–Van Kampen theorem", "aliases": [ "范坎彭定理", "基本群粘合定理", "Seifert-van Kampen", "van Kampen theorem" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fundamental_group" ], "related": [ "homology_theory", "quotient_space" ], "desc": "塞弗特与范坎彭给出由开子空间基本群经自由乘积与合并计算整体基本群的方法。" }, { "id": "tarski_truth_theory", "name": "塔斯基真理论", "nameEn": "Semantic theory of truth", "wikiEn": "Semantic theory of truth", "aliases": [ "形式语言中的真概念", "T型等式", "Tarski truth definition", "T-schema" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "frege_begriffsschrift", "godel_incompleteness" ], "related": [ "church_lambda_calculus", "frege_begriffsschrift" ], "desc": "塔斯基区分对象语言与元语言，给出真的递归语义定义，奠定模型论语义学。" }, { "id": "telex", "name": "电传", "nameEn": "Telex", "wikiEn": "Telex", "aliases": [ "用户电报", "电传交换网", "teleprinter exchange" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "teleprinter" ], "related": [ "transoceanic_radio", "automatic_telephone_switch" ], "desc": "德国开通公众电传网，用户可直连交换文本电报。" }, { "id": "variable_pitch_propeller", "name": "恒速变距螺旋桨", "nameEn": "Variable-Pitch Propeller", "wikiEn": "Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)", "aliases": [ "桨距可调螺旋桨", "恒速调速器螺旋桨" ], "year": 1933, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "airplane", "screw_propeller" ], "related": [ "turboprop", "dc_3", "turbine_helicopter" ], "desc": "桨叶绕轴变距并配恒速调速器，转速与桨角各自最优，爬升巡航同时受益" }, { "id": "cats_eye", "name": "猫眼反光道钉", "nameEn": "Cat's eye (road)", "wikiEn": "Cat's eye (road)", "aliases": [ "Percy Shaw cat's eye", "猫眼路标", "反光道钉", "Road stud" ], "year": 1934, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "traffic_light", "tarmacadam" ], "desc": "肖发明猫眼式反光道钉，雨夜自动标示车道边界。" }, { "id": "comic_book", "name": "漫画书", "nameEn": "Comic book", "wikiEn": "Comic book", "aliases": [ "连环画", "美式漫画" ], "year": 1934, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1934 年《著名连环画》开创再印刷漫画月刊；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "newspaper", "offset_printing" ], "related": [ "animation", "fairy_tale", "film_genre" ], "desc": "以分格连续图画叙事的廉价印刷品，把连载英雄变成大众神话的主要载体。" }, { "id": "fermi_beta_decay_theory", "name": "费米β衰变理论", "nameEn": "Fermi's interaction", "wikiEn": "Fermi's interaction", "aliases": [ "β衰变理论", "Fermi's interaction", "四费米子作用", "弱相互作用理论" ], "year": 1934, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "neutrino_hypothesis", "neutron_discovery" ], "related": [ "pauli_exclusion_principle", "electroweak_unification" ], "desc": "费米以中微子与四费米子作用解释β衰变，首个弱作用理论。" }, { "id": "insulated_glazing", "name": "中空玻璃", "nameEn": "Insulated glazing", "wikiEn": "Insulated glazing", "aliases": [ "双层玻璃", "中空门窗" ], "year": 1934, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1934 年美国专利并产业化；更早的双层玻璃民俗用法见 19 世纪；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "plate_glass", "glassmaking", "fourier_law" ], "related": [ "air_conditioning", "laminated_glass", "float_glass", "skyscraper" ], "desc": "两玻封边夹干燥空气，传热大减且内表面不再结露。" }, { "id": "khinchin_stationary_ergodic", "name": "平稳过程与遍历定理", "nameEn": "Stationary process", "wikiEn": "Stationary process", "aliases": [ "平稳过程", "严平稳宽平稳", "辛钦遍历定理", "随机遍历定理" ], "year": 1934, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "wiener_khinchin_theorem", "markov_chains" ], "related": [ "krige_gaussian_process", "kolmogorov_markov_process" ], "desc": "辛钦刻画统计特性不随时间平移的平稳过程，并证明时间平均遍历定理。" }, { "id": "kuznets_national_income", "name": "库兹涅茨国民收入核算", "nameEn": "Simon Kuznets", "wikiEn": "Simon Kuznets", "aliases": [ "GDP核算体系", "国民收入账户", "Kuznets", "GNP核算" ], "year": 1934, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "keynes_general_theory", "public_debt_system" ], "desc": "建立国民收入核算体系，使GDP成为宏观经济标准尺度。" }, { "id": "ph_meter", "name": "pH计", "nameEn": "pH meter", "wikiEn": "PH meter", "aliases": [ "酸度计", "Beckman pH meter", "贝克曼酸度计" ], "year": 1934, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ultracentrifuge" ], "desc": "贝克曼电子酸度计，开启实验室电子测量。" }, { "id": "remez_algorithm", "name": "列梅兹算法", "nameEn": "Remez algorithm", "wikiEn": "Remez algorithm", "aliases": [ "雷梅兹算法", "等振交换算法", "Remez exchange", "极小极大逼近算法" ], "year": 1934, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chebyshev_polynomials" ], "related": [ "pade_approximant" ], "desc": "列梅兹1934年提出的交换迭代算法，数值求切比雪夫意义下的最佳一致逼近多项式。" }, { "id": "absolutely_convex_set", "name": "绝对凸集", "nameEn": "Absolutely convex set", "wikiEn": "Absolutely convex set", "aliases": [ "绝对凸集合", "盘状集", "平衡凸集", "Disk set" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "convex_combination" ], "related": [ "ordered_vector_space", "banach_alaoglu_theorem" ], "desc": "既凸又对纯量平衡的集合，是局部凸空间中邻域与单位球的标准形式。" }, { "id": "chebotarev_roots_unity_theorem", "name": "切博塔廖夫单位根定理", "nameEn": "Chebotarev theorem on roots of unity", "wikiEn": "Chebotarev theorem on roots of unity", "aliases": [ "切博塔廖夫定理", "傅里叶矩阵子式定理", "Chebotarev theorem" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "galois_theory" ], "related": [ "fourier_analysis", "circulant_matrix" ], "desc": "切博塔廖夫1930年代证明傅里叶矩阵对应单位根的任意方子式均非零。" }, { "id": "cohomology_theory", "name": "上同调论", "nameEn": "Cohomology", "wikiEn": "Cohomology", "aliases": [ "上同调", "余同调", "上边缘", "Cohomology theory" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "homology_theory" ], "related": [ "characteristic_classes", "cup_product", "de_rham_theorem", "topological_insulator_prediction" ], "desc": "亚历山大与柯尔莫哥洛夫独立定义上同调，使其成带乘法环结构的函子，遍及几何与物理。" }, { "id": "cup_product", "name": "杯积", "nameEn": "Cup product", "wikiEn": "Cup product", "aliases": [ "上积", "杯乘积", "上同调乘法", "Alexander-Kolmogorov product" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cohomology_theory" ], "related": [ "poincare_duality", "characteristic_classes" ], "desc": "亚历山大与柯尔莫哥洛夫引入不同维上同调类的乘法，使上同调成为分次环。" }, { "id": "dc_3", "name": "道格拉斯DC-3", "nameEn": "Douglas DC-3", "wikiEn": "Douglas DC-3", "aliases": [ "DC-3", "Dakota", "C-47", "空中列车" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "all_metal_aircraft" ], "related": [ "junkers_ju52", "cabin_pressurization", "radio_navigation" ], "desc": "全金属下单翼客机，首款无需补贴即盈利的民航机。" }, { "id": "epr_paradox", "name": "EPR量子纠缠佯谬", "nameEn": "EPR paradox", "wikiEn": "Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox", "aliases": [ "EPR佯谬", "EPR paradox", "量子纠缠佯谬", "Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "born_probability_interpretation", "heisenberg_uncertainty_principle" ], "related": [ "bell_inequality" ], "desc": "爱因斯坦等提出纠缠佯谬质疑量子完备性，催生量子信息。" }, { "id": "exponential_family", "name": "指数族分布", "nameEn": "Exponential family", "wikiEn": "Exponential family", "aliases": [ "指数族", "指数分布族", "Darmois-Koopman-Pitman族", "指数族分布" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fisher_sufficient_statistic", "fisher_likelihood_function" ], "related": [ "nelder_wedderburn_glm", "cramer_rao_bound" ], "desc": "达穆瓦、库普曼、皮特曼刻画具有限维充分统计量的分布族，支撑现代模型。" }, { "id": "fiber_bundle", "name": "纤维丛理论", "nameEn": "Fiber bundle", "wikiEn": "Fiber bundle", "aliases": [ "纤维丛", "向量丛", "惠特尼丛", "Vector bundle", "Fibre bundle" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "levi_civita_connection" ], "related": [ "characteristic_classes", "chern_classes", "hopf_fibration", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "desc": "惠特尼把局部乘积粘合的丛结构抽象出来，统一流形、标架丛与物理规范场的数学语言。" }, { "id": "fisher_design_of_experiments", "name": "费希尔实验设计", "nameEn": "Design of experiments", "wikiEn": "Design of experiments", "aliases": [ "实验设计", "试验设计", "随机化原则", "区组设计", "拉丁方", "析因设计" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fisher_anova" ], "related": [ "box_wilson_response_surface", "kiaer_representative_sampling", "randomized_controlled_trial", "taylor_scientific_management" ], "desc": "《实验设计》确立随机化、区组控制与重复三原则，含女士品茶与析因法。" }, { "id": "magnetic_tape_recorder", "name": "磁带录音机", "nameEn": "Tape recorder", "wikiEn": "Tape recorder", "aliases": [ "Magnetophon", "AEG磁带机", "磁录音机" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wire_recorder" ], "related": [ "sound_film", "radio" ], "desc": "AEG的Magnetophon首台实用磁带录音机。" }, { "id": "monopoly_game", "name": "强手棋", "nameEn": "Monopoly", "wikiEn": "Monopoly (game)", "aliases": [], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "派克兄弟1935年上市", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "dice" ], "related": [ "state_monopoly" ], "desc": "地产买地收租让对手破产，大萧条年代最畅销的桌面资本模拟。" }, { "id": "nylon", "name": "尼龙", "nameEn": "Nylon", "wikiEn": "Nylon", "aliases": [ "耐纶", "聚酰胺纤维", "Carothers nylon" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rayon", "synthetic_rubber", "polyethylene" ], "desc": "卡罗瑟斯1935年发明尼龙，首个全合成纤维，影响深远。" }, { "id": "paperback", "name": "平装书", "nameEn": "Paperback", "wikiEn": "Paperback", "aliases": [ "平装本", "简装书" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "offset_printing", "paper_machine", "card_catalog" ], "related": [ "public_library", "copyright", "dewey_decimal" ], "desc": "纸皮胶装大批印行且价廉，书籍从收藏走入通勤途中" }, { "id": "parking_meter", "name": "停车计时器", "nameEn": "Parking meter", "wikiEn": "Parking meter", "aliases": [ "Magee parking meter", "停车咪表", "停车收费表", "Park-O-Meter" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "traffic_light" ], "desc": "马吉设计的停车计时器在俄克拉荷马城街头启用。" }, { "id": "radar", "name": "雷达", "nameEn": "Radar", "wikiEn": "Radar", "aliases": [ "无线电探测定位", "Watson-Watt radar", "Chain Home" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "radio", "superheterodyne_receiver" ], "related": [ "transoceanic_radio", "oscilloscope" ], "desc": "沃森-瓦特无线电探测试验成功，雷达诞生。" }, { "id": "rail_flash_welding", "name": "钢轨闪光对接焊", "nameEn": "Flash Butt Rail Welding", "wikiEn": "Flash welding", "aliases": [ "闪光对焊", "长钢轨焊接" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electric_arc_welding", "railway_gauge" ], "related": [ "thermite_welding", "iron_rail", "tgv" ], "desc": "轨端通电加热至塑性后顶锻焊合，打磨成轨让短尺钢轨连为数百米长轨条" }, { "id": "sobolev_spaces", "name": "索伯列夫空间", "nameEn": "Sobolev space", "wikiEn": "Sobolev space", "aliases": [ "索伯列夫空间", "W^(k,p)空间", "弱导数空间", "Sobolev spaces", "嵌入定理" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lp_spaces", "dirichlet_principle" ], "related": [ "schwartz_distributions", "finite_element_method", "riesz_schauder_theory" ], "desc": "索伯列夫以弱可积导数定义函数空间并证明嵌入不等式，使偏微分方程弱解获得天然容器。" }, { "id": "tansley_ecosystem", "name": "坦斯利生态系统概念", "nameEn": "Ecosystem", "wikiEn": "Ecosystem", "aliases": [ "生态系统", "Ecosystem concept", "Tansley", "生物地理群落" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "second_law_thermodynamics" ], "related": [ "conservation_of_energy", "ecological_niche", "lindeman_trophic_dynamics" ], "desc": "将生物群落与无机环境视为统一物质能量系统，奠基生态学。" }, { "id": "transition_state_theory", "name": "过渡态理论", "nameEn": "Transition state theory", "wikiEn": "Transition state theory", "aliases": [ "活化络合物理论", "Eyring theory", "艾林理论", "TST", "Eyring-Polanyi" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "arrhenius_activation_energy", "pauling_valence_bond" ], "related": [ "catalysis_concept" ], "desc": "艾林与波拉尼提出过渡态与活化能垒的定量模型。" }, { "id": "yukawa_meson_theory", "name": "汤川介子理论", "nameEn": "Yukawa potential", "wikiEn": "Yukawa potential", "aliases": [ "介子理论", "Yukawa potential", "汤川秀树", "核力介子说" ], "year": 1935, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "neutron_discovery" ], "related": [ "fermi_beta_decay_theory", "quark_model" ], "desc": "汤川秀树提出核力由介子传递，开创强相互作用场论。" }, { "id": "adele_ring", "name": "阿代尔环", "nameEn": "Adele ring", "wikiEn": "Adele ring", "aliases": [ "赋值向量环", "阿代尔环", "阿德环", "Adele ring" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "absolute_value_algebra" ], "related": [ "algebraic_number_field", "algebraic_number_theory", "langlands_program" ], "desc": "所有完备化的限制直积环，舍瓦莱1936年引入，把全局数论化为单环上的分析。" }, { "id": "analog_computer", "name": "模拟计算机", "nameEn": "Analog computer", "wikiEn": "Analog computer", "aliases": [ "微分分析机", "differential analyzer", "连续量计算器" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "布什1931年建简易积分器、1936年发表微分分析机；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gear", "partial_differential_equation" ], "related": [ "electronic_computer", "numerical_control", "finite_difference_method", "monte_carlo_method" ], "desc": "用电压、转角等连续量直接模拟方程求解，曾用于弹道、电路与核反应堆计算。" }, { "id": "characteristic_classes", "name": "示性类", "nameEn": "Characteristic class", "wikiEn": "Characteristic class", "aliases": [ "特征类", "施蒂费尔-惠特尼类", "庞特里亚金类", "Stiefel-Whitney class", "Pontryagin class" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fiber_bundle", "cohomology_theory" ], "related": [ "chern_classes", "de_rham_theorem", "k_theory", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "desc": "施蒂费尔、惠特尼、庞特里亚金等以丛的上同调障碍类度量扭曲，连接拓扑、几何与物理。" }, { "id": "church_lambda_calculus", "name": "丘奇λ演算", "nameEn": "Lambda calculus", "wikiEn": "Lambda calculus", "aliases": [ "λ演算", "拉姆达演算", "Church lambda calculus", "λ-calculus" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "godel_incompleteness", "frege_begriffsschrift" ], "related": [ "turing_machine", "algol", "lisp" ], "desc": "丘奇以函数抽象与绑定定义可计算性，提出丘奇论题，后成为函数式编程的理论根基。" }, { "id": "cramers_conjecture", "name": "克拉梅尔猜想", "nameEn": "Cramér's conjecture", "wikiEn": "Cramér's conjecture", "aliases": [ "素数间隙猜想", "克拉默素数间隙", "Cramer conjecture" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "analytic_number_theory" ], "related": [ "chebyshevs_bias", "formula_for_primes" ], "desc": "克拉梅尔1936年猜想相邻素数间隙为O(log²p)，是素数分布的极强断言。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "halting_problem", "name": "停机问题", "nameEn": "Halting problem", "wikiEn": "Halting problem", "aliases": [ "停机判定", "停止问题" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "entscheidungsproblem" ], "related": [ "turing_machine", "godel_incompleteness", "mu_recursive_function", "computational_complexity_theory" ], "desc": "图灵证明不存在程序能判定任意图灵机在给定输入上是否停机，划出可计算边界。" }, { "id": "hydroponics", "name": "水培", "nameEn": "Hydroponics", "wikiEn": "Hydroponics", "aliases": [ "无土栽培", "溶液栽培" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "格里克1936年前后命名并推广", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "greenhouse" ], "related": [ "vertical_farming", "aquaculture", "precision_agriculture" ], "desc": "以营养液替代土壤直接向根系供水肥的栽培法。" }, { "id": "input_output_analysis", "name": "投入产出分析", "nameEn": "Input-output analysis", "wikiEn": "Input–output model", "aliases": [ "部门关联矩阵", "里昂惕夫矩阵" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1936年论文提出，1947年成书；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "physiocratic_tableau", "econometrics" ], "related": [ "kuznets_national_income", "economic_planning_board", "lp_duality_theory", "sna_framework" ], "desc": "以部门间流量矩阵刻画产业互供关系，冲击可沿矩阵逐层推算。" }, { "id": "keynes_general_theory", "name": "凯恩斯通论", "nameEn": "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", "wikiEn": "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", "aliases": [ "就业利息和货币通论", "有效需求理论", "凯恩斯主义", "Keynesianism" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "marshall_neoclassical_economics" ], "related": [ "smith_wealth_of_nations" ], "desc": "以有效需求不足解释萧条并主张国家干预，奠基宏观经济学。" }, { "id": "mu_recursive_function", "name": "一般递归函数", "nameEn": "μ-recursive function", "wikiEn": "μ-recursive function", "aliases": [ "μ-递归函数", "部分递归函数", "General recursive function" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "由赫尔布兰—哥德尔1934年概念经克林尼1936年整理定名；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algorithm" ], "related": [ "turing_machine", "church_lambda_calculus", "halting_problem", "algorithm" ], "desc": "由初始函数经复合、原始递归与极小化构造的函数类，与图灵机刻画同一可计算集。" }, { "id": "sulfa_drugs", "name": "磺胺类药物", "nameEn": "Sulfonamide antibiotics", "wikiEn": "Sulfonamide (medicine)", "aliases": [ "磺胺", "sulfanilamide", "磺胺抗菌剂" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "grignard_reagent", "indigo_synthesis", "prontosil" ], "related": [ "chromatography", "lysozyme", "salvarsan", "streptomycin" ], "desc": "确认有效基团为磺胺，掀起合成抗菌药热潮。" }, { "id": "turing_machine", "name": "图灵机", "nameEn": "Turing machine", "wikiEn": "Turing machine", "aliases": [ "图灵计算机", "通用图灵机", "Universal Turing machine", "可计算性" ], "year": 1936, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "godel_incompleteness", "church_lambda_calculus" ], "related": [ "turing_test", "von_neumann_architecture", "cook_levin_np_completeness" ], "desc": "图灵以纸带机精确定义算法与通用计算，证停机问题不可判定，奠定计算机科学。" }, { "id": "abstract_analytic_number_theory", "name": "抽象解析数论", "nameEn": "Abstract analytic number theory", "wikiEn": "Abstract analytic number theory", "aliases": [ "博灵广义素数论", "抽象素数理论", "Beurling prime system" ], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "analytic_number_theory" ], "related": [ "geometry_of_numbers" ], "desc": "在广义素数与卷积半群上重建素数定理的抽象理论，博灵与克诺普马赫等发展。" }, { "id": "baby_monitor", "name": "婴儿监护器", "nameEn": "Baby monitor", "wikiEn": "Baby monitor", "aliases": [], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "radio" ], "related": [ "telephone", "cradle" ], "desc": "婴儿室声音经无线电传到父母一端，隔房也能即时响应啼哭。" }, { "id": "blood_bank", "name": "血库", "nameEn": "Blood bank", "wikiEn": "Blood bank", "aliases": [ "储血库", "Fantus blood bank", "范塔斯血库" ], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "blood_transfusion", "borosilicate_glass", "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "heparin", "tetanus_toxoid", "vacuum_flask" ], "desc": "范塔斯在库克县医院建立首家血库。" }, { "id": "de_finetti_theorem", "name": "德·菲内蒂定理", "nameEn": "De Finetti's theorem", "wikiEn": "De Finetti's theorem", "aliases": [ "德菲内蒂定理", "可交换性定理", "de Finetti可交换性", "主观概率表示定理" ], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bayes_theorem", "kolmogorov_probability_axioms" ], "related": [ "jeffreys_savage_bayes_revival" ], "desc": "证明无限可交换序列等价于某先验下条件独立同分布，连通主客观概率。" }, { "id": "electrophoresis", "name": "电泳分离", "nameEn": "Electrophoresis", "wikiEn": "Electrophoresis", "aliases": [ "自由界面电泳", "区带电泳" ], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electrochemistry" ], "related": [ "southern_blot", "nmr_spectroscopy", "protein_sequencing" ], "desc": "带电分子在电场中按迁移率分开，血清蛋白成为可见谱带" }, { "id": "levy_process_theory", "name": "莱维过程", "nameEn": "Lévy process", "wikiEn": "Lévy process", "aliases": [ "莱维过程", "列维过程", "独立平稳增量过程", "Lévy flight", "无限可分过程" ], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "wiener_process", "erlang_poisson_process" ], "related": [ "cramer_large_deviations", "einstein_brownian_motion", "kolmogorov_diffusion_equations" ], "desc": "莱维系统研究独立平稳增量过程，将布朗运动与泊松跳过程统一于一族。" }, { "id": "menstrual_cup", "name": "月经杯", "nameEn": "Menstrual cup", "wikiEn": "Menstrual cup", "aliases": [], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "查尔姆斯1930年代专利；医用硅胶为后来代", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "vulcanized_rubber" ], "related": [ "sanitary_napkin", "disposable_diaper" ], "desc": "软硅胶杯收集而非吸收经血，可反复使用经年，耗材垃圾大减。" }, { "id": "neyman_confidence_interval", "name": "奈曼置信区间", "nameEn": "Confidence interval", "wikiEn": "Confidence interval", "aliases": [ "置信区间", "置信限", "Neyman置信区间", "区间估计" ], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "student_t_distribution", "neyman_pearson_theory" ], "related": [ "efron_bootstrap_jackknife" ], "desc": "奈曼给出频率派区间估计的置信度理论，成为报告不确定性的标准形式。" }, { "id": "shopping_cart", "name": "超市购物车", "nameEn": "Shopping cart", "wikiEn": "Shopping cart", "aliases": [], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "戈德曼1937年首放超市；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "supermarket" ], "related": [ "safety_bicycle" ], "desc": "折叠双层篮车让顾客拿得下推得走，自助购物量随轮子成倍上涨。" }, { "id": "stone_cech_compactification", "name": "斯通-切赫紧化", "nameEn": "Stone–Čech compactification", "wikiEn": "Stone–Čech compactification", "aliases": [ "斯通切赫紧致化", "极大紧化", "β紧化", "Stone-Cech compactification" ], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tychonoff_theorem" ], "related": [ "compactness_concept", "hausdorff_space" ], "desc": "斯通与切赫独立构造保持有界连续函数的最大紧化，把任意完全正则空间嵌入紧空间。" }, { "id": "stone_weierstrass_theorem", "name": "斯通-魏尔斯特拉斯定理", "nameEn": "Stone–Weierstrass theorem", "wikiEn": "Stone–Weierstrass theorem", "aliases": [ "斯通魏尔斯特拉斯", "代数稠密逼近", "Stone-Weierstrass", "格逼近定理" ], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "weierstrass_approximation_theorem" ], "related": [ "c_star_algebras", "banach_space" ], "desc": "斯通把多项式逼近推广为紧空间上满足分离点条件的子代数必一致稠密，统合代数与分析。" }, { "id": "yellow_fever_vaccine", "name": "黄热病疫苗", "nameEn": "Yellow fever vaccine (17D)", "wikiEn": "Yellow fever vaccine", "aliases": [ "17D疫苗", "Theiler yellow fever vaccine" ], "year": 1937, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cholera_vaccine", "pasteurization", "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "ddt", "plague_vaccine" ], "desc": "蒂勒研制17D株减毒黄热病疫苗。" }, { "id": "backpack", "name": "双肩背包", "nameEn": "Backpack", "wikiEn": "Backpack", "aliases": [], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "金属框架与拉链款1930年代出现", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "zipper", "knot" ], "related": [ "suitcase", "handbag" ], "desc": "双带负重两肩分摊，拉链与内框架让通勤远行行李背得上、拿得出。" }, { "id": "ballpoint_pen", "name": "圆珠笔", "nameEn": "Ballpoint pen", "wikiEn": "Ballpoint pen", "aliases": [ "原子笔", "Biro", "珠笔" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "比罗1938年在布达佩斯申请专利，1945年后在美国量产普及；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fountain_pen", "ink" ], "related": [ "pencil", "typewriter", "papermaking" ], "desc": "笔尖小珠带出黏稠油墨，书写不渗不洇且能久存，成为世上最普及的书写工具。" }, { "id": "cabin_pressurization", "name": "增压座舱", "nameEn": "Cabin pressurization", "wikiEn": "Cabin pressurization", "aliases": [ "Boeing 307 Stratoliner", "座舱增压", "同温层客机", "Pressurized cabin" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "all_metal_aircraft" ], "related": [ "dc_3" ], "desc": "波音307首飞，首架增压客舱民航机可高飞越恶劣天气。" }, { "id": "clothes_dryer", "name": "干衣机", "nameEn": "Clothes dryer", "wikiEn": "Clothes dryer", "aliases": [ "烘干机", "滚筒烘衣机" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "家用滚筒热风烘干机型在三十年代末进入市场", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "washing_machine", "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "clothes_iron" ], "desc": "以滚筒翻转与热风蒸发水分的家用电器，使衣物干燥不再依赖天气与晾晒。" }, { "id": "cramer_large_deviations", "name": "大偏差理论", "nameEn": "Large deviations theory", "wikiEn": "Large deviations theory", "aliases": [ "大偏差理论", "Cramér定理", "Varadhan大偏差", "速率函数" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "levy_characteristic_function", "central_limit_theorem" ], "related": [ "chernoff_bound" ], "desc": "克拉默导出均值稀有偏离的指数速率，瓦拉丹1966年建立一般变分原理。" }, { "id": "fiberglass", "name": "玻璃纤维", "nameEn": "Fiberglass", "wikiEn": "Fiberglass", "aliases": [ "FRP", "Owens-Corning fiberglass", "玻璃棉", "玻璃纤维增强塑料", "玻璃钢" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "borosilicate_glass", "carbon_fiber", "laminated_glass", "synthetic_rubber" ], "desc": "欧文斯-康宁1938年量产玻璃纤维，绝缘与复合材料先驱。" }, { "id": "fluorescent_lamp", "name": "荧光灯", "nameEn": "Fluorescent lamp", "wikiEn": "Fluorescent lamp", "aliases": [ "日光灯", "低压汞荧光灯" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mercury_vapor_lamp" ], "related": [ "incandescent_lamp", "sodium_vapor_lamp" ], "desc": "通用电气1938年量产荧光灯，光效远超白炽灯。" }, { "id": "instrument_landing_system", "name": "仪表着陆系统", "nameEn": "Instrument Landing System", "wikiEn": "Instrument landing system", "aliases": [ "ILS", "盲降系统" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "radio_navigation", "airplane" ], "related": [ "autopilot", "radar", "dc_3" ], "desc": "航向台与下滑台各发一对波束，用指针偏差引导飞机在低能见度进近" }, { "id": "lu_decomposition", "name": "LU分解", "nameEn": "LU decomposition", "wikiEn": "LU decomposition", "aliases": [ "三角分解", "杜利特尔分解", "Crout分解", "Doolittle algorithm" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cholesky_decomposition", "gauss_least_squares", "sparse_matrix" ], "desc": "巴纳希维奇1938年给出、杜利特尔等发展的矩阵三角分解，一次分解多次回代。" }, { "id": "multiple_rocket_launcher", "name": "火箭炮", "nameEn": "Multiple rocket launcher", "wikiEn": "Multiple rocket launcher", "aliases": [ "MRL", "卡秋莎", "齐射炮" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "苏军BM-13于1938年定型；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rocket", "multistage_rocket" ], "related": [ "howitzer", "mortar", "trench_warfare" ], "desc": "多轨齐射的自行火箭炮，以面积覆盖换取单发精度。" }, { "id": "nuclear_fission_mechanism", "name": "核裂变机制阐明", "nameEn": "Nuclear fission", "wikiEn": "Nuclear fission", "aliases": [ "核裂变", "Nuclear fission", "铀核分裂", "裂变机制" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "neutron_discovery" ], "related": [ "mass_energy_equivalence", "nuclear_reactor" ], "desc": "迈特纳与弗里施解释哈恩实验为核裂变并释出巨大能量。" }, { "id": "skinner_operant_conditioning", "name": "斯金纳操作性条件反射", "nameEn": "Operant conditioning", "wikiEn": "Operant conditioning", "aliases": [ "操作条件作用", "强化理论", "斯金纳箱", "Skinner box" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "watson_behaviorism" ], "related": [ "pavlov_conditioned_reflex", "chomsky_generative_grammar" ], "desc": "以强化与惩罚塑造随意行为，把行为主义推向顶峰。" }, { "id": "suitcase", "name": "旅行箱", "nameEn": "Suitcase", "wikiEn": "Suitcase", "aliases": [ "行李箱", "提箱" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "硬壳带轮可拉式在二十世纪后期定型，此前为手提衣箱", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "zipper", "wardrobe" ], "related": [ "handbag", "padlock", "wardrobe" ], "desc": "为携运行装而生的可搬移容器，其轮与拉杆结构回应了大众旅行的兴起。" }, { "id": "wold_arma_model", "name": "沃尔德ARMA模型", "nameEn": "Autoregressive moving-average model", "wikiEn": "Autoregressive moving-average model", "aliases": [ "ARMA模型", "自回归滑动平均", "博克斯-詹金斯方法", "Wold分解" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "yule_autoregressive_model", "walker_moving_average_model" ], "related": [ "dickey_fuller_unit_root", "kalman_filter" ], "desc": "沃尔德在平稳序列分解中结合AR与MA，博克斯-詹金斯1970年发展之。" }, { "id": "xerography", "name": "静电复印", "nameEn": "Xerography", "wikiEn": "Xerography", "aliases": [ "泽罗克斯复印", "电子照相复印", "electrophotography" ], "year": 1938, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "卡尔森1938年纽约实验室完成首次静电成像复制；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "einstein_photoelectric", "photography" ], "related": [ "xerox_914", "offset_printing", "image_scanner", "desktop_publishing" ], "desc": "以静电潜影吸附色粉再转印定影的干法复印，让文件复制不必制版与湿版。" }, { "id": "automatic_transmission", "name": "自动变速器", "nameEn": "Automatic transmission", "wikiEn": "Automatic transmission", "aliases": [ "Hydra-Matic", "自动变速箱", "Oldsmobile Hydra-Matic", "液力自动变速器" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "automobile", "automobile_transmission" ], "related": [ "model_t" ], "desc": "通用Hydra-Matic液力自动变速器量产装车，免手动换挡。" }, { "id": "bethe_stellar_nucleosynthesis", "name": "贝特恒星核合成理论", "nameEn": "Proton–proton chain", "wikiEn": "Proton–proton chain", "aliases": [ "质子-质子链", "Stellar nucleosynthesis", "pp chain", "恒星核能", "贝特理论" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mass_energy_equivalence" ], "related": [ "b2fh_nucleosynthesis" ], "desc": "贝特阐明质子-质子链供能恒星，解开太阳能量来源之谜。" }, { "id": "burgers_vector", "name": "伯格斯矢量", "nameEn": "Burgers vector", "wikiEn": "Burgers vector", "aliases": [ "柏氏矢量", "位错矢量", "伯格斯向量" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bragg_plane" ], "desc": "刻画晶体位错畸变大小与方向的闭合晶格矢量，伯格斯1939年定义。" }, { "id": "ddt", "name": "滴滴涕", "nameEn": "DDT", "wikiEn": "DDT", "aliases": [ "DDT", "Muller DDT", "二二三", "二氯二苯三氯乙烷", "双对氯苯基三氯乙烷", "灭蚊杀虫剂" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chloroquine", "integrated_pest_management", "plague_vaccine", "yellow_fever_vaccine" ], "desc": "穆勒发现DDT杀虫效力，用于防疫灭蚊。" }, { "id": "first_jet_aircraft", "name": "首架喷气式飞机", "nameEn": "Heinkel He 178", "wikiEn": "Heinkel He 178", "aliases": [ "He 178", "亨克尔He 178", "喷气试验机", "First jet aircraft" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "all_metal_aircraft" ], "related": [ "airplane" ], "desc": "亨克尔He 178首飞成功，喷气航空代际的开端。" }, { "id": "jeffreys_savage_bayes_revival", "name": "贝叶斯学派复兴", "nameEn": "Bayesian statistics", "wikiEn": "Bayesian statistics", "aliases": [ "贝叶斯复兴", "杰弗里斯先验", "萨维奇统计基础", "主观贝叶斯" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bayes_theorem", "laplace_inverse_probability" ], "related": [ "em_algorithm", "metropolis_hastings", "pearl_bayesian_networks" ], "desc": "杰弗里斯1939年立无信息先验，萨维奇1954年建主观期望效用公理。" }, { "id": "kantorovich_linear_programming", "name": "康托洛维奇线性规划", "nameEn": "Leonid Kantorovich", "wikiEn": "Leonid Kantorovich", "aliases": [ "线性规划起源", "康托洛维奇规划法", "生产组织数学方法", "Kantorovich LP" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lagrange_multipliers" ], "related": [ "hitchcock_transportation_problem", "simplex_method", "taylor_scientific_management" ], "desc": "康托洛维奇为资源配置创线性规划模型，1975年与库普曼斯共获诺奖。" }, { "id": "oppenheimer_gravitational_collapse", "name": "奥本海默引力坍缩预言", "nameEn": "Oppenheimer–Snyder model", "wikiEn": "Oppenheimer–Snyder model", "aliases": [ "引力坍缩", "Oppenheimer–Snyder model", "冻结星", "黑洞坍缩" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "general_relativity", "chandrasekhar_limit" ], "related": [ "schwarzschild_black_hole" ], "desc": "奥本海默预言大质量恒星坍缩为黑洞，现代黑洞理论开端。" }, { "id": "pesticide", "name": "化学农药", "nameEn": "Pesticide", "wikiEn": "Pesticide", "aliases": [ "杀虫剂", "Insecticide", "DDT" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1939年发现DDT的杀虫作用；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "integrated_pest_management", "two_four_d_herbicide", "green_revolution" ], "desc": "以化学药剂扑灭病虫草害，20世纪农业增产的支柱之一。" }, { "id": "symplectic_geometry", "name": "辛几何", "nameEn": "Symplectic geometry", "wikiEn": "Symplectic geometry", "aliases": [ "辛几何", "相空间几何", "Symplectic topology", "外尔命名辛群" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hamilton_jacobi_equation", "hamilton_quaternions" ], "related": [ "kahler_manifold", "calculus_of_variations" ], "desc": "外尔以辛群命名反对称非退化形式，后发展为哈密顿力学相空间的几何框架。" }, { "id": "ville_martingale_theory", "name": "维勒鞅论", "nameEn": "Martingale (probability theory)", "wikiEn": "Martingale (probability theory)", "aliases": [ "鞅", "马丁格尔", "公平赌博过程", "Ville martingale" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lebesgue_integration", "conditional_expectation" ], "related": [ "doob_martingale_theorems", "black_scholes_formula" ], "desc": "维勒借公平赌局定义鞅并以鞅证明极限定理，后由杜布系统发展。" }, { "id": "vs300_helicopter", "name": "VS-300直升机", "nameEn": "Vought-Sikorsky VS-300", "wikiEn": "Vought-Sikorsky VS-300", "aliases": [ "VS-300", "西科斯基VS-300", "单旋翼直升机", "Sikorsky helicopter" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "autogyro", "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "airplane" ], "desc": "西科斯基VS-300首飞，奠定单主旋翼加尾桨布局。" }, { "id": "weibull_distribution", "name": "威布尔分布", "nameEn": "Weibull distribution", "wikiEn": "Weibull distribution", "aliases": [ "威布尔分布", "韦伯分布", "最弱环模型", "疲劳寿命分布" ], "year": 1939, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "poisson_distribution_law" ], "related": [ "erlang_queueing_theory" ], "desc": "威布尔以最弱环模型描述材料疲劳寿命，1951年英文发表后成可靠性主力。" }, { "id": "airborne_radar", "name": "机载雷达", "nameEn": "Aircraft interception radar", "wikiEn": "Aircraft interception radar", "aliases": [ "AI radar", "AI Mk. IV", "机载截击雷达", "夜间战斗机雷达" ], "year": 1940, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radio" ], "related": [ "radio_navigation" ], "desc": "英国机载截击雷达入役夜战战斗机，暗夜探测敌机。" }, { "id": "banach_alaoglu_theorem", "name": "巴拿赫-阿劳格劳定理", "nameEn": "Banach–Alaoglu theorem", "wikiEn": "Banach–Alaoglu theorem", "aliases": [ "弱星紧定理", "对偶单位球紧性定理", "Banach-Alaoglu theorem" ], "year": 1940, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bounded_operator" ], "related": [ "hilbert_space", "absolutely_convex_set" ], "desc": "赋范空间对偶单位球在弱星拓扑下紧致，阿拉乌格劳1940年证明。" }, { "id": "blitzkrieg", "name": "闪击战", "nameEn": "Blitzkrieg", "wikiEn": "Blitzkrieg", "aliases": [ "闪电战", "机械化突破作战" ], "year": 1940, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1940年法国战役中成型", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tank", "airplane", "automobile" ], "related": [ "guerrilla_warfare", "strategic_bombing", "radio" ], "desc": "装甲集群与空中力量协同的速决突破，1940年成名。" }, { "id": "krein_milman_theorem", "name": "克雷恩-米尔曼定理", "nameEn": "Krein–Milman theorem", "wikiEn": "Krein–Milman theorem", "aliases": [ "端点定理", "克雷恩米尔曼", "紧凸集端点生成", "Krein-Milman", "extreme points" ], "year": 1940, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hahn_banach_theorem", "compactness_concept" ], "related": [ "minkowski_convex_geometry", "banach_space" ], "desc": "克雷恩与米尔曼证明局部凸空间中紧凸集是其端点集的闭凸包，广泛用于优化与调和分析。" }, { "id": "kroll_process", "name": "克罗尔法", "nameEn": "Kroll process", "wikiEn": "Kroll process", "aliases": [ "镁还原法", "海绵钛冶炼", "Kroll titanium process" ], "year": 1940, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "duralumin", "hall_heroult_process" ], "desc": "克罗尔1940年以镁还原四氯化钛制海绵钛，钛工业起点。" }, { "id": "organic_farming", "name": "有机农业", "nameEn": "Organic farming", "wikiEn": "Organic farming", "aliases": [ "有机耕作" ], "year": 1940, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "诺斯伯勒1940年提出术语，霍华德同年出《农业圣典》；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "superphosphate_fertilizer", "manure" ], "related": [ "no_till_farming", "integrated_pest_management" ], "desc": "反对化肥农药依赖、以腐殖循环养地的耕作体系。" }, { "id": "rhesus_blood_group", "name": "Rh血型与新生儿溶血防治", "nameEn": "Rh Blood Group and HDN", "wikiEn": "Rh disease", "aliases": [ "恒河猴血型", "新生儿溶血症" ], "year": 1940, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blood_types", "serum_therapy" ], "related": [ "blood_bank", "cold_chain", "infant_incubator", "obstetrical_forceps" ], "desc": "Rh抗原被发现后知其致溶血，注射免疫球蛋白可阻断" }, { "id": "beadle_tatum_hypothesis", "name": "一个基因一个酶假说", "nameEn": "One gene–one enzyme hypothesis", "wikiEn": "One gene–one enzyme hypothesis", "aliases": [ "比德尔-塔特姆假说", "链孢霉诱变实验", "one gene one enzyme" ], "year": 1941, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "enzyme_concept", "morgan_chromosome_genetics" ], "related": [ "avery_transforming_principle", "genetic_code", "isotope_tracer" ], "desc": "链孢霉诱变证明基因通过酶控制代谢，开启生化遗传学。" }, { "id": "feller_renewal_theory", "name": "费勒更新理论", "nameEn": "Renewal theory", "wikiEn": "Renewal theory", "aliases": [ "更新过程", "更新理论", "更新报酬定理", "Feller renewal" ], "year": 1941, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "erlang_poisson_process" ], "related": [ "kolmogorov_markov_process" ], "desc": "费勒建立更新积分方程与更新定理，刻画随机寿命设备的反复更换规律。" }, { "id": "hitchcock_transportation_problem", "name": "希契科克运输问题", "nameEn": "Transportation theory (mathematics)", "wikiEn": "Transportation theory (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "运输问题", "运输模型", "希契科克问题", "康托洛维奇运输" ], "year": 1941, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kantorovich_linear_programming" ], "related": [ "kuhn_hungarian_algorithm", "minimum_cost_flow" ], "desc": "希契科克提出多产地多销地最小费用调运模型，是线性规划最早特例。" }, { "id": "immunofluorescence", "name": "免疫荧光标记", "nameEn": "Immunofluorescence", "wikiEn": "Immunofluorescence", "aliases": [ "荧光抗体法", "免疫荧光染色" ], "year": 1941, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "serum_therapy", "microscope" ], "related": [ "elisa", "confocal_microscopy", "fluorescent_lamp" ], "desc": "抗体偶联荧光素，抗原在组织切片中原位发光被指认" }, { "id": "long_exact_sequence", "name": "正合序列与长正合列", "nameEn": "Exact sequence", "wikiEn": "Exact sequence", "aliases": [ "正合列", "长正合序列", "同调正合列", "Exact sequences", "Five lemma" ], "year": 1941, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "homology_theory" ], "related": [ "fiber_bundle", "seifert_van_kampen", "universal_coefficient_theorem" ], "desc": "以逐次核像相等组织群与同态的代数装置，将丛、对与同伦关系化为长正合列。" }, { "id": "velcro", "name": "魔术贴", "nameEn": "Velcro", "wikiEn": "Velcro", "aliases": [ "Hook and loop fastener", "搭扣带" ], "year": 1941, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "德梅斯特拉尔1941年受苍耳启发，1950年代获专利投产", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nylon" ], "related": [ "zipper" ], "desc": "尼龙钩圈一压即合、一撕即开，免纽扣鞋带，快拆紧固遍及服装航天。" }, { "id": "z3_computer", "name": "Z3 计算机", "nameEn": "Z3 (computer)", "wikiEn": "Z3 (computer)", "aliases": [ "楚斯 Z3", "Zuse Z3", "Zuse 3" ], "year": 1941, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1941年5月演示运行，程序存于穿孔薄膜", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electromechanical_relay", "punched_card" ], "related": [ "electronic_computer", "stored_program_computer", "turing_machine", "analog_computer" ], "desc": "楚斯1941年建成的首台可编程计算机，以约两千六百个继电器做二进制浮点运算。" }, { "id": "antihistamine", "name": "抗组胺药", "nameEn": "Antihistamine", "wikiEn": "Antihistamine", "aliases": [ "苯海拉明", "Benadryl", "抗组织胺药" ], "year": 1942, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mauveine" ], "related": [ "butlerov_structure_theory", "chlorpromazine", "indigo_synthesis" ], "desc": "苯海拉明上市，首批抗过敏化学药物" }, { "id": "berry_esseen_theorem", "name": "贝里-埃森定理", "nameEn": "Berry–Esseen theorem", "wikiEn": "Berry–Esseen theorem", "aliases": [ "贝里-埃森定理", "Berry-Esseen界", "中心极限收敛速度", "CLT误差界" ], "year": 1942, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "central_limit_theorem", "levy_characteristic_function" ], "related": [ "donsker_invariance_principle" ], "desc": "给出独立和分布函数向正态逼近的一致误差界，量化中心极限收敛速度。" }, { "id": "epigenetics_concept", "name": "表观遗传学", "nameEn": "Epigenetics", "wikiEn": "Epigenetics", "aliases": [ "表观遗传", "染色质修饰" ], "year": 1942, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "沃丁顿1942年定名，甲基化机制1970年代确证；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gene_concept", "microscope" ], "related": [ "dna_double_helix", "epigenetic_therapy", "information_theory", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "desc": "研究不改DNA序列的可遗传表达调控，发育与癌变新维度。" }, { "id": "lindeman_trophic_dynamics", "name": "林德曼营养级动力学", "nameEn": "Raymond Lindeman", "wikiEn": "Raymond Lindeman", "aliases": [ "十分之一定律", "营养级", "百分之十定律", "Lindeman efficiency" ], "year": 1942, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "conservation_of_energy", "galton_regression_correlation", "second_law_thermodynamics", "tansley_ecosystem" ], "related": [], "desc": "能量沿食物链逐级递减约十分之一，奠基生态能量学。" }, { "id": "loran", "name": "罗兰远程无线电导航", "nameEn": "LORAN", "wikiEn": "LORAN", "aliases": [ "双曲线无线电导航", "罗兰台链" ], "year": 1942, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radio_navigation", "transoceanic_radio" ], "related": [ "radar", "inertial_navigation", "gps" ], "desc": "测同步脉冲台链的时间差画出双曲线，交点即位置，二战主力远程导航" }, { "id": "modern_evolutionary_synthesis", "name": "现代综合演化论", "nameEn": "Modern synthesis (20th century)", "wikiEn": "Modern synthesis (20th century)", "aliases": [ "现代综合理论", "进化综合", "Modern synthesis", "新达尔文主义综合" ], "year": 1942, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "evolution_natural_selection", "mendelian_inheritance", "probability_theory", "selective_breeding_bakewell" ], "related": [ "chi_squared_test", "hardy_weinberg_principle", "morgan_chromosome_genetics" ], "desc": "融合孟德尔遗传学与自然选择，统一种群变异与演化机制。" }, { "id": "neuromuscular_blockade", "name": "神经肌肉阻断剂用于手术", "nameEn": "Neuromuscular-blocking Drug", "wikiEn": "Neuromuscular-blocking drug", "aliases": [ "肌松剂", "箭毒麻醉" ], "year": 1942, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tracheal_intubation", "anesthesia" ], "related": [ "butlerov_structure_theory", "electrosurgery", "mechanical_ventilator" ], "desc": "肌松剂使腹部肌肉松弛，麻醉深度不必再压住呼吸" }, { "id": "schumpeter_creative_destruction", "name": "熊彼特创造性破坏", "nameEn": "Creative destruction", "wikiEn": "Creative destruction", "aliases": [ "创新理论", "企业家精神", "Schumpeter", "资本主义社会主义与民主" ], "year": 1942, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "marx_das_kapital", "keynes_general_theory" ], "desc": "创新不断摧毁旧结构创造新结构，是资本主义发展的本质。" }, { "id": "universal_coefficient_theorem", "name": "万有系数定理", "nameEn": "Universal coefficient theorem", "wikiEn": "Universal coefficient theorem", "aliases": [ "普遍系数定理", "系数同调换算", "Universal coefficient", "UCT" ], "year": 1942, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "homology_theory" ], "related": [ "excision_theorem", "singular_homology" ], "desc": "万有系数定理由整同调群经张量积与挠群确定任意系数群的同调与上同调。" }, { "id": "welfare_state", "name": "福利国家", "nameEn": "Welfare state", "wikiEn": "Welfare state", "aliases": [ "贝弗里奇报告", "社会保障体系" ], "year": 1942, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "贝弗里奇报告设计全民社会保障框架；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "social_insurance" ], "related": [ "universal_suffrage", "taxation_system", "compulsory_education" ], "desc": "由国家以税收统一供给医疗、教育、失业与养老保障，兜住市场风险。" }, { "id": "artificial_neural_network", "name": "人工神经网络", "nameEn": "Artificial neural network", "wikiEn": "Artificial neural network", "aliases": [ "神经网络", "McCulloch–Pitts network", "连接主义模型" ], "year": 1943, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "麦卡洛克与皮茨1943年提出神经元逻辑模型；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "boolean_algebra", "neuron_doctrine", "propositional_calculus" ], "related": [ "perceptron", "backpropagation", "deep_learning", "logic_gate" ], "desc": "由大量阈值单元分层连接、靠调整权重学习的网络模型，源于对神经元的逻辑式模仿。" }, { "id": "c_star_algebras", "name": "盖尔范德C*代数理论", "nameEn": "C*-algebra", "wikiEn": "C*-algebra", "aliases": [ "C星代数", "盖尔范德谱", "交换巴拿赫代数", "Gelfand transform", "C*-algebra" ], "year": 1943, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "von_neumann_operator_algebras", "stone_weierstrass_theorem" ], "related": [ "hilbert_space", "riesz_representation_theorem", "von_neumann_quantum_foundations" ], "desc": "盖尔范德以交换巴拿赫代数谱表示统一傅里叶变换与函数代数，非交换分析框架。" }, { "id": "catalytic_cracking", "name": "流化催化裂化", "nameEn": "Fluid catalytic cracking", "wikiEn": "Fluid catalytic cracking", "aliases": [ "FCC", "催化裂化" ], "year": 1943, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1943年ECON装置工业化投产；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cracking_refining", "catalysis_concept" ], "related": [ "gasoline", "internal_combustion_engine", "petroleum_refinery" ], "desc": "粉状催化剂流化裂化重油，航空与车用汽油产率倍增。" }, { "id": "catalytic_reforming", "name": "催化重整", "nameEn": "Catalytic Reforming", "wikiEn": "Catalytic reforming", "aliases": [ "铂重整", "生产重整" ], "year": 1943, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cracking_refining", "catalysis_concept" ], "related": [ "catalytic_cracking", "gasoline", "petroleum_refinery" ], "desc": "石脑油在铂催化剂上环化脱氢成芳烃，高辛烷值汽油与氢气同时产出" }, { "id": "hemodialysis", "name": "血液透析", "nameEn": "Hemodialysis", "wikiEn": "Hemodialysis", "aliases": [ "Kolff dialyzer", "Kolff透析器", "人工肾", "科尔夫透析机", "考尔夫", "肾透析", "血液透析" ], "year": 1943, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "aseptic_surgery", "cellophane", "heparin", "piston_pump" ], "related": [ "cardiac_catheterization", "heart_lung_machine", "iron_lung", "kidney_transplant" ], "desc": "科尔夫转鼓透析机首个人工肾用于救治肾衰。" }, { "id": "maslow_hierarchy_needs", "name": "马斯洛需求层次理论", "nameEn": "Maslow's hierarchy of needs", "wikiEn": "Maslow's hierarchy of needs", "aliases": [ "需求金字塔", "需要层次论", "Maslow pyramid", "自我实现" ], "year": 1943, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "freud_psychoanalysis" ], "desc": "生理安全归属尊重自我实现五级需求，影响心理学与管理。" }, { "id": "matched_filter", "name": "匹配滤波器", "nameEn": "Matched filter", "wikiEn": "Matched filter", "aliases": [ "匹配滤波", "诺斯滤波器", "North filter", "最佳线性滤波器" ], "year": 1943, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "convolution_math" ], "related": [ "wiener_filter", "information_theory" ], "desc": "诺斯1943年为雷达推导的最大化输出信噪比滤波器，与已知信号形状匹配。" }, { "id": "streptomycin", "name": "链霉素", "nameEn": "Streptomycin (early research)", "wikiEn": "Streptomycin", "aliases": [ "Streptomycin", "Waksman antibiotic program", "放线菌抗生素", "瓦克斯曼土壤筛选", "瓦克斯曼链霉素" ], "year": 1943, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "fermentation", "sulfa_drugs" ], "related": [ "isoniazid", "lysozyme", "mass_spectrometry", "sulfa_drugs" ], "desc": "瓦克斯曼团队土壤筛选，1943年得到链霉素。" }, { "id": "traffic_cone", "name": "交通锥", "nameEn": "Traffic cone", "wikiEn": "Traffic cone", "aliases": [ "道路锥", "雪糕筒", "Road cone", "施工锥" ], "year": 1943, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "traffic_light" ], "desc": "洛杉矶发明橡胶交通锥，用于临时分隔与施工导流。" }, { "id": "assault_rifle", "name": "突击步枪", "nameEn": "Assault rifle", "wikiEn": "Assault rifle", "aliases": [ "StG 44", "自动步枪" ], "year": 1944, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "StG44于1944年投入实战；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "submachine_gun", "cartridge_firearms" ], "related": [ "machine_gun", "grenade", "bulletproof_vest" ], "desc": "发射中间威力弹、可选连发的步枪，战后步兵标准武器。" }, { "id": "avery_transforming_principle", "name": "埃弗里转化实验", "nameEn": "Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment", "wikiEn": "Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment", "aliases": [ "转化因子实验", "DNA是遗传物质", "Avery experiment", "肺炎双球菌转化" ], "year": 1944, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "enzyme_concept" ], "related": [ "beadle_tatum_hypothesis", "dna_double_helix", "isotope_tracer", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "desc": "肺炎球菌转化实验证明DNA而非蛋白质是遗传物质。" }, { "id": "berkson_logistic_regression", "name": "伯克森Logistic回归", "nameEn": "Logistic regression", "wikiEn": "Logistic regression", "aliases": [ "逻辑回归", "对数几率回归", "Logit模型", "Berkson logistic" ], "year": 1944, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fisher_maximum_likelihood", "pearson_correlation_coefficient" ], "related": [ "nelder_wedderburn_glm", "cox_proportional_hazards" ], "desc": "伯克森将S形逻辑函数用于生物鉴定二分类，后成分类与风险建模主力。" }, { "id": "bretton_woods_system", "name": "布雷顿森林体系", "nameEn": "Bretton Woods system", "wikiEn": "Bretton Woods system", "aliases": [ "美元本位", "固定汇率制" ], "year": 1944, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1944 年会议协定，1945 年起运行", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gold_standard" ], "related": [ "fiat_money", "international_law" ], "desc": "各国货币盯住美元、美元盯住黄金并设国际组织协调结算。" }, { "id": "cruise_missile", "name": "巡航导弹", "nameEn": "Cruise missile", "wikiEn": "Cruise missile", "aliases": [ "飞航式导弹", "V-1" ], "year": 1944, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "V-1于1944年6月首次实战；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gyroscope", "autopilot" ], "related": [ "icbm", "precision_guided_munition", "stealth_technology" ], "desc": "靠喷气推进自导航行的导弹，1944年V-1首开先河。" }, { "id": "game_theory", "name": "博弈论", "nameEn": "Game theory", "wikiEn": "Game theory", "aliases": [ "Minimax theorem", "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior", "von Neumann-Morgenstern", "冯·诺依曼博弈论", "博弈论与经济行为", "博弈论创立", "对策论", "极小极大定理", "零和博弈" ], "year": 1944, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "monte_carlo_method", "nash_equilibrium", "thermonuclear_weapon", "von_neumann_architecture" ], "desc": "冯·诺依曼与摩根斯坦《博弈论与经济行为》以极小极大定理奠基策略决策的数学。" }, { "id": "inverse_iteration", "name": "反幂法", "nameEn": "Inverse iteration", "wikiEn": "Inverse iteration", "aliases": [ "逆迭代", "反迭代法", "inverse power method", "Wielandt迭代" ], "year": 1944, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "power_iteration" ], "related": [ "qr_algorithm", "lu_decomposition" ], "desc": "对移位矩阵求逆迭代的特征向量算法，维兰特1944年给出，配合位移可求任意特征对。" }, { "id": "ito_stochastic_calculus", "name": "伊藤随机微积分", "nameEn": "Itô calculus", "wikiEn": "Itô calculus", "aliases": [ "伊藤积分", "伊藤引理", "随机微分方程", "Itô lemma" ], "year": 1944, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "wiener_process", "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "black_scholes_formula", "einstein_brownian_motion", "hamilton_jacobi_bellman" ], "desc": "伊藤1944年定义关于布朗运动的随机积分，1951年给出含二次变差引理。" }, { "id": "jet_stream", "name": "急流", "nameEn": "Jet stream", "wikiEn": "Jet stream", "aliases": [ "喷射气流", "高空急流" ], "year": 1944, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "二战飞行员穿越观测，1940年代末理论成篇；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hadley_cell", "coriolis_force" ], "related": [ "airplane", "conveyor_belt", "el_nino_southern_oscillation", "numerical_weather_prediction" ], "desc": "对流层顶的窄带强风，跨洋航路天气系统的传送带。" }, { "id": "singular_homology", "name": "奇异同调", "nameEn": "Singular homology", "wikiEn": "Singular homology", "aliases": [ "奇异同调论", "艾伦伯格奇异同调", "单纯形映射同调", "Singular chain" ], "year": 1944, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "second_industrial", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "homology_theory" ], "related": [ "category_theory", "excision_theorem", "simplicial_complex" ], "desc": "艾伦伯格以任意连续单纯形为链给出无需剖分的同调定义，简洁满足同调公理且可函子化。" }, { "id": "category_mathematics", "name": "范畴（数学）", "nameEn": "Category (mathematics)", "wikiEn": "Category (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "数学范畴", "范畴对象", "Category" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "associative_property" ], "related": [ "category_theory", "container_shipping", "endomorphism", "graph_homomorphism" ], "desc": "由对象与可结合复合的态射组成的结构，艾伦贝格与麦克莱恩1945年引入。" }, { "id": "category_theory", "name": "范畴论", "nameEn": "Category theory", "wikiEn": "Category theory", "aliases": [ "范畴理论", "一般函子理论", "Category theory Eilenberg Mac Lane", "抽象数学的数学" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "galois_theory", "poincare_topology" ], "related": [ "cantor_set_theory", "church_lambda_calculus", "container_shipping" ], "desc": "艾伦伯格与麦克莱恩以对象、态射、函子统一代数与拓扑，后渗透到逻辑与编程。" }, { "id": "cavity_magnetron", "name": "多腔磁控管", "nameEn": "Cavity magnetron", "wikiEn": "Cavity magnetron", "aliases": [ "磁控管" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "klystron" ], "desc": "战时成熟的微波振荡管，战后用于雷达与微波加热。" }, { "id": "cramer_rao_bound", "name": "克拉姆-拉奥不等式", "nameEn": "Cramér–Rao bound", "wikiEn": "Cramér–Rao bound", "aliases": [ "克拉姆-拉奥界", "C-R不等式", "信息不等式", "无偏估计方差下界" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fisher_likelihood_function", "fisher_sufficient_statistic" ], "related": [ "fisher_maximum_likelihood", "exponential_family" ], "desc": "以费希尔信息量给出无偏估计方差下界，界定估计有效性与设计准则。" }, { "id": "floating_point_arithmetic", "name": "浮点运算与舍入", "nameEn": "Floating-point arithmetic", "wikiEn": "Floating-point arithmetic", "aliases": [ "浮点数", "浮点舍入", "floating point", "舍入误差" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "condition_number", "backward_error_analysis" ], "desc": "图灵1945年系统论述浮点舍入，使大动态范围科学计算可行，开启舍入误差分析。" }, { "id": "influenza_vaccine", "name": "流感疫苗", "nameEn": "Influenza vaccine", "wikiEn": "Influenza vaccine", "aliases": [ "流感灭活疫苗", "鸡胚流感疫苗", "Flu vaccine" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pasteurization", "refrigeration", "vaccination" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "freeze_drying", "polio_vaccine" ], "desc": "鸡胚培养灭活疫苗1945年获批，先供美军使用。" }, { "id": "klystron", "name": "速调管", "nameEn": "Klystron", "wikiEn": "Klystron", "aliases": [ "速度调制管" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cavity_magnetron" ], "desc": "1937年发明、战后广泛用于雷达与通信的微波放大管。" }, { "id": "merge_sort", "name": "归并排序", "nameEn": "Merge sort", "wikiEn": "Merge sort", "aliases": [ "合并排序", "二路归并", "Von Neumann merge sort", "Mergesort" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "von_neumann_architecture" ], "related": [ "binary_search", "hoare_quicksort" ], "desc": "冯·诺依曼设计的分治排序，稳定且效率O(n log n)，为外排序奠定基础。" }, { "id": "microwave_oven", "name": "微波炉", "nameEn": "Microwave oven", "wikiEn": "Microwave oven", "aliases": [], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "斯宾塞1945年10月专利，1967年入家用；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cavity_magnetron" ], "related": [ "radar", "oven" ], "desc": "磁控管微波激发水分子产热，雷达技术军转民，几十秒热一餐饭。" }, { "id": "nuclear_weapon", "name": "核武器", "nameEn": "Nuclear weapon", "wikiEn": "Nuclear weapon", "aliases": [ "原子弹", "裂变弹", "Atomic bomb" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nuclear_reactor", "thermonuclear_weapon" ], "desc": "1945年三位一体试验与广岛长崎实战，开启核战争时代。" }, { "id": "penicillin", "name": "青霉素", "nameEn": "Penicillin", "wikiEn": "Penicillin", "aliases": [ "盘尼西林", "青霉素G", "Penicillin G" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fermentation", "titration_method" ], "related": [ "chlortetracycline", "freeze_drying", "influenza_vaccine", "streptomycin" ], "desc": "弗莱明发现后经深罐发酵量产，开启抗生素时代。" }, { "id": "pmma", "name": "有机玻璃", "nameEn": "Poly(methyl methacrylate)", "wikiEn": "Poly(methyl methacrylate)", "aliases": [ "亚克力", "PMMA", "聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "polycarbonate" ], "desc": "1930年代问世，战时飞机舷窗、战后全面民用的透明塑料。" }, { "id": "prefabrication", "name": "预制装配化建造", "nameEn": "Prefabrication", "wikiEn": "Prefabrication", "aliases": [ "装配式建筑", "Prefab" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "战后住房危机推动大规模构件预制", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "portland_cement", "interchangeable_parts" ], "related": [ "cross_laminated_timber", "reinforced_concrete", "skyscraper" ], "desc": "构件工厂生产、现场吊装的建造方式，战后住房主力。" }, { "id": "ptfe", "name": "聚四氟乙烯", "nameEn": "Polytetrafluoroethylene", "wikiEn": "Polytetrafluoroethylene", "aliases": [ "特氟龙", "Teflon", "塑料王" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "synthetic_rubber" ], "desc": "1938年发现，1945年注册特氟龙商标并走向工业应用。" }, { "id": "rocket_engine", "name": "火箭发动机", "nameEn": "Rocket engine", "wikiEn": "Rocket engine", "aliases": [ "液体火箭发动机", "V-2发动机", "戈达德", "Goddard" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "goddard_liquid_rocket" ], "related": [ "v2_rocket_postwar", "saturn_v", "icbm" ], "desc": "V-2动力战后流入美苏，成为现代航天火箭之源。" }, { "id": "schwartz_distributions", "name": "施瓦茨分布论", "nameEn": "Distribution (mathematics)", "wikiEn": "Distribution (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "广义函数", "分布理论", "δ函数严格化", "Schwartz distributions", "Dirac delta" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "sobolev_spaces", "lebesgue_integration" ], "related": [ "fourier_analysis", "laplace_transform", "greens_function" ], "desc": "把δ函数等广义对象严格定义为检验函数上的连续泛函，弱解获通用语言。" }, { "id": "silicone", "name": "硅酮", "nameEn": "Silicone", "wikiEn": "Silicone", "aliases": [ "硅橡胶", "Silastic", "聚硅氧烷" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "synthetic_rubber" ], "desc": "1940年代道康宁产业化，耐温耐候的硅氧烷材料。" }, { "id": "superalloy", "name": "高温合金", "nameEn": "Superalloy", "wikiEn": "Superalloy", "aliases": [ "镍基超合金", "Super alloy" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1940年代为喷气涡轮研制镍基耐热合金", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electric_arc_furnace", "stainless_steel" ], "related": [ "gas_turbine", "jet_engine", "selective_laser_melting" ], "desc": "近熔点仍保持强度的镍基合金，航空发动机的命门。" }, { "id": "supersonic_wind_tunnel", "name": "超音速风洞", "nameEn": "Supersonic wind tunnel", "wikiEn": "Supersonic wind tunnel", "aliases": [ "超声速风洞", "跨音速风洞群" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wind_tunnel" ], "related": [ "swept_wing" ], "desc": "战后大型超音速风洞群，支撑高速飞机与火箭设计。" }, { "id": "swept_wing", "name": "后掠翼", "nameEn": "Swept wing", "wikiEn": "Swept wing", "aliases": [ "后掠机翼", "Swept-wing" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "jet_engine", "supersonic_fighter" ], "desc": "战后采用德国成果，攻克跨音速气动阻力难题。" }, { "id": "two_four_d_herbicide", "name": "2,4-滴除草剂", "nameEn": "2,4-D", "wikiEn": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid", "aliases": [ "2,4-D", "2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸", "选择性除草剂" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ddt" ], "desc": "首个成功的选择性除草剂，开启化学除草时代。" }, { "id": "united_nations", "name": "联合国", "nameEn": "United Nations", "wikiEn": "United Nations", "aliases": [ "UN", "国际组织宪章体系" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1945年宪章生效", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "league_of_nations", "peace_of_westphalia", "treaty_kadesh", "broadcasting" ], "related": [ "universal_declaration_human_rights", "iso_standardization", "un_convention_on_the_law_of_the_sea", "convention_on_refugees_1951" ], "desc": "以多数表决加否决权的机关分工统率常设专门机构，使国际协调有预算与人事连续性。" }, { "id": "uranium_enrichment", "name": "铀浓缩", "nameEn": "Enriched uranium", "wikiEn": "Enriched uranium", "aliases": [ "气体扩散法", "Gaseous diffusion", "高浓铀" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nuclear_weapon", "nuclear_reactor", "zippe_centrifuge" ], "desc": "战时气体扩散法量产高浓铀，核武器与核电燃料前提。" }, { "id": "v2_rocket_postwar", "name": "V-2火箭", "nameEn": "V-2 rocket", "wikiEn": "V-2 rocket", "aliases": [ "V-2", "A4火箭", "Vergeltungswaffe", "报复武器V2" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "goddard_liquid_rocket" ], "related": [ "rocket_engine", "icbm" ], "desc": "战后美苏缴获V-2及图纸人员，太空竞赛的起点。" }, { "id": "von_neumann_architecture", "name": "冯·诺伊曼结构", "nameEn": "Von Neumann architecture", "wikiEn": "Von Neumann architecture", "aliases": [ "冯·诺依曼架构", "普林斯顿结构", "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "stored_program_computer", "electronic_computer" ], "desc": "冯·诺依曼1945年提出的存储程序、五大部件经典计算机体系结构。" }, { "id": "wald_statistical_decision_theory", "name": "瓦尔德统计判决理论", "nameEn": "Decision theory", "wikiEn": "Decision theory", "aliases": [ "统计决策理论", "判决理论", "极小极大估计", "Wald决策函数" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "neyman_pearson_theory", "fisher_maximum_likelihood" ], "related": [ "von_neumann_minimax_theorem", "jeffreys_savage_bayes_revival" ], "desc": "瓦尔德以行动、损失与风险函数统一估计检验，提出极小极大判决准则。" }, { "id": "water_fluoridation", "name": "饮水加氟", "nameEn": "Water fluoridation", "wikiEn": "Water fluoridation", "aliases": [ "加氟饮水", "自来水加氟", "社区饮水氟化" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "public_water_supply", "water_chlorination" ], "related": [ "dentistry", "public_water_supply", "toothbrush", "water_chlorination" ], "desc": "1945年大急流城试点，显著降低儿童龋齿率。" }, { "id": "wilcoxon_signed_rank", "name": "威尔科克森符号秩检验", "nameEn": "Wilcoxon signed-rank test", "wikiEn": "Wilcoxon signed-rank test", "aliases": [ "威尔科克森符号秩", "符号秩检验", "Wilcoxon signed rank", "配对秩检验" ], "year": 1945, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "student_t_distribution" ], "related": [ "mann_whitney_u_test", "spearman_rank_correlation" ], "desc": "威尔科克森以配对差值的秩检验位置差异，不依赖正态假设，开非参检验。" }, { "id": "b_spline", "name": "B样条", "nameEn": "Spline (mathematics)", "wikiEn": "Spline (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "样条函数", "三次样条", "basis spline", "B-spline" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hermite_interpolation", "runge_phenomenon" ], "related": [ "isogeometric_analysis", "finite_element_method", "isoparametric_elements" ], "desc": "舍恩贝格1946年创立样条理论，局部支撑分段多项式光滑插值，后成CAD基础。" }, { "id": "binary_search", "name": "二分查找", "nameEn": "Binary search algorithm", "wikiEn": "Binary search algorithm", "aliases": [ "二分搜索", "折半查找", "对分检索", "Binary search", "Half-interval search" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algorithm" ], "related": [ "merge_sort", "newton_iterative_method" ], "desc": "莫奇利在摩尔学院讲座中给出有序表折半检索法，以对数次比较定位目标。" }, { "id": "bochner_identity", "name": "博赫纳恒等式", "nameEn": "Bochner identity", "wikiEn": "Bochner identity", "aliases": [ "博赫纳积分恒等式", "博赫纳公式", "Bochner formula" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bochner_kodaira_nakano_identity", "heat_kernel" ], "desc": "黎曼流形上联系函数梯度与粗拉普拉斯平方的积分恒等式，用于几何分析。" }, { "id": "chern_classes", "name": "陈省身陈类", "nameEn": "Chern class", "wikiEn": "Chern class", "aliases": [ "陈类", "陈省身示性类", "Chern classes", "陈氏示性类" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "characteristic_classes", "fiber_bundle" ], "related": [ "gauss_bonnet_theorem", "k_theory", "kahler_manifold", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "desc": "陈省身为复向量丛构造整值示性类并给出内蕴证明，深刻塑造代数几何与规范场数学。" }, { "id": "chloroquine", "name": "氯喹", "nameEn": "Chloroquine", "wikiEn": "Chloroquine", "aliases": [ "磷酸氯喹", "Chloroquine phosphate" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fractional_distillation", "kekule_benzene_ring" ], "related": [ "ddt", "periodic_table" ], "desc": "二战后推出的廉价抗疟药，全球灭疟运动主力。" }, { "id": "copeland_erdos_constant", "name": "科普兰-埃尔德什常数", "nameEn": "Copeland–Erdős constant", "wikiEn": "Copeland–Erdős constant", "aliases": [ "素数拼接常数", "CE常数", "Copeland-Erdos constant" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "formula_for_primes", "bruns_constant" ], "desc": "依次拼接全部素数数字所得无理常数0.2357…，1946年被证明为正规数。" }, { "id": "ejection_seat", "name": "弹射座椅", "nameEn": "Ejection seat", "wikiEn": "Ejection seat", "aliases": [ "马丁-贝克座椅", "Martin-Baker", "弹射救生椅" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "jet_engine" ], "desc": "马丁-贝克1946年真人弹射试验，成喷气机标配。" }, { "id": "electronic_computer", "name": "电子计算机", "nameEn": "ENIAC", "wikiEn": "ENIAC", "aliases": [ "ENIAC", "电子数值积分计算机", "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ballistics", "stored_program_computer", "von_neumann_architecture" ], "desc": "1946年公布的首台通用电子数字计算机，使用约1.8万只电子管。" }, { "id": "epoxy_resin", "name": "环氧树脂", "nameEn": "Epoxy", "wikiEn": "Epoxy", "aliases": [ "Araldite", "环氧胶" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "printed_circuit_board" ], "desc": "1946年Ciba推出Araldite，电子封装与结构粘合剂主力。" }, { "id": "ground_source_heat_pump", "name": "地源热泵", "nameEn": "Ground-Source Heat Pump", "wikiEn": "Ground source heat pump", "aliases": [ "土壤源热泵", "地热热泵" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "refrigeration", "second_law_thermodynamics" ], "related": [ "geothermal_power", "air_conditioning", "electrical_grid" ], "desc": "埋管换取地下常年温度作低位热源，一度电搬出数倍热量供冷暖" }, { "id": "isotope_tracer", "name": "同位素示踪", "nameEn": "Radioactive tracer", "wikiEn": "Radioactive tracer", "aliases": [ "放射性示踪剂", "同位素示踪剂", "工业同位素" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rtg", "radiation_breeding" ], "desc": "1946年橡树岭开放放射性同位素民用，工业示踪检测普及。" }, { "id": "nmr_spectroscopy", "name": "核磁共振波谱", "nameEn": "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", "wikiEn": "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", "aliases": [ "NMR", "核磁共振" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1946年发现核磁共振吸收，1950年代起成解析工具；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "spectroscopy" ], "related": [ "mri_scanner", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "desc": "测原子核磁场中共振频率解析分子结构，有机化学之眼。" }, { "id": "singular_perturbation", "name": "奇异摄动", "nameEn": "Singular perturbation", "wikiEn": "Singular perturbation", "aliases": [ "奇异扰动", "边界层方法", "匹配渐近展开", "singular perturbation theory" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "boundary_layer_theory" ], "related": [ "wkb_approximation", "asymptotic_expansions", "homogenization_math" ], "desc": "小参数出现在最高阶导数、解含边界层的摄动问题，1946年前后确立系统方法。" }, { "id": "spectral_sequence", "name": "谱序列", "nameEn": "Spectral sequence", "wikiEn": "Spectral sequence", "aliases": [ "谱序列", "勒雷谱序列", "塞尔谱序列", "Leray spectral sequence" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "homology_theory" ], "related": [ "fiber_bundle", "k_theory", "characteristic_classes" ], "desc": "勒雷在战俘营中发明逐页逼近的代数计算机器，塞尔借它革新同伦群与纤维空间计算。" }, { "id": "stft_gabor", "name": "短时傅里叶变换", "nameEn": "Short-time Fourier transform", "wikiEn": "Short-time Fourier transform", "aliases": [ "短时傅里叶", "加窗傅里叶", "Gabor变换", "STFT" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis", "convolution_math" ], "related": [ "wavelet_transform", "multiresolution_analysis", "blackman_tukey_spectral" ], "desc": "伽柏1946年提出加窗分段傅里叶分析，同时给出信号的时间与频率局部信息。" }, { "id": "venture_capital", "name": "创业投资", "nameEn": "Venture capital", "wikiEn": "Venture capital", "aliases": [ "风险投资", "创投资本" ], "year": 1946, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1946年美国研究与发展公司成立，是现代机构化创投的起点；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "joint_stock_company", "corporate_law" ], "related": [ "mutual_fund", "personal_computer", "microfinance" ], "desc": "以有限合资金换取初创企业股权，靠上市或并购退出获利。" }, { "id": "assembler", "name": "汇编语言", "nameEn": "Assembly language", "wikiEn": "Assembly language", "aliases": [ "汇编", "assembler", "符号机器码" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "compiler", "stored_program_computer" ], "desc": "1947年布斯首创汇编语言，用符号助记符一一对应机器指令。" }, { "id": "bell_x1", "name": "X-1试验机", "nameEn": "Bell X-1", "wikiEn": "Bell X-1", "aliases": [ "Bell X-1", "音障试验机", "Glamorous Glennis" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rocket_engine" ], "related": [ "supersonic_fighter" ], "desc": "1947年耶格尔驾机首次水平飞行突破音速。" }, { "id": "crank_nicolson", "name": "克兰克-尼科尔森法", "nameEn": "Crank–Nicolson method", "wikiEn": "Crank–Nicolson method", "aliases": [ "CN格式", "Crank-Nicolson", "梯形时间格式", "隐式差分格式" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "finite_difference_method", "heat_equation" ], "related": [ "bdf_methods", "nuclear_reactor", "von_neumann_stability" ], "desc": "克兰克与尼科尔森1947年提出的时间梯形隐式格式，对热方程无条件稳定。" }, { "id": "defibrillator", "name": "除颤器", "nameEn": "Defibrillation", "wikiEn": "Defibrillation", "aliases": [ "心脏电除颤", "电复律", "Zoll除颤器" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electromagnet", "transformer" ], "related": [ "cardiac_pacemaker", "cpr", "integrated_circuit", "nicad_battery" ], "desc": "贝克1947年首次开胸电击除颤，1956年实现胸外除颤。" }, { "id": "gas_turbine_ship", "name": "燃气轮机船", "nameEn": "Gas-turbine ship", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "MGB 2009", "Gatric燃机", "舰用燃气轮机", "Gas-turbine engine" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internal_combustion_engine" ], "related": [ "gas_turbine", "nuclear_submarine" ], "desc": "1947年英炮艇MGB2009首装航空改型燃机试航。" }, { "id": "general_agreement_tariffs", "name": "多边关税减让协定", "nameEn": "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade", "wikiEn": "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade", "aliases": [ "关贸总协定", "GATT" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1947年签署、1948年生效，1995年为世贸组织取代", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "free_trade_regime", "navigation_acts" ], "related": [ "bretton_woods_system", "container_shipping", "enclosure" ], "desc": "以最惠国条款与逐项减让表分轮削减关税，贸易争端交由仲裁。" }, { "id": "germanium_metal", "name": "锗", "nameEn": "Germanium", "wikiEn": "Germanium", "aliases": [ "金属锗", "半导体锗" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "transistor", "zone_refining" ], "desc": "战后第一种半导体级稀有金属，首批晶体管的材料基础。" }, { "id": "gray_code", "name": "格雷码", "nameEn": "Gray code", "wikiEn": "Gray code", "aliases": [ "反射二进制码", "葛雷码", "reflected binary code", "循环二进制码" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hamming_distance", "reed_muller_code" ], "desc": "格雷1947年设计的相邻码字仅差一位的反射二进制码，用于编码器防错与模数转换。" }, { "id": "holography", "name": "全息摄影", "nameEn": "Holography", "wikiEn": "Holography", "aliases": [ "全息术", "全息照相" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "伽柏1947年提出原理，1962年激光加持成实用技术；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "laser", "photography" ], "desc": "记录光波相位以再现三维影像，思路源自X射线衍射。" }, { "id": "hydraulic_fracturing", "name": "水力压裂", "nameEn": "Fracking", "wikiEn": "Fracking", "aliases": [ "Hydraulic fracturing", "压裂", "页岩气革命" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1947年首次商业压裂试验", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rotary_drilling" ], "related": [ "natural_gas_distribution", "petroleum_refinery", "oil_well" ], "desc": "以高压流体压裂储层释放致密油气，重绘能源版图。" }, { "id": "iso_standardization", "name": "国际标准化组织", "nameEn": "International Organization for Standardization", "wikiEn": "International Organization for Standardization", "aliases": [ "ISO", "国际标准协商机制" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1947年成立，挂词条ISO", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "metre_convention", "whitworth_thread_standard", "international_statistical_institute" ], "related": [ "matter_standard", "world_wide_web_consortium", "industrial_property_convention" ], "desc": "由各国标准机构一票协商发布自愿规范，使接口与公差在没有强制力的条件下全球趋同。" }, { "id": "jet_engine", "name": "喷气发动机", "nameEn": "Jet engine", "wikiEn": "Jet engine", "aliases": [ "涡轮喷气发动机", "Turbojet", "惠特尔", "Whittle", "奥海因", "Ohain" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "turboprop", "turbofan", "rocket_engine" ], "desc": "战时发明战后成熟，喷气战机与客机重塑航空业。" }, { "id": "lp_duality_theory", "name": "线性规划对偶理论", "nameEn": "Dual linear program", "wikiEn": "Dual linear program", "aliases": [ "线性规划对偶", "强对偶定理", "对偶问题", "LP duality", "影子价格" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "simplex_method" ], "related": [ "arrow_debreu_model", "charnes_data_envelopment", "lemke_dual_simplex" ], "desc": "冯·诺依曼发现原问题与对偶的对称结构，盖尔等1951年证明强对偶。" }, { "id": "mann_whitney_u_test", "name": "曼-惠特尼U检验", "nameEn": "Mann–Whitney U test", "wikiEn": "Mann–Whitney U test", "aliases": [ "曼-惠特尼U检验", "Mann-Whitney U", "威尔科克森秩和检验", "两样本秩检验" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wilcoxon_signed_rank", "spearman_rank_correlation" ], "related": [ "kolmogorov_smirnov_test" ], "desc": "曼与惠特尼给出两独立样本位置的秩和检验，等价于威尔科克森秩和。" }, { "id": "microwave_relay", "name": "微波通信", "nameEn": "Microwave transmission", "wikiEn": "Microwave transmission", "aliases": [ "微波中继", "微波接力通信", "TDX", "TD-2" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radio" ], "related": [ "tat1_cable", "communication_satellite" ], "desc": "AT&T 1947年TDX以微波接力站连通纽约与波士顿，承担长途电信。" }, { "id": "nicad_battery", "name": "镍镉电池", "nameEn": "Nickel–cadmium battery", "wikiEn": "Nickel–cadmium battery", "aliases": [ "镍镉可充电电池", "NiCd", "密封镍镉电池" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alkaline_battery" ], "desc": "1947年密封镍镉电池问世，便携设备可充电电源。" }, { "id": "no_till_farming", "name": "免耕法", "nameEn": "No-till farming", "wikiEn": "No-till farming", "aliases": [ "保护性耕作", "Direct seeding" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1940年代美国大平原起源的保护性耕作实践", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tractor", "moldboard_plow" ], "related": [ "crop_rotation", "precision_agriculture", "two_four_d_herbicide" ], "desc": "翻耕改为直播并保留残茬覆盖，抑制风蚀与水蚀。" }, { "id": "operations_research", "name": "运筹学", "nameEn": "Operations research", "wikiEn": "Operations research", "aliases": [ "作业研究", "OR", "军事运筹分析", "Management science" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "airborne_radar", "game_theory", "sonar" ], "desc": "诞生于二战军事优化，1947年单纯形法奠定定量决策基础。" }, { "id": "pinball_machine", "name": "弹珠台", "nameEn": "Pinball", "wikiEn": "Pinball", "aliases": [], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1947年加装电磁弹杆；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "electromagnet" ], "related": [ "arcade_video_game" ], "desc": "电磁弹杆让玩家可以回击钢珠，街机厅在电子游戏前夜的王牌。" }, { "id": "simplex_method", "name": "单纯形法", "nameEn": "Simplex algorithm", "wikiEn": "Simplex algorithm", "aliases": [ "单纯形算法", "线性规划单纯形法", "Dantzig simplex", "Simplex method" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lagrange_multipliers", "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "related": [ "bellman_dynamic_programming", "cook_levin_np_completeness", "vitamins" ], "desc": "丹齐格沿可行域顶点迭代求解线性规划，成为运筹学与工业调度的主力算法。" }, { "id": "thermoelectric_generator", "name": "温差发电", "nameEn": "Thermoelectric generator", "wikiEn": "Thermoelectric generator", "aliases": [ "热电发电机", "塞贝克发电", "半导体温差发电" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rtg" ], "desc": "Telkes1947年利用半导体温差效应将热量直转为电能。" }, { "id": "transistor", "name": "晶体管", "nameEn": "Transistor", "wikiEn": "Transistor", "aliases": [ "点接触晶体管", "结型晶体管", "半导体三极管", "BJT" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "integrated_circuit", "silicon_transistor" ], "desc": "1947年贝尔实验室发明的半导体放大开关器件，微电子时代基石。" }, { "id": "vacuum_deposition", "name": "真空镀膜", "nameEn": "Vacuum deposition", "wikiEn": "Vacuum deposition", "aliases": [ "物理气相沉积", "PVD", "真空蒸发镀膜" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "transistor", "integrated_circuit" ], "desc": "战后在真空下蒸发成膜，用于光学涂层与电子工艺。" }, { "id": "von_neumann_stability", "name": "冯诺依曼稳定性分析", "nameEn": "Von Neumann stability analysis", "wikiEn": "Von Neumann stability analysis", "aliases": [ "冯诺依曼分析", "傅里叶稳定性分析", "放大因子分析", "von Neumann analysis" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "finite_difference_method", "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "cfl_condition", "crank_nicolson", "lax_equivalence_theorem" ], "desc": "冯诺依曼1947年提出的傅里叶模态放大因子分析法，是差分格式稳定性的标准工具。" }, { "id": "z_transform", "name": "Z变换", "nameEn": "Z-transform", "wikiEn": "Z-transform", "aliases": [ "Z变换法", "z-transformation", "离散拉普拉斯变换", "采样系统变换" ], "year": 1947, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "laplace_transform" ], "related": [ "convolution_math", "kalman_filter" ], "desc": "胡尔维奇1947年用于采样伺服、扎德1952年命名，将差分方程化为代数方程。" }, { "id": "bathyscaphe", "name": "深海潜水器", "nameEn": "Bathyscaphe", "wikiEn": "Bathyscaphe", "aliases": [ "深潜器", "FNRS-2", "皮卡德深潜器", "Piccard" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "trieste_bathyscaphe", "alvin_submersible" ], "desc": "皮卡德1948年建成自航深潜器，摆脱钢缆束缚。" }, { "id": "big_bang_nucleosynthesis", "name": "太初核合成理论", "nameEn": "Big Bang nucleosynthesis", "wikiEn": "Big Bang nucleosynthesis", "aliases": [ "伽莫夫核合成", "αβγ理论", "原初核合成", "BBN", "Alpher-Bethe-Gamow" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "big_bang_theory" ], "related": [ "b2fh_nucleosynthesis", "cosmic_microwave_background" ], "desc": "伽莫夫等提出原初核合成，解释宇宙氦丰度。" }, { "id": "casimir_effect", "name": "卡西米尔效应", "nameEn": "Casimir Effect", "wikiEn": "Casimir effect", "aliases": [ "真空涨落力" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "heisenberg_uncertainty_principle" ], "related": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "量子零点涨行使相邻导体板产生纳牛级吸引，MEMS 与亚微米制程须克服黏附" }, { "id": "cellular_automaton", "name": "元胞自动机", "nameEn": "Cellular automaton", "wikiEn": "Cellular automaton", "aliases": [ "细胞自动机", "CA", "图景生命" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "乌拉姆与冯·诺伊曼1940年代末提出，1951年后成自复制自动机理论", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "von_neumann_architecture" ], "related": [ "mandelbrot_fractal", "monte_carlo_method", "lorenz_chaos", "turing_machine" ], "desc": "网格单元按局部规则同步更新的离散系统，以最简规则即可产生复杂图样与通用计算。" }, { "id": "chlortetracycline", "name": "金霉素", "nameEn": "Chlortetracycline", "wikiEn": "Chlortetracycline", "aliases": [ "氯四环素", "Aureomycin" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "fermentation", "streptomycin" ], "related": [ "mass_spectrometry", "penicillin", "tetracycline" ], "desc": "杜加尔从土壤链霉菌发现，首个四环素类抗生素。" }, { "id": "condition_number", "name": "条件数", "nameEn": "Condition number", "wikiEn": "Condition number", "aliases": [ "矩阵条件数", "病态条件", "conditioning", "图灵条件数" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "floating_point_arithmetic", "backward_error_analysis", "lu_decomposition" ], "desc": "图灵1948年引入衡量输入扰动放大倍数的指标，条件数大则问题病态，决定精度上限。" }, { "id": "cortisone", "name": "可的松", "nameEn": "Cortisone", "wikiEn": "Cortisone", "aliases": [ "肾上腺皮质激素", "皮质激素", "Kendall cortisone" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "steroid", "titration_method" ], "related": [ "azathioprine", "diels_alder_reaction", "mass_spectrometry" ], "desc": "亨奇用可的松治疗类风湿关节炎，开启激素治疗。" }, { "id": "cybernetics", "name": "控制论", "nameEn": "Cybernetics", "wikiEn": "Cybernetics", "aliases": [ "维纳控制论", "反馈控制论" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "information_theory", "industrial_robot", "artificial_intelligence" ], "desc": "维纳1948年创立的反馈与控制跨学科理论，影响计算与自动化。" }, { "id": "czochralski_process", "name": "直拉单晶法", "nameEn": "Czochralski method", "wikiEn": "Czochralski method", "aliases": [ "乔克拉尔斯基法", "柴氏长晶法", "提拉法" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "zone_refining", "silicon_transistor" ], "desc": "提拉生长单晶体；1948年用于锗，后成为硅单晶主流工艺。" }, { "id": "information_theory", "name": "信息论", "nameEn": "Information theory", "wikiEn": "Information theory", "aliases": [ "香农信息论", "通信的数学理论" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cybernetics", "entropy_clausius", "hamming_code", "pulse_code_modulation" ], "desc": "香农1948年以比特量化信息，奠定数字通信与压缩编码基础。" }, { "id": "lp_record", "name": "密纹唱片", "nameEn": "LP record", "wikiEn": "LP record", "aliases": [ "Long Play" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "哥伦比亚1948年发布33⅓转", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gramophone" ], "related": [ "compact_cassette", "compact_disc" ], "desc": "每面可录二十分钟的微槽胶片唱片，录音专辑时代由此开始。" }, { "id": "methotrexate", "name": "甲氨蝶呤", "nameEn": "Methotrexate", "wikiEn": "Methotrexate", "aliases": [ "氨甲蝶呤", "氨基蝶呤", "Aminopterin", "MTX" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "grignard_reagent" ], "related": [ "azathioprine", "mass_spectrometry", "periodic_table" ], "desc": "法伯用叶酸拮抗剂缓解儿童白血病，现代化疗开端。" }, { "id": "printed_circuit_board", "name": "印刷电路板", "nameEn": "Printed circuit board", "wikiEn": "Printed circuit board", "aliases": [ "印制电路板", "PCB", "印刷线路板" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "integrated_circuit", "photolithography" ], "desc": "战时起源、1940年代末标准化量产，电子元件互连基板。" }, { "id": "quantum_electrodynamics", "name": "量子电动力学", "nameEn": "Quantum electrodynamics", "wikiEn": "Quantum electrodynamics", "aliases": [ "量子电动力学", "QED", "Quantum electrodynamics", "量子场论" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dirac_equation", "special_relativity" ], "related": [ "renormalization", "electroweak_unification" ], "desc": "费曼、施温格、朝永振一郎建立量子电动力学，精度空前。" }, { "id": "radial_tire", "name": "子午线轮胎", "nameEn": "Radial Tire", "wikiEn": "Radial tire", "aliases": [ "钢丝子午胎", "辐射层轮胎" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pneumatic_tire", "vulcanized_rubber" ], "related": [ "synthetic_rubber", "model_t", "steel_frame_construction" ], "desc": "帘线沿胎面半径方向排列再加带束层，滚动阻力与耐磨寿命同时改善" }, { "id": "randomized_controlled_trial", "name": "随机对照试验", "nameEn": "Randomized controlled trial", "wikiEn": "Randomized controlled trial", "aliases": [ "RCT", "随机临床试验" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1948年英国医学研究会链霉素试验为公认首例；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "streptomycin" ], "related": [ "drug_testing", "peer_review", "tuberculin" ], "desc": "随机分组加对照评估疗效，循证医学的黄金标准。" }, { "id": "renormalization", "name": "重正化理论", "nameEn": "Renormalization", "wikiEn": "Renormalization", "aliases": [ "重正化", "Renormalization", "重整化", "发散消除" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "quantum_electrodynamics" ], "related": [ "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "desc": "重正化消去量子场论发散，使电磁作用计算与实验精确吻合。" }, { "id": "scrabble", "name": "拼字游戏", "nameEn": "Scrabble", "wikiEn": "Scrabble", "aliases": [], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1948年以Scrabble更名上市", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "alphabet" ], "related": [ "typewriter" ], "desc": "字母块按分值上格拼词，把词汇量变成可计分的桌面竞技。" }, { "id": "shannon_sampling_theorem", "name": "香农采样定理", "nameEn": "Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem", "wikiEn": "Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem", "aliases": [ "奈奎斯特-香农采样定理", "抽样定理", "Shannon sampling", "Nyquist theorem" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis", "information_theory" ], "related": [ "cooley_tukey_fft", "information_theory" ], "desc": "香农证明采样率逾信号最高频率两倍即可无损重建，是数字音频与通信的理论门槛。" }, { "id": "stored_program_computer", "name": "存储程序计算机", "nameEn": "Stored-program computer", "wikiEn": "Stored-program computer", "aliases": [ "Manchester Baby", "SSEM", "曼彻斯特宝贝", "EDSAC", "延迟存储电子自动计算器", "EDVAC" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "von_neumann_architecture", "williams_tube" ], "desc": "程序与数据同存于内存的计算机；1948年曼彻斯特Baby首运行。" }, { "id": "titanium_alloy", "name": "钛合金", "nameEn": "Titanium alloy", "wikiEn": "Titanium", "aliases": [ "海绵钛", "Kroll法", "钛金属" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "desc": "Kroll法1948年由杜邦量产，航空与化工用轻质高强金属。" }, { "id": "turboprop", "name": "涡轮螺旋桨发动机", "nameEn": "Turboprop", "wikiEn": "Turboprop", "aliases": [ "涡桨发动机", "Turboprop engine" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "jet_engine" ], "related": [], "desc": "子爵号1948年首飞，涡桨兼顾速度与省油。" }, { "id": "universal_declaration_human_rights", "name": "世界人权宣言", "nameEn": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "wikiEn": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "aliases": [ "人权宣言", "基本权利清单" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1948年12月联大通过", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "constitution_written", "magna_carta", "united_nations", "news_agency" ], "related": [ "geneva_conventions_1949", "roman_citizenship", "abolition_legislation", "civil_registration" ], "desc": "把权利主体直接定为个人并由国际文书宣示，一国内部如何待民从此成为可被评判的对象。" }, { "id": "vitamin_b12", "name": "维生素B12", "nameEn": "Vitamin B12", "wikiEn": "Vitamin B12", "aliases": [ "氰钴胺", "钴胺素", "Cobalamin" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "vitamins", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "insulin", "methotrexate", "titration_method", "ultracentrifuge" ], "desc": "1948年分离成功并治愈恶性贫血，霍奇金解析结构。" }, { "id": "williams_tube", "name": "威廉姆斯管", "nameEn": "Williams tube", "wikiEn": "Williams tube", "aliases": [ "Williams–Kilburn tube", "威廉姆斯-基尔伯恩管", "CRT存储器" ], "year": 1948, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "stored_program_computer", "magnetic_core_memory" ], "desc": "CRT静电存储管，最早的随机存取数字存储器，曼彻斯特Baby采用。" }, { "id": "aerial_refueling", "name": "空中加油", "nameEn": "Aerial refueling", "wikiEn": "Aerial refueling", "aliases": [ "软管锥套加油", "Probe-and-drogue", "空中受油" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "airplane" ], "related": [], "desc": "锥套软管法成熟，轰炸机不着陆环球飞行成功。" }, { "id": "airborne_early_warning", "name": "空中预警机", "nameEn": "Airborne early warning and control", "wikiEn": "Airborne early warning and control", "aliases": [ "预警机", "AEW", "EC-121预警星", "机载预警雷达平台" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radar", "airplane" ], "related": [ "nuclear_aircraft_carrier" ], "desc": "雷达升空，把舰队防空警戒线外推数百公里。" }, { "id": "combined_cycle_power_plant", "name": "燃气蒸汽联合循环电站", "nameEn": "Combined-cycle power plant", "wikiEn": "Combined-cycle power plant", "aliases": [ "CCPP", "联合循环发电" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1949年首座联合循环电站投入运行；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gas_turbine", "steam_turbine" ], "related": [ "natural_gas_distribution", "electrical_grid", "carbon_capture_and_storage" ], "desc": "燃气轮机排气再烧锅炉驱动汽轮机，供电效率超六成。" }, { "id": "cw_complex", "name": "CW复形", "nameEn": "CW complex", "wikiEn": "CW complex", "aliases": [ "胞腔复形", "闭包有限弱拓扑", "Whitehead复形", "CW complex" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "simplicial_complex" ], "related": [ "whitehead_theorem", "quotient_space", "triangulation_rado" ], "desc": "怀特海以逐维粘胞腔与弱拓扑定义足够宽泛而良好的空间范畴，成为代数拓扑标准对象。" }, { "id": "data_compression", "name": "数据压缩", "nameEn": "Data compression", "wikiEn": "Data compression", "aliases": [ "信源编码", "熵编码", "压缩编码" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "香农—法诺编码1949年发表，为实用无损压缩之始；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "information_theory" ], "related": [ "huffman_coding", "jpeg", "mp3", "zip_format" ], "desc": "消除冗余让同样的信息占用更少比特，是光盘、流媒体与宽带网的前提。" }, { "id": "de_havilland_comet", "name": "彗星式客机", "nameEn": "De Havilland Comet", "wikiEn": "De Havilland Comet", "aliases": [ "哈维兰彗星", "德哈维兰彗星号", "Comet客机" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "jet_engine" ], "related": [ "boeing_707" ], "desc": "世界首款喷气客机1949年首飞，1952年投入商运。" }, { "id": "gas_turbine_power", "name": "燃气轮机发电", "nameEn": "Gas turbine", "wikiEn": "Gas turbine", "aliases": [ "燃气轮机电站", "燃气轮发电机组" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "jet_engine", "electricity_generation" ], "desc": "1949年首台燃气轮发电机组并入公用电网调峰供电。" }, { "id": "geneva_conventions_1949", "name": "日内瓦四公约", "nameEn": "Geneva Conventions", "wikiEn": "Geneva Conventions", "aliases": [ "战时人道法", "保护战俘公约" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1949年修订并扩充为四约", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "red_cross_movement", "international_law", "united_nations" ], "related": [ "universal_declaration_human_rights", "slavery", "rome_statute_international_criminal_court", "blood_bank" ], "desc": "为伤者、船难者、战俘与平民分设保护条款并规定追诉义务，使战争成为受监管行为。" }, { "id": "ibm_407", "name": "IBM 407制表机", "nameEn": "IBM 407 Accounting Machine", "wikiEn": "IBM 407", "aliases": [ "IBM 407", "打孔卡制表机", "单元记录会计机" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "univac_i" ], "desc": "IBM1949年推出的打孔卡片制表机，战后早期商用数据处理主力。" }, { "id": "intraocular_lens", "name": "人工晶状体", "nameEn": "Intraocular lens", "wikiEn": "Intraocular lens", "aliases": [ "人工晶体", "IOL", "Ridley晶体" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nylon", "pmma" ], "related": [ "microsurgery", "polyethylene", "ptfe" ], "desc": "里德利1949年植入首枚人工晶体，白内障术后复明。" }, { "id": "lithium_therapy", "name": "锂剂", "nameEn": "Lithium (medication)", "wikiEn": "Lithium (medication)", "aliases": [ "碳酸锂", "Lithium carbonate", "心境稳定剂" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "periodic_table", "titration_method" ], "related": [ "early_antidepressants", "lithium_metal" ], "desc": "凯德发现碳酸锂可治躁狂，首个心境稳定剂。" }, { "id": "monte_carlo_method", "name": "蒙特卡洛方法", "nameEn": "Monte Carlo method", "wikiEn": "Monte Carlo method", "aliases": [ "蒙特卡洛模拟", "随机抽样法", "统计模拟", "Monte Carlo simulation" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory", "von_neumann_architecture" ], "related": [ "bayes_theorem", "markov_chains", "mcts", "thermonuclear_weapon" ], "desc": "乌拉姆与冯·诺依曼借随机抽样求解中子扩散等难题，开创计算机随机模拟范式。" }, { "id": "nuclear_reprocessing", "name": "核燃料再处理", "nameEn": "Nuclear reprocessing", "wikiEn": "Nuclear reprocessing", "aliases": [ "PUREX流程", "核废料后处理", "乏燃料处理" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nuclear_reactor", "nuclear_weapon" ], "desc": "1949年PUREX流程从乏燃料提取钚，闭合核燃料循环。" }, { "id": "phototypesetting", "name": "照相排版", "nameEn": "Phototypesetting", "wikiEn": "Phototypesetting", "aliases": [ "照相排字", "Fotosetter", "Photon", "Lumitype" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "photography" ], "related": [ "xerox_914" ], "desc": "以光学照相在相纸胶片上排版，1949年Fotosetter等机型商用。" }, { "id": "polyester_fiber", "name": "聚酯纤维", "nameEn": "Polyester", "wikiEn": "Polyester", "aliases": [ "涤纶", "Terylene", "Dacron" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bopet_film" ], "desc": "1941年发明，1949年ICI实现涤纶纤维工业化生产。" }, { "id": "pseudorandom_number_generator", "name": "伪随机数生成器", "nameEn": "Pseudorandom number generator", "wikiEn": "Pseudorandom number generator", "aliases": [ "PRNG", "随机数发生器", "线性同余发生器" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "冯·诺伊曼中间平方法与莱默同余法同期提出；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "monte_carlo_method", "cryptography", "cryptographic_hash_function", "block_cipher" ], "desc": "用确定性算法产出统计上近随机的数列，供蒙特卡洛模拟、抽样与加密使用。" }, { "id": "radiocarbon_dating", "name": "放射性碳定年", "nameEn": "Radiocarbon dating", "wikiEn": "Radiocarbon dating", "aliases": [ "碳14测年", "利比测年法" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "利比1949年发表首组年代；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cosmic_rays", "radiometric_dating" ], "related": [ "mummification", "snowball_earth" ], "desc": "生物死后碳14按半衰期递减，四万年内有机物皆可计时。" }, { "id": "whitehead_theorem", "name": "怀特海定理", "nameEn": "Whitehead theorem", "wikiEn": "Whitehead theorem", "aliases": [ "怀特黑德定理", "弱同伦等价定理", "Whitehead's theorem" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "higher_homotopy_groups" ], "related": [ "cw_complex", "smale_h_cobordism" ], "desc": "怀特海证明CW复形间诱导所有同伦群同构的映射是同伦等价，确立同伦论基本判据。" }, { "id": "wiener_filter", "name": "维纳滤波", "nameEn": "Wiener filter", "wikiEn": "Wiener filter", "aliases": [ "维纳滤波器", "最小均方滤波", "维纳-霍夫滤波", "Wiener-Kolmogorov滤波" ], "year": 1949, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wiener_khinchin_theorem", "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "kalman_filter", "blackman_tukey_spectral" ], "desc": "维纳在平稳信号下给出最小均方误差线性滤波器，开创统计信号处理。" }, { "id": "agoh_giuga_conjecture", "name": "吾乡-朱加猜想", "nameEn": "Agoh–Giuga conjecture", "wikiEn": "Agoh–Giuga conjecture", "aliases": [ "阿戈-朱加猜想", "Agoh-Giuga猜想", "伯努利素数判据" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "arithmetic_function" ], "related": [ "divisor" ], "desc": "p为素数当且仅当其加权伯努利数之和被p整除，朱加1950年提出，至今未决。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "case_control_study", "name": "病例对照研究", "nameEn": "Case-Control Study", "wikiEn": "Case–control study", "aliases": [ "回溯性研究", "病例对比法" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory", "john_snow_epidemiology" ], "related": [ "cohort_study", "randomized_controlled_trial", "meta_analysis" ], "desc": "从病例回溯暴露史并以对照估关联，罕见病病因可较快检验" }, { "id": "cohort_study", "name": "前瞻队列研究", "nameEn": "Cohort Study", "wikiEn": "Cohort study", "aliases": [ "队列调查", "随访研究" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory", "randomized_controlled_trial", "pearson_standard_deviation" ], "related": [ "case_control_study", "meta_analysis", "john_snow_epidemiology", "econometrics" ], "desc": "长期随访暴露人群，吸烟与肺癌的因果在观察中确立" }, { "id": "cooler_box", "name": "保温冷藏箱", "nameEn": "Cooler", "wikiEn": "Cooler", "aliases": [ "Ice chest" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "泡沫塑料箱体1950年代普及", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "vacuum_flask" ], "desc": "发泡层隔绝外热配冰块随走随冰，让食物饮料摆脱产地即刻消费。" }, { "id": "credit_card_system", "name": "循环信用卡", "nameEn": "General-purpose credit card", "wikiEn": "Credit card", "aliases": [ "信用卡", "通用卡受理网" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1950年大来卡首张通用卡发行，循环信用账户于1959年出现；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "installment_credit", "savings_bank" ], "related": [ "atm", "open_banking", "mobile_payment" ], "desc": "一卡通用多家商户、余额可循环计息，消费信贷被标准化。" }, { "id": "hamming_code", "name": "汉明码", "nameEn": "Hamming code", "wikiEn": "Hamming code", "aliases": [ "汉明纠错码", "error-correcting code" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "information_theory", "pulse_code_modulation" ], "desc": "贝尔实验室汉明1950年提出的纠错码，计算机与通信广泛采用。" }, { "id": "hamming_distance", "name": "汉明距离", "nameEn": "Hamming distance", "wikiEn": "Hamming distance", "aliases": [ "码距", "汉明重量", "Hamming weight", "Hamming metric" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hamming_code" ], "related": [ "gray_code", "singleton_bound", "bch_code" ], "desc": "等长字符串对应位不同的个数，汉明1950年随纠错码提出，是编码理论基本度量。" }, { "id": "lanczos_algorithm", "name": "兰开若斯算法", "nameEn": "Lanczos algorithm", "wikiEn": "Lanczos algorithm", "aliases": [ "兰索斯算法", "Lanczos法", "Lanczos iteration", "Krylov三对角化" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "krylov_subspace" ], "related": [ "arnoldi_iteration", "gmres", "hestenes_stiefel_conjugate_gradient" ], "desc": "兰开若斯1950年提出的Krylov三对角化算法，仅用矩阵向量积即可求特征值。" }, { "id": "mcclintock_transposons", "name": "麦克林托克跳跃基因", "nameEn": "Transposable element", "wikiEn": "Transposable element", "aliases": [ "转座子", "Ac-Ds系统", "玉米控制因子", "Jumping gene" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "microscope", "morgan_chromosome_genetics", "plant_breeding", "selective_breeding_bakewell" ], "related": [], "desc": "在玉米中发现可移动的转座子，重写基因静止不变的观念。" }, { "id": "nash_equilibrium", "name": "纳什均衡", "nameEn": "Nash equilibrium", "wikiEn": "Nash equilibrium", "aliases": [ "Nash equilibria", "Nash point", "Nash's theorem", "囚徒困境", "纳什定理", "纳什平衡点", "非合作博弈均衡", "非合作均衡" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "game_theory" ], "related": [ "arrow_debreu_model", "black_scholes_formula", "simplex_method" ], "desc": "纳什证明非合作博弈中各方策略互为最优反应的均衡普遍存在，重塑经济学分析。" }, { "id": "numerical_weather_prediction", "name": "数值天气预报", "nameEn": "Numerical weather prediction", "wikiEn": "Numerical weather prediction", "aliases": [ "NWP", "数值预报" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "理查森1922年手算未成，1950年ENIAC首报成功", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electronic_computer", "coriolis_force" ], "related": [ "jet_stream", "gps", "radio_astronomy" ], "desc": "以流体方程组在计算机上积分大气，天气预报变成科学。" }, { "id": "oort_cloud", "name": "奥尔特云假说", "nameEn": "Oort cloud", "wikiEn": "Oort cloud", "aliases": [ "奥尔特彗星云", "Oort cloud", "彗星储库", "太阳系彗星云" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "halley_comet_prediction", "kuiper_belt_hypothesis" ], "desc": "奥尔特提出太阳系外围存在球形彗星云储库。" }, { "id": "paleomagnetism", "name": "古地磁学", "nameEn": "Paleomagnetism", "wikiEn": "Paleomagnetism", "aliases": [ "古地磁", "剩余磁化" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1906年首录剩磁，1950年代朗科恩等使之成为板块引擎", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "de_magnete" ], "related": [ "vine_matthews_anomalies", "seafloor_spreading", "plate_tectonics" ], "desc": "岩石封存古代地磁方向与极性，为大陆漂移海底扩张定案。" }, { "id": "photoresist", "name": "光刻胶", "nameEn": "Photoresist", "wikiEn": "Photoresist", "aliases": [ "光阻剂", "KPR", "光致抗蚀剂" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "photolithography" ], "desc": "感光成膜材料，曝光显影后形成抗蚀图形，支撑光刻。" }, { "id": "potassium_argon_dating", "name": "钾氩测年法", "nameEn": "Potassium-Argon Dating", "wikiEn": "Potassium-argon dating", "aliases": [ "K-Ar定年" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "方法原理于1940年代末确立", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radiometric_dating" ], "related": [ "geothermal_power" ], "desc": "钾40电子俘获衰变为氩40封闭于矿物晶格，火山岩定年直接依赖此法" }, { "id": "programming_language", "name": "编程语言", "nameEn": "Programming language", "wikiEn": "Programming language", "aliases": [ "程序设计语言", "高级语言", "computer language" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "Short Code（1950）与祖斯 Plankalkül（1945设计、1966发表）为最早的高级语言；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stored_program_computer", "algorithm" ], "related": [ "compiler", "fortran", "c_language", "object_oriented_programming" ], "desc": "以接近数学与自然语言的记法书写算法，再译为机器指令，使软件得以规模化。" }, { "id": "radiation_breeding", "name": "辐射育种", "nameEn": "Mutation breeding", "wikiEn": "Mutation breeding", "aliases": [ "诱变育种", "原子园艺", "伽马花园" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "isotope_tracer" ], "desc": "1950年代伽马花园以钴-60辐照诱发作物良种突变。" }, { "id": "skateboard", "name": "滑板", "nameEn": "Skateboard", "wikiEn": "Skateboard", "aliases": [], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": " sidewalk surfing 兴起于1950年代", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "roller_bearing" ], "related": [ "safety_bicycle", "modern_olympic_games" ], "desc": "轮滑装上加板面，旱地冲浪从人行道文化走进奥运与城市通勤。" }, { "id": "sor_method", "name": "逐次超松弛法", "nameEn": "Successive over-relaxation", "wikiEn": "Successive over-relaxation", "aliases": [ "超松弛法", "SOR法", "successive overrelaxation", "Young-Frankel法" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gauss_seidel_method" ], "related": [ "jacobi_iteration", "multigrid_method" ], "desc": "弗兰克尔1950年、杨同年提出的带松弛因子加速迭代法，显著加快椭圆问题收敛。" }, { "id": "space_frame", "name": "空间桁架", "nameEn": "Space frame", "wikiEn": "Space frame", "aliases": [ "网架结构", "空间杆系" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1950 年前后欧美把双向杆系用于大跨屋盖，取约值", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "truss", "steel_frame_construction", "iron_bridge" ], "related": [ "dome", "crane", "skyscraper" ], "desc": "双向杆系连成整体薄壳式屋盖，以轻杆跨越大空间。" }, { "id": "synthetic_quartz", "name": "合成石英", "nameEn": "Synthetic quartz", "wikiEn": "Synthetic quartz", "aliases": [ "人造水晶", "水热法石英" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pzt_ceramic", "cavity_magnetron" ], "desc": "1950年贝尔实验室水热法量产，保障压电晶体供应。" }, { "id": "turing_test", "name": "图灵测试", "nameEn": "Turing test", "wikiEn": "Turing test", "aliases": [ "模仿游戏", "imitation game" ], "year": 1950, "year_basis": "century", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知世纪，取该世纪中值（规范 §3.8 规则 3）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "artificial_intelligence", "eliza" ], "desc": "图灵1950年提出：对话中无法区分机器与人即视为具智能。" }, { "id": "arnoldi_iteration", "name": "阿诺尔迪迭代", "nameEn": "Arnoldi iteration", "wikiEn": "Arnoldi iteration", "aliases": [ "阿诺迪法", "Arnoldi算法", "Arnoldi process", "非对称Lanczos" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "krylov_subspace" ], "related": [ "lanczos_algorithm", "gmres" ], "desc": "阿诺尔迪1951年提出非对称矩阵的Krylov正交化算法，投影为上海森伯格形。" }, { "id": "arrow_impossibility_theorem", "name": "阿罗不可能定理", "nameEn": "Arrow's impossibility theorem", "wikiEn": "Arrow's impossibility theorem", "aliases": [ "社会选择不可能定理", "Arrow theorem", "阿罗悖论", "社会选择理论" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nash_equilibrium" ], "desc": "证明无一种投票制度能同时满足全部合理条件，奠基社会选择。" }, { "id": "blunt_body_heat_shield", "name": "钝体防热罩", "nameEn": "Heat shield", "wikiEn": "Heat shield", "aliases": [ "烧蚀防热罩", "艾伦钝体理论", "Blunt body theory" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "v2_rocket_postwar" ], "related": [ "corona_satellite", "mercury_program" ], "desc": "艾伦钝体理论与烧蚀罩，让弹头与飞船安全再入。" }, { "id": "bowlby_attachment_theory", "name": "鲍尔比依恋理论", "nameEn": "Attachment theory", "wikiEn": "Attachment theory", "aliases": [ "依恋理论", "母爱剥夺假说", "Bowlby-Ainsworth", "安全型依恋" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "freud_psychoanalysis" ], "desc": "早期照料关系塑造内部工作模式，1969年系统化，影响深远。" }, { "id": "box_wilson_response_surface", "name": "博克斯-威尔逊响应面法", "nameEn": "Response surface methodology", "wikiEn": "Response surface methodology", "aliases": [ "响应面法", "响应曲面法", "RSM", "Box-Wilson方法" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fisher_design_of_experiments", "cauchy_gradient_descent" ], "related": [ "nelder_wedderburn_glm" ], "desc": "博克斯与威尔逊以局部二次曲面逼近最优工艺条件，融合实验设计与优化。" }, { "id": "cobalt_teletherapy", "name": "钴-60治疗机", "nameEn": "Cobalt therapy", "wikiEn": "Cobalt therapy", "aliases": [ "钴炮", "远距离钴治疗", "Cobalt-60 teletherapy" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor", "x_ray" ], "related": [], "desc": "加拿大率先用钴-60远距离放疗，癌症放疗平民化。" }, { "id": "convention_on_refugees_1951", "name": "难民地位公约", "nameEn": "Refugee Convention", "wikiEn": "Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees", "aliases": [ "难民公约", "不推回原则" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1951年日内瓦公约", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "universal_declaration_human_rights", "civil_registration", "united_nations", "photography" ], "related": [ "nation_state", "roman_citizenship", "red_cross_movement", "universal_postal_union" ], "desc": "确立不得遣返受迫害者并发给国际通行证件，使身份不再完全由单一国籍授予。" }, { "id": "hela_cells", "name": "海拉细胞系", "nameEn": "HeLa", "wikiEn": "HeLa", "aliases": [ "海拉细胞", "永生人源细胞系" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cell_culture" ], "related": [ "polio_vaccine" ], "desc": "首个可无限传代的人源细胞系，支撑大量生物研究。" }, { "id": "krige_gaussian_process", "name": "克里格高斯过程", "nameEn": "Gaussian process", "wikiEn": "Gaussian process", "aliases": [ "高斯过程", "克里金法", "克里格插值", "Kriging", "地统计插值" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "khinchin_stationary_ergodic", "gauss_normal_error_theory" ], "related": [ "principal_component_analysis", "monte_carlo_method" ], "desc": "克里格用地统计空间相关做最优无偏估计，后发展为高斯过程回归。" }, { "id": "kuhn_tucker_conditions", "name": "库恩-塔克条件", "nameEn": "Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions", "wikiEn": "Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions", "aliases": [ "KKT条件", "库恩-塔克条件", "卡鲁什条件", "非线性规划一阶条件" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lagrange_multipliers", "lp_duality_theory" ], "related": [ "arrow_debreu_model", "rockafellar_convex_analysis", "shor_subgradient_method" ], "desc": "库恩与塔克给出不等式约束非线性规划的一阶必要条件，卡鲁什先行。" }, { "id": "kuiper_belt_hypothesis", "name": "柯伊伯带假说", "nameEn": "Kuiper belt", "wikiEn": "Kuiper belt", "aliases": [ "柯伊伯带", "Kuiper belt", "埃奇沃思-柯伊伯带", "海王星外天体带" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "oort_cloud", "uranus_discovery" ], "desc": "柯伊伯提出海王星外带状小天体区，1992年获证实。" }, { "id": "magnetic_tape", "name": "磁带存储", "nameEn": "Magnetic-tape data storage", "wikiEn": "Magnetic-tape data storage", "aliases": [ "UNISERVO", "磁带机", "计算机磁带" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "video_tape_recorder", "compact_cassette", "hard_disk" ], "desc": "1951年UNIVAC的UNISERVO首次用磁带作计算机数据存储介质。" }, { "id": "nuclear_reactor", "name": "核反应堆", "nameEn": "Nuclear reactor", "wikiEn": "Nuclear reactor", "aliases": [ "原子反应堆", "裂变反应堆", "EBR-I", "Chicago Pile-1" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nuclear_fission_mechanism", "nuclear_power_plant", "nuclear_weapon" ], "desc": "受控核裂变装置；1942年CP-1首临界，1951年EBR-I首次发电。" }, { "id": "regular_expression", "name": "正则表达式", "nameEn": "Regular expression", "wikiEn": "Regular expression", "aliases": [ "regex", "正则式", "规则表达式" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "克林尼1951年提出正则事件；1968年经 Unix 行编辑器进入工程实践；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "boolean_algebra" ], "related": [ "chomsky_hierarchy", "compiler", "google_search", "unix" ], "desc": "描述正则语言的紧凑模式记法，成为编辑器、日志分析与文本检索的通用工具。" }, { "id": "rock_and_roll", "name": "摇滚乐", "nameEn": "Rock and roll", "wikiEn": "Rock and roll", "aliases": [ "摇滚", "rock'n'roll" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "克利夫兰电台节目与唱片在五十年代初定名", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blues", "guitar", "gramophone" ], "related": [ "jazz", "synthesizer", "spotify" ], "desc": "融合节奏布鲁斯与乡村的强拍流行乐，首次让青少年成为独立文化市场。" }, { "id": "stellarator", "name": "仿星器", "nameEn": "Stellarator", "wikiEn": "Stellarator", "aliases": [ "星温磁缩装置" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "tokamak" ], "desc": "斯皮策1951年提出，以扭曲位形探索磁约束聚变。" }, { "id": "univac_i", "name": "UNIVAC I", "nameEn": "UNIVAC I", "wikiEn": "UNIVAC I", "aliases": [ "UNIVAC", "Universal Automatic Computer I", "通用自动计算机", "商用主机" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "census_system", "ibm_407", "ibm_system_360", "magnetic_tape" ], "desc": "首台商用通用电子计算机，1951年交付美国人口普查局，磁带输入。" }, { "id": "whirlwind", "name": "旋风一号计算机", "nameEn": "Whirlwind I", "wikiEn": "Whirlwind I", "aliases": [ "旋风计算机", "旋风一号", "实时计算机" ], "year": 1951, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "magnetic_core_memory", "sage_system" ], "desc": "MIT1951年旋风机首开实时交互计算，后演进为SAGE防空系统。" }, { "id": "angled_flight_deck", "name": "斜角飞行甲板", "nameEn": "Angled flight deck", "wikiEn": "Flight deck", "aliases": [ "斜角甲板", "Angled deck" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "aircraft_carrier" ], "related": [ "nuclear_aircraft_carrier" ], "desc": "英国发明斜角甲板，喷气舰载机可安全起降复飞。" }, { "id": "barcode", "name": "条形码", "nameEn": "Barcode", "wikiEn": "Barcode", "aliases": [ "条码", "bar code", "UPC", "KarTrak ACI" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "magnetic_stripe_card", "atm" ], "desc": "伍德兰1948年构思、1952年获专利的机器可读光学识别符号。" }, { "id": "basic_oxygen_steelmaking", "name": "氧气顶吹转炉炼钢", "nameEn": "Basic oxygen steelmaking", "wikiEn": "Basic oxygen steelmaking", "aliases": [ "BOS", "LD转炉", "林茨-多纳维茨法" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1952年奥地利林茨厂投产", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gilchrist_thomas_process", "linde_air_liquefaction", "continuous_casting" ], "related": [ "bessemer_steel", "electric_arc_furnace", "stainless_steel" ], "desc": "向熔池吹纯氧脱碳，数十分钟一炉，取代平炉成为主流。" }, { "id": "bdf_methods", "name": "后向差分公式", "nameEn": "Backward differentiation formula", "wikiEn": "Backward differentiation formula", "aliases": [ "BDF法", "后向微分公式", "Gear法", "backward differentiation" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "adams_multistep_method" ], "related": [ "stiff_equations", "crank_nicolson", "matrix_exponential" ], "desc": "柯蒂斯等1952年提出、Gear推广的隐式多步法，是刚性ODE求解的工业标准。" }, { "id": "bopet_film", "name": "聚酯薄膜", "nameEn": "BoPET", "wikiEn": "BoPET", "aliases": [ "Mylar", "迈拉膜", "双向拉伸聚酯薄膜" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "polyester_fiber" ], "related": [], "desc": "1952年杜邦推出Mylar，用于磁带、胶片与电容器。" }, { "id": "chernoff_bound", "name": "切尔诺夫界", "nameEn": "Chernoff bound", "wikiEn": "Chernoff bound", "aliases": [ "切尔诺夫界", "Chernoff界", "指数尾界", "切尔诺夫不等式" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "moment_generating_function", "markov_inequality" ], "related": [ "hoeffding_inequality", "cramer_large_deviations" ], "desc": "切尔诺夫用矩母函数得到独立和偏离均值的指数衰减尾概率界。" }, { "id": "chlorpromazine", "name": "氯丙嗪", "nameEn": "Chlorpromazine", "wikiEn": "Chlorpromazine", "aliases": [ "冬眠灵", "Largactil", "Thorazine" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "antihistamine", "butlerov_structure_theory", "mauveine" ], "related": [ "benzodiazepine", "early_antidepressants", "indigo_synthesis", "ptfe" ], "desc": "首个抗精神病药，使精神病院住院人数骤降。" }, { "id": "compiler", "name": "编译器", "nameEn": "Compiler", "wikiEn": "Compiler", "aliases": [ "编译程序", "A-0 System", "霍珀A-0编译器" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "assembler", "stored_program_computer" ], "related": [ "fortran", "cobol" ], "desc": "霍珀1952年A-0系统开创编译技术，自动把高级语言翻成机器码。" }, { "id": "crumple_zone", "name": "碰撞溃缩区", "nameEn": "Crumple Zone", "wikiEn": "Crumple zone", "aliases": [ "溃缩吸能区", "防撞缓冲区" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "automobile", "bessemer_steel" ], "related": [ "three_point_seatbelt", "euler_bernoulli_beam_theory", "airbag" ], "desc": "车头留可控变形区，用延长减速距离把动能吃掉，乘员舱反而更硬" }, { "id": "curtain_wall", "name": "玻璃幕墙", "nameEn": "Glass curtain wall", "wikiEn": "Curtain wall (architecture)", "aliases": [ "悬挂外墙", "幕墙体系" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以 1952 年首例金属框玻璃幕墙高层为定型节点，非收该建筑；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steel_frame_construction", "plate_glass", "glassmaking" ], "related": [ "skyscraper", "cast_iron_building", "safety_elevator", "laminated_glass" ], "desc": "外墙只挂自重，荷载全归框架，界面连续而透光。" }, { "id": "donsker_invariance_principle", "name": "唐斯克尔不变原理", "nameEn": "Donsker's theorem", "wikiEn": "Donsker's theorem", "aliases": [ "唐斯克尔定理", "泛函中心极限定理", "不变原理", "随机游走泛函极限" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "central_limit_theorem", "rayleigh_random_walk" ], "related": [ "einstein_brownian_motion", "khinchin_iterated_logarithm", "wiener_process" ], "desc": "唐斯克尔证明规范化随机游走作为整体过程收敛到布朗运动。" }, { "id": "ferrite_magnet", "name": "铁氧体", "nameEn": "Ferrite", "wikiEn": "Ferrite (magnet)", "aliases": [ "铁淦氧", "磁性陶瓷", "钡铁氧体" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "samarium_cobalt_magnet" ], "desc": "1952年飞利浦产业化钡铁氧体，磁芯与永磁关键材料。" }, { "id": "frog_cloning", "name": "蛙体细胞核移植", "nameEn": "Somatic cell nuclear transfer", "wikiEn": "Somatic cell nuclear transfer", "aliases": [ "豹蛙克隆", "Briggs and King nuclear transfer", "蛙核移植" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cell_culture", "glassmaking", "microscope" ], "related": [ "ivf_mammal", "precision_grinding" ], "desc": "布里格斯与金1952年克隆豹蛙，克隆技术先声。" }, { "id": "hestenes_stiefel_conjugate_gradient", "name": "共轭梯度法", "nameEn": "Conjugate gradient method", "wikiEn": "Conjugate gradient method", "aliases": [ "共轭梯度法", "CG法", "Hestenes-Stiefel法", "共轭方向法" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra", "cauchy_gradient_descent" ], "related": [ "davidon_quasi_newton", "kalman_filter" ], "desc": "赫斯泰尼斯与斯蒂费尔以共轭方向有限步求解正定线性系统，宜大规模。" }, { "id": "hodgkin_huxley_model", "name": "霍奇金-赫胥黎模型", "nameEn": "Hodgkin-Huxley model", "wikiEn": "Hodgkin–Huxley model", "aliases": [ "神经冲动方程" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cathode_ray_tube", "information_theory", "neuron_doctrine", "oscilloscope" ], "related": [ "digital_signal_processor", "eeg", "fmri" ], "desc": "方程定量刻画神经动作电位离子机制，计算神经科学起点。" }, { "id": "huffman_coding", "name": "哈夫曼编码", "nameEn": "Huffman coding", "wikiEn": "Huffman coding", "aliases": [ "霍夫曼编码", "最优前缀码" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "大卫·哈夫曼1952年论文，作为 MIT 课程作业提出", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "information_theory" ], "related": [ "data_compression", "zip_format", "jpeg", "mp3" ], "desc": "按符号出现概率自底向上构造前缀码，出现多的用短码，平均长度逼近熵。" }, { "id": "intensive_care_unit", "name": "重症监护室", "nameEn": "Intensive care unit", "wikiEn": "Intensive care unit", "aliases": [ "ICU", "加强监护病房", "重症监护病房" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "defibrillator", "electronic_computer", "oscilloscope" ], "related": [ "cardiac_pacemaker", "mechanical_ventilator", "red_cross_movement", "television" ], "desc": "集中呼吸监护的经验催生首个多学科ICU病房。" }, { "id": "isoniazid", "name": "异烟肼", "nameEn": "Isoniazid", "wikiEn": "Isoniazid", "aliases": [ "雷米封", "INH", "异烟酰肼" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "periodic_table", "streptomycin", "wohler_urea_synthesis" ], "related": [ "chloroquine", "chromatography", "mass_spectrometry" ], "desc": "高效抗结核口服药，联用疗法大幅压低结核死亡率。" }, { "id": "mechanical_ventilator", "name": "机械呼吸机", "nameEn": "Mechanical ventilation", "wikiEn": "Mechanical ventilation", "aliases": [ "正压呼吸机", "Engström呼吸机", "恩斯特龙" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "piston_pump", "vulcanized_rubber" ], "related": [ "boyles_law", "intensive_care_unit", "reynolds_number" ], "desc": "1952年哥本哈根脊髓灰质炎疫情催生正压呼吸机。" }, { "id": "modern_portfolio_theory", "name": "投资组合理论", "nameEn": "Modern portfolio theory", "wikiEn": "Modern portfolio theory", "aliases": [ "均值方差模型", "有效前沿" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "马科维茨1952年论文", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory", "econometrics" ], "related": [ "black_scholes_formula", "value_at_risk", "efficient_market_hypothesis" ], "desc": "以协方差矩阵度量组合风险，给出同等收益下最小说散化解。" }, { "id": "numerical_control", "name": "数值控制", "nameEn": "Numerical control", "wikiEn": "Computer numerical control", "aliases": [ "NC", "数控", "数字控制", "机床数字控制" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "industrial_robot" ], "desc": "MIT与帕森斯1952年演示首台NC机床，以穿孔带指令自动加工。" }, { "id": "pzt_ceramic", "name": "锆钛酸铅", "nameEn": "Lead zirconate titanate", "wikiEn": "Lead zirconate titanate", "aliases": [ "PZT", "PZT压电陶瓷", "压电陶瓷" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "synthetic_quartz" ], "desc": "1952年东京工业大学开发，应用最广的压电陶瓷，用于点火与超声。" }, { "id": "thermonuclear_weapon", "name": "氢弹", "nameEn": "Thermonuclear weapon", "wikiEn": "Thermonuclear weapon", "aliases": [ "热核武器", "聚变弹", "H-bomb" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_weapon" ], "related": [ "lithium_metal" ], "desc": "1952年美国常春藤麦克首次氢弹爆炸，核聚变武器化。" }, { "id": "turbofan", "name": "涡轮风扇发动机", "nameEn": "Turbofan", "wikiEn": "Turbofan", "aliases": [ "涡扇发动机", "Rolls-Royce Conway", "康威发动机" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "jet_engine" ], "related": [ "boeing_747" ], "desc": "康威发动机试车，涵道设计成为民航主力动力。" }, { "id": "upwind_scheme", "name": "迎风格式", "nameEn": "Upwind scheme", "wikiEn": "Upwind scheme", "aliases": [ "上风法", "迎风差分", "upwind differencing", "CIR格式" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cfl_condition" ], "related": [ "godunov_scheme", "finite_volume_method", "lax_wendroff_method" ], "desc": "库朗等1952年按波传播方向取差分的格式，以数值耗散换取对流问题稳定。" }, { "id": "zone_refining", "name": "区域熔炼法", "nameEn": "Zone melting", "wikiEn": "Zone melting", "aliases": [ "区熔法", "Zone refining", "区域提纯" ], "year": 1952, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "germanium_metal" ], "related": [ "czochralski_process", "silicon_transistor" ], "desc": "Pfann1952年发明，靠熔区移动获得超高纯锗与硅。" }, { "id": "bellman_dynamic_programming", "name": "贝尔曼动态规划", "nameEn": "Dynamic programming", "wikiEn": "Dynamic programming", "aliases": [ "动态规划", "多阶段决策", "Bellman equation", "Bellman dynamic programming" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "simplex_method" ], "related": [ "dijkstra_algorithm", "human_genome_project", "kahn_topological_sort", "watkins_q_learning" ], "desc": "贝尔曼以最优性原理把多阶段决策拆为递推子问题，统一运筹、控制与AI算法。" }, { "id": "dna_double_helix", "name": "DNA双螺旋", "nameEn": "Nucleic acid double helix", "wikiEn": "Nucleic acid double helix", "aliases": [ "DNA结构", "沃森-克里克模型", "Watson-Crick model" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "messenger_rna", "restriction_enzyme" ], "desc": "沃森与克里克1953年提出双螺旋，分子生物学基石。" }, { "id": "doob_martingale_theorems", "name": "杜布鞅论定理", "nameEn": "Doob's martingale convergence theorems", "wikiEn": "Doob's martingale convergence theorems", "aliases": [ "可选停止定理", "鞅收敛定理", "Doob停止定理", "Doob极大不等式" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ville_martingale_theory" ], "related": [ "crr_binomial_option", "ito_stochastic_calculus", "stock_exchange" ], "desc": "杜布建立可选停止与鞅收敛等定理，使鞅成为随机过程与金融数学支柱。" }, { "id": "hash_table", "name": "哈希表", "nameEn": "Hash table", "wikiEn": "Hash table", "aliases": [ "散列表", "哈希映射", "Hash map", "Luhn hash table" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "von_neumann_architecture" ], "related": [ "diffie_hellman", "human_genome_project", "kmp_algorithm" ], "desc": "卢恩在IBM提出链式散列存储，以键的哈希值实现均摊常数级查找，成为基础数据结构。" }, { "id": "heart_lung_machine", "name": "心肺机", "nameEn": "Heart-lung machine", "wikiEn": "Cardiopulmonary bypass", "aliases": [ "体外循环机", "Gibbon氧合泵", "吉本心肺机" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "heparin" ], "related": [ "artificial_heart_valve", "coronary_bypass" ], "desc": "吉本1953年完成首例体外循环下心内直视手术。" }, { "id": "inertial_navigation", "name": "惯性导航系统", "nameEn": "Inertial navigation system", "wikiEn": "Inertial navigation system", "aliases": [ "惯导", "INS", "德雷珀惯导", "Draper SPIRE" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gyroscope" ], "related": [ "icbm", "nuclear_submarine", "transit_navsat" ], "desc": "德雷珀纯惯导1953年试飞，支撑导弹与潜艇导航。" }, { "id": "lithium_metal", "name": "锂", "nameEn": "Lithium", "wikiEn": "Lithium", "aliases": [ "金属锂", "锂-6" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "thermonuclear_weapon" ], "desc": "战后因润滑脂、陶瓷与热核武器原料需求而规模化的轻金属。" }, { "id": "magnetic_core_memory", "name": "磁芯存储器", "nameEn": "Magnetic-core memory", "wikiEn": "Magnetic-core memory", "aliases": [ "磁芯内存", "core memory", "磁芯记忆体" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "corona_satellite", "hard_disk", "whirlwind", "williams_tube" ], "desc": "以磁环穿线构成的随机存储器，1953年用于旋风机，主宰约20年。" }, { "id": "metropolis_hastings", "name": "Metropolis-Hastings算法", "nameEn": "Metropolis–Hastings algorithm", "wikiEn": "Metropolis–Hastings algorithm", "aliases": [ "梅特罗波利斯算法", "MH算法", "MCMC采样", "Metropolis algorithm" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "monte_carlo_method", "markov_chains" ], "related": [ "em_algorithm", "gibbs_statistical_ensembles", "quasi_monte_carlo", "simulated_annealing" ], "desc": "梅特罗波利斯1953年提出、黑斯廷斯1970年推广的马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛采样算法。" }, { "id": "miller_urey_experiment", "name": "米勒-尤里实验", "nameEn": "Miller-Urey experiment", "wikiEn": "Miller–Urey experiment", "aliases": [ "米勒实验", "原始汤实验" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rna_world_hypothesis", "recombinant_dna_technology" ], "desc": "模拟原始大气放电合成氨基酸，首证生命分子可自然生成。" }, { "id": "operating_microscope", "name": "手术显微镜", "nameEn": "Operating microscope", "wikiEn": "Operating microscope", "aliases": [ "外科显微镜", "surgical microscope" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "glasses", "magnifying_glass" ], "related": [ "fiber_optics_comm", "led", "microsurgery" ], "desc": "专用手术显微镜问世，使显微外科成为可能" }, { "id": "polycarbonate", "name": "聚碳酸酯", "nameEn": "Polycarbonate", "wikiEn": "Polycarbonate", "aliases": [ "PC塑料" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pmma" ], "desc": "1953年拜耳与通用电气各自发明，高抗冲工程塑料。" }, { "id": "polyurethane", "name": "聚氨酯", "nameEn": "Polyurethane", "wikiEn": "Polyurethane", "aliases": [ "PU", "聚氨酯泡沫" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "spandex" ], "desc": "1937年合成，1953年起软泡塑料与弹性体大发展。" }, { "id": "positron_imaging", "name": "正电子成像", "nameEn": "Positron emission tomography", "wikiEn": "Positron emission tomography", "aliases": [ "PET前身", "正电子扫描", "Sweet-Brownell扫描" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "gamma_camera" ], "desc": "1953年首例正电子脑部扫描，为PET技术前身。" }, { "id": "pyroceram", "name": "微晶玻璃", "nameEn": "Glass-ceramic", "wikiEn": "Glass-ceramic", "aliases": [ "玻璃陶瓷", "Pyroceram", "康宁锅材料" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "float_glass" ], "desc": "Stookey1953年发明的受控结晶玻璃，耐热炊具材料。" }, { "id": "shapley_value", "name": "沙普利值", "nameEn": "Shapley value", "wikiEn": "Shapley value", "aliases": [ "沙普利值", "夏普利值", "合作博弈分配", "Shapley vector" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "von_neumann_minimax_theorem", "game_theory" ], "related": [ "nash_equilibrium", "mechanism_design_revelation" ], "desc": "沙普利按边际贡献公理化给出合作收益的唯一公平分配，用于分摊定价。" }, { "id": "sidewinder_missile", "name": "响尾蛇空空导弹", "nameEn": "AIM-9 Sidewinder", "wikiEn": "AIM-9 Sidewinder", "aliases": [ "AIM-9", "Sidewinder", "红外寻的导弹" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nike_sam" ], "desc": "红外热寻的空空导弹1953年试射，奠定格斗导弹。" }, { "id": "supersonic_fighter", "name": "超音速战斗机", "nameEn": "Supersonic aircraft", "wikiEn": "Supersonic aircraft", "aliases": [ "F-100超级佩刀", "MiG-19", "North American F-100 Super Sabre" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "swept_wing" ], "related": [ "concorde", "bell_x1" ], "desc": "F-100等首批可平飞超音速的战斗机接连问世。" }, { "id": "tetracycline", "name": "四环素", "nameEn": "Tetracycline", "wikiEn": "Tetracycline", "aliases": [ "Tetracycline", "Achromycin" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chlortetracycline", "chromatography", "fermentation" ], "related": [ "penicillin", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "desc": "康诺弗半合成的广谱抗生素，五十年代广泛应用。" }, { "id": "toyota_production_system", "name": "丰田生产方式", "nameEn": "Toyota Production System", "wikiEn": "Toyota Production System", "aliases": [ "丰田生产方式", "精益生产", "看板拉动" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1948, 1975 ], "year_note": "1950年代丰田确立准时化与自働化，1970年代对外定名丰田生产方式", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "assembly_line", "taylor_scientific_management" ], "related": [ "economic_order_quantity", "supply_chain_management", "container_shipping" ], "desc": "以后工序拉动取代计划推式送料，在制品与仓库被压到最低。" }, { "id": "transistor_computer", "name": "晶体管计算机", "nameEn": "Transistor computer", "wikiEn": "Transistor computer", "aliases": [ "第二代计算机", "Manchester Transistor Computer", "第二代电子计算机" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "transistor", "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "integrated_circuit", "magnetic_core_memory", "minicomputer" ], "desc": "1953年曼彻斯特大学制成首台运行的晶体管计算机，进入第二代。" }, { "id": "tukey_multiple_comparisons", "name": "图基多重比较", "nameEn": "Tukey's range test", "wikiEn": "Tukey's range test", "aliases": [ "多重比较", "图基HSD", "Bonferroni校正", "Tukey HSD" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "f_distribution_f_test", "neyman_pearson_theory" ], "related": [ "fisher_p_value" ], "desc": "为控制多个均值同时比较的族错误率，图基提出HSD，邦费罗尼并行。" }, { "id": "vancomycin", "name": "万古霉素", "nameEn": "Vancomycin", "wikiEn": "Vancomycin", "aliases": [ "糖肽类抗生素", "抗万古霉素" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "penicillin", "fermentation" ], "related": [ "disk_diffusion_test", "chlortetracycline", "streptomycin" ], "desc": "对耐药革兰阳性菌仍有效的糖肽类，被视为最后防线" }, { "id": "ziegler_natta_catalyst", "name": "齐格勒-纳塔催化剂", "nameEn": "Ziegler–Natta catalyst", "wikiEn": "Ziegler–Natta catalyst", "aliases": [ "齐格勒催化剂", "定向聚合催化剂" ], "year": 1953, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "polyethylene" ], "related": [ "polypropylene", "synthetic_rubber" ], "desc": "1953年齐格勒与纳塔发明定向聚合催化剂，催生HDPE与聚丙烯。" }, { "id": "arrow_debreu_model", "name": "阿罗-德布鲁一般均衡模型", "nameEn": "Arrow–Debreu model", "wikiEn": "Arrow–Debreu model", "aliases": [ "一般均衡模型", "Arrow-Debreu", "竞争性均衡存在性", "数理经济学基石" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nash_equilibrium", "marshall_neoclassical_economics" ], "desc": "严格证明竞争市场一般均衡的存在性，树立数理经济学标杆。" }, { "id": "bochner_kodaira_nakano_identity", "name": "博赫纳-小平-中野恒等式", "nameEn": "Bochner–Kodaira–Nakano identity", "wikiEn": "Bochner–Kodaira–Nakano identity", "aliases": [ "BKN恒等式", "博赫纳小平中野公式", "BKN identity" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bochner_identity" ], "related": [ "riemann_roch_theorem" ], "desc": "紧凯勒流形上作用于向量丛值微分形式的拉普拉斯恒等式，是消没定理的关键。" }, { "id": "boeing_707", "name": "波音707", "nameEn": "Boeing 707", "wikiEn": "Boeing 707", "aliases": [ "Dash 80", "波音七零七" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "swept_wing", "jet_engine" ], "related": [ "de_havilland_comet", "boeing_747" ], "desc": "1954年原型机首飞，真正开启大众喷气民航时代。" }, { "id": "geodesic_dome", "name": "测地线穹顶", "nameEn": "Geodesic dome", "wikiEn": "Geodesic dome", "aliases": [ "短程线穹顶", "球形网架" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "富勒 1954 年获该项结构专利；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dome", "concrete", "steel_frame_construction" ], "related": [ "truss", "vault_construction", "archimedes_statics" ], "desc": "把球面剖为三角杆件拼装，用料极省而跨度极大。" }, { "id": "high_voltage_direct_current", "name": "高压直流输电", "nameEn": "High-voltage direct current", "wikiEn": "High-voltage direct current", "aliases": [ "HVDC", "直流输电" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1954年哥特兰岛首次商用架空HVDC；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "alternating_current", "electrical_grid" ], "related": [ "transformer", "three_phase_power", "nuclear_power_plant" ], "desc": "以直流远距离输电并互联不同步电网，损耗低于交流。" }, { "id": "ion_implantation", "name": "离子注入", "nameEn": "Ion implantation", "wikiEn": "Ion implantation", "aliases": [ "离子注入掺杂" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "planar_process" ], "desc": "以高能离子精确掺杂半导体，1954年肖克利提出专利。" }, { "id": "kam_theorem", "name": "KAM定理", "nameEn": "KAM theorem", "wikiEn": "KAM theorem", "aliases": [ "柯尔莫哥洛夫-阿诺德-莫泽定理", "拟周期不变环面", "KAM", "近可积系统" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "poincare_three_body_problem", "lindstedt_perturbation" ], "related": [ "lyapunov_stability", "smale_horseshoe" ], "desc": "柯尔莫哥洛夫提出、阿诺德与莫泽证明：小扰动下多数不变环面仍存活，划定混沌边界。" }, { "id": "kidney_transplant", "name": "肾移植", "nameEn": "Kidney transplantation", "wikiEn": "Kidney transplantation", "aliases": [ "器官移植", "默里肾移植", "Murray transplant" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blood_transfusion", "high_speed_steel", "ptfe" ], "related": [ "azathioprine", "heart_transplant", "polyethylene", "stainless_steel" ], "desc": "默里1954年在同卵双生子间完成首例成功肾移植。" }, { "id": "lemke_dual_simplex", "name": "对偶单纯形与原始对偶法", "nameEn": "Simplex algorithm", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Lemke对偶单纯形", "Simplex algorithm", "primal-dual法", "原始对偶法", "对偶单纯形法" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "simplex_method", "lp_duality_theory" ], "related": [ "gomory_cutting_planes", "kuhn_hungarian_algorithm" ], "desc": "莱姆克1954年创对偶单纯形，丹齐格等1956年给出原始对偶法。" }, { "id": "maser", "name": "微波激射器", "nameEn": "Maser", "wikiEn": "Maser", "aliases": [ "脉泽", "氨分子激射器" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "laser" ], "desc": "汤斯1954年制成氨分子微波激射器，激光的直接前驱。" }, { "id": "model_theory", "name": "模型论", "nameEn": "Model theory", "wikiEn": "Model theory", "aliases": [ "数理逻辑模型论" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "始于勒文海姆1915、斯科伦1920年代，塔尔斯基1930—50年代奠基，取学科确立年", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "first_order_logic" ], "related": [ "tarski_truth_theory", "zermelo_zfc", "continuum_hypothesis", "model_checking" ], "desc": "研究形式语句与数学结构间满足关系的分支，源于塔尔斯基的真之语义学。" }, { "id": "natural_language_processing", "name": "自然语言处理", "nameEn": "Natural language processing", "wikiEn": "Natural language processing", "aliases": [ "NLP", "语言处理", "计算语言学" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "乔治城—IBM 机器翻译实验1954年演示；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "turing_test" ], "related": [ "artificial_intelligence", "eliza", "chomsky_hierarchy", "large_language_model" ], "desc": "让机器理解与生成人类语言，从1954年的机器翻译实验一路走到大语言模型。" }, { "id": "nike_sam", "name": "奈基防空导弹", "nameEn": "MIM-3 Nike Ajax", "wikiEn": "MIM-3 Nike Ajax", "aliases": [ "Nike Ajax", "奈基-阿贾克斯", "地空导弹", "SAM" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "v2_rocket_postwar", "radar" ], "related": [ "sidewinder_missile" ], "desc": "美军1954年部署首个实用要地防空导弹系统。" }, { "id": "niobium_tin", "name": "铌三锡", "nameEn": "Niobium tin", "wikiEn": "Niobium–tin", "aliases": [ "Nb3Sn", "锡化铌", "Niobium tin" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "niobium_titanium" ], "desc": "Matthias1954年发现其超导电性，高场磁体关键材料。" }, { "id": "nuclear_marine_propulsion", "name": "舰船核动力推进", "nameEn": "Nuclear marine propulsion", "wikiEn": "Nuclear marine propulsion", "aliases": [ "核动力潜艇", "鹦鹉螺号", "核动力破冰船" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "nuclear_submarine", "pressurized_water_reactor" ], "desc": "1954年鹦鹉螺号核潜艇服役，压水堆提供近乎无限航程。" }, { "id": "nuclear_power_plant", "name": "核电站", "nameEn": "Nuclear power plant", "wikiEn": "Nuclear power plant", "aliases": [ "核电厂", "原子能发电站", "奥布宁斯克核电站", "卡尔德霍尔核电站" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "pressurized_water_reactor", "boiling_water_reactor" ], "desc": "1954年奥布宁斯克首向电网供电，1956年卡尔德霍尔商用。" }, { "id": "nuclear_submarine", "name": "核潜艇", "nameEn": "Nuclear submarine", "wikiEn": "Nuclear submarine", "aliases": [ "鹦鹉螺号", "USS Nautilus", "SSN-571" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor", "submarine" ], "related": [ "inertial_navigation", "nuclear_marine_propulsion", "polaris_slbm" ], "desc": "鹦鹉螺号1954年服役，1958年潜航穿越北极点。" }, { "id": "polypropylene", "name": "聚丙烯", "nameEn": "Polypropylene", "wikiEn": "Polypropylene", "aliases": [ "PP", "丙纶" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ziegler_natta_catalyst" ], "related": [ "catalysis_concept", "polyethylene" ], "desc": "1954年纳塔用齐格勒催化剂聚合，密度最低的通用塑料。" }, { "id": "pressurized_water_reactor", "name": "压水反应堆", "nameEn": "Pressurized water reactor", "wikiEn": "Pressurized water reactor", "aliases": [ "压水堆", "PWR", "S1W反应堆" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "nuclear_marine_propulsion", "nuclear_power_plant", "boiling_water_reactor" ], "desc": "1954年S1W核潜艇堆奠定，后成商用核电站主流堆型。" }, { "id": "reed_muller_code", "name": "里德-马勒码", "nameEn": "Reed–Muller code", "wikiEn": "Reed–Muller code", "aliases": [ "RM码", "里德马勒码", "Reed-Muller code", "布尔多项式码" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hamming_code" ], "related": [ "bch_code", "convolutional_code" ], "desc": "里德与马勒1954年独立提出的线性码族，译码简单，用于深空通信与5G控制信道。" }, { "id": "silicon_transistor", "name": "硅晶体管", "nameEn": "Silicon transistor", "wikiEn": "Silicon transistor", "aliases": [ "硅管", "Silicon BJT" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "transistor", "czochralski_process" ], "related": [ "planar_process", "zone_refining" ], "desc": "1954年贝尔实验室与德州仪器制成，耐高温、可规模量产。" }, { "id": "solar_cell", "name": "太阳能电池", "nameEn": "Solar cell", "wikiEn": "Solar cell", "aliases": [ "光伏电池", "硅太阳能电池", "Bell太阳能电池" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "silicon_transistor", "gaas_solar_cell" ], "desc": "1954年贝尔实验室制成首个实用硅光伏电池，效率约6%。" }, { "id": "synthetic_diamond", "name": "人造金刚石", "nameEn": "Synthetic diamond", "wikiEn": "Synthetic diamond", "aliases": [ "合成钻石", "HPHT金刚石" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cubic_boron_nitride" ], "desc": "1954年通用电气团队高温高压合成，用于磨料与钻具。" }, { "id": "thom_cobordism", "name": "托姆配边理论", "nameEn": "Cobordism", "wikiEn": "Cobordism", "aliases": [ "配边理论", "协边理论", "托姆横截性", "Thom cobordism", "Cobordism ring" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "characteristic_classes", "fiber_bundle" ], "related": [ "first_superstring_revolution", "k_theory", "milnor_exotic_spheres", "smale_h_cobordism" ], "desc": "托姆以横截性和配边环分类流形的边界等价，计算球面稳定同伦群并催生突变理论。" }, { "id": "transistor_radio", "name": "晶体管收音机", "nameEn": "Transistor radio", "wikiEn": "Transistor radio", "aliases": [ "半导体收音机", "Regency TR-1" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "transistor", "radio" ], "related": [ "compact_cassette" ], "desc": "Regency TR-1于1954年上市，首台量产半导体收音机。" }, { "id": "warfarin", "name": "华法林", "nameEn": "Warfarin", "wikiEn": "Warfarin", "aliases": [ "苄丙酮香豆素", "Coumadin", "灭鼠灵" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kekule_benzene_ring", "law_of_definite_proportions" ], "related": [ "chromatography", "heparin", "mass_spectrometry" ], "desc": "由灭鼠药转为临床用药，首选口服抗凝药。" }, { "id": "yang_mills_gauge_theory", "name": "杨-米尔斯规范场论", "nameEn": "Yang–Mills theory", "wikiEn": "Yang–Mills theory", "aliases": [ "杨-米尔斯理论", "规范场论", "Yang–Mills theory", "非阿贝尔规范场" ], "year": 1954, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "quantum_electrodynamics" ], "related": [ "electroweak_unification", "higgs_mechanism", "quantum_chromodynamics" ], "desc": "杨振宁与米尔斯提出非阿贝尔规范场论，成为粒子理论总框架。" }, { "id": "boiling_water_reactor", "name": "沸水反应堆", "nameEn": "Boiling water reactor", "wikiEn": "Boiling water reactor", "aliases": [ "沸水堆", "BWR", "BORAX-III" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "pressurized_water_reactor" ], "desc": "1955年BORAX-III向城镇供电，堆芯直接产蒸汽的堆型。" }, { "id": "cable_stayed_bridge", "name": "斜拉桥", "nameEn": "Cable-stayed bridge", "wikiEn": "Cable-stayed bridge", "aliases": [ "斜张桥" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "瑞典斯特伦松德桥1955年，现代斜拉桥起点；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "suspension_bridge", "prestressed_concrete" ], "related": [ "cantilever_bridge", "crane", "segmental_arch_bridge" ], "desc": "主梁由高拉力斜索直接吊挂，跨度与用钢量的经济平衡。" }, { "id": "convolutional_code", "name": "卷积码", "nameEn": "Convolutional code", "wikiEn": "Convolutional code", "aliases": [ "卷积编码", "Elias code", "滑动窗码", "树码" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hamming_code" ], "related": [ "viterbi_algorithm", "turbo_code", "reed_muller_code" ], "desc": "伊莱亚斯1955年提出利用移位寄存器对连续比特流编码，配合维特比译码。" }, { "id": "data_structure", "name": "数据结构", "nameEn": "Data structure", "wikiEn": "Data structure", "aliases": [ "数据结构", "记录结构", "Data record", "抽象数据类型" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1950年代随汇编、COBOL 与 IPL 的记录组织成形", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stored_program_computer", "von_neumann_architecture" ], "related": [ "linked_list", "b_tree", "hash_table", "binary_search" ], "desc": "数据在计算机中的组织与存取方式，决定算法效率的基础构件。" }, { "id": "kuhn_hungarian_algorithm", "name": "库恩匈牙利算法", "nameEn": "Hungarian algorithm", "wikiEn": "Hungarian algorithm", "aliases": [ "匈牙利算法", "匈牙利法", "Kuhn指派算法", "Kuhn-Munkres算法" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hitchcock_transportation_problem", "simplex_method" ], "related": [ "ford_fulkerson_max_flow" ], "desc": "库恩基于柯尼希图论结果给出指派问题的多项式标号算法，蒙克雷斯完善。" }, { "id": "lift_slab_construction", "name": "升板法施工", "nameEn": "Lift slab construction", "wikiEn": "Lift slab construction", "aliases": [ "提升板法", "无梁楼盖提升" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "该工艺在 1950 年代于北美定型并推广，取年代中值", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "reinforced_concrete", "prestressed_concrete", "force_pump" ], "related": [ "prefabrication", "crane", "skyscraper" ], "desc": "楼板就地叠浇后用千斤顶整体提升就位，省大量支架。" }, { "id": "limit_state_design", "name": "极限状态设计法", "nameEn": "Limit state design", "wikiEn": "Limit state design", "aliases": [ "分项系数设计法", "半概率设计法" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1955 年苏联规范首用极限状态，此后为各国规范采纳；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "euler_bernoulli_beam_theory", "linear_elasticity_math", "prestressed_concrete", "reinforced_concrete" ], "related": [ "probability_theory", "kolmogorov_probability_axioms", "skyscraper", "three_gorges_dam" ], "desc": "按荷载与抗力的概率分项系数校核承载与正常使用极限。" }, { "id": "pic_method", "name": "质点网格法", "nameEn": "Particle-in-cell", "wikiEn": "Particle-in-cell", "aliases": [ "PIC法", "粒子网格法", "Harlow PIC", "Particle-in-cell" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "finite_difference_method" ], "related": [ "mac_grid", "sph_method" ], "desc": "哈洛1955年创立的粒子与电磁场网格耦合模拟法，是等离子体模拟的标准框架。" }, { "id": "polio_vaccine", "name": "脊髓灰质炎疫苗", "nameEn": "Polio vaccine", "wikiEn": "Polio vaccine", "aliases": [ "小儿麻痹症疫苗", "Salk vaccine", "Sabin vaccine", "索尔克疫苗", "萨宾疫苗", "IPV", "OPV" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "vaccination", "cell_culture" ], "related": [ "measles_vaccine", "disposable_syringe" ], "desc": "索尔克灭活苗1955年上市，萨宾口服糖丸1961年推广。" }, { "id": "protein_sequencing", "name": "蛋白质测序", "nameEn": "Protein sequencing", "wikiEn": "Protein sequencing", "aliases": [ "桑格胰岛素测序", "Sanger insulin sequence" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "butlerov_structure_theory", "chromatography" ], "related": [ "dna_double_helix", "early_dna_sequencing", "electronic_computer", "mass_spectrometry" ], "desc": "桑格1955年测出胰岛素全部氨基酸序列。" }, { "id": "romberg_integration", "name": "龙贝格积分", "nameEn": "Romberg's method", "wikiEn": "Romberg's method", "aliases": [ "Romberg法", "龙贝格求积", "Richardson-Romberg", "逐次半分外推" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "trapezoidal_rule", "richardson_extrapolation" ], "related": [ "simpson_rule", "clenshaw_curtis_quadrature" ], "desc": "龙贝格1955年将理查德森外推系统用于逐层加密的梯形法则，得到高精度求积序列。" }, { "id": "simon_bounded_rationality", "name": "西蒙有限理性理论", "nameEn": "Bounded rationality", "wikiEn": "Bounded rationality", "aliases": [ "有限理性", "满意原则", "Administrative Behavior", "赫伯特·西蒙" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "tversky_kahneman_heuristics" ], "desc": "人受信息与认知约束追求满意而非最优，开行为经济学先声。" }, { "id": "theme_park", "name": "主题乐园", "nameEn": "Theme park", "wikiEn": "Amusement park", "aliases": [], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1955年迪士尼乐园开园；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "museum" ], "related": [ "vending_machine", "arcade_video_game" ], "desc": "统一叙事分区式游乐园以电影IP运营，门票经济重塑假日出行。" }, { "id": "turbine_helicopter", "name": "涡轮轴直升机", "nameEn": "Aérospatiale Alouette II", "wikiEn": "Aérospatiale Alouette II", "aliases": [ "云雀II", "Alouette II", "涡轴直升机" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "jet_engine" ], "related": [], "desc": "云雀II首飞，燃气涡轮令直升机更轻更快更安全。" }, { "id": "wigner_random_matrices", "name": "维格纳随机矩阵", "nameEn": "Random matrix", "wikiEn": "Random matrix", "aliases": [ "随机矩阵", "维格纳矩阵", "Wigner半圆律", "随机矩阵谱" ], "year": 1955, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra", "gauss_normal_error_theory" ], "related": [ "monte_carlo_method" ], "desc": "维格纳以随机对称矩阵的半圆谱律解释复杂核能级，催生随机矩阵理论。" }, { "id": "artificial_intelligence", "name": "人工智能", "nameEn": "Artificial intelligence", "wikiEn": "Artificial intelligence", "aliases": [ "AI", "达特茅斯会议", "Dartmouth workshop" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "lisp", "turing_test", "perceptron", "expert_system" ], "desc": "1956年达特茅斯会议正式定名AI，开创人工智能研究领域。" }, { "id": "automated_theorem_proving", "name": "自动定理证明", "nameEn": "Automated theorem proving", "wikiEn": "Automated theorem proving", "aliases": [ "机械推理", "自动推理", "ATP", "resolution theorem proving" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "纽厄尔与西蒙的“逻辑理论家”1956年证明罗素—怀特海定理；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "first_order_logic", "turing_machine" ], "related": [ "artificial_intelligence", "hoare_logic", "model_checking", "godel_incompleteness" ], "desc": "让机器自动搜索证明步骤，既是人工智能的起点，也服务于芯片与协议验证。" }, { "id": "batch_processing", "name": "批处理", "nameEn": "Batch processing", "wikiEn": "Batch processing", "aliases": [ "批处理任务", "批量处理", "GM-NAA I/O" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stored_program_computer" ], "related": [ "os_360", "univac_i" ], "desc": "作业排队自动执行的模式，1956年出现最早的批处理监控程序。" }, { "id": "bimodule", "name": "双模", "nameEn": "Bimodule", "wikiEn": "Bimodule", "aliases": [ "双侧模", "双么模", "Bimodule" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "commutative_ring" ], "related": [ "artinian_module", "endomorphism" ], "desc": "同时带相容左右模结构的交换群，是张量积与同态双函子代数化的基本对象。" }, { "id": "chemical_vapor_deposition", "name": "化学气相沉积", "nameEn": "Chemical vapor deposition", "wikiEn": "Chemical vapor deposition", "aliases": [ "CVD", "气相沉积", "MOCVD" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1950年代中期外延与掺杂薄膜CVD工艺成型", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "vacuum_deposition" ], "related": [ "atomic_layer_deposition", "semiconductor_device_fabrication", "gallium_nitride" ], "desc": "让气态前驱体在基片表面反应成膜的材料生长工艺。" }, { "id": "chomsky_hierarchy", "name": "乔姆斯基层级", "nameEn": "Chomsky hierarchy", "wikiEn": "Chomsky hierarchy", "aliases": [ "语法层级", "形式语言谱系" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "《论语言的三种描述模型》1956年发表；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "panini_grammar", "information_theory" ], "related": [ "natural_language_processing", "compiler", "regular_expression", "language" ], "desc": "按生成规则强弱把形式语言分四级，为编译器语法分析与人脑语言研究提供框架。" }, { "id": "container_shipping", "name": "集装箱运输", "nameEn": "Containerization", "wikiEn": "Containerization", "aliases": [ "标准集装箱", "货柜运输", "Ideal-X", "麦克莱恩" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "shinkansen" ], "desc": "麦克莱恩1956年首航，标准货柜重塑全球贸易。" }, { "id": "dijkstra_algorithm", "name": "戴克斯特拉最短路径算法", "nameEn": "Dijkstra's algorithm", "wikiEn": "Dijkstra's algorithm", "aliases": [ "Dijkstra算法", "单源最短路径", "戴克斯特拉法", "Dijkstra shortest path" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "seven_bridges_graph_theory", "bellman_dynamic_programming" ], "related": [ "astar_search", "gps", "kruskal_mst" ], "desc": "戴克斯特拉为展示计算机能力而构思的贪心最短路径算法，成为网络路由的基石。" }, { "id": "disposable_syringe", "name": "一次性注射器", "nameEn": "Disposable syringe", "wikiEn": "Syringe", "aliases": [ "一次性塑料注射器", "BD Plastipak", "Monoject", "默多克注射器" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "injection_moulding", "polyethylene" ], "related": [ "nylon", "polio_vaccine", "ptfe" ], "desc": "默多克1956年专利塑料注射器，杜绝重复使用感染。" }, { "id": "finite_element_method", "name": "有限元方法", "nameEn": "Finite element method", "wikiEn": "Finite element method", "aliases": [ "有限元法", "有限元分析", "Finite element analysis", "FEM", "Clough finite element" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra", "von_neumann_architecture" ], "related": [ "riemann_integral", "simplex_method" ], "desc": "特纳、克拉夫等将复杂结构离散为单元求解，成为工程力学与工业仿真的标准数值方法。" }, { "id": "ford_fulkerson_max_flow", "name": "福特-富尔克森最大流", "nameEn": "Max-flow min-cut theorem", "wikiEn": "Max-flow min-cut theorem", "aliases": [ "最大流最小割定理", "福特-富尔克森方法", "增广路径", "网络流定理" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "seven_bridges_graph_theory", "lp_duality_theory" ], "related": [ "minimum_cost_flow", "dijkstra_algorithm" ], "desc": "福特与富尔克森证明网络最大流等于最小割容量，并给增广路径算法。" }, { "id": "halothane", "name": "氟烷", "nameEn": "Halothane", "wikiEn": "Halothane", "aliases": [ "三氟溴氯乙烷", "Fluothane" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "anesthesia", "chloralkali_process", "ptfe" ], "related": [ "ideal_gas_law", "linde_air_liquefaction" ], "desc": "不易燃强效吸入麻醉剂，取代乙醚成为主流。" }, { "id": "hard_disk", "name": "硬盘", "nameEn": "Hard disk drive", "wikiEn": "Hard disk drive", "aliases": [ "硬盘驱动器", "HDD", "IBM 350 RAMAC", "RAMAC" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "magnetic_tape" ], "related": [ "magnetic_core_memory" ], "desc": "IBM 1956年RAMAC首创磁盘随机存取存储，50张盘片仅5MB。" }, { "id": "kelly_criterion", "name": "凯利公式", "nameEn": "Kelly criterion", "wikiEn": "Kelly criterion", "aliases": [ "凯利判据", "Kelly公式", "最优投注比例", "对数增长策略" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "information_theory", "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "daniel_bernoulli_expected_utility", "black_scholes_formula" ], "desc": "凯利以信息率推导长期复利最优投注比例，广泛用于赌博与资产配置。" }, { "id": "kruskal_mst", "name": "克鲁斯卡尔最小生成树", "nameEn": "Kruskal's algorithm", "wikiEn": "Kruskal's algorithm", "aliases": [ "最小生成树算法", "克鲁斯克尔算法", "Kruskal MST", "Minimum spanning tree" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "seven_bridges_graph_theory" ], "related": [ "dijkstra_algorithm", "bellman_dynamic_programming" ], "desc": "克鲁斯卡尔按边权排序并以并查集避环，构造最小生成树，是贪心算法的典范。" }, { "id": "lax_equivalence_theorem", "name": "Lax等价定理", "nameEn": "Lax equivalence theorem", "wikiEn": "Lax equivalence theorem", "aliases": [ "拉克斯等价定理", "Lax-Richtmyer定理", "相容性收敛定理", "Lax等价" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "finite_difference_method" ], "related": [ "von_neumann_stability", "cfl_condition" ], "desc": "拉克斯与里希特迈尔1956年证明：适定问题的相容格式，稳定性等价于收敛性。" }, { "id": "linked_list", "name": "链表", "nameEn": "Linked list", "wikiEn": "Linked list", "aliases": [ "链式表", "串列", "chain list" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "纽厄尔—西蒙的 IPL-II（1956）首次以链接地址组织表结构；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "data_structure" ], "related": [ "lisp", "hash_table", "compiler" ], "desc": "以指针串接节点的线性表，增删无需搬移数据，是 Lisp 与内存管理的基本构件。" }, { "id": "magnox_reactor", "name": "镁诺克斯气冷堆", "nameEn": "Magnox Reactor", "wikiEn": "Magnox", "aliases": [ "天然铀气冷堆", "考尔德霍尔堆" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor", "nuclear_power_plant", "pressurized_water_reactor" ], "related": [ "candu_reactor", "superphenix", "nuclear_reprocessing" ], "desc": "天然铀燃料配二氧化碳冷却与石墨慢化，第一座并网商运核电站属此型" }, { "id": "metered_dose_inhaler", "name": "定量吸入器", "nameEn": "Metered-dose inhaler", "wikiEn": "Metered-dose inhaler", "aliases": [ "哮喘喷剂", "Medihaler", "MDI气雾剂" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "injection_moulding", "pharmacopoeia", "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "cabin_pressurization", "halothane", "hypodermic_needle", "penicillin" ], "desc": "1956年Medihaler问世，哮喘急救药可定量随身携带。" }, { "id": "miller_magical_number_seven", "name": "米勒魔数七", "nameEn": "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two", "wikiEn": "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two", "aliases": [ "神奇数字7±2", "工作记忆容量", "Miller's law", "认知革命宣言" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chomsky_generative_grammar", "neisser_cognitive_psychology" ], "desc": "短时记忆容量约七组块，1956年吹响认知革命号角。" }, { "id": "milnor_exotic_spheres", "name": "米尔诺七维奇异球面", "nameEn": "Exotic sphere", "wikiEn": "Exotic sphere", "aliases": [ "奇异球面", "怪球", "七维怪球", "Milnor spheres" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "thom_cobordism" ], "related": [ "general_relativity", "perelman_poincare_conjecture", "smale_h_cobordism" ], "desc": "米尔诺发现七维球面上有不等价的光滑结构，拓扑流形与其光滑化从此分离。" }, { "id": "operating_system", "name": "操作系统", "nameEn": "Operating system", "wikiEn": "Operating system", "aliases": [ "操作系统软件", "作业控制系统", "OS" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "通用汽车—北美航空的 I/O 监视程序（GM-NAA I/O）为最早作业系统之一；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stored_program_computer", "assembler" ], "related": [ "batch_processing", "time_sharing", "unix", "os_360" ], "desc": "常驻机器管理作业调度、内存与外设的软件层，把硬件抽象成可编程资源。" }, { "id": "parity_violation", "name": "宇称不守恒", "nameEn": "Parity violation", "wikiEn": "Parity (physics)", "aliases": [ "宇称不守恒", "Parity violation", "弱相互作用宇称", "李杨假说" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fermi_beta_decay_theory", "electroweak_unification" ], "desc": "李政道杨振宁提出弱作用中宇称可不守恒，次年获实验证实。" }, { "id": "pontryagin_maximum_principle", "name": "庞特里亚金极大值原理", "nameEn": "Pontryagin's maximum principle", "wikiEn": "Pontryagin's maximum principle", "aliases": [ "庞特里亚金最大值原理", "极大值原理", "最优控制原理", "Pontryagin原理" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus_of_variations" ], "related": [ "apollo_11", "bellman_dynamic_programming", "hamilton_jacobi_bellman" ], "desc": "庞特里亚金学派给出连续控制系统最优的哈密顿量极大值必要条件。" }, { "id": "sapir_whorf_relativity", "name": "萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说", "nameEn": "Linguistic relativity", "wikiEn": "Linguistic relativity", "aliases": [ "语言相对论", "语言决定论", "Sapir-Whorf hypothesis", "语言塑造思维" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "chomsky_generative_grammar" ], "desc": "语言结构影响思维与认知方式，语言认知研究核心命题。" }, { "id": "solow_growth_model", "name": "索洛经济增长模型", "nameEn": "Solow–Swan model", "wikiEn": "Solow–Swan model", "aliases": [ "新古典增长模型", "索洛-斯旺模型", "外生增长理论", "Solow residual" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "keynes_general_theory" ], "related": [ "arrow_debreu_model", "becker_human_capital" ], "desc": "以资本劳动与技术进步解释长期增长，技术为核心残差。" }, { "id": "tat1_cable", "name": "TAT-1", "nameEn": "TAT-1", "wikiEn": "TAT-1", "aliases": [ "跨大西洋电话电缆", "TAT-1海底电缆", "Transatlantic No. 1" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telephone" ], "related": [ "communication_satellite", "microwave_relay" ], "desc": "1956年开通的首条跨大西洋电话海底电缆，可传36路话音。" }, { "id": "uranium_lead_dating", "name": "铀铅测年法", "nameEn": "Uranium-Lead Dating", "wikiEn": "Uranium-lead dating", "aliases": [ "U-Pb定年" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radiometric_dating" ], "related": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "desc": "以铀238→铅206与铀235→铅207两套时钟定地球最老岩石年龄" }, { "id": "video_tape_recorder", "name": "磁带录像机", "nameEn": "Video tape recorder", "wikiEn": "Video tape recorder", "aliases": [ "VTR", "Ampex VRX-1000", "Ampex Mark IV", "四磁头录像机" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "magnetic_tape", "compact_cassette" ], "desc": "Ampex 1956年发布VRX-1000，首台商用广播级磁带录像机。" }, { "id": "zippe_centrifuge", "name": "Zippe型离心机", "nameEn": "Zippe-type centrifuge", "wikiEn": "Zippe-type centrifuge", "aliases": [ "气体离心机", "离心法铀浓缩" ], "year": 1956, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "uranium_enrichment" ], "related": [], "desc": "Zippe1956年完善的离心浓缩机，后来成为铀浓缩主流。" }, { "id": "artificial_satellite", "name": "人造卫星", "nameEn": "Artificial satellite", "wikiEn": "Satellite", "aliases": [ "斯普特尼克一号", "Sputnik 1", "卫星一号", "史泼尼克" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "rocket_engine" ], "related": [ "icbm", "lunar_probe", "corona_satellite" ], "desc": "1957年斯普特尼克一号升空，太空时代拉开帷幕。" }, { "id": "autonomous_underwater_vehicle", "name": "自主水下航行器", "nameEn": "Autonomous underwater vehicle", "wikiEn": "Autonomous underwater vehicle", "aliases": [ "AUV", "无缆水下机器人" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1957年SPUR号首艘无缆自航鱼雷式载体；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "submarine" ], "related": [ "alvin_submersible", "sonar", "inertial_navigation" ], "desc": "无需缆绳按预置任务自主航行探测的水下机器人。" }, { "id": "azathioprine", "name": "硫唑嘌呤", "nameEn": "Azathioprine", "wikiEn": "Azathioprine", "aliases": [ "依木兰", "Imuran", "6-巯基嘌呤衍生物" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "grignard_reagent", "periodic_table" ], "related": [ "chromatography", "cortisone", "kidney_transplant" ], "desc": "希钦斯合成的免疫抑制剂，让移植器官长期存活。" }, { "id": "b2fh_nucleosynthesis", "name": "恒星核合成理论", "nameEn": "B2FH stellar nucleosynthesis", "wikiEn": "B2FH paper", "aliases": [ "B²FH", "恒星元素合成", "Burbidge-Fowler-Hoyle", "s过程r过程", "Stellar nucleosynthesis" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bethe_stellar_nucleosynthesis", "hubble_law" ], "related": [ "big_bang_nucleosynthesis" ], "desc": "B²FH论文阐明重元素在恒星内部逐级核合成。" }, { "id": "bcs_theory", "name": "BCS超导理论", "nameEn": "BCS theory", "wikiEn": "BCS theory", "aliases": [ "BCS理论", "BCS theory", "巴丁库珀施里弗理论", "库珀对" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "superconductivity_discovery" ], "related": [ "bose_einstein_condensate" ], "desc": "巴丁等以库珀对凝聚解释超导微观机制，首例量子宏观态。" }, { "id": "chomsky_generative_grammar", "name": "乔姆斯基生成语法", "nameEn": "Syntactic Structures", "wikiEn": "Syntactic Structures", "aliases": [ "句法结构", "转换生成语法", "普遍语法", "UG", "Chomskyan linguistics" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "panini_grammar", "skinner_operant_conditioning", "miller_magical_number_seven" ], "desc": "以形式规则刻画句法生成能力，提出语言习得先天机制。" }, { "id": "confocal_microscopy", "name": "共焦显微镜", "nameEn": "Confocal Microscopy", "wikiEn": "Confocal microscopy", "aliases": [ "激光扫描共焦", "共聚焦显微" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "microscope" ], "related": [ "electron_microscope", "laser", "green_fluorescent_protein" ], "desc": "针孔挡住焦外杂光，厚样品可切成清晰的光学薄层" }, { "id": "cpm_pert", "name": "关键路径法与计划评审", "nameEn": "Critical path method", "wikiEn": "Critical path method", "aliases": [ "关键路径法", "CPM", "计划评审技术", "PERT", "网络计划技术" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bellman_dynamic_programming", "ford_fulkerson_max_flow" ], "related": [ "operations_research" ], "desc": "CPM与PERT以活动网络计算关键路径与期望工期，率先用计算机管理工程。" }, { "id": "cubic_boron_nitride", "name": "立方氮化硼", "nameEn": "Cubic boron nitride", "wikiEn": "Cubic boron nitride", "aliases": [ "Borazon", "CBN" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "synthetic_diamond" ], "related": [], "desc": "Wentorf1957年合成，硬度仅次于金刚石的超级磨料。" }, { "id": "early_antidepressants", "name": "早期抗抑郁药", "nameEn": "Antidepressant", "wikiEn": "Antidepressant", "aliases": [ "丙咪嗪", "异丙烟肼", "Imipramine", "Iproniazid", "三环类", "单胺氧化酶抑制剂" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chlorpromazine", "mauveine", "wohler_urea_synthesis" ], "related": [ "chromatography", "lithium_therapy" ], "desc": "异丙烟肼与丙咪嗪1957年问世，开创药物抗抑郁。" }, { "id": "festinger_cognitive_dissonance", "name": "费斯廷格认知失调理论", "nameEn": "Cognitive dissonance", "wikiEn": "Cognitive dissonance", "aliases": [ "认知失调", "认知不协调", "Festinger", "态度改变理论" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "watson_behaviorism" ], "desc": "信念与行为冲突引发紧张并驱动态度调整，社会心理学支柱。" }, { "id": "fortran", "name": "FORTRAN", "nameEn": "Fortran", "wikiEn": "Fortran", "aliases": [ "Fortran", "FORTRAN语言", "公式翻译语言" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compiler" ], "related": [ "algol", "ibm_system_360", "petroleum_refinery" ], "desc": "IBM巴克斯团队1957年完成，首个广泛实用的高级编程语言。" }, { "id": "icbm", "name": "洲际弹道导弹", "nameEn": "Intercontinental ballistic missile", "wikiEn": "Intercontinental ballistic missile", "aliases": [ "R-7导弹", "谢苗尔卡", "Atlas导弹", "洲际导弹" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "v2_rocket_postwar", "nuclear_weapon" ], "related": [ "artificial_satellite", "saturn_v", "polaris_slbm" ], "desc": "苏联R-7于1957年试射成功，兼作斯普特尼克载具。" }, { "id": "k_theory", "name": "K理论", "nameEn": "K-theory", "wikiEn": "K-theory", "aliases": [ "拓扑K理论", "代数K理论", "格罗滕迪克群", "Atiyah-Hirzebruch K理论" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "characteristic_classes" ], "related": [ "chern_classes", "spectral_sequence", "thom_cobordism" ], "desc": "格罗滕迪克由向量丛构造K群，阿蒂亚等建成拓扑K理论，后入指标定理与物理。" }, { "id": "metformin", "name": "二甲双胍", "nameEn": "Metformin", "wikiEn": "Metformin", "aliases": [ "双胍类降糖药", "甲福明" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wohler_urea_synthesis", "insulin" ], "related": [ "sulfa_drugs", "cortisone", "aspirin" ], "desc": "双胍类抑制糖异生而不依赖胰岛，成为二型糖尿病一线药" }, { "id": "supercritical_steam_boiler", "name": "超临界直流锅炉", "nameEn": "Supercritical Steam Generator", "wikiEn": "Supercritical steam generator", "aliases": [ "超临界参数机组", "直流锅炉" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steam_turbine", "coal_fired_power_station", "high_pressure_steam_engine" ], "related": [ "combined_cycle_power_plant", "second_law_thermodynamics", "stainless_steel" ], "desc": "汽包取消、水一次通过管排升至超临界压力，火电效率跨过两位数百分点" }, { "id": "thyristor", "name": "晶闸管", "nameEn": "Thyristor", "wikiEn": "Thyristor", "aliases": [ "可控硅", "SCR", "硅可控整流器" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "silicon_transistor" ], "related": [ "electricity_generation" ], "desc": "1957年通用电气推出可控硅整流器，大功率电力电子开关。" }, { "id": "tunnel_diode", "name": "隧道二极管", "nameEn": "Tunnel diode", "wikiEn": "Tunnel diode", "aliases": [ "江崎二极管", "Esaki diode" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "transistor" ], "related": [ "germanium_metal" ], "desc": "江崎玲于奈1957年发现隧穿负阻效应的半导体二极管。" }, { "id": "vsepr_theory", "name": "价层电子对互斥理论", "nameEn": "VSEPR theory", "wikiEn": "VSEPR theory", "aliases": [ "VSEPR模型", "电子对互斥模型" ], "year": 1957, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "西奇威克1940年初创，吉尔斯比1957年定型为通用模型；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lewis_covalent_octet" ], "related": [ "mulliken_molecular_orbital", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "desc": "以电子对相互排斥排布预测分子几何构型的简易模型。" }, { "id": "blackman_tukey_spectral", "name": "布莱克曼-图基谱估计", "nameEn": "Spectral density", "wikiEn": "Spectral density", "aliases": [ "功率谱估计", "图基谱分析", "Blackman-Tukey谱", "频域时序分析" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wiener_khinchin_theorem", "schuster_periodogram" ], "related": [ "wold_arma_model", "wiener_filter" ], "desc": "布莱克曼与图基给出由自相关加窗估计功率谱的实用方法，引爆谱分析。" }, { "id": "carbon_fiber", "name": "碳纤维", "nameEn": "Carbon fibers", "wikiEn": "Carbon fibers", "aliases": [ "石墨纤维", "碳纤维增强复合材料" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "kevlar", "fiberglass" ], "desc": "Bacon1958年制出碳纤维，轻质高强的增强复合材料。" }, { "id": "cardiac_pacemaker", "name": "植入式心脏起搏器", "nameEn": "Artificial cardiac pacemaker", "wikiEn": "Pacemaker", "aliases": [ "心脏起搏器", "Senning-Elmqvist起搏器", "Greatbatch" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "transistor" ], "related": [ "defibrillator" ], "desc": "1958年首例植入人体，晶体管化后挽救大量心律患者。" }, { "id": "central_dogma", "name": "分子生物学中心法则", "nameEn": "Central dogma of molecular biology", "wikiEn": "Central dogma of molecular biology", "aliases": [ "中心法则", "Crick central dogma", "DNA-RNA-蛋白质", "遗传信息流向" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dna_double_helix", "information_theory", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "genetic_code", "jacob_monod_operon", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "desc": "遗传信息由DNA经RNA流向蛋白质，划定分子生物学总纲。" }, { "id": "flight_recorder", "name": "飞行记录仪", "nameEn": "Flight recorder", "wikiEn": "Flight recorder", "aliases": [ "黑匣子", "Black box", "沃伦记录仪" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "magnetic_tape_recorder", "wire_recorder" ], "related": [ "airplane", "jet_engine", "phonograph", "wire_recorder" ], "desc": "沃伦发明声音与数据一体记录器，用于空难调查。" }, { "id": "gamma_camera", "name": "伽马相机", "nameEn": "Gamma camera", "wikiEn": "Gamma camera", "aliases": [ "Anger相机", "闪烁照相机", "同位素扫描仪" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "positron_imaging", "radioimmunoassay" ], "desc": "安杰发明一次成像，显示体内同位素分布。" }, { "id": "gomory_cutting_planes", "name": "戈莫里割平面法", "nameEn": "Cutting-plane method", "wikiEn": "Cutting-plane method", "aliases": [ "割平面法", "Gomory割平面", "整数规划割平面", "Gomory cut" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "simplex_method" ], "related": [ "land_doig_branch_bound", "lemke_dual_simplex" ], "desc": "戈莫里通过逐次添加线性割面逼近整数最优解，开创整数规划算法。" }, { "id": "integrated_circuit", "name": "集成电路", "nameEn": "Integrated circuit", "wikiEn": "Integrated circuit", "aliases": [ "芯片", "IC", "集成电路芯片", "微芯片" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "transistor", "silicon_transistor" ], "related": [ "mosfet", "printed_circuit_board" ], "desc": "1958年基尔比发明，将多个器件集成于一块半导体晶片。" }, { "id": "kaplan_meier_estimator", "name": "卡普兰-迈耶估计", "nameEn": "Kaplan–Meier estimator", "wikiEn": "Kaplan–Meier estimator", "aliases": [ "卡普兰-迈耶估计", "乘积极限估计", "KM曲线", "删失生存估计" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "graunt_life_table", "chi_squared_test" ], "related": [ "cox_proportional_hazards", "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "desc": "卡普兰与迈耶给出删失数据下的乘积极限生存曲线，成医学随访分析标准。" }, { "id": "keeling_curve", "name": "基林曲线", "nameEn": "Keeling curve", "wikiEn": "Keeling curve", "aliases": [ "二氧化碳浓度曲线" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1958年莫纳罗亚站开始连续观测", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "greenhouse_effect" ], "related": [ "anthropocene_concept", "ozone_depletion" ], "desc": "CO2浓度逐年爬升与季节脉动的半世纪记录，变暖铁证。" }, { "id": "lego_brick", "name": "积木", "nameEn": "Lego", "wikiEn": "Lego", "aliases": [ "乐高", "互锁塑料积木" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "管状底互锁结构 1958 年取得专利，尺寸公差标准化；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bakelite", "assembly_line" ], "related": [ "toy", "puzzle", "teddy_bear" ], "desc": "以凸点与管脚互锁的标准塑料积木，把开放搭建变成可量化的玩具系统。" }, { "id": "lisp", "name": "LISP", "nameEn": "Lisp (programming language)", "wikiEn": "Lisp (programming language)", "aliases": [ "Lisp", "表处理语言", "LISt Processing" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compiler" ], "related": [ "artificial_intelligence", "algol" ], "desc": "麦卡锡1958年创制的表处理语言，长期作为人工智能研究主力语言。" }, { "id": "meselson_stahl_experiment", "name": "梅塞尔森-斯塔尔实验", "nameEn": "Meselson-Stahl experiment", "wikiEn": "Meselson–Stahl experiment", "aliases": [ "最美丽的实验", "半保留复制证明" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dna_double_helix", "isotope_tracer" ], "related": [ "central_dogma", "pcr" ], "desc": "氮同位素密度梯度标记，证明DNA以半保留方式复制。" }, { "id": "modem", "name": "调制解调器", "nameEn": "Modem", "wikiEn": "Modem", "aliases": [ "Bell 101", "Bell 103", "猫" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "telephone" ], "related": [ "arpanet", "nike_sam", "sage_system", "teletype_model_33" ], "desc": "1958年为SAGE防空系统量产，使数字数据可经模拟电话线远传。" }, { "id": "mossbauer_effect", "name": "穆斯堡尔效应", "nameEn": "Mössbauer Effect", "wikiEn": "Mössbauer effect", "aliases": [ "无反冲核共振" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rutherford_nuclear_model" ], "related": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "desc": "晶格束缚核素无反冲发射吸收伽马射线，据此精确分析反应堆材料辐照损伤" }, { "id": "new_austrian_tunneling_method", "name": "新奥法隧道", "nameEn": "New Austrian tunnelling method", "wikiEn": "New Austrian tunneling method", "aliases": [ "钻爆喷锚法", "岩石承载法" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1950 年代后期由奥地利学者系统化并命名，取约值", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dynamite", "reinforced_concrete", "tunnelling_shield", "surveying" ], "related": [ "tunnel_boring_machine", "channel_tunnel", "arch" ], "desc": "让围岩自身参与承载，随挖随喷锚并以量测控制收敛。" }, { "id": "perceptron", "name": "感知器", "nameEn": "Perceptron", "wikiEn": "Perceptron", "aliases": [ "感知机", "Mark I Perceptron", "罗森布拉特感知器" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "artificial_intelligence", "cybernetics" ], "desc": "罗森布拉特1958年发表的可学习神经网络模型，连接主义先声。" }, { "id": "photolithography", "name": "光刻", "nameEn": "Photolithography", "wikiEn": "Photolithography", "aliases": [ "光刻技术", "光学曝光" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "planar_process", "photoresist" ], "desc": "1958年用光照把图形转移到晶圆光刻胶上，芯片制造核心工艺。" }, { "id": "qr_decomposition", "name": "QR分解", "nameEn": "QR decomposition", "wikiEn": "QR decomposition", "aliases": [ "QR因子分解", "正交三角分解", "Householder QR", "QR factorization" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lu_decomposition" ], "related": [ "qr_algorithm", "cholesky_decomposition", "gauss_least_squares" ], "desc": "豪斯霍尔德1958年反射法促成的正交三角分解，是最小二乘与特征值算法基本模块。" }, { "id": "sage_system", "name": "赛奇防空指挥系统", "nameEn": "SAGE", "wikiEn": "Semi-Automatic Ground Environment", "aliases": [ "SAGE", "半自动地面防空系统", "AN/FSQ-7" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "whirlwind", "magnetic_core_memory" ], "related": [ "modem", "packet_switching", "arpanet" ], "desc": "1958年部署的北美防空实时计算机网络，现代联机系统先驱。" }, { "id": "solar_wind", "name": "太阳风", "nameEn": "Solar wind", "wikiEn": "Solar wind", "aliases": [ "帕克太阳风" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "帕克1958年理论预言，1962年水手2号实测；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ionosphere" ], "related": [ "aurora_theory", "artificial_satellite" ], "desc": "日冕持续外溢的超声速等离子体流，塑造行星磁层与空间天气。" }, { "id": "technetium_nuclear_imaging", "name": "锝-99m核素显像", "nameEn": "Technetium-99m Imaging", "wikiEn": "Technetium-99m", "aliases": [ "放射性核素显像", "锝标记" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gamma_camera", "nuclear_reactor", "soddy_isotopes" ], "related": [ "pet_scanner", "radioimmunoassay", "x_ray" ], "desc": "反应堆副产的短寿命核素作示踪剂，脏器功能可无创成像" }, { "id": "tokamak", "name": "托卡马克", "nameEn": "Tokamak", "wikiEn": "Tokamak", "aliases": [ "环流器", "T-1托卡马克" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "stellarator" ], "desc": "1958年苏联T-1建成，用环形磁场约束聚变等离子体。" }, { "id": "ultrasound_imaging", "name": "超声成像", "nameEn": "Medical ultrasound", "wikiEn": "Medical ultrasound", "aliases": [ "B超", "超声波诊断", "Ian Donald超声" ], "year": 1958, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "piezoelectricity", "pzt_ceramic", "sonar" ], "related": [ "digital_signal_processor", "gamma_camera", "radar" ], "desc": "伊恩·唐纳德1958年用于妇产检查，无创影像新支柱。" }, { "id": "alkaline_battery", "name": "碱性电池", "nameEn": "Alkaline battery", "wikiEn": "Alkaline battery", "aliases": [ "碱性干电池", "Eveready碱性电池" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nicad_battery" ], "desc": "Urry发明，1959年商品化，高容量一次性干电池。" }, { "id": "bch_code", "name": "BCH码", "nameEn": "BCH code", "wikiEn": "BCH code", "aliases": [ "BCH编码", "Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem", "博斯乔杜里码", "可设计循环码" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hamming_code" ], "related": [ "reed_solomon_code", "reed_muller_code", "singleton_bound" ], "desc": "霍克翰姆1959年、博斯等1960年提出的可设计纠错能力的循环码。" }, { "id": "breadth_first_search", "name": "广度优先搜索", "nameEn": "Breadth-first search", "wikiEn": "Breadth-first search", "aliases": [ "BFS", "宽度优先搜索", "层次遍历" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "爱德华·摩尔1959年在序列问题研究中给出", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algorithm", "data_structure" ], "related": [ "depth_first_search", "astar_search", "dijkstra_algorithm", "social_networking_service" ], "desc": "自起点按层向外扩展的图搜索，可求无权最短路，也是社交关系与爬虫遍历的基础。" }, { "id": "cobol", "name": "COBOL", "nameEn": "COBOL", "wikiEn": "COBOL", "aliases": [ "COBOL语言", "面向商业的通用语言" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compiler" ], "related": [ "bank", "fortran", "univac_i" ], "desc": "1959年CODASYL推出的商业数据处理语言，霍珀奠定其基础。" }, { "id": "davidon_quasi_newton", "name": "拟牛顿法DFP与BFGS", "nameEn": "Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm", "wikiEn": "Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm", "aliases": [ "拟牛顿法", "DFP算法", "BFGS算法", "变尺度法" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cauchy_gradient_descent", "newton_iterative_method" ], "related": [ "hestenes_stiefel_conjugate_gradient", "shor_subgradient_method" ], "desc": "戴维登1959年创变尺度法，弗莱彻-鲍威尔与1970年BFGS完善之。" }, { "id": "drip_irrigation", "name": "滴灌", "nameEn": "Drip irrigation", "wikiEn": "Drip irrigation", "aliases": [ "滴灌法" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "布拉斯的现代滴灌系统50年代末在以色列定型", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "irrigation" ], "related": [ "qanat", "greenhouse", "precision_agriculture" ], "desc": "管道逐滴湿润根区，旱地用水效率较漫灌倍增。" }, { "id": "float_glass", "name": "浮法玻璃", "nameEn": "Float glass", "wikiEn": "Float glass", "aliases": [ "皮尔金顿浮法", "锡槽成型玻璃" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pyroceram" ], "desc": "1959年皮尔金顿公布，在熔融锡槽上漂浮成型平板玻璃。" }, { "id": "fuel_cell", "name": "燃料电池", "nameEn": "Fuel cell", "wikiEn": "Fuel cell", "aliases": [ "氢氧燃料电池", "培根燃料电池" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rtg" ], "desc": "培根1959年演示5千瓦氢氧燃料电池，后用于阿波罗飞船。" }, { "id": "godunov_scheme", "name": "戈杜诺夫格式", "nameEn": "Godunov's scheme", "wikiEn": "Godunov's scheme", "aliases": [ "Godunov法", "Godunov scheme", "黎曼解法器格式", "精确黎曼求解格式" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "upwind_scheme" ], "related": [ "finite_volume_method", "lax_wendroff_method" ], "desc": "戈杜诺夫1959年用分段常数与精确黎曼解构造的守恒律格式，是现代激波捕捉法源头。" }, { "id": "hoare_quicksort", "name": "快速排序", "nameEn": "Quicksort", "wikiEn": "Quicksort", "aliases": [ "霍尔排序", "分区交换排序", "Hoare quicksort", "Quick sort", "快排" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "merge_sort", "algorithm" ], "related": [ "binary_search", "karatsuba_multiplication" ], "desc": "霍尔以基准元素分区递归排序，平均O(n log n)，原地高效且应用极广。" }, { "id": "hovercraft", "name": "气垫船", "nameEn": "Hovercraft", "wikiEn": "Hovercraft", "aliases": [ "SR.N1", "科克雷尔", "Cockerell", "腾空船" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "early_hovercraft" ], "related": [ "gas_turbine", "hydrofoil", "turbofan" ], "desc": "科克雷尔设计SR.N1，1959年首渡英吉利海峡。" }, { "id": "integrated_pest_management", "name": "害虫综合治理", "nameEn": "Integrated pest management", "wikiEn": "Integrated pest management", "aliases": [ "综合防治", "IPM", "Integrated control" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ddt" ], "related": [], "desc": "斯特恩等1959年提出综合防治，减少农药兼顾生态。" }, { "id": "ivf_mammal", "name": "哺乳动物体外受精", "nameEn": "In vitro fertilisation", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "IVF", "In vitro fertilisation", "体外受精", "张明觉兔IVF", "试管婴儿动物实验" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cell_culture", "microscope", "steam_digester" ], "related": [ "glassmaking", "oral_contraceptive", "refrigeration" ], "desc": "张明觉1959年首次实现兔子体外受精，试管婴儿先声。" }, { "id": "lunar_probe", "name": "月球探测器", "nameEn": "Luna programme", "wikiEn": "Luna programme", "aliases": [ "月球号系列", "Luna 2", "Luna 3", "Ranger", "Surveyor" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "apollo_11", "lunokhod" ], "desc": "1959年月球号撞击月面，并首次拍回月球背面照片。" }, { "id": "mosfet", "name": "MOSFET", "nameEn": "MOSFET", "wikiEn": "MOSFET", "aliases": [ "金属氧化物半导体场效应管", "金氧半场效晶体管", "MOS晶体管" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "silicon_transistor" ], "related": [ "cmos", "planar_process", "integrated_circuit" ], "desc": "1959年阿塔拉与姜大元发明，史上产量最大的电子器件。" }, { "id": "newmark_beta_method", "name": "Newmark-β法", "nameEn": "Newmark-beta method", "wikiEn": "Newmark-beta method", "aliases": [ "纽马克法", "Newmark法", "Newmark beta", "结构动力积分法" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "verlet_leapfrog" ], "related": [ "finite_element_method", "symplectic_integrator" ], "desc": "纽马克1959年提出的结构动力学时间积分参数族，含无条件稳定格式，为抗震标准。" }, { "id": "planar_process", "name": "平面工艺", "nameEn": "Planar process", "wikiEn": "Planar process", "aliases": [ "平面技术", "氧化层钝化工艺", "Planar technology" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "silicon_transistor", "photolithography" ], "related": [ "integrated_circuit", "mosfet" ], "desc": "赫尔尼1959年提出二氧化硅钝化工艺，使硅器件可批量制造。" }, { "id": "semiconductor_device_fabrication", "name": "半导体器件制造工艺", "nameEn": "Semiconductor device fabrication", "wikiEn": "Semiconductor device fabrication", "aliases": [ "Wafer fabrication", "芯片制造", "Front-end process" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以1959年平面工艺确立为起点；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "silicon_transistor", "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "photolithography", "wafer_electronics", "microprocessor" ], "desc": "在硅片上成膜、光刻、掺杂并图形化的整套制芯流程。" }, { "id": "spandex", "name": "氨纶", "nameEn": "Spandex", "wikiEn": "Spandex", "aliases": [ "莱卡", "Lycra", "聚氨酯弹性纤维" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "polyurethane" ], "desc": "1959年杜邦Shivers发明聚氨酯弹性纤维莱卡。" }, { "id": "three_point_seatbelt", "name": "三点式安全带", "nameEn": "Three-point seat belt", "wikiEn": "Seat belt", "aliases": [ "V型安全带", "Nils Bohlin", "沃尔沃安全带" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "automobile" ], "related": [], "desc": "博林设计1959年装备沃尔沃，救人最多的汽车装置。" }, { "id": "xerox_914", "name": "施乐914复印机", "nameEn": "Xerox 914", "wikiEn": "Xerox 914", "aliases": [ "施乐914", "Xerox 914 plain paper copier", "静电复印机" ], "year": 1959, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "phototypesetting", "word_processor" ], "desc": "1959年上市的首台成功商用普通纸复印机，引爆办公复印革命。" }, { "id": "algebraic_riccati_equation", "name": "代数里卡蒂方程", "nameEn": "Algebraic Riccati equation", "wikiEn": "Algebraic Riccati equation", "aliases": [ "代数黎卡提方程", "定常Riccati方程", "ARE" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "analytic_function_of_matrix" ], "related": [ "kalman_filter" ], "desc": "最优控制中出现的定常二次矩阵方程，其正定稳定解是卡尔曼滤波与LQG核心。" }, { "id": "algol", "name": "ALGOL", "nameEn": "ALGOL", "wikiEn": "ALGOL", "aliases": [ "ALGOL 60", "ALGOL 58", "算法语言" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compiler", "fortran" ], "related": [ "basic", "lisp" ], "desc": "1960年定型的结构化命令式语言，巴科斯范式与后世语法之源。" }, { "id": "artificial_heart_valve", "name": "人工心脏瓣膜", "nameEn": "Artificial heart valve", "wikiEn": "Artificial heart valve", "aliases": [ "Starr-Edwards球笼瓣", "Hufnagel瓣", "斯塔尔瓣" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "heart_lung_machine", "ptfe", "silicone", "stainless_steel" ], "related": [ "heart_transplant", "nitinol_medical", "polyurethane" ], "desc": "斯塔尔-爱德华兹球笼瓣1960年植入，瓣膜外科起步。" }, { "id": "backward_error_analysis", "name": "向后误差分析", "nameEn": "Backward error analysis", "wikiEn": "Error analysis (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "后向误差分析", "反向误差分析", "Wilkinson分析", "backward error" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "floating_point_arithmetic", "condition_number" ], "related": [ "qr_algorithm" ], "desc": "威尔金森1960年前后建立：把舍入结果解释为微扰后精确问题的解。" }, { "id": "benzodiazepine", "name": "苯二氮䓬类", "nameEn": "Benzodiazepine", "wikiEn": "Benzodiazepine", "aliases": [ "利眠宁", "安定", "地西泮", "Librium", "Valium", "Diazepam" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "grignard_reagent", "wohler_urea_synthesis" ], "related": [ "chlorpromazine", "mass_spectrometry", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "desc": "利眠宁1960、安定1963上市，主流镇静安眠药。" }, { "id": "clenshaw_curtis_quadrature", "name": "Clenshaw-Curtis求积", "nameEn": "Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature", "wikiEn": "Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature", "aliases": [ "CC求积", "Clenshaw-Curtis法", "切比雪夫积分", "克伦肖柯蒂斯求积" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chebyshev_polynomials" ], "related": [ "gaussian_quadrature", "adaptive_quadrature" ], "desc": "克伦肖与柯蒂斯1960年以切比雪夫系数积分，节点嵌套，实际收敛媲美高斯求积。" }, { "id": "coase_theorem", "name": "科斯定理与交易成本", "nameEn": "Coase theorem", "wikiEn": "Coase theorem", "aliases": [ "社会成本问题", "交易成本理论", "Coase theorem", "产权理论" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "marshall_neoclassical_economics" ], "desc": "交易成本为零时产权初始配置不影响效率，开创法经济学。" }, { "id": "cold_chain", "name": "冷链", "nameEn": "Cold chain", "wikiEn": "Cold chain", "aliases": [ "低温物流", "冷链体系" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "制冷、冷藏运输与终端冷链成体系于20世纪中叶", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "refrigeration", "refrigerated_transport" ], "related": [ "frozen_food", "canning_industrialization", "pasteurized_milk" ], "desc": "从产地到餐桌不断低温的易腐品运配体系。" }, { "id": "corona_satellite", "name": "科罗纳侦察卫星", "nameEn": "CORONA satellite", "wikiEn": "CORONA (satellite)", "aliases": [ "Discoverer计划", "返回式卫星", "胶片回收间谍卫星", "日冕计划" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite", "blunt_body_heat_shield" ], "related": [ "tiros_satellite" ], "desc": "1960年回收首筒太空胶片，首颗返回式侦察卫星。" }, { "id": "cpr", "name": "心肺复苏", "nameEn": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation", "wikiEn": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation", "aliases": [ "CPR", "胸外心脏按压", "口对口人工呼吸" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "defibrillator", "injection_moulding", "mechanical_ventilator", "polyethylene" ], "desc": "胸外按压配合人工呼吸，1960年形成现代CPR流程。" }, { "id": "epitaxy", "name": "外延生长", "nameEn": "Epitaxy", "wikiEn": "Epitaxy", "aliases": [ "外延工艺", "外延层" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "silicon_transistor" ], "related": [ "integrated_circuit", "planar_process" ], "desc": "1960年起在单晶衬底上生长同质薄层，显著提升器件性能。" }, { "id": "graph_homomorphism", "name": "图同态", "nameEn": "Graph homomorphism", "wikiEn": "Graph homomorphism", "aliases": [ "图同态映射", "图结构保持映射", "Graph morphism" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "endomorphism", "seven_bridges_graph_theory", "category_mathematics" ], "desc": "保持相邻关系的图间映射，统一图着色概念，并联系约束满足问题与范畴论。" }, { "id": "he_ne_laser", "name": "氦氖激光器", "nameEn": "Helium–neon laser", "wikiEn": "Helium–neon laser", "aliases": [ "He-Ne激光", "氦氖气体激光" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "maser" ], "related": [ "laser", "ruby_laser" ], "desc": "Javan1960年制成氦氖激光器，首台连续输出气体激光器。" }, { "id": "kalman_filter", "name": "卡尔曼滤波", "nameEn": "Kalman filter", "wikiEn": "Kalman filter", "aliases": [ "卡尔曼滤波器", "线性二次估计", "Kalman filtering", "LQE" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_normal_error_theory", "laplace_transform" ], "related": [ "bayes_theorem", "monte_carlo_method", "autopilot" ], "desc": "卡尔曼发表递归状态估计器，融合含噪观测做最优预测，制导导航与控制不可或缺。" }, { "id": "kalman_lqr", "name": "线性二次调节器", "nameEn": "Linear–quadratic regulator", "wikiEn": "Linear–quadratic regulator", "aliases": [ "LQR", "线性二次型调节器", "卡尔曼最优控制", "LQG控制" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pontryagin_maximum_principle", "kalman_filter" ], "related": [ "hamilton_jacobi_bellman" ], "desc": "卡尔曼导出二次代价线性系统的最优状态反馈，与滤波合成LQG体系。" }, { "id": "karatsuba_multiplication", "name": "卡拉楚巴快速乘法", "nameEn": "Karatsuba algorithm", "wikiEn": "Karatsuba algorithm", "aliases": [ "Karatsuba算法", "快速乘法", "分治乘法", "Karatsuba multiplication" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algorithm" ], "related": [ "cooley_tukey_fft", "merge_sort" ], "desc": "卡拉楚巴以分治把大数乘法降到亚二次复杂度，首次突破乘法的直觉运算量界限。" }, { "id": "land_doig_branch_bound", "name": "兰德-多伊格分支定界", "nameEn": "Branch and bound", "wikiEn": "Branch and bound", "aliases": [ "分支定界法", "分支限界", "Land-Doig算法", "整数规划枚举" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gomory_cutting_planes", "simplex_method" ], "related": [ "ford_fulkerson_max_flow" ], "desc": "兰德与多伊格以分支、松弛、定界隐式枚举整数解，成组合优化框架。" }, { "id": "laser", "name": "激光", "nameEn": "Laser", "wikiEn": "Laser", "aliases": [ "激光器", "镭射", "红宝石激光器" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "maser" ], "related": [ "laser_diode", "ruby_laser", "stimulated_emission_theory" ], "desc": "1960年梅曼制成首台红宝石激光器，受激辐射相干光。" }, { "id": "lax_wendroff_method", "name": "Lax-Wendroff法", "nameEn": "Lax–Wendroff method", "wikiEn": "Lax–Wendroff method", "aliases": [ "拉克斯温德罗夫格式", "LW格式", "Lax-Wendroff scheme", "二阶显式双曲格式" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "upwind_scheme" ], "related": [ "godunov_scheme", "finite_volume_method", "cfl_condition" ], "desc": "拉克斯与温德罗夫1960年提出的二阶精度显式双曲格式，是高阶激波捕捉格式的起点。" }, { "id": "magnetic_stripe_card", "name": "磁条卡", "nameEn": "Magnetic stripe card", "wikiEn": "Magnetic stripe card", "aliases": [ "磁条信用卡", "magstripe", "磁条卡片" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "magnetic_tape" ], "related": [ "barcode", "atm", "smart_card" ], "desc": "IBM1960年把磁条固定到塑料卡片上，用于身份与支付数据读取。" }, { "id": "microsurgery", "name": "显微外科", "nameEn": "Microsurgery", "wikiEn": "Microsurgery", "aliases": [ "微血管吻合", "断肢再植", "Jacobson显微外科" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "operating_microscope", "precision_grinding", "stainless_steel" ], "related": [ "fiber_optics_comm", "kidney_transplant", "nylon" ], "desc": "手术显微镜下吻合微血管，催生断指再植外科。" }, { "id": "oral_contraceptive", "name": "口服避孕药", "nameEn": "Combined oral contraceptive pill", "wikiEn": "Combined oral contraceptive pill", "aliases": [ "避孕丸", "Enovid", "异炔诺酮-美尔夫伦", "The Pill" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diels_alder_reaction", "fermentation", "steroid" ], "related": [ "iud", "mass_spectrometry", "transition_state_theory" ], "desc": "1960年FDA批准Enovid，掀起性与社会变革。" }, { "id": "paralympic_games", "name": "残疾人奥林匹克运动会", "nameEn": "Paralympic Games", "wikiEn": "Paralympic Games", "aliases": [], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "溯1948曼德维尔运动会，1960罗马为首届残奥会", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "modern_olympic_games" ], "related": [ "ancient_olympic_games" ], "desc": "退役伤兵轮椅射箭赛扩为与奥运同城举办的全球残运体系。" }, { "id": "polaris_slbm", "name": "北极星潜射弹道导弹", "nameEn": "UGM-27 Polaris", "wikiEn": "UGM-27 Polaris", "aliases": [ "UGM-27", "Polaris", "潜射导弹", "SLBM" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "icbm", "nuclear_submarine" ], "related": [ "nuclear_aircraft_carrier" ], "desc": "1960年水下发射成功，海基核威慑由此成型。" }, { "id": "radioimmunoassay", "name": "放射免疫分析", "nameEn": "Radioimmunoassay", "wikiEn": "Radioimmunoassay", "aliases": [ "RIA", "放射免疫测定", "Yalow法" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "gamma_camera" ], "desc": "耶洛创立超微量激素检测，灵敏度达十亿分之一。" }, { "id": "reed_solomon_code", "name": "里德-所罗门码", "nameEn": "Reed–Solomon error correction", "wikiEn": "Reed–Solomon error correction", "aliases": [ "RS码", "里德所罗门派", "Reed-Solomon code", "非二元BCH码" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bch_code" ], "related": [ "convolutional_code", "curiosity_rover", "ldpc_code", "singleton_bound" ], "desc": "里德与所罗门1960年提出的非二元码，擅纠突发错误，用于CD、二维码与深空通信。" }, { "id": "ruby_laser", "name": "红宝石激光器", "nameEn": "Ruby laser", "wikiEn": "Ruby laser", "aliases": [ "红宝石激光" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "maser" ], "related": [ "laser", "he_ne_laser" ], "desc": "1960年梅曼以红宝石为工作介质实现人类首束激光。" }, { "id": "smale_h_cobordism", "name": "斯梅尔h配边与高维庞加莱", "nameEn": "H-cobordism", "wikiEn": "H-cobordism", "aliases": [ "h协边定理", "高维庞加莱猜想", "斯梅尔翻转", "Smale theorem" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "milnor_exotic_spheres" ], "related": [ "thom_cobordism", "perelman_poincare_conjecture", "freedman_four_manifold" ], "desc": "斯梅尔证明五维以上单连通配边平凡则两端微分同胚，推出高维庞加莱猜想。" }, { "id": "smale_horseshoe", "name": "斯梅尔马蹄", "nameEn": "Horseshoe map", "wikiEn": "Horseshoe map", "aliases": [ "斯梅尔马蹄映射", "符号动力系统", "双曲不变集", "Smale horseshoe" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "poincare_three_body_problem" ], "related": [ "anosov_diffeomorphism", "kam_theorem", "lorenz_chaos" ], "desc": "斯梅尔以折叠拉伸的马蹄映射构造结构稳定却含混沌轨道的不变集，成为混沌的几何范式。" }, { "id": "tiros_satellite", "name": "泰罗斯气象卫星", "nameEn": "TIROS-1", "wikiEn": "TIROS-1", "aliases": [ "TIROS-1", "泰罗斯一号", "首颗气象卫星" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "corona_satellite", "transit_navsat" ], "desc": "1960年首颗电视气象卫星，开启太空对地观测。" }, { "id": "transit_navsat", "name": "子午仪导航卫星", "nameEn": "Transit satellite navigation system", "wikiEn": "Transit (satellite navigation system)", "aliases": [ "Transit", "海军导航卫星系统", "GPS前身" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite", "inertial_navigation" ], "related": [ "polaris_slbm" ], "desc": "多普勒定位为北极星潜艇导航，卫星导航的鼻祖。" }, { "id": "trieste_bathyscaphe", "name": "的里雅斯特号", "nameEn": "Trieste (bathyscaphe)", "wikiEn": "Trieste (bathyscaphe)", "aliases": [ "Trieste", "特里亚斯特号", "挑战者深渊潜水" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bathyscaphe" ], "related": [ "alvin_submersible" ], "desc": "1960年载两人下潜马里亚纳海沟，深度逾万米。" }, { "id": "wafer_electronics", "name": "硅晶圆", "nameEn": "Wafer (electronics)", "wikiEn": "Wafer (electronics)", "aliases": [ "Wafer", "晶圆", "硅片" ], "year": 1960, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1950年代末单晶硅锭与圆片成为量产基底", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "czochralski_process", "zone_refining" ], "related": [ "silicon_transistor", "photolithography", "epitaxy" ], "desc": "单晶锭切片抛磨成的圆片，芯片制造的通用基底。" }, { "id": "citation_index", "name": "引文索引", "nameEn": "Citation Index", "wikiEn": "Citation index", "aliases": [ "科学引文索引", "SCI" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "scientific_journal", "card_catalog" ], "related": [ "peer_review", "search_engine", "doi" ], "desc": "按被引文献反向排检，一篇论文的影响与谱系可被追溯" }, { "id": "cyclic_redundancy_check", "name": "循环冗余校验", "nameEn": "Cyclic redundancy check", "wikiEn": "Cyclic redundancy check", "aliases": [ "CRC", "CRC 校验", "循环冗余码" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "彼得森1961年以循环码构造数据校验方法；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hamming_code" ], "related": [ "ethernet", "compact_disc", "reed_solomon_code" ], "desc": "把数据视为多项式取模得到短校验码，网络帧与磁盘块借此发现传输错误。" }, { "id": "disposable_diaper", "name": "一次性尿布", "nameEn": "Disposable diaper", "wikiEn": "Disposable diaper", "aliases": [ "尿不湿", "纸尿布" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "商品化纸尿布于二十年代六十年代初推出市场", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "nylon", "sanitary_napkin" ], "related": [ "washing_machine", "biodegradable_plastic", "toilet" ], "desc": "以高吸水纤维一次性使用的婴儿尿裤，把排泄护理从洗涤转为丢弃。" }, { "id": "dwarf_wheat", "name": "矮秆小麦", "nameEn": "Norin 10 dwarf wheat", "wikiEn": "Norin 10 wheat", "aliases": [ "农林10号", "半矮秆小麦", "博洛格小麦" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "agriculture", "wheat" ], "related": [ "green_revolution" ], "desc": "借日本农林10号矮秆基因育出抗倒伏高产品种。" }, { "id": "electronic_calculator", "name": "电子计算器", "nameEn": "Electronic calculator", "wikiEn": "Calculator", "aliases": [ "ANITA", "袖珍计算器", "Programma 101", "Canon Pocketronic" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "transistor" ], "related": [ "transistor_computer" ], "desc": "ANITA 1961年成为首台全电子桌面计算器，袖珍机70年代初问世。" }, { "id": "file_system", "name": "文件系统", "nameEn": "File system", "wikiEn": "File system", "aliases": [ "文件管理", "FS", "file management system" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "MIT 的 CTSS 首次把磁盘数据组织为用户可命名的文件；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hard_disk", "magnetic_tape" ], "related": [ "virtual_memory", "unix", "relational_database", "b_tree" ], "desc": "把外存划成命名的目录与文件并管理空闲空间，是操作系统向应用提供的存储抽象。" }, { "id": "genetic_code", "name": "遗传密码", "nameEn": "Genetic code", "wikiEn": "Genetic code", "aliases": [ "密码子", "三联体密码", "Codon" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dna_double_helix", "information_theory", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "electronic_computer", "messenger_rna" ], "desc": "尼伦伯格1961年破译首个密码子，1966年编成全表。" }, { "id": "industrial_robot", "name": "工业机器人", "nameEn": "Industrial robot", "wikiEn": "Industrial robot", "aliases": [ "Unimate", "尤尼梅特", "可编程机械手" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "transistor" ], "related": [ "numerical_control", "cybernetics" ], "desc": "Unimate 1961年在通用汽车压铸线服役，世界首台工业机器人。" }, { "id": "jacob_monod_operon", "name": "操纵子模型", "nameEn": "Operon", "wikiEn": "Operon", "aliases": [ "乳糖操纵子", "雅各布-莫诺模型", "lac operon", "基因调控操纵子" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "central_dogma", "cybernetics", "enzyme_concept" ], "related": [ "electronic_computer", "genetic_code" ], "desc": "提出基因受阻遏物调控的操纵子机制，开创基因调控研究。" }, { "id": "mercury_program", "name": "水星计划", "nameEn": "Project Mercury", "wikiEn": "Project Mercury", "aliases": [ "墨丘利计划", "友谊7号", "谢泼德", "格伦" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "vostok_1", "apollo_11" ], "desc": "美国首个载人计划，1961年亚轨道、1962年入轨。" }, { "id": "messenger_rna", "name": "信使RNA", "nameEn": "Messenger RNA", "wikiEn": "Messenger RNA", "aliases": [ "mRNA", "信使核糖核酸" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dna_double_helix", "information_theory", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "electron_microscope", "genetic_code", "reverse_transcriptase" ], "desc": "雅各布、布伦纳等证实mRNA传递遗传信息。" }, { "id": "multigrid_method", "name": "多重网格法", "nameEn": "Multigrid method", "wikiEn": "Multigrid method", "aliases": [ "多网格法", "Multigrid", "MG方法", "布兰特多重网格" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gauss_seidel_method" ], "related": [ "finite_difference_method", "gmres", "schwarz_domain_decomposition", "supersonic_wind_tunnel" ], "desc": "费多连科1961年提出、布兰特1977年发展成熟，粗细网格互补，计算量近线性。" }, { "id": "nuclear_aircraft_carrier", "name": "核动力航空母舰", "nameEn": "USS Enterprise (CVN-65)", "wikiEn": "USS Enterprise (CVN-65)", "aliases": [ "企业号航母", "CVN-65", "核动力航母" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor", "aircraft_carrier" ], "related": [ "angled_flight_deck", "airborne_early_warning" ], "desc": "企业号1961年服役，首艘核动力航母可环球巡航。" }, { "id": "qr_algorithm", "name": "QR算法", "nameEn": "QR algorithm", "wikiEn": "QR algorithm", "aliases": [ "QR特征值算法", "Francis QR", "隐式移位QR", "QR iteration" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "qr_decomposition" ], "related": [ "jacobi_eigenvalue_algorithm", "nuclear_reactor", "power_iteration", "svd_algorithm" ], "desc": "弗朗西斯1961年提出的迭代QR特征值算法，稳定高效，二十世纪十大算法之一。" }, { "id": "rtg", "name": "放射性同位素热电发生器", "nameEn": "Radioisotope thermoelectric generator", "wikiEn": "Radioisotope thermoelectric generator", "aliases": [ "核电池", "RTG", "同位素温差电池" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "thermoelectric_generator", "isotope_tracer" ], "related": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "desc": "1961年首台核电池随导航卫星上天，深空探测主力电源。" }, { "id": "second_harmonic_generation", "name": "二次谐波产生", "nameEn": "Second-Harmonic Generation", "wikiEn": "Second-harmonic generation", "aliases": [ "SHG", "倍频" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [ "fiber_optics_comm" ], "desc": "强光电场在非线性晶体中诱导极化产生倍频光，实现固体绿光激光与光纤通信波长转换" }, { "id": "space_food", "name": "航天食品", "nameEn": "Space food", "wikiEn": "Space food", "aliases": [ "太空食品", "宇航食品", "管状太空膏" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "space_suit" ], "desc": "从膏状管饲到一口块食品，适应失重环境进食。" }, { "id": "space_suit", "name": "航天服", "nameEn": "Space suit", "wikiEn": "Space suit", "aliases": [ "宇航服", "SK-1航天服", "Spacesuit" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "extravehicular_activity", "space_food" ], "desc": "SK-1航天服随加加林首飞，提供舱内生命保障。" }, { "id": "time_sharing", "name": "分时系统", "nameEn": "Time-sharing", "wikiEn": "Time-sharing", "aliases": [ "分时", "CTSS", "Compatible Time-Sharing System", "Project MAC" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stored_program_computer", "magnetic_core_memory" ], "related": [ "basic", "minicomputer", "os_360" ], "desc": "多用户轮流共享主机的交互计算方式，1961年CTSS首次演示。" }, { "id": "uht_milk", "name": "超高温灭菌乳", "nameEn": "UHT milk", "wikiEn": "Ultra-high-temperature processing", "aliases": [ "常温奶", "超高温瞬时灭菌" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "工业化UHT产线20世纪60年代初投用", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pasteurization", "germ_theory" ], "related": [ "pasteurized_milk", "refrigeration", "canning" ], "desc": "瞬时超高温加无菌灌装，牛奶从此不必冷藏。" }, { "id": "venera_program", "name": "金星号探测器", "nameEn": "Venera program", "wikiEn": "Venera program", "aliases": [ "金星号", "Venera 1", "Venera 7", "Венера" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "mariner_program" ], "desc": "1961年启程奔金星，1970年金星7号首次着陆金星。" }, { "id": "vickrey_auction_theory", "name": "维克里拍卖理论", "nameEn": "Vickrey auction", "wikiEn": "Vickrey auction", "aliases": [ "拍卖理论", "维克里拍卖", "第二价格拍卖", "收益等价定理" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "game_theory", "von_neumann_minimax_theorem" ], "related": [ "mechanism_design_revelation", "shapley_value" ], "desc": "维克里分析密封竞价与第二价格拍卖的激励性质，开拍卖机制分析。" }, { "id": "vostok_1", "name": "东方一号", "nameEn": "Vostok 1", "wikiEn": "Vostok 1", "aliases": [ "加加林", "Yuri Gagarin", "尤里·加加林", "载人航天" ], "year": 1961, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "mercury_program", "extravehicular_activity" ], "desc": "1961年加加林乘东方一号完成人类首次太空飞行。" }, { "id": "adaptive_quadrature", "name": "自适应求积", "nameEn": "Adaptive quadrature", "wikiEn": "Adaptive quadrature", "aliases": [ "自适应积分", "adaptive integration", "自适应辛普森", "区间细分求积" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "simpson_rule" ], "related": [ "romberg_integration", "clenshaw_curtis_quadrature" ], "desc": "1960年代出现的按局部误差估计自动细分区间的求积策略，把计算量集中于陡变区域。" }, { "id": "anosov_diffeomorphism", "name": "阿诺索夫微分同胚", "nameEn": "Anosov diffeomorphism", "wikiEn": "Anosov diffeomorphism", "aliases": [ "阿诺索夫系统", "一致双曲系统", "Anosov flow", "Anosov diffeo" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smale_horseshoe" ], "related": [ "lyapunov_stability", "birkhoff_ergodic_theorem" ], "desc": "研究处处双曲、轨道指数分离的系统，证明其遍历性与结构稳定性，确立双曲动力学。" }, { "id": "candu_reactor", "name": "CANDU重水堆", "nameEn": "CANDU reactor", "wikiEn": "CANDU reactor", "aliases": [ "加拿大重水铀堆", "重水堆" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "nuclear_power_plant" ], "desc": "加拿大重水天然铀堆，1962年NPD原型堆并网发电。" }, { "id": "communication_satellite", "name": "通信卫星", "nameEn": "Communications satellite", "wikiEn": "Communications satellite", "aliases": [ "Telstar", "电星一号", "Echo", "Syncom", "晨鸟号" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "radio", "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "microwave_relay", "tat1_cable" ], "desc": "Telstar 1962年首发跨洋电视与电话信号，开创卫星通信。" }, { "id": "coronary_catheterization", "name": "选择性冠状动脉造影", "nameEn": "Coronary Angiography", "wikiEn": "Coronary catheterization", "aliases": [ "冠脉造影", "心导管检查" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cardiac_catheterization", "x_ray" ], "related": [ "coronary_stent", "cathode_ray_tube", "coronary_balloon_angioplasty", "gadolinium_contrast" ], "desc": "导管钩住冠脉口注入造影剂，狭窄在哪一支一目了然" }, { "id": "dpll_algorithm", "name": "DPLL可满足性判定算法", "nameEn": "DPLL Algorithm", "wikiEn": "DPLL algorithm", "aliases": [ "Davis-Putnam-Logemann-Loveland" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "布尔可满足性分支剪枝搜索框架，VLSI设计与芯片形式验证的算法基础" }, { "id": "hamilton_jacobi_bellman", "name": "HJB方程", "nameEn": "Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation", "wikiEn": "Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation", "aliases": [ "哈密尔顿-雅可比-贝尔曼方程", "HJB方程", "动态规划偏微分方程", "Bellman PDE" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bellman_dynamic_programming", "pontryagin_maximum_principle" ], "related": [ "ito_stochastic_calculus", "kalman_lqr" ], "desc": "贝尔曼动态规划在连续时间化为HJB方程，是随机最优控制核心。" }, { "id": "hip_replacement", "name": "人工髋关节置换", "nameEn": "Hip replacement", "wikiEn": "Hip replacement", "aliases": [ "查恩利髋关节", "Charnley低摩擦关节", "全髋置换" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pmma", "polyethylene", "stainless_steel" ], "related": [ "hydroxyapatite_implant", "microsurgery", "titanium_alloy" ], "desc": "查恩利低摩擦髋1962年定型，最成功骨科手术之一。" }, { "id": "iud", "name": "宫内节育器", "nameEn": "Intrauterine device", "wikiEn": "Intrauterine device", "aliases": [ "节育环", "避孕环", "Lippes Loop", "Margulies coil" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nylon", "polyethylene" ], "related": [ "oral_contraceptive", "ptfe", "silicone" ], "desc": "塑料节育环普及，提供廉价长效的避孕选择。" }, { "id": "josephson_effect", "name": "约瑟夫森效应", "nameEn": "Josephson Effect", "wikiEn": "Josephson effect", "aliases": [ "超导隧道效应" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "superconductivity_discovery" ], "related": [ "quantum_computer" ], "desc": "超导库珀对经薄绝缘势垒相位相干隧穿，构成超导量子比特与SQUID磁强计的核心元件" }, { "id": "kahn_topological_sort", "name": "卡恩拓扑排序", "nameEn": "Topological sorting", "wikiEn": "Topological sorting", "aliases": [ "拓扑排序", "卡恩算法", "Kahn's algorithm", "Toposort" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "seven_bridges_graph_theory" ], "related": [ "bellman_dynamic_programming", "dijkstra_algorithm" ], "desc": "卡恩以入度为零反复选点给出有向无环图线性序，是任务调度与依赖编译的基础。" }, { "id": "laser_diode", "name": "激光二极管", "nameEn": "Laser diode", "wikiEn": "Laser diode", "aliases": [ "半导体激光器", "结型激光器" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [ "led", "gaas_solar_cell" ], "desc": "1962年多家实验室制成半导体结型激光器，光电通信光源。" }, { "id": "ldpc_code", "name": "LDPC码", "nameEn": "Low-density parity-check code", "wikiEn": "Low-density parity-check code", "aliases": [ "低密度奇偶校验码", "Gallager码", "加拉格尔码", "LDPC" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hamming_code" ], "related": [ "turbo_code", "bch_code", "information_theory" ], "desc": "加拉格尔1962年提出的稀疏校验矩阵码，逼近香农极限，沉寂后重发现用于5G。" }, { "id": "led", "name": "发光二极管", "nameEn": "Light-emitting diode", "wikiEn": "Light-emitting diode", "aliases": [ "LED", "红光LED" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "laser_diode", "liquid_crystal_material" ], "desc": "1962年霍洛尼亚克制成首个可见红光发光二极管。" }, { "id": "liquid_crystal_material", "name": "液晶材料", "nameEn": "Liquid crystal", "wikiEn": "Liquid crystal", "aliases": [ "液晶", "向列相液晶" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "led" ], "desc": "1962年RCA发现液晶电光效应，开启显示材料研究。" }, { "id": "mariner_program", "name": "水手号探测器", "nameEn": "Mariner program", "wikiEn": "Mariner program", "aliases": [ "水手号", "Mariner 2", "Mariner 4" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "venera_program" ], "desc": "水手2号1962年近探金星，4号1965年近拍火星。" }, { "id": "minimum_cost_flow", "name": "最小费用流", "nameEn": "Minimum-cost flow problem", "wikiEn": "Minimum-cost flow problem", "aliases": [ "最小费用流", "最小成本流", "minimum cost flow", "网络费用流" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ford_fulkerson_max_flow", "hitchcock_transportation_problem" ], "related": [ "operations_research" ], "desc": "在满足供需与容量约束下求网络最小费用输送，统一运输与指派模型。" }, { "id": "molecular_clock", "name": "分子钟假说", "nameEn": "Molecular clock", "wikiEn": "Molecular clock", "aliases": [ "进化钟", "Zuckerkandl-Pauling", "分子进化钟", "序列突变速率" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "becquerel_radioactivity" ], "related": [ "geological_map", "metropolis_hastings", "modern_evolutionary_synthesis", "woese_three_domains" ], "desc": "以分子序列突变速率推算物种分歧时间，分子演化工具。" }, { "id": "niobium_titanium", "name": "铌钛合金", "nameEn": "Niobium–titanium", "wikiEn": "Niobium–titanium", "aliases": [ "NbTi", "铌钛超导体" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "niobium_tin" ], "desc": "1962年发现超导电性，实用超导磁体主流合金。" }, { "id": "pulse_code_modulation", "name": "脉冲编码调制", "nameEn": "Pulse-code modulation", "wikiEn": "Pulse-code modulation", "aliases": [ "PCM", "脉码调制", "T1载波" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "transistor" ], "related": [ "information_theory", "modem" ], "desc": "1962年贝尔T1系统首次商用PCM数字电话，24路时分复用。" }, { "id": "seafloor_spreading", "name": "海底扩张学说", "nameEn": "Seafloor spreading", "wikiEn": "Seafloor spreading", "aliases": [ "赫斯海底扩张", "Hess spreading", "洋壳更新", "洋中脊扩张" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "continental_drift" ], "related": [ "vine_matthews_anomalies", "plate_tectonics" ], "desc": "赫斯提出洋壳在中脊生成、向两侧扩张的学说。" }, { "id": "shor_subgradient_method", "name": "肖尔次梯度法", "nameEn": "Subgradient method", "wikiEn": "Subgradient method", "aliases": [ "次梯度法", "次梯度", "亚梯度法", "Shor subgradient" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kuhn_tucker_conditions", "cauchy_gradient_descent" ], "related": [ "rockafellar_convex_analysis", "karmarkar_interior_point" ], "desc": "肖尔对不可微凸函数以次梯度迭代求极小，开非光滑优化之先声。" }, { "id": "spacewar", "name": "太空战争！", "nameEn": "Spacewar!", "wikiEn": "Spacewar!", "aliases": [ "Spacewar", "太空大战" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "minicomputer" ], "desc": "1962年MIT学生在PDP-1上开发的早期著名电子游戏。" }, { "id": "virtual_memory", "name": "虚拟内存", "nameEn": "Virtual memory", "wikiEn": "Virtual memory", "aliases": [ "虚拟存储", "one-level store", "Atlas一级存储" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "magnetic_core_memory", "transistor_computer" ], "related": [ "os_360", "ibm_system_360" ], "desc": "1962年曼彻斯特Atlas首创分页一级存储，使内存可远超物理容量。" }, { "id": "xray_astronomy", "name": "X射线天文学", "nameEn": "X-ray astronomy", "wikiEn": "X-ray astronomy", "aliases": [ "空间X射线天文" ], "year": 1962, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1962年探空火箭发现天蝎X-1；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "x_ray" ], "related": [ "cygnus_x1_black_hole", "rocket_engine" ], "desc": "借探空火箭越过大气吸收，窥见黑洞与中子星的高温宇宙。" }, { "id": "ascii", "name": "ASCII", "nameEn": "ASCII", "wikiEn": "ASCII", "aliases": [ "美国信息交换标准代码", "ANSI X3.4", "US-ASCII" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "teletype_model_33", "electronic_computer" ], "desc": "1963年发布的7位字符编码标准，统一了计算机文本表示。" }, { "id": "cmos", "name": "CMOS", "nameEn": "CMOS", "wikiEn": "CMOS", "aliases": [ "互补金属氧化物半导体", "互补式金氧半" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mosfet", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "related": [ "integrated_circuit" ], "desc": "1963年萨支唐与万拉斯发明，低功耗互补MOS电路。" }, { "id": "codex_alimentarius", "name": "国际食品法典", "nameEn": "Codex Alimentarius", "wikiEn": "Codex Alimentarius", "aliases": [ "食品法典委员会" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "粮农组织与世卫组织1963年共同创立；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "pasteurization", "canning_industrialization" ], "related": [ "food_preservation", "pasteurized_milk" ], "desc": "全球统一的食品添加剂与卫生标准体系。" }, { "id": "cohen_forcing", "name": "力迫法", "nameEn": "Forcing (mathematics)", "wikiEn": "Forcing (mathematics)", "aliases": [ "科恩力迫", "泛型力迫" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "continuum_hypothesis", "zermelo_zfc" ], "related": [ "cantor_set_theory", "model_theory", "godel_incompleteness" ], "desc": "柯恩借扩张模型添加泛型集以证独立性，成为集合论与逻辑最有力的构造技术。" }, { "id": "compact_cassette", "name": "卡式录音带", "nameEn": "Cassette tape", "wikiEn": "Cassette tape", "aliases": [ "Compact Cassette", "盒式磁带", "录音带", "紧凑音频盒带" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "magnetic_tape" ], "related": [ "video_tape_recorder", "transistor_radio" ], "desc": "飞利浦1963年推出的小型盒式磁带，后也用于早期微机存储。" }, { "id": "ct_precursor", "name": "CT理论前身", "nameEn": "Computed tomography", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "计算机断层扫描理论", "Cormack理论", "科马克", "CT scan" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "x_ray", "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "gamma_camera", "x_ray" ], "desc": "科马克1963年发表X线断层重建理论，CT的先声。" }, { "id": "dtmf", "name": "双音多频", "nameEn": "DTMF signaling", "wikiEn": "DTMF signaling", "aliases": [ "DTMF", "Touch-Tone", "按键电话", "双音多频信号" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "telephone", "transistor" ], "related": [ "modem", "videophone" ], "desc": "贝尔1963年随Touch-Tone按键电话启用的双音多频拨号信令。" }, { "id": "fission_track_dating", "name": "裂变径迹测年", "nameEn": "Fission Track Dating", "wikiEn": "Fission track dating", "aliases": [ "裂变径迹定年" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "Fleischer等1963年系统建立该方法", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_fission_mechanism" ], "related": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "desc": "统计矿物中铀238自发裂变径迹密度推算冷却年龄，用于核材料热历史分析" }, { "id": "hoeffding_inequality", "name": "赫夫丁不等式", "nameEn": "Hoeffding's inequality", "wikiEn": "Hoeffding's inequality", "aliases": [ "霍夫丁不等式", "Hoeffding界", "有界变量集中不等式", "Hoeffding inequality" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chernoff_bound" ], "related": [ "cramer_large_deviations", "kolmogorov_probability_axioms" ], "desc": "赫夫丁给出有界独立随机变量之和的指数集中不等式，学习理论常用。" }, { "id": "liver_transplant", "name": "肝移植", "nameEn": "Liver Transplantation", "wikiEn": "Liver transplantation", "aliases": [ "肝脏置换", "实体器官移植" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kidney_transplant", "blood_citrate_anticoagulation", "anesthesia" ], "related": [ "cyclosporine", "cold_chain", "coronary_catheterization", "muromonab_cd3" ], "desc": "血管与胆道重建使肝移植开展，低温灌注为器官争取时限" }, { "id": "lorenz_chaos", "name": "洛伦兹混沌理论", "nameEn": "Lorenz system", "wikiEn": "Lorenz system", "aliases": [ "蝴蝶效应", "混沌理论", "决定论混沌", "Butterfly effect", "Chaos theory" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus" ], "related": [ "mandelbrot_fractal", "monte_carlo_method" ], "desc": "洛伦兹在简化大气方程中发现初值敏感的奇异吸引子，开启现代混沌动力学。" }, { "id": "magnetostratigraphy", "name": "磁性地层学", "nameEn": "Magnetostratigraphy", "wikiEn": "Magnetostratigraphy", "aliases": [ "地磁极性层序" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1960年代初随古地磁反转年表确立", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "paleomagnetism" ], "related": [ "geothermal_power" ], "desc": "利用地磁极性倒转序列对沉积与火成岩层定年，地热储层与油气井地层对比的关键工具" }, { "id": "measles_vaccine", "name": "麻疹疫苗", "nameEn": "Measles vaccine", "wikiEn": "Measles vaccine", "aliases": [ "Rubeovax", "Attenuvax", "Edmonston减毒苗" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cell_culture", "freeze_drying", "glassmaking", "polio_vaccine" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "radio", "refrigeration", "rubella_vaccine" ], "desc": "恩德斯等研制减毒活疫苗，1963年在美国获批。" }, { "id": "poverty_threshold", "name": "贫困线测算", "nameEn": "Poverty threshold", "wikiEn": "Poverty threshold", "aliases": [ "贫困标准", "贫困门槛" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1963年以家庭食品预算推算贫困收入标准，1965年采纳为官方线；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "consumer_price_index", "kuznets_national_income" ], "related": [ "gini_coefficient", "human_development_index", "sna_framework" ], "desc": "以家庭食品开支推算最低收入标准，贫困被量化成统计口径。" }, { "id": "pumped_storage_hydro", "name": "抽水蓄能", "nameEn": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity", "wikiEn": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity", "aliases": [ "抽水蓄能电站", "费斯廷尼奥格电站" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alternating_current" ], "related": [ "electricity_generation" ], "desc": "1963年大型抽水蓄能电站兴起，提供电网级规模储能。" }, { "id": "quasar_discovery", "name": "类星体发现", "nameEn": "Discovery of quasars", "wikiEn": "Quasar", "aliases": [ "3C273", "quasi-stellar", "类星射电源", "Schmidt quasar", "QSO" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hubble_law" ], "related": [ "pulsar_discovery", "cygnus_x1_black_hole" ], "desc": "施密特等确认3C 273遥远致密射电源，发现类星体。" }, { "id": "sketchpad", "name": "Sketchpad", "nameEn": "Sketchpad", "wikiEn": "Sketchpad", "aliases": [ "Robot Draftsman", "画板程序", "CAD先驱" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "transistor_computer" ], "related": [ "computer_mouse", "hypertext" ], "desc": "萨瑟兰1963年的交互式图形程序，CAD与人机交互的鼻祖。" }, { "id": "smoke_detector", "name": "烟雾报警器", "nameEn": "Smoke detector", "wikiEn": "Smoke detector", "aliases": [], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1960年代民用化", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "transistor" ], "related": [ "davy_lamp" ], "desc": "电离室或光电感应烟雾即鸣，把矿井安全仪器的值守搬进卧室走廊。" }, { "id": "stiff_equations", "name": "刚性方程", "nameEn": "Stiff equation", "wikiEn": "Stiff equation", "aliases": [ "刚性问题", "stiff ODE", "A稳定性", "Dahlquist stability" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bdf_methods" ], "related": [ "runge_kutta_methods", "crank_nicolson" ], "desc": "含快慢悬殊尺度的ODE，显式步长受限；达尔奎斯特1963年提出A稳定性理论。" }, { "id": "teletype_model_33", "name": "电传终端 Model 33", "nameEn": "Teletype Model 33", "wikiEn": "Teletype Model 33", "aliases": [ "Teletype 33", "ASR-33", "电传机" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "teleprinter" ], "related": [ "ascii", "modem", "time_sharing", "minicomputer" ], "desc": "1963年推出的廉价电传终端，配ASCII成为早期计算机标准外设。" }, { "id": "three_d_projection", "name": "三维投影", "nameEn": "3D projection", "wikiEn": "3D projection", "aliases": [ "3D投影", "立体投影", "三维透视投影" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "related": [ "linear_perspective" ], "desc": "用透视或正交矩阵把三维坐标变换到二维平面的方法，是计算机图形学管线基础。" }, { "id": "tikhonov_regularization", "name": "吉洪诺夫正则化", "nameEn": "Tikhonov regularization", "wikiEn": "Tikhonov regularization", "aliases": [ "蒂霍诺夫正则化", "吉洪诺夫规整化", "L2正则化", "Tikhonov-Phillips" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "inverse_problem" ], "related": [ "electron_microscope", "hoerl_kennard_ridge_regression", "radon_transform" ], "desc": "吉洪诺夫1963年以解的范数惩罚项稳定求解不适定问题，是反演理论的标准工具。" }, { "id": "tube_structure", "name": "筒体结构", "nameEn": "Tubular structural system", "wikiEn": "Tube (structure)", "aliases": [ "框筒体系", "束筒" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1960 年代初密柱深梁外筒用于高层，取约值", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "steel_frame_construction", "linear_elasticity_math", "bessemer_steel" ], "related": [ "skyscraper", "safety_elevator", "concrete", "wind_tunnel" ], "desc": "密柱深梁外筒与内芯共同抗侧向力，把高层推向三百米。" }, { "id": "uranium_thorium_dating", "name": "铀钍测年法", "nameEn": "Uranium-Thorium Dating", "wikiEn": "Uranium-thorium dating", "aliases": [ "U-Th定年", "钍230定年" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radiometric_dating" ], "related": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "desc": "以铀234与钍230不平衡定珊瑚方解石年龄，核燃料处理亦依赖同一衰变链同位素数据" }, { "id": "vine_matthews_anomalies", "name": "海底磁异常条带", "nameEn": "Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis", "wikiEn": "Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis", "aliases": [ "瓦因-马修斯假说", "海底地磁条带", "Vine-Matthews", "磁异常对称" ], "year": 1963, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "seafloor_spreading" ], "related": [ "plate_tectonics", "de_magnete" ], "desc": "瓦因与马修斯以洋脊对称磁异常条带印证扩张。" }, { "id": "alvin_submersible", "name": "阿尔文号深潜器", "nameEn": "DSV Alvin", "wikiEn": "DSV Alvin", "aliases": [ "Alvin", "阿尔文号", "伍兹霍尔深潜器" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bathyscaphe" ], "related": [ "trieste_bathyscaphe" ], "desc": "1964年服役的载人深潜器，后参与打捞氢弹与探泰坦。" }, { "id": "arithmetic_geometry", "name": "算术几何", "nameEn": "Arithmetic geometry", "wikiEn": "Arithmetic geometry", "aliases": [ "丢番图几何", "算术代数几何", "Arithmetic geometry" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algebraic_number_theory" ], "related": [ "modular_curve", "langlands_program", "wiles_fermat_proof" ], "desc": "用代数几何研究数域上多项式方程的分支，格罗滕迪克体系下促成费马大定理证明。" }, { "id": "basic", "name": "BASIC", "nameEn": "BASIC", "wikiEn": "BASIC", "aliases": [ "BASIC语言", "Dartmouth BASIC", "初学者通用符号指令码" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "time_sharing", "compiler", "algol" ], "related": [ "minicomputer" ], "desc": "达特茅斯学院1964年推出的易学语言，借小型机走向大众。" }, { "id": "becker_human_capital", "name": "贝克尔人力资本理论", "nameEn": "Human capital", "wikiEn": "Human capital", "aliases": [ "人力资本", "Gary Becker", "教育投资回报", "Human capital theory" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "solow_growth_model" ], "desc": "把教育健康视为可投资的资本，拓展经济学解释人类行为。" }, { "id": "bell_inequality", "name": "贝尔不等式", "nameEn": "Bell's theorem", "wikiEn": "Bell's theorem", "aliases": [ "贝尔不等式", "Bell's theorem", "贝尔定理", "Bell inequality" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "epr_paradox" ], "related": [ "quantum_teleportation", "micius_satellite" ], "desc": "贝尔以可检验不等式区分定域实在论与量子力学，实验不断证伪前者。" }, { "id": "co2_laser", "name": "二氧化碳激光器", "nameEn": "Carbon dioxide laser", "wikiEn": "Carbon dioxide laser", "aliases": [ "CO2激光器" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [ "laser_cutting", "laser_welding" ], "desc": "Patel1964年发明二氧化碳激光器，高效率工业红外光源。" }, { "id": "computer_mouse", "name": "鼠标", "nameEn": "Computer mouse", "wikiEn": "Computer mouse", "aliases": [ "鼠标器", "Engelbart mouse", "母版演示", "The Mother of All Demos" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "sketchpad", "hypertext", "touchscreen" ], "desc": "恩格尔巴特1964年造出原型、1968年公开演示，图形界面标配。" }, { "id": "density_functional_theory", "name": "密度泛函理论", "nameEn": "Density functional theory", "wikiEn": "Density functional theory", "aliases": [ "DFT", "霍恩伯格-科恩定理", "Kohn-Sham", "电子密度泛函", "科恩密度泛函" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mulliken_molecular_orbital" ], "related": [ "pauling_valence_bond" ], "desc": "霍恩伯格与科恩奠定密度泛函理论，计算电子结构。" }, { "id": "expert_system", "name": "专家系统", "nameEn": "Expert system", "wikiEn": "Expert system", "aliases": [ "Dendral", "DENDRAL", "知识工程" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lisp" ], "related": [ "artificial_intelligence", "eliza" ], "desc": "1964年起步的Dendral为首个专家系统，以规则模拟化学家推理。" }, { "id": "higgs_mechanism", "name": "希格斯机制", "nameEn": "Higgs mechanism", "wikiEn": "Higgs mechanism", "aliases": [ "希格斯机制", "Higgs mechanism", "希格斯场", "质量起源" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "related": [ "electroweak_unification", "standard_model_particle_physics" ], "desc": "希格斯等提出真空对称性破缺赋予粒子质量，2012年获验证。" }, { "id": "ibm_system_360", "name": "IBM System/360", "nameEn": "IBM System/360", "wikiEn": "IBM System/360", "aliases": [ "S/360", "IBM 360", "360系列兼容主机" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit", "semiconductor_device_fabrication", "transistor_computer" ], "related": [ "os_360", "supercomputer", "minicomputer" ], "desc": "IBM1964年发布的兼容系列主机，统一商用与科学机，定义字节。" }, { "id": "instruction_pipeline", "name": "指令流水线", "nameEn": "Instruction pipeline", "wikiEn": "Instruction pipeline", "aliases": [ "流水线处理", "pipelining", "指令重叠执行" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "IBM System/360 Model 91（1964年公布）首次实用化整数与浮点流水；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stored_program_computer", "electronic_computer" ], "related": [ "ibm_system_360", "supercomputer", "risc", "microprocessor" ], "desc": "把取指、译码、执行分成工位并行推进，使处理器吞吐成倍提高。" }, { "id": "ion_thruster", "name": "离子推进器", "nameEn": "Ion thruster", "wikiEn": "Ion thruster", "aliases": [ "静电推进", "Spacecraft electric propulsion" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1964年SERT-1完成首次在轨点火试验；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electrical_grid" ], "related": [ "rocket_engine", "tokamak", "artificial_satellite" ], "desc": "把电离气体加速喷出以获得微小但持久的推力。" }, { "id": "laser_welding", "name": "激光焊接", "nameEn": "Laser beam welding", "wikiEn": "Laser beam welding", "aliases": [ "激光熔焊" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [ "laser_cutting", "co2_laser" ], "desc": "1960年代中期激光焊接投入应用，精密深熔连接工艺。" }, { "id": "propranolol", "name": "普萘洛尔", "nameEn": "Propranolol", "wikiEn": "Propranolol", "aliases": [ "心得安", "Inderal", "β受体阻滞剂" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "adrenaline", "ehrlich_side_chain_theory", "grignard_reagent", "mass_spectrometry" ], "related": [ "antihistamine", "benzodiazepine", "levodopa", "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "desc": "布莱克研制首个β受体阻滞剂，治心绞痛高血压。" }, { "id": "quark_model", "name": "盖尔曼夸克模型", "nameEn": "Quark model", "wikiEn": "Quark model", "aliases": [ "夸克模型", "Quark model", "八重道", "盖尔曼模型" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "yukawa_meson_theory", "neutron_discovery" ], "related": [ "quantum_chromodynamics", "standard_model_particle_physics" ], "desc": "盖尔曼提出强子由夸克构成的分类模型，重塑物质结构观。" }, { "id": "sabre_system", "name": "萨布机票订票系统", "nameEn": "SABRE", "wikiEn": "Sabre (travel reservation system)", "aliases": [ "Sabre", "SABRE订票系统", "航空联网订票系统" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "stored_program_computer" ], "related": [ "sage_system", "ims_database" ], "desc": "IBM与美国航空1964年建成的联网机票预订系统，在线事务处理先驱。" }, { "id": "sharkovsky_theorem", "name": "沙尔科夫斯基定理", "nameEn": "Sharkovsky's theorem", "wikiEn": "Sharkovsky's theorem", "aliases": [ "沙尔科夫斯基周期序", "周期3蕴含一切周期", "Sharkovskyi theorem", "连续区间映射周期" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "verhulst_logistic_equation" ], "related": [ "li_yorke_chaos", "may_logistic_map", "smale_horseshoe" ], "desc": "给出区间连续映射周期点的强制排序：有周期3则有一切周期，早于李-约克。" }, { "id": "shinkansen", "name": "新干线", "nameEn": "Shinkansen", "wikiEn": "Shinkansen", "aliases": [ "子弹列车", "东海道新干线", "高速列车" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "railway_locomotive" ], "related": [ "container_shipping" ], "desc": "东海道新干线1964年通车，世界首条高速铁路。" }, { "id": "singleton_bound", "name": "Singleton界", "nameEn": "Singleton bound", "wikiEn": "Singleton bound", "aliases": [ "辛格尔顿界", "Singleton界", "码距上界", "MDS界" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hamming_distance" ], "related": [ "reed_solomon_code", "bch_code" ], "desc": "辛格尔顿1964年给出的分组码码长、维数与最小距离上界，RS码是达到该界的码。" }, { "id": "supercomputer", "name": "超级计算机", "nameEn": "Supercomputer", "wikiEn": "Supercomputer", "aliases": [ "巨型机", "CDC 6600", "克雷超级计算机" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "transistor_computer", "magnetic_core_memory" ], "related": [ "ibm_system_360" ], "desc": "CDC 6600于1964年问世、克雷设计，首台成功的商用超级计算机。" }, { "id": "synthesizer", "name": "电子合成器", "nameEn": "Synthesiser", "wikiEn": "Synthesiser", "aliases": [ "电子琴", "声音合成器" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "穆格模块化合成器 1964 年公开展示并投产", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "transistor", "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "rock_and_roll", "midi", "music_sequencer" ], "desc": "以电路生成并塑形声音的乐器，把音色的定义权从共鸣体转向参数。" }, { "id": "through_silicon_via", "name": "硅通孔", "nameEn": "Through-silicon via", "wikiEn": "Through-silicon via", "aliases": [ "TSV", "硅穿孔" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1964年IBM平面封装中以通孔互连上下片；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "related": [ "three_dimensional_ic", "wafer_bonding", "advanced_packaging_technology" ], "desc": "垂直贯穿硅片的导电孔，堆叠芯片互连的支柱。" }, { "id": "videophone", "name": "可视电话", "nameEn": "Picturephone", "wikiEn": "Picturephone", "aliases": [ "视像电话", "电视电话", "影像电话" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "telephone", "communication_satellite" ], "related": [ "dtmf" ], "desc": "贝尔1964年世博会展示Picturephone并打通首个跨洋可视电话。" }, { "id": "word_processor", "name": "文字处理器", "nameEn": "Word processor", "wikiEn": "Word processor", "aliases": [ "文字处理机", "MT/ST", "IBM Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter" ], "year": 1964, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "magnetic_tape" ], "related": [ "xerox_914", "computer_mouse" ], "desc": "IBM1964年MT/ST磁带电动打字机，首台可编辑存储的文字处理机。" }, { "id": "arithmetic_topology", "name": "算术拓扑", "nameEn": "Arithmetic topology", "wikiEn": "Arithmetic topology", "aliases": [ "数域三流形类比", "算术拓扑学", "Arithmetic topology" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "algebraic_number_field" ], "related": [ "arithmetic_geometry", "fundamental_group" ], "desc": "建立数域与闭三维流形、素理想与纽结之间类比的交叉领域。" }, { "id": "bifurcated_needle", "name": "双叉接种针", "nameEn": "Bifurcated needle", "wikiEn": "Bifurcated needle", "aliases": [ "分叉针", "Wyeth叉形针", "双叉针" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "high_speed_steel", "stainless_steel", "vaccination" ], "related": [ "assembly_line", "smallpox_eradication" ], "desc": "每次仅需微量痘苗，让全球大规模种痘成为可能。" }, { "id": "cache_memory", "name": "高速缓冲存储器", "nameEn": "Cache (computing)", "wikiEn": "Cache (computing)", "aliases": [ "缓存", "Cache 存储", "slave memory" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "威尔克斯1965年提出“从属存储器”设想，后由 IBM 360/195 等实现；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "virtual_memory", "magnetic_core_memory" ], "related": [ "microprocessor", "dram", "hard_disk" ], "desc": "在处理器与主存之间加一层小而快的存储，用访问局部性掩盖取数延迟。" }, { "id": "computational_complexity_theory", "name": "计算复杂性理论", "nameEn": "Computational complexity theory", "wikiEn": "Computational complexity theory", "aliases": [ "复杂性理论", "计算复杂度" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "哈尔托尼斯与斯特恩斯1965年论文确立时间层次定理；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "turing_machine" ], "related": [ "big_o_notation", "algorithm", "information_theory" ], "desc": "按时间与空间资源给计算问题分级，判定哪些题事实上可解，支撑整个密码与算法学科。" }, { "id": "cooley_tukey_fft", "name": "快速傅里叶变换", "nameEn": "Fast Fourier transform", "wikiEn": "Fast Fourier transform", "aliases": [ "FFT", "库利-图基算法", "Cooley–Tukey algorithm", "快速傅氏变换" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "karatsuba_multiplication", "radio_astronomy", "shannon_sampling_theorem" ], "desc": "库利与图基的分治FFT将频谱分析降至O(n log n)，引爆数字信号处理。" }, { "id": "cosmic_microwave_background", "name": "宇宙微波背景发现", "nameEn": "Cosmic microwave background", "wikiEn": "Cosmic microwave background", "aliases": [ "微波背景辐射", "CMB", "3K背景辐射", "Penzias-Wilson", "彭齐亚斯" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "big_bang_nucleosynthesis" ], "related": [ "big_bang_theory", "hubble_law" ], "desc": "彭齐亚斯与威尔逊发现宇宙微波背景辐射，印证大爆炸。" }, { "id": "extravehicular_activity", "name": "太空行走", "nameEn": "Extravehicular activity", "wikiEn": "Extravehicular activity", "aliases": [ "舱外活动", "EVA", "列昂诺夫", "Leonov" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "space_suit", "vostok_1" ], "related": [ "apollo_11" ], "desc": "1965年列昂诺夫离开上升二号，完成首次舱外活动。" }, { "id": "flip_chip", "name": "倒装芯片", "nameEn": "Flip chip", "wikiEn": "Flip chip", "aliases": [ "C4 (controlled collapse connection)", "裸片反扣互连" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1960年代中期IBM用于固态逻辑微模块互连；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit", "soldering" ], "related": [ "wire_bonding", "advanced_packaging_technology", "through_silicon_via" ], "desc": "芯片有源面朝下以凸点直接互连，路径缩短、密度提高。" }, { "id": "fuzzy_logic", "name": "模糊逻辑", "nameEn": "Fuzzy logic", "wikiEn": "Fuzzy logic", "aliases": [ "模糊集合论", "fuzzy set" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cybernetics", "artificial_intelligence" ], "desc": "扎德1965年提出处理部分真值的逻辑，用于自动控制与AI。" }, { "id": "green_revolution", "name": "绿色革命", "nameEn": "Green Revolution", "wikiEn": "Green Revolution", "aliases": [ "绿色革命运动", "博洛格", "Borlaug" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dwarf_wheat", "haber_process", "wheat" ], "related": [ "hybrid_rice", "ir8_rice" ], "desc": "矮秆高产品种配化肥灌溉，使数亿人免于饥荒。" }, { "id": "hypertext", "name": "超文本", "nameEn": "Hypertext", "wikiEn": "Hypertext", "aliases": [ "超链接文本", "Xanadu", "纳尔逊超文本" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "computer_mouse", "arpanet" ], "desc": "尼尔森1965年提出的带链接文本概念，万维网的思想先声。" }, { "id": "kevlar", "name": "凯夫拉", "nameEn": "Kevlar", "wikiEn": "Kevlar", "aliases": [ "克维拉", "对位芳纶", "芳纶1414" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "carbon_fiber" ], "desc": "Kwolek1965年发现对位芳纶，强度五倍于同重钢材。" }, { "id": "kolmogorov_complexity", "name": "柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度", "nameEn": "Kolmogorov complexity", "wikiEn": "Kolmogorov complexity", "aliases": [ "算法信息论", "描述复杂度", "Algorithmic information theory", "Kolmogorov–Chaitin complexity" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "turing_machine", "information_theory" ], "related": [ "shannon_sampling_theorem", "godel_incompleteness" ], "desc": "柯尔莫哥洛夫以生成对象的最短程序定义信息量，开辟算法信息论与随机性研究。" }, { "id": "kruskal_solitons", "name": "克鲁斯卡尔孤子数值实验", "nameEn": "Soliton", "wikiEn": "Soliton", "aliases": [ "孤子", "孤立子", "Zabusky-Kruskal", "孤波碰撞不变形", "Solitons" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kdv_equation" ], "related": [ "lax_pairs", "russell_solitary_wave" ], "desc": "计算KdV发现脉冲碰撞后形状速度不变，命名孤子，开启可积系统研究。" }, { "id": "laser_cutting", "name": "激光切割", "nameEn": "Laser cutting", "wikiEn": "Laser cutting", "aliases": [ "激光裁切" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "co2_laser" ], "related": [ "laser_welding" ], "desc": "1965年西方电气用激光切割金属，非接触精密加工。" }, { "id": "mac_grid", "name": "MAC交错网格", "nameEn": "Marker-and-cell method", "wikiEn": "Marker-and-cell method", "aliases": [ "MAC法", "标记网格法", "交错网格", "staggered grid" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "finite_difference_method", "navier_stokes_equations" ], "related": [ "projection_method_chorin", "pic_method", "fdtd_yee" ], "desc": "哈洛与韦尔奇1965年提出速度压力错位网格，避免棋盘压力振荡，是CFD经典布局。" }, { "id": "minicomputer", "name": "小型计算机", "nameEn": "Minicomputer", "wikiEn": "Minicomputer", "aliases": [ "迷你计算机", "小型机", "PDP-8", "PDP-1" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit", "transistor_computer" ], "related": [ "basic", "ibm_system_360", "time_sharing", "wind_tunnel" ], "desc": "DEC PDP-8于1965年面世，低价小型机开启部门级计算时代。" }, { "id": "moore_law", "name": "摩尔定律", "nameEn": "Moore's law", "wikiEn": "Moore's law", "aliases": [ "摩尔定律", "集成度翻倍经验律" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "戈登·摩尔1965年《把更多元件塞进集成电路》提出，1975年修正为翻倍周期", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "related": [ "microprocessor", "mosfet", "ai_accelerator", "cuda" ], "desc": "单芯片晶体管数约每一到两年翻倍的经验规律，牵引半导体业的投资节奏与产品规划。" }, { "id": "packet_switching", "name": "分组交换", "nameEn": "Packet switching", "wikiEn": "Packet switching", "aliases": [ "包交换", "message block", "NPL网络" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "arpanet", "modem", "thermonuclear_weapon" ], "desc": "巴兰与戴维斯1960年代中期独立提出，把数据分包路由，阿帕网核心。" }, { "id": "pem_fuel_cell", "name": "质子交换膜燃料电池", "nameEn": "PEM Fuel Cell", "wikiEn": "Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell", "aliases": [ "聚合物电解质膜燃料电池", "膜电极组件" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fuel_cell", "steam_reforming" ], "related": [ "reverse_osmosis_membrane", "fuel_cell_vehicle", "green_hydrogen" ], "desc": "全氟磺酸膜兼任电解质与隔膜，低温低压产电，航天与车用电源由此可用" }, { "id": "plastic_bag", "name": "塑料购物袋", "nameEn": "Plastic bag", "wikiEn": "Plastic bag", "aliases": [], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "瑞典工程师图林1965年专利；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "polyethylene" ], "related": [ "supermarket", "vending_machine" ], "desc": "聚乙烯热封成薄而强韧的袋，取代纸布袋，也留下白色污染课题。" }, { "id": "precision_guided_munition", "name": "精确制导弹药", "nameEn": "Precision-guided munition", "wikiEn": "Precision-guided munition", "aliases": [ "PGM", "激光制导炸弹", "Smart bomb" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "铺路爪激光制导炸弹1965年立项", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "laser", "sidewinder_missile" ], "related": [ "cruise_missile", "strategic_bombing", "gps" ], "desc": "以激光或卫星制导把圆概率误差压缩至米级。" }, { "id": "seismic_base_isolation", "name": "建筑隔震", "nameEn": "Seismic base isolation", "wikiEn": "Seismic base isolation", "aliases": [ "基础隔震", "层隔震" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1960 年代美日将隔震装置用于建筑与核设施，取年代中值", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "reinforced_concrete", "newtonian_mechanics", "pile_foundation" ], "related": [ "wind_tunnel", "skyscraper", "three_gorges_dam" ], "desc": "在基础与上部之间置柔性层，滤掉地震加速度大半。" }, { "id": "snowboarding", "name": "单板滑雪", "nameEn": "Snowboarding", "wikiEn": "Snowboarding", "aliases": [], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "波彭1965年自制雪上滑水板", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ski" ], "related": [ "modern_olympic_games" ], "desc": "一块宽板双足横立滑下坡，从后院玩具长成冬奥正式项目。" }, { "id": "sparse_matrix", "name": "稀疏矩阵", "nameEn": "Sparse matrix", "wikiEn": "Sparse matrix", "aliases": [ "稀疏阵", "稀疏存储", "sparse matrices", "带状矩阵" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lu_decomposition" ], "related": [ "krylov_subspace", "finite_element_method", "multigrid_method" ], "desc": "1960年代随有限元兴起的零元占多数矩阵的存储与消元技术，使百万阶系统可解。" }, { "id": "superplasticizer", "name": "高效减水剂", "nameEn": "Superplasticizer", "wikiEn": "Superplasticizer", "aliases": [ "分散剂", "高效塑化剂" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1960 年代日德先后推出萘系与三聚氰胺系产品，取年代中值", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "portland_cement", "concrete", "reinforced_concrete" ], "related": [ "prestressed_concrete", "fiberglass", "polyurethane", "recycling" ], "desc": "微量掺入即可大幅减水，强度与流动性同时提高。" }, { "id": "svd_algorithm", "name": "SVD算法", "nameEn": "Singular value decomposition", "wikiEn": "Singular value decomposition", "aliases": [ "奇异值分解", "SVD", "Golub-Kahan双对角化", "奇异值分解算法" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "qr_algorithm" ], "related": [ "principal_component_analysis", "matrix_exponential" ], "desc": "戈卢布与卡汉1965年给出稳定双对角化算法，使SVD成为降维与最小二乘主力工具。" }, { "id": "touchscreen", "name": "触摸屏", "nameEn": "Touchscreen", "wikiEn": "Touchscreen", "aliases": [ "触控屏", "触控式屏幕", "电容式触摸屏" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "computer_mouse" ], "desc": "约翰逊1965年描述电容式触摸屏，首种手指直接触控输入技术。" }, { "id": "wire_bonding", "name": "引线键合", "nameEn": "Wire bonding", "wikiEn": "Wire bonding", "aliases": [ "金线键合", "Ball bonding" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1965年热超声球键合工艺问世；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit", "soldering" ], "related": [ "flip_chip", "surface_mount_technology", "advanced_packaging_technology" ], "desc": "用细金属线把芯片焊盘接到引线上，至今最通用的互连。" }, { "id": "woodward_hoffmann_rules", "name": "轨道对称守恒规则", "nameEn": "Woodward–Hoffmann rules", "wikiEn": "Woodward–Hoffmann rules", "aliases": [ "伍德沃德-霍夫曼规则", "周环反应选择规则", "Woodward-Hoffmann", "轨道对称守恒原理" ], "year": 1965, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mulliken_molecular_orbital" ], "related": [ "pauling_valence_bond", "staudinger_macromolecules" ], "desc": "伍德沃德与霍夫曼以轨道对称守恒解释周环反应选择。" }, { "id": "argon_argon_dating", "name": "氩氩测年法", "nameEn": "Argon-Argon Dating", "wikiEn": "Argon-argon dating", "aliases": [ "40Ar/39Ar定年" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radiometric_dating", "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "geothermal_power" ], "desc": "反应堆中子辐照把钾39转为氩39，用氩40/氩39比值消除钾含量误差" }, { "id": "artificial_turf", "name": "人造草坪", "nameEn": "Artificial turf", "wikiEn": "Artificial turf", "aliases": [ "AstroTurf" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1966年休斯顿穹顶球场铺设", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "nylon" ], "related": [ "history_of_football", "cricket" ], "desc": "尼龙草丝铺底填砂，全天候耐践踏，让球赛不再看天与草皮脸色。" }, { "id": "baum_welch_hidden_markov", "name": "鲍姆-韦尔奇隐马尔可夫模型", "nameEn": "Hidden Markov model", "wikiEn": "Hidden Markov model", "aliases": [ "隐马尔可夫模型", "隐马模型", "HMM", "Baum-Welch算法" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "markov_chains", "markov_onegin_application" ], "related": [ "em_algorithm", "pearl_bayesian_networks" ], "desc": "鲍姆等建立含隐状态的马尔可夫模型，韦尔奇算法以前向后向迭代估参。" }, { "id": "computer_vision", "name": "计算机视觉", "nameEn": "Computer vision", "wikiEn": "Computer vision", "aliases": [ "机器视觉", "image understanding", "CV" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "明斯基与派珀特1966年设立暑期视觉项目，确立该方向；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "artificial_intelligence", "three_d_projection" ], "related": [ "imagenet", "autonomous_driving", "deep_learning", "charge_coupled_device" ], "desc": "从图像中恢复结构与语义的技术，使机器能认字符、辨人脸、看道路。" }, { "id": "disk_diffusion_test", "name": "纸片扩散药敏试验", "nameEn": "Disk Diffusion Test", "wikiEn": "Disk diffusion test", "aliases": [ "K-B法", "抑菌圈试验" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "penicillin", "petri_dish", "streptomycin" ], "related": [ "isoniazid", "iso_standardization", "vancomycin" ], "desc": "浸药纸片贴于接种平板，抑菌圈直径判定该菌是否耐药" }, { "id": "dye_laser", "name": "染料激光器", "nameEn": "Dye laser", "wikiEn": "Dye laser", "aliases": [ "可调谐液体激光器" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [], "desc": "1966年问世，以有机染料为介质、波长可调谐的激光器。" }, { "id": "eliza", "name": "ELIZA", "nameEn": "ELIZA", "wikiEn": "ELIZA", "aliases": [ "ELIZA对话程序", "Doctor脚本" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "artificial_intelligence" ], "related": [ "turing_test", "time_sharing" ], "desc": "魏岑鲍姆1966年的模式匹配对话程序，首次让人误以为机器懂人。" }, { "id": "fdtd_yee", "name": "时域有限差分法", "nameEn": "Finite-difference time-domain method", "wikiEn": "Finite-difference time-domain method", "aliases": [ "FDTD", "Yee网格", "Yee algorithm", "时域差分法" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "finite_difference_method", "cfl_condition" ], "related": [ "mac_grid" ], "desc": "叶1966年提出交错网格上电场磁场蛙跳步进解麦克斯韦方程，是电磁仿真主流方法。" }, { "id": "hearing_shape_of_drum", "name": "听出鼓的形状", "nameEn": "Hearing the shape of a drum", "wikiEn": "Hearing the shape of a drum", "aliases": [ "等谱鼓问题", "听鼓辨形", "Can one hear the shape of a drum" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "heat_kernel" ], "related": [ "spectral_geometry", "riemann_geometry" ], "desc": "卡茨1966年提出的等谱流形问题，后找到等谱但不同形的平面鼓，沟通谱与几何。" }, { "id": "ice_core_analysis", "name": "冰芯记录分析", "nameEn": "Ice Core Analysis", "wikiEn": "Ice core", "aliases": [ "极地冰芯" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radiocarbon_dating" ], "related": [ "rotary_drilling" ], "desc": "冰芯封存百万年大气气泡重建历史温室气体与温度旋回，钻取技术源自旋转钻井工程" }, { "id": "ir8_rice", "name": "IR8水稻", "nameEn": "IR8 rice", "wikiEn": "IR8", "aliases": [ "奇迹稻", "Miracle rice", "国际稻8号" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "agriculture" ], "related": [ "green_revolution", "dwarf_wheat" ], "desc": "国际水稻研究所育成奇迹稻，亚洲热带稻谷翻倍。" }, { "id": "isoparametric_elements", "name": "等参元", "nameEn": "Bruce Irons (engineer)", "wikiEn": "Bruce Irons (engineer)", "aliases": [ "等参数单元", "等参数有限元", "isoparametric element", "Irons等参元" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "finite_element_method" ], "related": [ "isogeometric_analysis", "b_spline" ], "desc": "以同一形函数同时描述几何与位移，泰格1961年首倡，艾恩斯1966年完善。" }, { "id": "marc", "name": "机器可读编目", "nameEn": "MARC", "wikiEn": "MARC standards", "aliases": [ "MARC标准", "机读目录" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "punched_card", "card_catalog", "stored_program_computer" ], "related": [ "opac", "dewey_decimal", "isbn" ], "desc": "把书目字段编成机器可读记录，编目一次输入多地复用" }, { "id": "os_360", "name": "OS/360 批处理操作系统", "nameEn": "OS/360", "wikiEn": "OS/360 and successors", "aliases": [ "IBM System/360 Operating System", "OS/360操作系统" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ibm_system_360", "batch_processing" ], "related": [ "virtual_memory", "ims_database" ], "desc": "IBM为360主机开发的批处理操作系统，1966年交付，影响深远。" }, { "id": "smallpox_eradication", "name": "天花根除运动", "nameEn": "Smallpox eradication programme", "wikiEn": "History of smallpox", "aliases": [ "消灭天花", "WHO强化天花根除计划", "Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bifurcated_needle", "freeze_drying", "refrigeration", "vaccination" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "communication_satellite", "polio_vaccine", "radio" ], "desc": "WHO1966年启动监测围堵，人类首次根除一种疾病。" }, { "id": "spectral_geometry", "name": "谱几何", "nameEn": "Spectral geometry", "wikiEn": "Spectral geometry", "aliases": [ "谱几何学", "谱流形理论", "Spectral geometry" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "heat_kernel" ], "related": [ "hearing_shape_of_drum", "hilbert_schmidt_operator", "planck_quantum_hypothesis" ], "desc": "由拉普拉斯算子的谱推断流形几何的领域，热核迹系数编码曲率与拓扑不变量。" }, { "id": "structured_programming", "name": "结构化编程", "nameEn": "Structured programming", "wikiEn": "Structured programming", "aliases": [ "程序设计结构化", "无 goto 编程" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "伯姆与雅科皮尼1966年定理；迪克斯特拉同年《论 goto 语句的危害》；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algol", "programming_language" ], "related": [ "c_language", "object_oriented_programming", "software_engineering", "hoare_logic" ], "desc": "只用顺序、选择、循环三种控制结构写程序并弃用 goto，使大型程序可读可证。" }, { "id": "tidal_power_plant", "name": "潮汐发电", "nameEn": "Tidal power", "wikiEn": "Tidal power", "aliases": [ "朗斯潮汐电站", "潮汐能" ], "year": 1966, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "electricity_generation" ], "desc": "1966年法国朗斯潮汐电站投产，拦潮坝双向发电。" }, { "id": "atm", "name": "自动柜员机", "nameEn": "Automated teller machine", "wikiEn": "Automated teller machine", "aliases": [ "ATM", "自动取款机", "cash machine", "Barclaycash" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "magnetic_stripe_card", "smart_card" ], "desc": "1967年巴克莱银行启用首台ATM，凭卡即可自助提取现金。" }, { "id": "boundary_element_method", "name": "边界元法", "nameEn": "Boundary element method", "wikiEn": "Boundary element method", "aliases": [ "边界积分方程法", "BEM", "边界元素法", "里佐边界元" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "greens_function" ], "related": [ "finite_element_method", "fast_multipole_method" ], "desc": "里佐1967年用边界积分方程离散求解弹性问题，仅划分边界即可降维求解。" }, { "id": "coronary_bypass", "name": "冠状动脉搭桥术", "nameEn": "Coronary artery bypass surgery", "wikiEn": "Coronary artery bypass surgery", "aliases": [ "冠脉搭桥", "CABG", "Favaloro手术" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "heart_lung_machine", "ptfe", "silicone" ], "related": [ "mannesmann_piercing", "nylon", "propranolol" ], "desc": "法瓦洛罗用大隐静脉搭桥，成为冠心病标准手术。" }, { "id": "electroweak_unification", "name": "电弱统一理论", "nameEn": "Electroweak interaction", "wikiEn": "Electroweak interaction", "aliases": [ "电弱统一", "Electroweak theory", "Electroweak interaction", "弱电统一", "GSW理论" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "yang_mills_gauge_theory", "higgs_mechanism", "parity_violation" ], "related": [ "quantum_electrodynamics", "standard_model_particle_physics" ], "desc": "格拉肖等统一电磁与弱作用，四种自然力归一迈出关键步。" }, { "id": "heart_transplant", "name": "心脏移植", "nameEn": "Heart transplantation", "wikiEn": "Heart transplantation", "aliases": [ "巴纳德心脏移植", "Barnard transplant" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "azathioprine", "heart_lung_machine", "nylon", "silicone" ], "related": [ "kidney_transplant", "red_cross_movement", "stainless_steel" ], "desc": "巴纳德1967年完成世界首例人类同种心脏移植。" }, { "id": "k_means_clustering", "name": "K均值聚类", "nameEn": "k-means clustering", "wikiEn": "k-means clustering", "aliases": [ "k-均值", "K平均算法", "MacQueen k-means", "Lloyd's algorithm" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cauchy_gradient_descent" ], "related": [ "id3_decision_tree", "em_algorithm" ], "desc": "麦奎因提出按质心迭代划分簇的无监督学习算法，因简洁高效成为数据挖掘标配。" }, { "id": "kingman_point_process", "name": "金曼点过程测度理论", "nameEn": "Point process", "wikiEn": "Point process", "aliases": [ "点过程", "随机点过程", "完全随机测度", "Kingman point process" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "erlang_poisson_process", "kolmogorov_probability_axioms" ], "related": [ "campbell_white_noise" ], "desc": "金曼1967年以完全随机测度刻画点过程，使散粒事件流获统一测度框架。" }, { "id": "langlands_program", "name": "朗兰兹纲领", "nameEn": "Langlands program", "wikiEn": "Langlands program", "aliases": [ "朗兰兹计划", "朗蘭茲綱領", "Langlands纲领" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algebraic_number_theory", "adele_ring" ], "related": [ "geometric_langlands", "modular_curve", "wiles_fermat_proof", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "desc": "朗兰兹1967年信中提出的猜想网，联结伽罗瓦表示、自守形式与L函数。" }, { "id": "levodopa", "name": "左旋多巴", "nameEn": "Levodopa", "wikiEn": "Levodopa", "aliases": [ "L-DOPA", "左多巴" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "adrenaline", "chromatography", "neuron_doctrine" ], "related": [ "chlorpromazine", "eeg", "propranolol", "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "desc": "科齐亚斯大剂量给药，显著改善帕金森病症状。" }, { "id": "margulis_endosymbiosis", "name": "马古利斯内共生学说", "nameEn": "Symbiogenesis", "wikiEn": "Symbiogenesis", "aliases": [ "内共生理论", "连续内共生假说", "SET假说", "线粒体叶绿体起源" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electron_microscope", "microscope" ], "related": [ "evolution_natural_selection", "isotope_tracer", "woese_three_domains" ], "desc": "主张线粒体叶绿体源自被吞噬的原核生物，解释真核起源。" }, { "id": "neisser_cognitive_psychology", "name": "奈瑟认知心理学", "nameEn": "Ulric Neisser", "wikiEn": "Ulric Neisser", "aliases": [ "认知心理学命名", "Cognitive Psychology 1967", "Neisser", "信息加工心理学" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "miller_magical_number_seven" ], "related": [ "chomsky_generative_grammar", "gestalt_psychology" ], "desc": "1967年出版《认知心理学》定名学科，整合注意记忆与思维。" }, { "id": "plate_tectonics", "name": "板块构造理论", "nameEn": "Plate tectonics", "wikiEn": "Plate tectonics", "aliases": [ "板块学说", "全球板块构造", "McKenzie-Morgan-Le Pichon", "岩石圈板块", "板块运动" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "vine_matthews_anomalies", "seafloor_spreading" ], "related": [ "continental_drift", "mohorovicic_discontinuity", "snowball_earth" ], "desc": "麦肯齐、摩根与勒皮雄建立岩石圈板块运动理论。" }, { "id": "projection_method_chorin", "name": "投影法", "nameEn": "Projection method (fluid dynamics)", "wikiEn": "Projection method (fluid dynamics)", "aliases": [ "Chorin投影法", "分数步法", "压力修正法", "projection method" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mac_grid", "navier_stokes_equations" ], "related": [ "finite_volume_method" ], "desc": "乔林1967年提出先预估动量再以压力泊松方程投影消压，是CFD主流时间推进框架。" }, { "id": "pulsar_discovery", "name": "脉冲星发现", "nameEn": "Discovery of pulsars", "wikiEn": "Pulsar", "aliases": [ "贝尔脉冲星", "CP 1919", "脉冲射电源", "Hewish-Bell", "旋转中子星" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "quasar_discovery" ], "related": [ "cygnus_x1_black_hole" ], "desc": "贝尔与休伊什发现周期极稳的脉冲射电源脉冲星。" }, { "id": "samarium_cobalt_magnet", "name": "钐钴磁体", "nameEn": "Samarium–cobalt magnet", "wikiEn": "Samarium–cobalt magnet", "aliases": [ "钐钴永磁", "SmCo" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ferrite_magnet" ], "desc": "Strnat1967年研制，第一代稀土永磁材料。" }, { "id": "saturn_v", "name": "土星五号运载火箭", "nameEn": "Saturn V", "wikiEn": "Saturn V", "aliases": [ "Saturn 5", "阿波罗火箭", "冯·布劳恩火箭" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "icbm", "rocket_engine" ], "related": [ "apollo_11" ], "desc": "近地运力110吨，1967年首飞，阿波罗登月载具。" }, { "id": "solid_electrolyte", "name": "固体电解质", "nameEn": "Fast-ion conductor", "wikiEn": "Fast-ion conductor", "aliases": [ "Solid electrolyte", "快离子导体", "固态电解质" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1967年β-氧化铝钠导体发现带动固态电池", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lithium_metal" ], "related": [ "solid_state_battery", "lithium_ion_battery", "battery_energy_storage" ], "desc": "只靠离子迁移导电的固态材料，全固态电池的核心。" }, { "id": "soyuz_spacecraft", "name": "联盟号飞船", "nameEn": "Soyuz spacecraft", "wikiEn": "Soyuz (spacecraft)", "aliases": [ "联盟飞船", "Soyuz", "Союз" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "vostok_1" ], "related": [ "extravehicular_activity" ], "desc": "1967年首飞的苏联三代载人飞船，系列服役至今。" }, { "id": "surface_mount_technology", "name": "表面贴装技术", "nameEn": "Surface-mount technology", "wikiEn": "Surface-mount technology", "aliases": [ "SMT", "贴片装配" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1960年代IBM先行，1980年代成为电子装配主流", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "printed_circuit_board", "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "ball_grid_array", "advanced_packaging_technology", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "元件直接贴焊在印制板表面，装配密度与自动化齐升。" }, { "id": "tensile_structure", "name": "张拉膜结构", "nameEn": "Tensile structure", "wikiEn": "Tensile structure", "aliases": [ "索膜结构", "张拉整体" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1960 年代后期以预张力索与膜成型的大跨屋盖确立，取约值", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "prestressed_concrete", "polyester_fiber", "cable_stayed_bridge" ], "related": [ "simple_suspension_bridge", "rope", "truss" ], "desc": "以索与膜的预张力成形，只受压稳不受弯，屋面轻到极限。" }, { "id": "viterbi_algorithm", "name": "维特比算法", "nameEn": "Viterbi algorithm", "wikiEn": "Viterbi algorithm", "aliases": [ "维特比译码", "Viterbi译码", "最大似然序列估计", "Viterbi decoder" ], "year": 1967, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "convolutional_code", "markov_chains" ], "related": [ "kalman_filter", "turbo_code" ], "desc": "维特比1967年提出的隐状态网格动态规划最大似然译码，用于编码与语音识别。" }, { "id": "antieigenvalue_theory", "name": "反特征值理论", "nameEn": "Antieigenvalue theory", "wikiEn": "Antieigenvalue theory", "aliases": [ "反特征值", "算子转向角理论", "Antieigenvalue" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cayley_hamilton_theorem" ], "related": [ "condition_number", "jacobi_eigenvalue_algorithm" ], "desc": "古斯塔夫松1968年创立，研究算子把向量转向最大的角度，用于数值稳定性分析。" }, { "id": "astar_search", "name": "A*启发式搜索", "nameEn": "A* search algorithm", "wikiEn": "A* search algorithm", "aliases": [ "A星算法", "A*算法", "Hart-Nilsson-Raphael", "启发式最优搜索" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dijkstra_algorithm" ], "related": [ "mcts", "bellman_dynamic_programming" ], "desc": "哈特、尼尔森等结合已耗代价与可采纳启发式估计，保证最优地加速图搜索。" }, { "id": "bertalanffy_general_systems", "name": "贝塔朗菲一般系统论", "nameEn": "Ludwig von Bertalanffy", "wikiEn": "Ludwig von Bertalanffy", "aliases": [ "一般系统论", "普通系统论", "GST", "开放系统理论" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cybernetics", "santa_fe_complex_systems" ], "desc": "以整体、开放与层级组织研究一般系统，横断自然与社会科学。" }, { "id": "computer_algebra", "name": "计算机代数", "nameEn": "Computer algebra", "wikiEn": "Computer algebra", "aliases": [ "符号计算", "符号演算", "Symbolic computation" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "abstract_algebra" ], "related": [ "flint_library", "general_relativity", "sparse_matrix" ], "desc": "用计算机做精确符号运算的领域，1968年MACSYMA项目开启现代符号计算系统。" }, { "id": "flow_cytometry", "name": "流式细胞术", "nameEn": "Flow Cytometry", "wikiEn": "Flow cytometry", "aliases": [ "流式细胞计数", "FACS" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "immunofluorescence", "microscope" ], "related": [ "hybridoma_technology", "single_cell_sequencing", "laser" ], "desc": "细胞逐个通过激光测荧光，表面标记可按群体快速分选" }, { "id": "ims_database", "name": "IMS 层次数据库管理系统", "nameEn": "IBM Information Management System", "wikiEn": "IBM Information Management System", "aliases": [ "IMS", "IMS/360", "层次数据库" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "os_360", "ibm_system_360" ], "related": [ "sabre_system" ], "desc": "IBM1968年为阿波罗计划开发的首个层次数据库管理系统。" }, { "id": "kimura_neutral_theory", "name": "木村资生中性演化理论", "nameEn": "Neutral theory of molecular evolution", "wikiEn": "Neutral theory of molecular evolution", "aliases": [ "中性突变理论", "分子演化中性说", "Kimura neutral theory" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "markov_chains", "molecular_clock", "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "metropolis_hastings", "modern_evolutionary_synthesis" ], "desc": "分子层面多数突变中性，遗传漂变主导，与自然选择互补。" }, { "id": "lax_pairs", "name": "拉克斯对", "nameEn": "Lax pair", "wikiEn": "Lax pair", "aliases": [ "拉克斯对", "Lax方程", "等谱演化", "Lax pairs", "可积性判据" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kruskal_solitons" ], "related": [ "kdv_equation", "schrodinger_equation" ], "desc": "以两算符的相容性改写非线性演化方程，谱不变量解释孤子稳定并给出可积判据。" }, { "id": "monetarism", "name": "货币主义规则", "nameEn": "Monetarism", "wikiEn": "Monetarism", "aliases": [ "货币规则", "弗里德曼货币主义" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "弗里德曼1968年总统演说确立政策纲领；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "quantity_theory_of_money", "fractional_reserve_banking" ], "related": [ "keynes_general_theory", "inflation_targeting", "federal_reserve_system" ], "desc": "主张按固定规则增长货币供给，反对相机抉择的需求管理。" }, { "id": "oral_rehydration_therapy", "name": "口服补液疗法", "nameEn": "Oral rehydration therapy", "wikiEn": "Oral rehydration therapy", "aliases": [ "ORT", "口服补液盐" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1968年达卡战场验证，1970年代WHO全球推广；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cholera_vaccine", "salt_production", "sugar_crystallization" ], "related": [ "food_preservation", "metric_system", "smallpox_eradication", "water_chlorination" ], "desc": "借钠-葡萄糖共转运口服补水盐，挽救数百万腹泻患儿。" }, { "id": "smart_card", "name": "智能卡", "nameEn": "Smart card", "wikiEn": "Smart card", "aliases": [ "IC卡", "集成电路卡", "chip card" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "magnetic_stripe_card", "atm" ], "desc": "1968年西德首提内嵌芯片的识别卡专利，现代IC卡的前身。" }, { "id": "sna_framework", "name": "国民账户体系", "nameEn": "System of National Accounts", "wikiEn": "System of National Accounts", "aliases": [ "SNA", "国民经济核算体系" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1968年联合国统计委员会通过修订版，通行至今", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kuznets_national_income", "input_output_analysis" ], "related": [ "physiocratic_tableau", "solow_growth_model", "human_development_index" ], "desc": "统一账户与口径使各国总产出可互比，宏观政策有了共同底账。" }, { "id": "software_engineering", "name": "软件工程", "nameEn": "Software engineering", "wikiEn": "Software engineering", "aliases": [ "软件开发工程化", "software crisis response" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "北约1968年加米施研讨会针对软件危机提出该词；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "programming_language", "structured_programming" ], "related": [ "version_control", "open_source_movement", "hoare_logic", "personal_computer" ], "desc": "以工程化方法组织需求、设计、测试与维护，回应1960年代大项目的软件危机。" }, { "id": "virtual_reality", "name": "虚拟现实", "nameEn": "Virtual reality", "wikiEn": "Virtual reality", "aliases": [ "VR", "灵境", "沉浸式虚拟环境" ], "year": 1968, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "萨瑟兰的头戴显示器为第一套沉浸式 VR 系统；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "sketchpad", "computer_mouse" ], "related": [ "three_d_projection", "touchscreen", "oculus_rift" ], "desc": "以头戴显示与头部追踪让三维画面实时跟随视角，营造身临其境的沉浸环境。" }, { "id": "apollo_11", "name": "阿波罗11号", "nameEn": "Apollo 11", "wikiEn": "Apollo 11", "aliases": [ "阿波罗登月", "Apollo program", "阿姆斯特朗", "Armstrong" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "saturn_v" ], "related": [ "lunar_probe", "vostok_1" ], "desc": "1969年人类首次登月，阿姆斯特朗踏出月面第一步。" }, { "id": "arpanet", "name": "阿帕网", "nameEn": "ARPANET", "wikiEn": "ARPANET", "aliases": [ "ARPANET", "阿帕网络", "美国国防部高级研究计划局网络" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "packet_switching", "modem", "time_sharing" ], "related": [ "internet", "communication_satellite" ], "desc": "1969年UCLA与斯坦福节点互联，首个分组交换广域网，互联网前身。" }, { "id": "boeing_747", "name": "波音747", "nameEn": "Boeing 747", "wikiEn": "Boeing 747", "aliases": [ "珍宝客机", "空中女王", "Jumbo Jet" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "turbofan" ], "related": [ "concorde" ], "desc": "首架宽体客机，高涵道涡扇推动民航票价大降。" }, { "id": "charge_coupled_device", "name": "电荷耦合器件", "nameEn": "Charge-coupled device", "wikiEn": "Charge-coupled device", "aliases": [ "CCD", "感光耦合元件" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "博伊尔与史密斯1969年贝尔实验室提出，2009年获诺贝尔物理学奖；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "einstein_photoelectric", "integrated_circuit", "mosfet" ], "related": [ "digital_camera", "photography", "image_scanner", "computer_vision" ], "desc": "以栅极逐格转移电荷的成像芯片，把光点变成数字信号，逐步终结胶片时代。" }, { "id": "cisplatin", "name": "顺铂化疗", "nameEn": "Cisplatin", "wikiEn": "Cisplatin", "aliases": [ "铂类抗肿瘤药", "顺式二氯二氨合铂" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "butlerov_structure_theory", "periodic_table", "methotrexate" ], "related": [ "radiation_therapy", "azathioprine", "recombinant_insulin" ], "desc": "铂配合物交联DNA阻断分裂，两种异构体只有一种抗癌" }, { "id": "concorde", "name": "协和式客机", "nameEn": "Concorde", "wikiEn": "Concorde", "aliases": [ "协和飞机", "Concorde SST", "超音速客机" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "supersonic_fighter" ], "related": [ "boeing_747" ], "desc": "英法合研，1969年首飞，可两倍音速巡航。" }, { "id": "curry_howard_correspondence", "name": "柯里—霍华德对应", "nameEn": "Curry–Howard correspondence", "wikiEn": "Curry–Howard correspondence", "aliases": [ "命题即类型", "证明即程序", "柯里霍华德对应", "programs-as-proofs" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "柯里1934—1947年观察到，霍华德1969年明确表述；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "type_theory", "church_lambda_calculus" ], "related": [ "intuitionistic_logic", "proof_theory", "programming_language", "hoare_logic" ], "desc": "命题对应类型、证明对应程序的结构性同构，把逻辑学与软件验证连成一体。" }, { "id": "el_nino_southern_oscillation", "name": "厄尔尼诺-南方涛动", "nameEn": "El Nino-Southern Oscillation", "wikiEn": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "aliases": [ "ENSO", "南方涛动" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "沃克1924年发现南方涛动，别耶克尼斯1969年阐明海气耦合", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "numerical_weather_prediction", "jet_stream", "agriculture" ], "desc": "赤道中东太平洋海气耦合振荡，全球旱涝的遥相关开关。" }, { "id": "hoare_logic", "name": "霍尔逻辑", "nameEn": "Hoare logic", "wikiEn": "Hoare logic", "aliases": [ "前后条件逻辑", "Floyd-Hoare logic", "霍尔三元式" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "弗洛伊德1967年提出，霍尔1969年发表公理化系统", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "first_order_logic", "mathematical_induction" ], "related": [ "programming_language", "software_engineering", "automated_theorem_proving", "model_checking" ], "desc": "以前后条件三元式描述程序状态变换的推理规则，开启程序正确性形式验证。" }, { "id": "open_university", "name": "开放大学", "nameEn": "Open University", "wikiEn": "Open University", "aliases": [ "英国开放大学", "广播电视大学" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1969年获特许状创立", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "distance_education", "radio" ], "related": [ "mooc", "adult_education" ], "desc": "英国以广播电视与函授开展学位教育的开放大学" }, { "id": "refrigerated_container", "name": "冷藏集装箱", "nameEn": "Refrigerated Container", "wikiEn": "Refrigerated container", "aliases": [ "冷藏箱", "带制冷机组集装箱" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "container_shipping", "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "lng_carrier", "electricity_generation", "icebreaker" ], "desc": "箱体自带制冷机组并按标准箱尺寸上船，生鲜与药品首次做到门到门低温" }, { "id": "rkf45_fehlberg", "name": "RKF45变步长龙格-库塔", "nameEn": "Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method", "wikiEn": "Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method", "aliases": [ "费尔贝格法", "RKF45", "Fehlberg method", "嵌入龙格库塔" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "runge_kutta_methods" ], "related": [ "dormand_prince", "adams_multistep_method" ], "desc": "费尔贝格1969年以两个嵌入格式估计误差、自控步长，开启自适应ODE积分。" }, { "id": "rubella_vaccine", "name": "风疹疫苗", "nameEn": "Rubella vaccine", "wikiEn": "Rubella vaccine", "aliases": [ "德国麻疹疫苗", "HPV-77:DE", "RA27/3" ], "year": 1969, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "atomic_electronic", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "freeze_drying", "measles_vaccine", "pasteurization", "refrigeration" ], "related": [], "desc": "希勒曼研制，1969年上市，预防先天性风疹畸形。" }, { "id": "adjacency_algebra", "name": "邻接代数", "nameEn": "Adjacency algebra", "wikiEn": "Adjacency algebra", "aliases": [ "邻接矩阵代数", "图邻接代数", "Adjacency matrix algebra" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "related": [ "block_matrix", "jacobi_eigenvalue_algorithm" ], "desc": "图邻接矩阵的多项式全体构成的矩阵代数，是图谱分析的代数框架。" }, { "id": "conway_notation", "name": "康威纽结记号", "nameEn": "Conway notation (knot theory)", "wikiEn": "Conway notation (knot theory)", "aliases": [ "康威记号", "缠结记号", "Conway knot notation", "有理缠结" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "alexander_polynomial" ], "related": [ "jones_polynomial", "tait_knot_tables" ], "desc": "康威以缠结代数运算重编纽结表并发现康威纽结，推动纽结不变量的代数化研究。" }, { "id": "cosmic_ray_muon_imaging", "name": "宇宙射线μ子成像", "nameEn": "Muon Radiography", "wikiEn": "Muon radiography", "aliases": [ "μ子射线照相", "Muography" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cosmic_rays" ], "related": [ "tunnel_boring_machine" ], "desc": "宇宙射线μ子穿透岩层经径迹探测器重建密度分布，隧道与火山内部空洞超前地质预报" }, { "id": "digital_telephone_switch", "name": "数字程控交换机", "nameEn": "Digital telephone exchange", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "E10", "PLATON", "Telephone exchange", "数字电话交换机", "时分数字交换", "程控数字交换机" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pulse_code_modulation", "telephone_exchange" ], "related": [ "isdn", "mobile_phone", "fiber_optics_comm" ], "desc": "1970年法国拉尼翁E10开通，世界首个时分数字电话交换系统。" }, { "id": "diophantine_set", "name": "丢番图集", "nameEn": "Diophantine set", "wikiEn": "Diophantine set", "aliases": [ "丢番图关系", "丢番图可定义集", "Diophantine set" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diophantine_equations" ], "related": [ "turing_machine" ], "desc": "成员资格可由整系数多项式方程有解判定的集合，MRDP定理证明它恰为递归可枚举集。" }, { "id": "dram", "name": "动态随机存储器", "nameEn": "Dynamic random-access memory", "wikiEn": "Dynamic random-access memory", "aliases": [ "DRAM", "动态RAM", "Intel 1103", "动态随机存取存储器" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit", "planar_process", "silicon_transistor" ], "related": [ "microprocessor", "eeprom", "flash_memory" ], "desc": "丹纳德发明单管单元，1970年Intel 1103成为首款商用DRAM芯片。" }, { "id": "dynamic_compaction", "name": "动力固结法", "nameEn": "Dynamic compaction", "wikiEn": "Dynamic compaction", "aliases": [ "强夯法", "重锤夯实地基" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "法国 1960 年代末提出、1970 年前后工程化，取约值", "era": "information", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pile_foundation", "crane", "dynamite" ], "related": [ "qanat", "three_gorges_dam", "land_reclamation", "aqueduct" ], "desc": "重锤自高处反复夯击地基，使松土致密并提高承载力。" }, { "id": "early_dna_sequencing", "name": "DNA测序早期", "nameEn": "DNA sequencing", "wikiEn": "DNA sequencing", "aliases": [ "吴瑞引物延伸法", "Primer extension method" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "dna_double_helix", "isotope_tracer" ], "related": [ "electronic_computer", "protein_sequencing", "restriction_enzyme", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "desc": "吴瑞1970年以引物延伸法首测DNA片段序列。" }, { "id": "efficient_market_hypothesis", "name": "市场有效性假说", "nameEn": "Efficient-market hypothesis", "wikiEn": "Efficient-market hypothesis", "aliases": [ "有效市场假说", "EMH" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "法玛1970年综述确立三种信息集形式", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "modern_portfolio_theory", "stock_ticker" ], "related": [ "stock_exchange", "black_scholes_formula", "prospect_theory" ], "desc": "价格已吸收可得信息，靠公开资料持续跑赢市场不成立。" }, { "id": "excimer_laser", "name": "准分子激光器", "nameEn": "Excimer laser", "wikiEn": "Excimer laser", "aliases": [ "受激准分子激光器" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [ "laser_diode" ], "desc": "1970年巴索夫等制成准分子激光器，强紫外光源先驱。" }, { "id": "fiber_optics_comm", "name": "光纤通信", "nameEn": "Fiber-optic communication", "wikiEn": "Fiber-optic communication", "aliases": [ "光导纤维通信", "光通信", "Corning low-loss fiber", "康宁低损耗光纤" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [ "edfa", "tat8", "wdm", "fiber_to_the_home" ], "desc": "1970年康宁制成低损耗石英光纤，开启光通信时代，互联网骨干基石。" }, { "id": "gaas_solar_cell", "name": "砷化镓太阳能电池", "nameEn": "Gallium arsenide", "wikiEn": "Gallium arsenide", "aliases": [ "异质结太阳能电池", "GaAs电池" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "solar_cell" ], "related": [ "laser_diode" ], "desc": "1970年阿尔费罗夫团队制成高效砷化镓异质结电池。" }, { "id": "glyphosate", "name": "草甘膦", "nameEn": "Glyphosate", "wikiEn": "Glyphosate", "aliases": [ "农达", "膦酸类除草剂" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970年前后发现除草活性，1974年商品化", "era": "information", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pesticide", "two_four_d_herbicide" ], "related": [ "no_till_farming", "green_revolution" ], "desc": "广谱灭生性除草剂，成为免耕农业的化学支点。" }, { "id": "green_roof", "name": "种植屋面", "nameEn": "Green roof", "wikiEn": "Green roof", "aliases": [ "屋顶绿化", "植被屋面" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1960 年代末起德国把种植屋面做法标准化，取约值", "era": "information", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bitumen", "concrete", "masonry" ], "related": [ "hypocaust", "yakhchal", "dome" ], "desc": "屋面覆土植栽并设隔根排水层，削减径流又降低室温。" }, { "id": "hoerl_kennard_ridge_regression", "name": "霍瑞尔-肯纳德岭回归", "nameEn": "Ridge regression", "wikiEn": "Ridge regression", "aliases": [ "岭回归", "脊回归", "L2正则化", "Hoerl-Kennard ridge" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "yule_multiple_regression" ], "related": [ "nelder_wedderburn_glm", "k_means_clustering" ], "desc": "以系数平方惩罚处理多重共线性，开正则化回归与偏差方差权衡先河。" }, { "id": "information_asymmetry", "name": "信息不对称理论", "nameEn": "Information asymmetry", "wikiEn": "Information asymmetry", "aliases": [ "柠檬市场", "逆向选择" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "阿克洛夫1970年论文开创，信号与screening 模型随后展开；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "game_theory", "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "microfinance", "credit_rating_agency", "coase_theorem" ], "desc": "一方更懂品质会驱逐良品，市场因此需要信号、担保与筛查。" }, { "id": "isbn", "name": "国际标准书号", "nameEn": "ISBN", "wikiEn": "ISBN", "aliases": [ "统一书号", "ISBN编号" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "card_catalog", "copyright", "offset_printing" ], "related": [ "dewey_decimal", "marc", "paperback" ], "desc": "每种出版物获唯一编号，书目与库存结算得以自动核对" }, { "id": "kmp_algorithm", "name": "KMP字符串匹配", "nameEn": "Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm", "wikiEn": "Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm", "aliases": [ "KMP算法", "克努特-莫里斯-普拉特算法", "KMP string matching" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algorithm" ], "related": [ "hash_table", "merge_sort" ], "desc": "克努特、莫里斯、普拉特利用失配前缀函数避免回溯，实现线性时间字符串查找。" }, { "id": "linnainmaa_reverse_autodiff", "name": "反向模式自动微分", "nameEn": "Automatic differentiation", "wikiEn": "Automatic differentiation", "aliases": [ "自动微分反向传播", "Linnainmaa自动微分", "Reverse accumulation", "Reverse-mode AD" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "calculus", "von_neumann_architecture" ], "related": [ "backpropagation", "cauchy_gradient_descent", "fortran", "numerical_weather_prediction" ], "desc": "林奈因玛在硕士论文中给出链式法则的反向遍历，成为后来深度学习反向传播的先声。" }, { "id": "lunokhod", "name": "月球车1号", "nameEn": "Lunokhod 1", "wikiEn": "Lunokhod 1", "aliases": [ "月行者1号", "Lunokhod", "遥控月球车" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "lunar_probe" ], "related": [ "apollo_11" ], "desc": "1970年首辆地外遥控车在月面行驶逾十公里。" }, { "id": "meta_analysis", "name": "荟萃分析", "nameEn": "Meta-analysis", "wikiEn": "Meta-analysis", "aliases": [ "整合分析", "证据合并" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "pearson_standard_deviation", "randomized_controlled_trial", "fisher_sufficient_statistic" ], "related": [ "cohort_study", "case_control_study", "citation_index", "big_data" ], "desc": "加权合并多项试验结果，小样本报应被汇总成可检验效应" }, { "id": "optical_fiber_silica", "name": "低损耗石英光纤", "nameEn": "Low-loss fused silica optical fiber", "wikiEn": "Fused quartz", "aliases": [ "高纯石英光纤", "康宁光纤" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "synthetic_quartz" ], "related": [ "laser_diode" ], "desc": "康宁以化学气相沉积制出17dB/km低损耗石英光纤。" }, { "id": "pascal_language", "name": "Pascal语言", "nameEn": "Pascal", "wikiEn": "Pascal (programming language)", "aliases": [ "Pascal", "Delphi", "帕斯卡语言" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "algol" ], "related": [ "c_language", "integrated_development_environment" ], "desc": "沃斯1970年设计的结构化教学语言，Turbo Pascal曾风靡PC时代。" }, { "id": "plasma_etching", "name": "等离子体刻蚀", "nameEn": "Plasma etching", "wikiEn": "Plasma etching", "aliases": [ "Reactive-ion etching", "干法刻蚀", "RIE" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970年前后反应离子刻蚀用于器件图形转移；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "photolithography", "chemical_vapor_deposition" ], "related": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication", "euv_lithography", "wafer_bonding" ], "desc": "用活性等离子体各向异性地挖出微细图形的减法工艺。" }, { "id": "recycling", "name": "材料回收", "nameEn": "Recycling", "wikiEn": "Recycling", "aliases": [ "再生利用", "资源回收" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970年首个地球日推动系统性回收；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hall_heroult_process", "polyethylene" ], "related": [ "biodegradable_plastic", "electric_arc_furnace", "portland_cement" ], "desc": "把废弃金属与塑料重新投入生产循环的工业流程。" }, { "id": "relational_database", "name": "关系数据库", "nameEn": "Relational database", "wikiEn": "Relational database", "aliases": [ "关系模型", "Relational model", "RDBMS", "关系型数据库" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cantor_set_theory", "ims_database" ], "related": [ "archive_institution", "oracle_database", "sql" ], "desc": "科德1970年提出关系模型，数据以表格与关系组织，成数据库主流。" }, { "id": "restriction_enzyme", "name": "限制性内切酶", "nameEn": "Restriction enzyme", "wikiEn": "Restriction enzyme", "aliases": [ "分子剪刀", "HindII", "限制性核酸内切酶" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "dna_double_helix", "enzyme_concept" ], "related": [ "early_dna_sequencing", "mass_spectrometry", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "desc": "史密斯分离HindII定点切割DNA，基因工程的关键工具。" }, { "id": "reverse_transcriptase", "name": "逆转录酶", "nameEn": "Reverse transcriptase", "wikiEn": "Reverse transcriptase", "aliases": [ "反转录酶", "Baltimore", "Temin" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "enzyme_concept", "isotope_tracer", "messenger_rna" ], "related": [ "dna_double_helix", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "desc": "特明与巴尔的摩发现逆转录酶，拓展中心法则。" }, { "id": "rockafellar_convex_analysis", "name": "洛克菲勒凸分析", "nameEn": "Convex analysis", "wikiEn": "Convex analysis", "aliases": [ "凸分析", "凸优化", "Rockafellar凸分析", "凸对偶理论" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kuhn_tucker_conditions", "shor_subgradient_method" ], "related": [ "compressed_sensing", "karmarkar_interior_point", "lp_duality_theory" ], "desc": "洛克菲勒《凸分析》集次微分、对偶与极值理论之大成，奠定凸优化学科。" }, { "id": "securitization", "name": "资产证券化", "nameEn": "Securitization", "wikiEn": "Securitization", "aliases": [ "资产支持证券", "信贷资产打包" ], "year": 1970, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970年美国吉利美发行首只住房贷款过手证券；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "credit_rating_agency", "government_debt_market" ], "related": [ "value_at_risk", "basel_capital_accord", "mutual_fund" ], "desc": "把住房贷款等应收现金流分层打包发售，银行将资产移出表外。" }, { "id": "arcade_video_game", "name": "街机", "nameEn": "Arcade video game", "wikiEn": "Arcade game", "aliases": [ "街机游戏", "电子游戏厅", "Computer Space", "太空战街机" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "spacewar" ], "related": [ "atari_2600", "nintendo_entertainment_system" ], "desc": "1971年《电脑太空战》开启街机产业，1978年后进入黄金时代。" }, { "id": "b_tree", "name": "B 树", "nameEn": "B-tree", "wikiEn": "B-tree", "aliases": [ "B树", "多路平衡搜索树" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "拜尔与麦克雷特为 Boeing 文件系统设计的磁盘索引结构；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "data_structure", "hard_disk" ], "related": [ "relational_database", "file_system", "sql" ], "desc": "为磁盘块读写设计的高扇出平衡树，使数据库索引足以承载亿级记录。" }, { "id": "block_cipher", "name": "分组密码", "nameEn": "Block cipher", "wikiEn": "Block cipher", "aliases": [ "块密码", "密码块", "Feistel network" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "费斯妥在 IBM 的 Lucifer 方案（1971）奠定分轮迭代结构；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cryptography", "pseudorandom_number_generator" ], "related": [ "cryptographic_hash_function", "des", "enigma_machine", "public_key_cryptography" ], "desc": "把明文切成定长块再逐轮置换扩散的加密方式，DES 与 AES 均属此类。" }, { "id": "computer_virus", "name": "计算机病毒", "nameEn": "Creeper (program)", "wikiEn": "Creeper (program)", "aliases": [ "Creeper", "爬行者程序", "首个计算机病毒", "Reaper" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "arpanet" ], "related": [ "morris_worm", "antivirus_software" ], "desc": "1971年Creeper在阿帕网节点间自我复制，是公认首个计算机病毒。" }, { "id": "cook_levin_np_completeness", "name": "NP完全性理论", "nameEn": "Cook–Levin theorem", "wikiEn": "Cook–Levin theorem", "aliases": [ "库克-莱文定理", "NP完全", "P与NP问题", "NP-completeness", "SAT问题" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "turing_machine" ], "related": [ "euv_lithography", "karatsuba_multiplication", "rsa", "simplex_method" ], "desc": "库克与莱文证明SAT为NP完全，卡普推广后确立P=NP难题，界定有效计算的边界。" }, { "id": "cygnus_x1_black_hole", "name": "天鹅座X-1黑洞证据", "nameEn": "Cygnus X-1 black hole evidence", "wikiEn": "Cygnus X-1", "aliases": [ "天鹅座X-1", "Cygnus X-1", "黑洞候选体", "第一个黑洞证据" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pulsar_discovery" ], "related": [ "quasar_discovery" ], "desc": "天鹅座X-1的质量与亮度分析给出黑洞首个观测证据。" }, { "id": "elisa", "name": "酶联免疫吸附测定", "nameEn": "ELISA", "wikiEn": "ELISA", "aliases": [ "酶标法", "免疫板测定" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "radioimmunoassay", "enzyme_concept" ], "related": [ "immunofluorescence", "western_blot", "blood_bank" ], "desc": "抗体连上显色酶，不需同位素设备即可大批筛查血清" }, { "id": "email", "name": "电子邮件", "nameEn": "Email", "wikiEn": "Email", "aliases": [ "电子邮件", "E-mail", "Electronic mail", "网络邮件", "汤姆林森电子邮件" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arpanet" ], "related": [ "smtp", "mime", "listserv" ], "desc": "1971年汤姆林森在阿帕网发出首封网络邮件，并发明@地址格式。" }, { "id": "fiat_money", "name": "法定货币", "nameEn": "Fiat money", "wikiEn": "Fiat money", "aliases": [ "信用货币", "法币" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1971 年美元停止兑金，主要货币全面转浮动作法币", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gold_standard" ], "related": [ "bretton_woods_system" ], "desc": "货币不再锚定贵金属而只靠法令与央行政策维持价值，弹性与风险同增。" }, { "id": "filtered_backprojection", "name": "滤波反投影", "nameEn": "Tomographic reconstruction", "wikiEn": "Tomographic reconstruction", "aliases": [ "FBP", "filtered backprojection", "卷积反投影", "CT解析重建" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radon_transform", "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "compressed_sensing", "tikhonov_regularization" ], "desc": "1971年提出斜坡滤波后反投影的CT重建算法，解析重建速度快，长期作为临床标准。" }, { "id": "finite_volume_method", "name": "有限体积法", "nameEn": "Finite volume method", "wikiEn": "Finite volume method", "aliases": [ "有限体积", "FVM", "控制体积法", "有限体积离散" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "godunov_scheme", "finite_difference_method" ], "related": [ "upwind_scheme", "mac_grid" ], "desc": "控制体通量平衡离散，严格守恒、适配非结构网格，1971年成为CFD主导方法。" }, { "id": "ftp", "name": "文件传输协议", "nameEn": "File Transfer Protocol", "wikiEn": "File Transfer Protocol", "aliases": [ "FTP", "文件传送协议" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arpanet" ], "related": [ "telnet", "http", "internet" ], "desc": "1971年起在阿帕网制定的文件传输协议，长期为互联网下载标准。" }, { "id": "high_strength_carbon_fiber", "name": "高强度碳纤维复合材料", "nameEn": "Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer", "wikiEn": "Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers", "aliases": [ "PAN基碳纤维", "CFRP", "东丽T300" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "carbon_fiber" ], "related": [ "kevlar" ], "desc": "东丽T300量产PAN基高强度碳纤维，进入航空航天。" }, { "id": "intel_4004", "name": "Intel 4004", "nameEn": "Intel 4004", "wikiEn": "Intel 4004", "aliases": [ "4004", "英特尔4004", "MCS-4" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit", "photolithography" ], "related": [ "microprocessor", "intel_8080", "dram" ], "desc": "1971年英特尔推出的首款商用4位微处理器，集成约2300只晶体管。" }, { "id": "karaoke", "name": "卡拉OK", "nameEn": "Karaoke", "wikiEn": "Karaoke", "aliases": [], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "井上大佑1971年陪酒伴奏机；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "magnetic_tape_recorder" ], "related": [ "synthesizer", "gramophone" ], "desc": "伴奏带加荧光歌词让听众变歌手，包厢消费成为东亚夜生活基础设施。" }, { "id": "lcd_display", "name": "液晶显示器", "nameEn": "Liquid-crystal display", "wikiEn": "Liquid-crystal display", "aliases": [ "液晶显示", "LCD", "TN液晶" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "liquid_crystal_material" ], "related": [ "oled", "led" ], "desc": "Schadt与Helfrich发明TN效应，催生计算器与平板显示器。" }, { "id": "microprocessor", "name": "微处理器", "nameEn": "Microprocessor", "wikiEn": "Microprocessor", "aliases": [ "MPU", "CPU芯片", "微处理机", "单片处理器" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "intel_4004", "microcontroller", "personal_computer", "silicon_on_insulator_fab" ], "desc": "将整颗CPU集成于一块芯片，1971年Intel 4004首开先河。" }, { "id": "radial_basis_functions", "name": "径向基函数", "nameEn": "Radial basis function", "wikiEn": "Radial basis function", "aliases": [ "径向基", "RBF", "径向基插值", "Hardy多二次曲面" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lagrange_interpolation" ], "related": [ "sph_method", "krige_gaussian_process" ], "desc": "哈迪1971年用多二次曲面插值散乱地形数据，仅依赖距离的基函数后推广到神经网络。" }, { "id": "retractable_roof", "name": "可开启屋盖", "nameEn": "Retractable roof", "wikiEn": "Retractable roof", "aliases": [ "开合屋盖", "移动屋面" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970 年代初北美大场馆首用推拉开合屋盖，取约值", "era": "information", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "steel_frame_construction", "crane", "suspension_bridge" ], "related": [ "bessemer_steel", "dome", "vault_construction" ], "desc": "屋盖沿轨道推拉开合，大跨度场馆可随天气切换形态。" }, { "id": "spectral_methods", "name": "谱方法", "nameEn": "Spectral method", "wikiEn": "Spectral method", "aliases": [ "谱离散", "Galerkin谱方法", "切比雪夫谱方法", "拟谱法" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis", "chebyshev_polynomials" ], "related": [ "finite_element_method", "clenshaw_curtis_quadrature" ], "desc": "戈特利布等1970年代发展，以全局光滑基函数展开PDE解，光滑问题具指数级精度。" }, { "id": "telnet", "name": "Telnet", "nameEn": "Telnet", "wikiEn": "Telnet", "aliases": [ "远程登录", "TELNET协议", "虚拟终端协议" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "arpanet" ], "related": [ "ftp", "bbs", "ssh" ], "desc": "1971年RFC 97定名的远程终端登录协议，早期互联网入口工具。" }, { "id": "vc_dimension", "name": "VC维理论", "nameEn": "Vapnik-Chervonenkis Dimension", "wikiEn": "VC dimension", "aliases": [ "Vapnik-Chervonenkis维" ], "year": 1971, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "information_theory" ], "related": [ "radar" ], "desc": "刻画学习模型泛化能力的组合几何上限，界定雷达杂波分类器所需最小训练样本量" }, { "id": "apoptosis_concept", "name": "细胞凋亡概念", "nameEn": "Apoptosis", "wikiEn": "Apoptosis", "aliases": [ "细胞程序性死亡", "Kerr apoptosis", "凋亡小体", "Apoptosis" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "electron_microscope" ], "desc": "1972年命名细胞有序自杀过程，揭示发育与肿瘤关键机制。" }, { "id": "c_language", "name": "C语言", "nameEn": "C", "wikiEn": "C (programming language)", "aliases": [ "C", "C程序设计语言", "K&R C" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algol", "assembler", "compiler" ], "related": [ "unix", "cplusplus", "linux_kernel" ], "desc": "里奇1972年在贝尔实验室为Unix设计，是系统级编程语言的基石。" }, { "id": "cox_proportional_hazards", "name": "考克斯比例风险模型", "nameEn": "Proportional hazards model", "wikiEn": "Proportional hazards model", "aliases": [ "考克斯模型", "Cox模型", "比例风险回归", "Cox regression" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kaplan_meier_estimator", "berkson_logistic_regression" ], "related": [ "mann_whitney_u_test", "nelder_wedderburn_glm", "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "desc": "考克斯以半参数比例风险模型回归协变量对生存时间的影响。" }, { "id": "ct_scanner", "name": "CT扫描仪", "nameEn": "CT scan", "wikiEn": "CT scan", "aliases": [ "计算机断层扫描", "X-CT", "计算机轴向断层成像" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ct_precursor", "electronic_computer", "radon_transform", "x_ray" ], "related": [ "cooley_tukey_fft", "filtered_backprojection", "mri_scanner" ], "desc": "豪斯菲尔德CT机商用，计算机重建人体断层影像。" }, { "id": "depth_first_search", "name": "深度优先搜索", "nameEn": "Depth-first search", "wikiEn": "Depth-first search", "aliases": [ "DFS", "深度优先遍历" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "19世纪迷宫走法已具雏形；霍普克罗夫特—塔扬1972年给出线性时间实现；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "data_structure", "seven_bridges_graph_theory" ], "related": [ "breadth_first_search", "kahn_topological_sort", "astar_search" ], "desc": "一路探底再回退的遍历策略，用于拓扑排序、连通分量与回溯式求解。" }, { "id": "esports", "name": "电子竞技", "nameEn": "Esports", "wikiEn": "Esports", "aliases": [ "电竞", "电子竞技运动" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "斯坦福校园《太空战争》锦标赛被视为首次电竞比赛", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "arcade_video_game", "team_sport" ], "related": [ "live_streaming", "video_game_console", "modern_olympic_games" ], "desc": "以电子游戏为项目的观赛化竞技体系，沿用体育的联赛、俱乐部与转播结构。" }, { "id": "fly_by_wire", "name": "电传操纵", "nameEn": "Fly-by-wire", "wikiEn": "Fly-by-wire", "aliases": [ "FBW", "数字式电传" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1972年F-8C完成数字式电传试飞；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "autopilot", "transistor" ], "related": [ "airplane", "consumer_drone", "gyroscope" ], "desc": "以电信号与计算机取代钢缆液压杆操纵飞机舵面。" }, { "id": "gaia_hypothesis", "name": "盖亚假说", "nameEn": "Gaia hypothesis", "wikiEn": "Gaia hypothesis", "aliases": [ "大地女神假说", "洛夫洛克假说", "Lovelock Gaia", "地球自我调节" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "tansley_ecosystem", "cybernetics" ], "desc": "生物圈与大气海洋耦合为自我调节的生命系统，地球生理学。" }, { "id": "nelder_wedderburn_glm", "name": "内尔德-韦德伯恩广义线性模型", "nameEn": "Generalized linear model", "wikiEn": "Generalized linear model", "aliases": [ "广义线性模型", "GLM", "广义线性模式", "连接函数模型" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "berkson_logistic_regression", "exponential_family" ], "related": [ "cox_proportional_hazards", "randomized_controlled_trial", "yule_multiple_regression" ], "desc": "内尔德与韦德伯恩以指数族连接函数统一线性、逻辑与对数线性回归。" }, { "id": "object_oriented_programming", "name": "面向对象编程", "nameEn": "Object-oriented programming", "wikiEn": "Object-oriented programming", "aliases": [ "OOP", "面向对象程序设计", "物件导向程式设计" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cplusplus", "java_language", "smalltalk", "structured_programming" ], "desc": "以对象封装数据与方法，Smalltalk在70年代成形，由C++与Java推广。" }, { "id": "parallel_computing", "name": "并行计算", "nameEn": "Parallel computing", "wikiEn": "Parallel computing", "aliases": [ "并行处理", "平行计算", "ILLIAC IV", "伊利阿克IV" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "supercomputer" ], "related": [ "cray_1", "workstation" ], "desc": "用多个处理器同时求解，ILLIAC IV于1972年开启大规模并行机时代。" }, { "id": "photopolymer", "name": "光敏树脂", "nameEn": "Photopolymer", "wikiEn": "Photopolymer", "aliases": [ "UV-curable resin", "光固化树脂" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970年代紫外固化涂料与立体光刻树脂", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "photoresist" ], "related": [ "additive_manufacturing", "euv_lithography", "surface_mount_technology" ], "desc": "受紫外光即交联固化的树脂，支撑光刻与立体打印。" }, { "id": "punctuated_equilibrium", "name": "间断平衡理论", "nameEn": "Punctuated equilibrium", "wikiEn": "Punctuated equilibrium", "aliases": [ "点断平衡", "间断平衡论", "Eldredge-Gould", "停滞与爆发交替" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geological_map", "modern_evolutionary_synthesis", "steno_stratigraphy" ], "related": [ "cartography", "evolution_natural_selection" ], "desc": "演化长期停滞与短期快速成种交替，解释化石记录缺环。" }, { "id": "recombinant_dna_technology", "name": "重组DNA技术", "nameEn": "Recombinant DNA", "wikiEn": "Recombinant DNA", "aliases": [ "基因克隆", "重组脱氧核糖核酸" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "伯格1972年实现首次体外重组，1973年科恩克隆成功；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "central_dogma", "chromatography", "restriction_enzyme", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "crispr_gene_editing", "electronic_computer", "pcr", "synthetic_biology" ], "desc": "限制酶与连接酶拼装跨物种基因，开启基因工程产业时代。" }, { "id": "smalltalk", "name": "Smalltalk", "nameEn": "Smalltalk", "wikiEn": "Smalltalk", "aliases": [ "Smalltalk-72", "Smalltalk-80" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lisp" ], "related": [ "object_oriented_programming", "graphical_user_interface" ], "desc": "施乐PARC在1970年代开发的纯面向对象语言，与Alto相伴而生。" }, { "id": "video_game_console", "name": "家用游戏机", "nameEn": "Home video game console", "wikiEn": "Video game console", "aliases": [ "Magnavox Odyssey", "奥德赛游戏机", "电视游戏机" ], "year": 1972, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arcade_video_game" ], "related": [ "nintendo_switch", "game_boy" ], "desc": "奥德赛首台家用游戏机，电子游戏进入家庭" }, { "id": "accounting_standards", "name": "国际会计准则", "nameEn": "International accounting standards", "wikiEn": "International Financial Reporting Standards", "aliases": [ "IFRS", "国际财务报告准则" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1973年国际会计准则委员会成立，2001年改组后发布现行准则；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "audit_profession", "double_entry_bookkeeping" ], "related": [ "sna_framework", "credit_rating_agency", "basel_capital_accord" ], "desc": "跨国统一的确认与披露规则，让不同国家的报表可并列比较。" }, { "id": "airbag", "name": "安全气囊", "nameEn": "Airbag", "wikiEn": "Airbag", "aliases": [ "辅助约束系统", "SRS airbag" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1973年通用汽车首次量产装备；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "three_point_seatbelt" ], "related": [ "automobile", "model_t", "tank" ], "desc": "碰撞传感器引爆气囊，数十毫秒内缓冲乘员头胸部。" }, { "id": "black_scholes_formula", "name": "布莱克-斯科尔斯公式", "nameEn": "Black–Scholes model", "wikiEn": "Black–Scholes model", "aliases": [ "布莱克-斯科尔斯-默顿模型", "期权定价公式", "Black–Scholes–Merton", "BSM模型" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory", "nash_equilibrium" ], "related": [ "bayes_theorem", "monte_carlo_method" ], "desc": "布莱克、斯科尔斯与默顿给出期权无套利定价偏微分方程，引爆全球衍生品市场。" }, { "id": "ethernet", "name": "以太网", "nameEn": "Ethernet", "wikiEn": "Ethernet", "aliases": [ "DIX Ethernet", "IEEE 802.3", "乙太網路", "以太网", "施乐以太网" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "packet_switching" ], "related": [ "workstation", "internet", "nfs", "scsi" ], "desc": "梅特卡夫1973年在施乐发明，1980年DIX标准化，是局域网物理层基石。" }, { "id": "floating_exchange_rate", "name": "浮动汇率制", "nameEn": "Floating exchange rate", "wikiEn": "Floating exchange rate", "aliases": [ "自由浮动", "汇率浮动" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1973年主要货币放弃固定平价", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bretton_woods_system", "gold_standard" ], "related": [ "fiat_money", "quantity_theory_of_money", "swift_network" ], "desc": "货币比价由外汇市场定出，汇率风险成了日常经营变量。" }, { "id": "graphical_user_interface", "name": "图形用户界面", "nameEn": "Graphical user interface", "wikiEn": "Graphical user interface", "aliases": [ "GUI", "图形界面", "WIMP", "Xerox Alto", "施乐Alto", "Xerox Star" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "computer_mouse", "sketchpad" ], "related": [ "macintosh", "microsoft_windows", "neisser_cognitive_psychology", "personal_computer" ], "desc": "1973年施乐Alto首创窗口图标菜单指针界面，后由Mac推向大众。" }, { "id": "gravity_assist", "name": "引力弹弓", "nameEn": "Gravity assist", "wikiEn": "Gravity assist", "aliases": [ "Swing-by", "借力变轨" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1973年先锋10号首次借木星加速；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "rocket_engine" ], "related": [ "voyager_program", "new_horizons", "artificial_satellite" ], "desc": "借行星轨道运动改变探测器速度与方向的导航技术。" }, { "id": "hybrid_rice", "name": "杂交水稻", "nameEn": "Hybrid rice", "wikiEn": "Hybrid rice", "aliases": [ "三系法杂交稻" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1973年三系配套成功；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "heterosis", "plant_breeding", "rice_cultivation" ], "related": [ "green_revolution", "ir8_rice", "dwarf_wheat" ], "desc": "三系法籼型杂交稻配组成功，稻作单产大幅提高。" }, { "id": "lng_carrier", "name": "大型LNG运输船", "nameEn": "LNG carrier", "wikiEn": "LNG carrier", "aliases": [ "液化天然气船", "Moss球罐型LNG船" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "oil_tanker" ], "related": [], "desc": "球罐Moss型等大型LNG船投运，跨洋天然气贸易成形。" }, { "id": "maynard_smith_evolutionary_game", "name": "梅纳德·史密斯演化博弈", "nameEn": "Evolutionary game theory", "wikiEn": "Evolutionary game theory", "aliases": [ "演化博弈论", "进化稳定策略", "ESS", "鹰鸽博弈" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nash_equilibrium", "von_neumann_minimax_theorem" ], "related": [ "shapley_value" ], "desc": "梅纳德·史密斯与普赖斯以鹰鸽博弈提出演化稳定策略，博弈论入生物学。" }, { "id": "mechanism_design_revelation", "name": "机制设计与显示原理", "nameEn": "Mechanism design", "wikiEn": "Mechanism design", "aliases": [ "机制设计", "显示原理", "激励相容", "逆向博弈论" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "vickrey_auction_theory", "nash_equilibrium" ], "related": [ "shapley_value", "game_theory" ], "desc": "赫维茨首倡机制设计，吉伯德与迈尔森的显示原理使激励相容可实施。" }, { "id": "mobile_phone", "name": "移动电话", "nameEn": "Mobile phone", "wikiEn": "Mobile phone", "aliases": [ "手机", "蜂窝电话", "cell phone", "Martin Cooper", "DynaTAC", "大哥大" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "automatic_telephone_switch", "nicad_battery", "radio" ], "related": [ "amps", "gsm", "pager", "sms" ], "desc": "1973年库珀用摩托罗拉原型机打通首个手持蜂窝移动电话。" }, { "id": "pet_scanner", "name": "PET扫描仪", "nameEn": "Positron emission tomography", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "PET", "Positron emission tomography", "正电子发射断层成像" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cyclotron", "gamma_camera", "positron_discovery", "positron_imaging" ], "related": [ "ct_scanner", "filtered_backprojection", "nuclear_reactor" ], "desc": "菲尔兹等制成PET原型，以正电子示踪观测代谢功能。" }, { "id": "quantum_chromodynamics", "name": "量子色动力学", "nameEn": "Quantum chromodynamics", "wikiEn": "Quantum chromodynamics", "aliases": [ "量子色动力学", "QCD", "Quantum chromodynamics", "渐近自由", "夸克禁闭" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "quark_model", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "related": [ "standard_model_particle_physics", "higgs_mechanism" ], "desc": "以夸克禁闭与渐近自由建立强作用理论，粒子理论支柱之一。" }, { "id": "swift_network", "name": "银行间电文网络", "nameEn": "SWIFT messaging network", "wikiEn": "SWIFT", "aliases": [ "环球同业银行金融电讯协会", "SWIFT报文" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1973年成立，1977年投产报文网络", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telegraph", "submarine_telegraph_cable" ], "related": [ "clearing_house", "hawala_remit", "relational_database" ], "desc": "以统一报文格式与专用网络清算跨境收付，各行说同一种语言。" }, { "id": "unix", "name": "Unix", "nameEn": "Unix", "wikiEn": "Unix", "aliases": [ "UNIX", "Version 6 Unix", "可移植Unix" ], "year": 1973, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "time_sharing", "c_language" ], "related": [ "c_language", "linux_kernel", "workstation" ], "desc": "1969年贝尔实验室诞生，1973年用C重写获得可移植性，成工作站标杆。" }, { "id": "atomic_layer_deposition", "name": "原子层沉积", "nameEn": "Atomic layer deposition", "wikiEn": "Atomic layer deposition", "aliases": [ "ALD", "分子层外延", "SNG (Suntola)" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "桑托拉1974年以气体脉冲反应实现单层生长；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "chemical_vapor_deposition" ], "related": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication", "wafer_bonding", "high_entropy_alloy" ], "desc": "逐原子层自限制生长薄膜，是High-κ栅介质的制法。" }, { "id": "duplex_ultrasound", "name": "双功能超声诊断仪", "nameEn": "Doppler ultrasonography", "wikiEn": "Doppler ultrasonography", "aliases": [ "双功多普勒超声", "Duplex Doppler", "彩超前身" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "doppler_effect", "piezoelectricity", "pzt_ceramic", "ultrasound_imaging" ], "related": [], "desc": "Barber等结合B超与脉冲多普勒，可直视血管血流。" }, { "id": "hawking_radiation", "name": "霍金辐射", "nameEn": "Hawking radiation", "wikiEn": "Hawking radiation", "aliases": [ "霍金辐射", "Hawking radiation", "黑洞蒸发", "黑洞辐射" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "schwarzschild_black_hole" ], "related": [ "oppenheimer_gravitational_collapse" ], "desc": "霍金预言黑洞因量子效应缓慢蒸发辐射，融合引力论与量子论。" }, { "id": "intel_8080", "name": "Intel 8080", "nameEn": "Intel 8080", "wikiEn": "Intel 8080", "aliases": [ "8080", "英特尔8080", "i8080" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "intel_4004" ], "related": [ "altair_8800", "zilog_z80", "intel_8086" ], "desc": "1974年推出的8位微处理器，Altair 8800采用它点燃了微机革命。" }, { "id": "merkle_puzzles", "name": "默克尔难题", "nameEn": "Merkle's Puzzles", "wikiEn": "Merkle's Puzzles", "aliases": [ "默克尔谜题", "公钥密码雏形", "Merkle puzzles", "Merkle key exchange" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "diffie_hellman", "rsa" ], "desc": "本科生默克尔设计在公开信道协商密钥的谜题方案，首次确立公钥密码的可行性。" }, { "id": "microcontroller", "name": "单片机", "nameEn": "Microcontroller", "wikiEn": "Microcontroller", "aliases": [ "微控制器", "MCU", "TMS1000", "单片微计算机" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "microprocessor" ], "related": [ "eeprom", "intel_4004" ], "desc": "CPU、存储器与外设集成于单芯片，1974年TI TMS1000率先商用。" }, { "id": "pager", "name": "寻呼机", "nameEn": "Pager", "wikiEn": "Pager", "aliases": [ "BP机", "呼叫器", "传呼机", "beeper", "Motorola Pageboy" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "radio" ], "related": [ "mobile_phone", "sms" ], "desc": "1974年摩托罗拉Pageboy I成为首个成功商用寻呼机，1990年代普及。" }, { "id": "point_of_sale", "name": "收银POS终端", "nameEn": "Point of sale", "wikiEn": "Point of sale", "aliases": [ "POS", "POS终端", "销售点终端", "UPC条码收银台" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "barcode" ], "related": [ "image_scanner" ], "desc": "1974年首件UPC条码商品在超市收银台扫描，POS终端进入零售业。" }, { "id": "pulse_oximetry", "name": "脉搏血氧饱和度监测", "nameEn": "Pulse Oximetry", "wikiEn": "Pulse oximetry", "aliases": [ "血氧仪", "SpO2监测" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "intensive_care_unit", "ecg" ], "related": [ "anesthesia", "optical_fiber_silica", "laser_diode", "mechanical_ventilator" ], "desc": "两波长光穿过搏动指端算出氧饱和，缺氧提前于发绀报警" }, { "id": "role_playing_game", "name": "桌面角色扮演游戏", "nameEn": "Role-playing game", "wikiEn": "Role-playing game", "aliases": [ "TRPG" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "《龙与地下城》1974年出版；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chess" ], "related": [ "esports", "puppet_theatre" ], "desc": "玩家扮角色依规则与骰子共构冒险叙事，战争棋演变为叙事游戏体系。" }, { "id": "rubiks_cube", "name": "魔方", "nameEn": "Rubik's Cube", "wikiEn": "Rubik's Cube", "aliases": [ "鲁比克方块", "魔术方块" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1974 年发明，1980 年起全球热销", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "puzzle", "toy" ], "related": [ "puzzle", "toy", "group_theory" ], "desc": "以三层旋转色块构成的组合玩具，其解法成为群论与算法教学的直观教具。" }, { "id": "sql", "name": "SQL", "nameEn": "SQL", "wikiEn": "SQL", "aliases": [ "SEQUEL", "结构化查询语言", "Structured Query Language" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "relational_database" ], "related": [ "oracle_database" ], "desc": "1974年IBM为System R设计的查询语言，1986年成为关系数据库标准。" }, { "id": "sticky_note", "name": "便利贴", "nameEn": "Post-it note", "wikiEn": "Post-it note", "aliases": [ "Sticky note" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "微球低黏胶意外成就商品；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "papermaking" ], "related": [ "typewriter" ], "desc": "弱粘胶让纸片可反复贴起，备忘与批注变成随取随贴的纸标签。" }, { "id": "tcp_ip", "name": "TCP/IP协议族", "nameEn": "TCP/IP", "wikiEn": "Transmission Control Protocol", "aliases": [ "传输控制协议", "网际协议族" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "packet_switching", "arpanet", "stored_program_computer" ], "related": [ "internet", "osi_model", "bgp" ], "desc": "端到端重传与网关互连规则，让异构网络拼成一张网络" }, { "id": "tversky_kahneman_heuristics", "name": "启发式与偏差理论", "nameEn": "Heuristics in judgment and decision-making", "wikiEn": "Heuristics in judgment and decision-making", "aliases": [ "不确定状况下的判断", "代表性可得性锚定", "认知偏差", "Tversky-Kahneman" ], "year": 1974, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "simon_bounded_rationality", "prospect_theory" ], "desc": "人靠代表性可得性锚定等捷径判断，产生系统性偏差。" }, { "id": "altair_8800", "name": "牵牛星 8800 微型计算机", "nameEn": "Altair 8800", "wikiEn": "Altair 8800", "aliases": [ "Altair", "牛郎星8800", "MITS Altair 8800" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "intel_8080" ], "related": [ "personal_computer", "apple_ii", "basic" ], "desc": "1975年以套件发售的首款商用成功微机，催生微软与家酿计算机俱乐部。" }, { "id": "building_information_modeling", "name": "建筑信息模型", "nameEn": "Building information modeling", "wikiEn": "Building information modeling", "aliases": [ "BIM", "建筑信息建模" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970 年代建筑描述系统为其源头，取年代中值；2000 年后成为标准", "era": "information", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electronic_computer", "numerical_control", "software_engineering", "finite_element_method" ], "related": [ "internet", "cross_laminated_timber", "metric_system", "three_gorges_dam" ], "desc": "把几何、构件与工程量并入同一模型，各方共用并可追溯。" }, { "id": "bulletproof_vest", "name": "防弹衣", "nameEn": "Bulletproof vest", "wikiEn": "Bulletproof vest", "aliases": [ "防弹背心", "Body armor" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "凯夫拉纤维使轻便软质防弹衣实用化", "era": "information", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "kevlar" ], "related": [ "plate_armour", "grenade", "assault_rifle" ], "desc": "凯夫拉软质纤维层拦截破片与手枪弹的单兵防护。" }, { "id": "catalytic_converter", "name": "汽车催化转化器", "nameEn": "Catalytic converter", "wikiEn": "Catalytic converter", "aliases": [ "Three-way catalyst", "三元催化器", "汽车三元催化器", "触媒转化器" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1975年美国立法强制装车", "era": "information", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "catalysis_concept", "internal_combustion_engine", "petroleum_refinery" ], "related": [ "automobile", "petroleum_refinery", "recycling", "tetraethyllead" ], "desc": "铂钯铑催化将尾气一氧化碳与氮氧化物转为无害气体。" }, { "id": "holland_genetic_algorithm", "name": "霍兰德遗传算法", "nameEn": "Genetic algorithm", "wikiEn": "Genetic algorithm", "aliases": [ "遗传算法", "基因算法", "Holland遗传算法", "进化计算" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "monte_carlo_method" ], "related": [ "bellman_dynamic_programming", "evolution_natural_selection" ], "desc": "霍兰德以选择、交叉、变异模拟自然选择求解优化，开进化计算大类。" }, { "id": "hybridoma_technology", "name": "杂交瘤技术", "nameEn": "Hybridoma technology", "wikiEn": "Hybridoma technology", "aliases": [ "单克隆抗体制备", "融合瘤技术" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "borosilicate_glass", "microscope" ], "related": [ "electron_microscope", "hela_cells", "muromonab_cd3" ], "desc": "科勒与米尔斯坦发明杂交瘤，实现单抗无限量制备。" }, { "id": "invariant_subspace_problem", "name": "不变子空间问题", "nameEn": "Invariant subspace problem", "wikiEn": "Invariant subspace problem", "aliases": [ "不变子空间猜想", "超不变子空间问题", "Invariant subspace conjecture" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bounded_operator", "hilbert_space" ], "related": [ "cayley_hamilton_theorem", "hilbert_space", "von_neumann_quantum_foundations" ], "desc": "问每个有界算子是否都有非平凡闭不变子空间；恩弗洛1975年在巴拿赫空间给反例。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "laser_cooling", "name": "激光冷却", "nameEn": "Laser Cooling", "wikiEn": "Laser cooling", "aliases": [ "多普勒冷却" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "einstein_photoelectric" ], "related": [ "gps" ], "desc": "利用光子动量选择性散射将原子减速至微开量级，GPS卫星铯原子钟的精度由此实现" }, { "id": "li_yorke_chaos", "name": "李-约克混沌定理", "nameEn": "Li–Yorke chaos", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "李约克定理", "Period three implies chaos", "周期三意味着混沌", "Li-Yorke theorem", "Li–Yorke chaos" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "verhulst_logistic_equation" ], "related": [ "sharkovsky_theorem", "lorenz_chaos", "mandelbrot_fractal" ], "desc": "一维映射存在周期3轨道即出现不可数杂乱轨道集，论文使混沌一词广为流行。" }, { "id": "mandelbrot_fractal", "name": "芒德布罗分形几何", "nameEn": "Fractal", "wikiEn": "Fractal", "aliases": [ "分形", "碎形", "芒德布罗集", "Mandelbrot set", "Fractal geometry" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lorenz_chaos" ], "related": [ "peano_space_filling_curve", "cooley_tukey_fft" ], "desc": "芒德布罗提出分形维数并以计算机绘制自相似集，为不规则自然形态提供数学语言。" }, { "id": "microtunneling", "name": "机械顶管", "nameEn": "Microtunneling", "wikiEn": "Microtunneling", "aliases": [ "遥控顶管", "微型盾构" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "遥控掘进头与顶进系统在 1970 年代日德定型，取年代中值", "era": "information", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tunnel_boring_machine", "aqueduct", "force_pump" ], "related": [ "public_water_supply", "sewage_treatment", "canal_lock" ], "desc": "遥控掘进头边挖边顶管，不开槽即可铺市政管线。" }, { "id": "mos_6502", "name": "MOS 6502", "nameEn": "MOS Technology 6502", "wikiEn": "MOS Technology 6502", "aliases": [ "6502", "6502处理器" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "intel_8080" ], "related": [ "apple_ii", "commodore_64", "nintendo_entertainment_system" ], "desc": "1975年问世的低价8位处理器，驱动Apple II、C64与红白机等名机。" }, { "id": "opac", "name": "联机公共检索目录", "nameEn": "Online Public Access Catalog", "wikiEn": "Online public access catalog", "aliases": [ "OPAC", "公共检索终端" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "marc", "card_catalog", "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "relational_database", "public_library" ], "desc": "书目从卡片柜搬上终端，读者可按题名与主题自行检索" }, { "id": "personal_computer", "name": "个人电脑", "nameEn": "Personal computer", "wikiEn": "Personal computer", "aliases": [ "PC", "个人计算机", "微机", "家用电脑", "microcomputer" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "microprocessor", "dram" ], "related": [ "altair_8800", "apple_ii", "arcade_video_game", "ibm_pc" ], "desc": "1975年Altair开启个人电脑时代，计算机从机房走入家庭与办公室。" }, { "id": "sociobiology", "name": "威尔逊社会生物学", "nameEn": "Sociobiology: The New Synthesis", "wikiEn": "Sociobiology: The New Synthesis", "aliases": [ "社会生物学", "新综合", "E.O. Wilson", "Sociobiology" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "evolution_natural_selection", "kinship_system", "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "game_theory", "modern_evolutionary_synthesis" ], "desc": "以自然选择系统解释动物与人类社会行为的演化基础。" }, { "id": "southern_blot", "name": "Southern印迹杂交", "nameEn": "Southern Blot", "wikiEn": "Southern blot", "aliases": [ "DNA印迹", "萨瑟恩印迹" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electrophoresis", "restriction_enzyme", "dna_double_helix" ], "related": [ "microarray", "reverse_transcriptase", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "desc": "凝胶上的DNA转到膜上由探针显影，特定片段变得可见" }, { "id": "zirconia_ceramic", "name": "氧化锆陶瓷", "nameEn": "Yttria-stabilized zirconia", "wikiEn": "Yttria-stabilized zirconia", "aliases": [ "相变增韧氧化锆", "陶瓷钢", "PSZ" ], "year": 1975, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "pzt_ceramic" ], "desc": "Garvie发现相变增韧，氧化锆成为高强陶瓷用于刀具牙科。" }, { "id": "amorphous_metal", "name": "非晶态金属", "nameEn": "Amorphous metal", "wikiEn": "Amorphous metal", "aliases": [ "金属玻璃", "Metglas", "非晶合金" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ferrite_magnet" ], "desc": "急冷甩带制成非晶合金薄带，用于低损耗变压器铁芯。" }, { "id": "appel_haken_four_color", "name": "四色定理机器证明", "nameEn": "Four color theorem", "wikiEn": "Four color theorem", "aliases": [ "四色猜想", "四色问题", "Four color conjecture", "Appel–Haken proof" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "seven_bridges_graph_theory" ], "related": [ "cartography", "cook_levin_np_completeness", "poincare_topology" ], "desc": "阿佩尔与哈肯借计算机检查近两千种构形证明地图四色即可，首开机器证明大定理先河。" }, { "id": "chemical_mechanical_planarization", "name": "化学机械抛光", "nameEn": "Chemical-mechanical polishing", "wikiEn": "Chemical-mechanical polishing", "aliases": [ "CMP", "化学机械平坦化" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970年代用于磁泡器件，1990年代成为铜互连必需", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "precision_grinding", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "related": [ "euv_lithography", "advanced_packaging_technology", "wafer_electronics" ], "desc": "化学腐蚀与机械磨削并举，把多层结构逐层摊平。" }, { "id": "cray_1", "name": "Cray-1", "nameEn": "Cray-1", "wikiEn": "Cray-1", "aliases": [ "克雷-1", "Cray 1" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "supercomputer" ], "related": [ "parallel_computing", "workstation" ], "desc": "1976年交付的向量超级计算机，造型标志性，运算速度居当时世界之冠。" }, { "id": "cryptographic_hash_function", "name": "密码学哈希函数", "nameEn": "Cryptographic hash function", "wikiEn": "Cryptographic hash function", "aliases": [ "单向散列函数", "one-way function", "密码散列" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "迪菲—赫尔曼1976年提出单向函数用于消息认证，1980年代起 MD、SHA 系列标准化；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "merkle_puzzles", "information_theory" ], "related": [ "merkle_tree", "digital_signature", "blockchain", "public_key_cryptography" ], "desc": "把任意长输入压成定长摘要且难以逆转的函数，用于完整性校验、口令存储与挖矿。" }, { "id": "de_bruijn_newman_constant", "name": "德布鲁因-纽曼常数", "nameEn": "De Bruijn–Newman constant", "wikiEn": "De Bruijn–Newman constant", "aliases": [ "Λ常数", "德布鲁因纽曼常数", "De Bruijn-Newman constant" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "analytic_number_theory" ], "related": [ "euler_product_zeta", "cramers_conjecture" ], "desc": "控制黎曼ξ函数零点实部上界的常数Λ，纽曼1976年定义；Λ=0等价于黎曼猜想。" }, { "id": "diffie_hellman", "name": "迪菲-赫尔曼密钥交换", "nameEn": "Diffie–Hellman key exchange", "wikiEn": "Diffie–Hellman key exchange", "aliases": [ "DH密钥交换", "指数密钥交换", "Diffie–Hellman protocol", "公钥分配" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "merkle_puzzles" ], "related": [ "hash_table", "public_key_cryptography", "rsa" ], "desc": "迪菲与赫尔曼《密码学新方向》利用离散对数实现公开信道密钥协商，开创公钥时代。" }, { "id": "digital_signature", "name": "数字签名", "nameEn": "Digital signature", "wikiEn": "Digital signature", "aliases": [ "电子签名", "数位签章" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rsa", "pgp", "ssl" ], "desc": "迪菲与赫尔曼1976年提出公钥与数字签名思想，保障电子身份认证。" }, { "id": "floppy_disk", "name": "软盘", "nameEn": "Floppy disk", "wikiEn": "Floppy disk", "aliases": [ "软磁盘", "5.25英寸软盘", "3.5英寸软盘", "磁盘片" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ibm_pc", "macintosh", "compact_disc" ], "desc": "1976年5.25英寸软盘问世，3.5英寸版在1980年代成为PC标配。" }, { "id": "hydroxyapatite_implant", "name": "羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷", "nameEn": "Hydroxylapatite", "wikiEn": "Hydroxylapatite", "aliases": [ "羟磷灰石", "HA陶瓷", "人造骨材" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hip_replacement" ], "desc": "合成羟基磷灰石仿生骨成分，用于骨缺损修复与骨涂层。" }, { "id": "inkjet_printing", "name": "喷墨打印", "nameEn": "Inkjet printing", "wikiEn": "Inkjet printing", "aliases": [ "喷墨打印机", "IBM 4640", "HP ThinkJet", "HP DeskJet" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "xerox_914" ], "related": [ "laser_printing" ], "desc": "1976年IBM 4640首商用，1984年ThinkJet使桌面喷墨机普及。" }, { "id": "laser_printing", "name": "激光打印", "nameEn": "Laser printing", "wikiEn": "Laser printing", "aliases": [ "激光打印机", "IBM 3800", "Xerox 9700", "HP LaserJet" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "xerox_914" ], "related": [ "desktop_publishing", "inkjet_printing" ], "desc": "1976年IBM 3800首商用，1984年LaserJet开启桌面激光打印。" }, { "id": "may_logistic_map", "name": "梅逻辑斯蒂映射", "nameEn": "Logistic map", "wikiEn": "Logistic map", "aliases": [ "逻辑斯蒂映射", "虫口模型", "倍周期分岔", "Logistic map", "May logistic map" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "verhulst_logistic_equation" ], "related": [ "feigenbaum_universality", "li_yorke_chaos", "lorenz_chaos", "sharkovsky_theorem" ], "desc": "梅在《自然》综述中以一维映射展示倍周期分岔通往混沌，成为标准实验台。" }, { "id": "microfinance", "name": "小额信贷", "nameEn": "Microfinance", "wikiEn": "Microfinance", "aliases": [ "微型金融", "联保小组贷款" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1976年格莱珉项目起步，1983年成为银行；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mount_of_piety", "cooperative" ], "related": [ "usury_regulation", "mobile_payment", "information_asymmetry" ], "desc": "以小组联保与周供还款向无抵押贫困家庭放贷。" }, { "id": "multi_junction_solar_cell", "name": "多结叠层太阳能电池", "nameEn": "Multi-junction solar cell", "wikiEn": "Multi-junction solar cell", "aliases": [ "Tandem solar cell", "叠层电池", "钙钛矿叠层" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970年代中期异质结串联电池效率领先", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "solar_cell", "gaas_solar_cell", "epitaxy" ], "related": [ "perovskite_solar_cell", "photovoltaic_power_station", "artificial_satellite" ], "desc": "多种禁带材料叠层分食光谱，效率纪录常驻的结构。" }, { "id": "public_key_cryptography", "name": "公钥密码", "nameEn": "Public-key cryptography", "wikiEn": "Public-key cryptography", "aliases": [ "非对称密码", "公开密钥密码学", "asymmetric cryptography" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "迪菲—赫尔曼1976年提出密钥交换，1977—78年 RSA 与 Rabin 给出实现；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "block_cipher", "information_theory", "merkle_puzzles" ], "related": [ "diffie_hellman", "rsa", "digital_signature", "blockchain" ], "desc": "公钥加密私钥解密，免去秘密传递密钥的难题，支撑 HTTPS 与数字签名。" }, { "id": "router", "name": "路由器", "nameEn": "Router (computing)", "wikiEn": "Router (computing)", "aliases": [ "IP路由器", "BBN路由器", "路由设备", "Ginny Strazisar router" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "packet_switching" ], "related": [ "arpanet", "automatic_telephone_switch", "bgp", "internet" ], "desc": "BBN 1976年造出首台真正的IP路由器，为数据包选择转发路径。" }, { "id": "vhs", "name": "家用盒式录像系统", "nameEn": "VHS", "wikiEn": "VHS", "aliases": [ "VHS录像带", "盒式录像机" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "video_tape_recorder", "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "bopet_film", "compact_disc", "television" ], "desc": "两小时磁带盒与走带机构标准化，影像得以在家中回放" }, { "id": "viking_program", "name": "海盗号火星探测器", "nameEn": "Viking program", "wikiEn": "Viking program", "aliases": [ "维京号", "Viking火星着陆器" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mariner_program" ], "related": [ "mars_pathfinder" ], "desc": "海盗1号火星着陆，首次传回火星地表图像并寻生命。" }, { "id": "x25", "name": "X.25", "nameEn": "X.25", "wikiEn": "X.25", "aliases": [ "X.25分组交换网", "公共数据网协议" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "packet_switching" ], "related": [ "arpanet", "isdn", "internet" ], "desc": "CCITT 1976年批准的虚电路分组交换标准，首个国际公用数据网。" }, { "id": "zilog_z80", "name": "Zilog Z80", "nameEn": "Zilog Z80", "wikiEn": "Zilog Z80", "aliases": [ "Z80", "Z80处理器" ], "year": 1976, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "intel_8080" ], "related": [ "altair_8800", "game_boy" ], "desc": "1976年问世、兼容8080的8位处理器，广泛用于CP/M微机与掌机。" }, { "id": "apple_ii", "name": "Apple II", "nameEn": "Apple II", "wikiEn": "Apple II", "aliases": [ "苹果II", "Apple ][", "Apple 2" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mos_6502", "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "spreadsheet", "floppy_disk" ], "desc": "1977年发售的普及型家用微机，彩色图形与VisiCalc助其大获成功。" }, { "id": "atari_2600", "name": "雅达利2600", "nameEn": "Atari 2600", "wikiEn": "Atari 2600", "aliases": [ "Atari VCS", "Atari 2600", "雅达利VCS" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "microprocessor" ], "related": [ "arcade_video_game", "nintendo_entertainment_system", "video_game_console" ], "desc": "1977年上市的卡带式家用游戏机，累计售约三千万台，开创主机市场。" }, { "id": "conductive_polymer", "name": "导电聚合物", "nameEn": "Conductive polymer", "wikiEn": "Conductive polymer", "aliases": [ "导电塑料", "掺杂聚乙炔" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "oled" ], "desc": "白川英树等发现掺杂聚乙炔导电，催生有机电子学。" }, { "id": "coronary_balloon_angioplasty", "name": "经皮冠脉球囊扩张术", "nameEn": "Balloon Angioplasty", "wikiEn": "Angioplasty", "aliases": [ "PTCA", "球囊成形术" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "coronary_catheterization", "vulcanized_rubber" ], "related": [ "coronary_stent", "coronary_bypass", "defibrillator" ], "desc": "微球囊在狭窄处充气撑开血管，不开胸也能再通冠脉" }, { "id": "des", "name": "数据加密标准", "nameEn": "Data Encryption Standard", "wikiEn": "Data Encryption Standard", "aliases": [ "DES", "数据加密算法", "Lucifer" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "rsa", "ssl" ], "desc": "1977年美国定为联邦标准的对称分组加密算法，统治加密应用20余年。" }, { "id": "em_algorithm", "name": "EM期望最大化算法", "nameEn": "Expectation–maximization algorithm", "wikiEn": "Expectation–maximization algorithm", "aliases": [ "期望最大化算法", "EM算法", "Expectation-maximization", "Dempster EM" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bayes_theorem", "gauss_normal_error_theory" ], "related": [ "k_means_clustering", "kalman_filter" ], "desc": "登普斯特等以期望步与最大化步交替估计含隐变量模型，广泛用于统计机器学习。" }, { "id": "homogenization_math", "name": "均匀化理论", "nameEn": "Asymptotic homogenization", "wikiEn": "Asymptotic homogenization", "aliases": [ "均质化", "渐近均匀化", "homogenization", "双尺度均匀化" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "singular_perturbation" ], "related": [ "asymptotic_expansions", "finite_element_method", "wkb_approximation" ], "desc": "1970年代以双尺度渐近展开推导周期复合材料等效方程，连接微观结构与宏观性质。" }, { "id": "intelligent_tutoring_system", "name": "智能辅导系统", "nameEn": "Intelligent tutoring system", "wikiEn": "Intelligent tutoring system", "aliases": [ "ITS", "计算机辅助教学" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970年代中程序化教学软件成熟", "era": "information", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "skinner_operant_conditioning", "educational_psychology" ], "related": [ "adaptive_learning", "internet" ], "desc": "依学习者反应动态调整教学步骤的计算机辅导程序" }, { "id": "lempel_ziv_compression", "name": "LZ 字典压缩", "nameEn": "LZ77 and LZ78", "wikiEn": "LZ77 and LZ78", "aliases": [ "LZ77", "LZ78", "LZW", "莱佩尔—齐夫压缩" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "data_compression", "information_theory" ], "related": [ "zip_format", "gif", "pdf", "streaming_media" ], "desc": "以已见内容建字典、用指针替换重复串的通用压缩族，ZIP 与 GIF 承其衣钵。" }, { "id": "mri_scanner", "name": "磁共振成像仪", "nameEn": "Magnetic resonance imaging", "wikiEn": "Magnetic resonance imaging", "aliases": [ "核磁共振成像", "MRI", "NMR成像" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis", "niobium_titanium", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "related": [ "cooley_tukey_fft", "ct_scanner", "gadolinium_contrast" ], "desc": "达马迪安完成首例人体磁共振扫描，软组织成像无辐射。" }, { "id": "rsa", "name": "RSA加密算法", "nameEn": "RSA (cryptosystem)", "wikiEn": "RSA (cryptosystem)", "aliases": [ "RSA", "RSA公钥加密", "公钥密码体制" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "digital_signature", "pgp", "ssl" ], "desc": "李维斯特、沙米尔、阿德勒曼1977年提出的公钥加密算法，网络安全基石。" }, { "id": "sph_method", "name": "光滑粒子流体动力学", "nameEn": "Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics", "wikiEn": "Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics", "aliases": [ "SPH", "光滑粒子法", "平滑粒子流体", "Gingold-Monaghan" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pic_method" ], "related": [ "radial_basis_functions" ], "desc": "金戈尔德与莫纳亨等1977年为天体物理创立的无网格粒子法，后用于自由液面模拟。" }, { "id": "stealth_technology", "name": "隐身技术", "nameEn": "Stealth technology", "wikiEn": "Stealth technology", "aliases": [ "低可探测技术", "Stealth aircraft" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "Have Blue验证机1977年首飞；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radar" ], "related": [ "camouflage", "cruise_missile", "precision_guided_munition" ], "desc": "以外形设计与吸波材料把雷达与红外特征压到极低。" }, { "id": "voyager_golden_record", "name": "旅行者金唱片", "nameEn": "Voyager Golden Record", "wikiEn": "Voyager Golden Record", "aliases": [ "金唱片", "地球之音" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "voyager_program" ], "desc": "携地球声音图像的金唱片随旅行者号驶向深空。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "voyager_program", "name": "旅行者号探测器", "nameEn": "Voyager program", "wikiEn": "Voyager program", "aliases": [ "航海家号", "Voyager 1/2" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rtg", "mariner_program" ], "related": [ "voyager_golden_record", "galileo_probe" ], "desc": "旅行者号双星发射，借引力连访外行星并飞离太阳系。" }, { "id": "western_blot", "name": "蛋白质印迹", "nameEn": "Western Blot", "wikiEn": "Western blot", "aliases": [ "免疫印迹", "Wb检测" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "southern_blot", "electrophoresis", "serum_therapy" ], "related": [ "elisa", "hybridoma_technology", "photographic_film" ], "desc": "电泳后的蛋白转到膜上用抗体显色，某一蛋白被定点认出" }, { "id": "woese_three_domains", "name": "三域分类系统", "nameEn": "Three-domain system", "wikiEn": "Three-domain system", "aliases": [ "古菌发现", "沃斯三域说", "Woese archaea", "细菌古菌真核三域" ], "year": 1977, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "isotope_tracer" ], "related": [ "information_theory", "linnaean_taxonomy", "molecular_clock", "relational_database" ], "desc": "依据核糖体RNA序列划分细菌古菌真核三域，重绘生命树。" }, { "id": "anti_lock_braking", "name": "防抱死制动系统", "nameEn": "Anti-lock Braking System", "wikiEn": "Anti-lock braking system", "aliases": [ "ABS", "防滑制动" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "microprocessor", "pneumatic_tire" ], "related": [ "hydraulic_press", "three_point_seatbelt", "gyroscope" ], "desc": "轮速传感器判出滑移率，电磁阀高频调压防抱死，制动时仍保住转向能力" }, { "id": "apery_constant", "name": "阿培里常数", "nameEn": "Apéry's constant", "wikiEn": "Apéry's constant", "aliases": [ "ζ(3)", "里曼ζ三", "阿培里ζ常数", "Apery constant" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "analytic_number_theory", "euler_product_zeta" ], "related": [ "euler_product_zeta", "incomplete_gamma_function" ], "desc": "黎曼ζ函数在3处的值ζ(3)≈1.202，阿培里1978年证明其为无理数。" }, { "id": "bbs", "name": "电子公告板", "nameEn": "Bulletin board system", "wikiEn": "Bulletin board system", "aliases": [ "BBS", "电子布告栏", "网络论坛", "CBBS", "社区公告板系统" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer", "modem" ], "related": [ "fidonet", "usenet", "telnet" ], "desc": "1978年CBBS在暴风雪中诞生，电话拨号接入的早期在线社区形态。" }, { "id": "charnes_data_envelopment", "name": "查恩斯数据包络分析", "nameEn": "Data envelopment analysis", "wikiEn": "Data envelopment analysis", "aliases": [ "数据包络分析", "DEA", "Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes", "效率前沿分析" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lp_duality_theory", "simplex_method" ], "related": [ "rockafellar_convex_analysis" ], "desc": "查恩斯、库珀与罗兹用线性规划包络评价多投入多产出单元相对效率。" }, { "id": "cochlear_implant", "name": "人工耳蜗", "nameEn": "Cochlear implant", "wikiEn": "Cochlear implant", "aliases": [ "电子耳蜗", "仿生耳", "多通道耳蜗" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit", "printed_circuit_board", "silicone" ], "related": [ "audion_triode", "digital_signal_processor", "hearing_aid" ], "desc": "克拉克等多通道人工耳蜗植入，帮助重度聋人复聪。" }, { "id": "compressed_air_energy_storage", "name": "压缩空气储能", "nameEn": "Compressed-Air Energy Storage", "wikiEn": "Compressed-air energy storage", "aliases": [ "CAES", "非补燃空气储能" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gas_turbine", "pumped_storage_hydro" ], "related": [ "electrical_grid", "battery_energy_storage", "combined_cycle_power_plant" ], "desc": "低谷电把空气压进盐洞，高峰释气膨胀做功，电网获得水电之外的调库" }, { "id": "computational_geometry", "name": "计算几何", "nameEn": "Computational geometry", "wikiEn": "Computational geometry", "aliases": [ "几何算法", "算法几何" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "香莫斯博士论文与1978年首届专题研讨确立该方向；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "algorithm", "cartography", "data_structure" ], "related": [ "astar_search", "autonomous_driving", "gpu", "dijkstra_algorithm" ], "desc": "研究点、线、多边形等几何对象的算法，支撑制图、CAD、机器人路径与图形渲染。" }, { "id": "eeprom", "name": "电可擦可编程只读存储器", "nameEn": "EEPROM", "wikiEn": "EEPROM", "aliases": [ "EEPROM", "E2PROM", "电可擦除只读存储器", "Intel 2816" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "flash_memory", "microcontroller" ], "desc": "1978年Intel 2816实现片上电擦写，无需紫外线，固件可现场升级。" }, { "id": "feigenbaum_universality", "name": "费根鲍姆普适常数", "nameEn": "Feigenbaum constants", "wikiEn": "Feigenbaum constants", "aliases": [ "费根鲍姆常数", "倍周期普适性", "δ=4.669", "Feigenbaum universality", "混沌度量普适" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "may_logistic_map" ], "related": [ "li_yorke_chaos", "renormalization" ], "desc": "不同单峰映射倍周期分岔间距比趋于同一常数4.669，混沌相变具跨系统普适性。" }, { "id": "fiber_to_the_home", "name": "光纤到户", "nameEn": "Fiber to the x", "wikiEn": "Fiber to the x", "aliases": [ "FTTH", "光纤接入", "Hi-OVIS", "东生驹影像信息系统", "光纤到楼" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fiber_optics_comm" ], "related": [ "tat8", "dsl", "video_on_demand" ], "desc": "1978年日本Hi-OVIS首次用光纤连接130户家庭做双向影像试验。" }, { "id": "hyperbolic_three_manifolds", "name": "双曲三维流形", "nameEn": "Hyperbolic 3-manifold", "wikiEn": "Hyperbolic 3-manifold", "aliases": [ "双曲3流形", "常负曲率三维流形", "克莱因群商空间", "Hyperbolic 3-manifolds" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dehn_surgery", "riemann_geometry" ], "related": [ "thurston_geometrization", "poincare_disk_model" ], "desc": "完备常负曲率三维流形可表为双曲空间对离散等距群之商，瑟斯顿证明其占多数。" }, { "id": "intel_8086", "name": "Intel 8086", "nameEn": "Intel 8086", "wikiEn": "Intel 8086", "aliases": [ "8086", "x86", "i8086", "英特尔8086" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "intel_8080", "ion_implantation" ], "related": [ "ibm_pc", "intel_80386", "ms_dos" ], "desc": "1978年推出的16位处理器，开创x86指令集并延续至今。" }, { "id": "ivf", "name": "试管婴儿", "nameEn": "In vitro fertilisation", "wikiEn": "In vitro fertilisation", "aliases": [ "体外受精", "IVF", "路易丝·布朗" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "injection_moulding", "ivf_mammal", "microscope" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "dolly_sheep", "glassmaking" ], "desc": "世界首例试管婴儿路易丝出生，辅助生殖医学开端。" }, { "id": "matrix_exponential", "name": "矩阵指数计算", "nameEn": "Matrix exponential", "wikiEn": "Matrix exponential", "aliases": [ "矩阵指数", "缩放平方法", "scaling and squaring", "Moler-Van Loan" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "taylor_series" ], "related": [ "svd_algorithm", "bdf_methods" ], "desc": "莫勒与范洛恩1978年综述十九种计算法，确立缩放平方法，为线性ODE主力。" }, { "id": "nitinol_medical", "name": "镍钛形状记忆合金", "nameEn": "Nitinol", "wikiEn": "Nitinol", "aliases": [ "镍钛诺", "记忆合金", "Nitinol" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "coronary_stent" ], "desc": "镍钛合金凭形状记忆与超弹性进入正畸与支架医疗。" }, { "id": "primary_health_care", "name": "初级卫生保健", "nameEn": "Primary Health Care", "wikiEn": "Primary health care", "aliases": [ "基本卫生保健", "阿拉木图宣言" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "sewerage_system", "vaccination", "nursing_profession" ], "related": [ "welfare_state", "oral_rehydration_therapy", "quarantine" ], "desc": "阿拉木图宣言把基本医疗下沉社区，重预防与可及性" }, { "id": "telomere_telomerase", "name": "端粒与端粒酶", "nameEn": "Telomere", "wikiEn": "Telomere", "aliases": [ "端粒", "端粒酶", "Blackburn-Greider", "染色体末端保护" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "dna_double_helix", "isotope_tracer" ], "related": [ "electron_microscope", "mcclintock_transposons" ], "desc": "端粒保护染色体末端，端粒酶维持其长度，关联衰老与癌症。" }, { "id": "wordstar", "name": "WordStar", "nameEn": "WordStar", "wikiEn": "WordStar", "aliases": [ "MicroPro WordStar", "字星" ], "year": 1978, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "word_processor" ], "related": [ "microsoft_word", "personal_computer" ], "desc": "1978年问世的CP/M与DOS文字处理软件，1980年代初的市场霸主。" }, { "id": "automated_external_defibrillator", "name": "自动体外除颤器", "nameEn": "Automated external defibrillator", "wikiEn": "Automated external defibrillator", "aliases": [ "AED", "自动除颤器", "Heart-Aid" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cpr", "defibrillator", "integrated_circuit", "microprocessor" ], "related": [ "alkaline_battery", "cardiac_pacemaker", "digital_signal_processor" ], "desc": "Diack推出Heart-Aid，公众可依提示自动电击除颤。" }, { "id": "blas", "name": "基础线性代数子程序", "nameEn": "Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms", "wikiEn": "Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms", "aliases": [ "BLAS", "基本线性代数子程序", "BLAS库" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "related": [ "gauss_seidel_method", "nuclear_reactor", "numerical_weather_prediction", "sparse_matrix" ], "desc": "向量、矩阵向量与矩阵乘法的标准化底层接口，1979年发布，是数值计算性能基石。" }, { "id": "communication_complexity", "name": "通信复杂度理论", "nameEn": "Communication Complexity", "wikiEn": "Communication complexity", "aliases": [ "Yao通信模型" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "information_theory" ], "related": [ "numerical_weather_prediction" ], "desc": "两方联合计算函数所需交换的最小比特数下界，指导天气模型的区域分解设计" }, { "id": "compuserve", "name": "CompuServe", "nameEn": "CompuServe", "wikiEn": "CompuServe", "aliases": [ "在线信息服务", "CB Simulator", "美国在线服务商" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bbs", "email", "isp" ], "desc": "1979年首家向个人用户提供商用电子邮件，1980年首推实时聊天。" }, { "id": "crr_binomial_option", "name": "考克斯-罗斯-鲁宾斯坦二叉树", "nameEn": "Binomial options pricing model", "wikiEn": "Binomial options pricing model", "aliases": [ "二叉树期权定价", "CRR模型", "Cox-Ross-Rubinstein", "二叉树鞅方法" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "black_scholes_formula", "doob_martingale_theorems" ], "related": [ "ito_stochastic_calculus", "cramer_large_deviations" ], "desc": "以离散二叉树与风险中性鞅方法复制期权，使布莱克-斯科尔斯定价可计算。" }, { "id": "dickey_fuller_unit_root", "name": "迪基-富勒单位根检验", "nameEn": "Dickey–Fuller test", "wikiEn": "Dickey–Fuller test", "aliases": [ "单位根检验", "迪基-富勒检验", "Dickey-Fuller", "ADF检验" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wold_arma_model" ], "related": [ "walker_moving_average_model" ], "desc": "迪基与富勒克检验自回归单位根以判断序列平稳性，成计量时序标准。" }, { "id": "efron_bootstrap_jackknife", "name": "埃弗龙自助法", "nameEn": "Bootstrapping (statistics)", "wikiEn": "Bootstrapping (statistics)", "aliases": [ "自助法", "自举法", "Bootstrap", "刀切法", "Jackknife" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "kolmogorov_smirnov_test", "monte_carlo_method" ], "related": [ "neyman_confidence_interval", "mann_whitney_u_test" ], "desc": "图基1958年创刀切法，埃弗龙1979年以有放回重抽样估计统计量分布。" }, { "id": "gravitational_lensing", "name": "引力透镜效应", "nameEn": "Gravitational lens", "wikiEn": "Gravitational lens", "aliases": [ "引力透镜", "双类星体" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1936年爱因斯坦给出理论，1979年首证于双类星体", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "general_relativity" ], "related": [ "dark_matter_evidence", "hubble_law", "james_webb_space_telescope" ], "desc": "大质量天体弯折放大背景光，称暗物质与探早期的天然镜。" }, { "id": "khachiyan_ellipsoid_method", "name": "哈奇扬椭球法", "nameEn": "Ellipsoid method", "wikiEn": "Ellipsoid method", "aliases": [ "椭球法", "椭球算法", "Khachiyan算法", "哈奇扬算法" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lp_duality_theory", "rockafellar_convex_analysis", "simplex_method" ], "related": [ "karmarkar_interior_point", "simplex_method" ], "desc": "哈奇扬证明线性规划存在多项式时间算法，颠覆单纯形复杂度认知。" }, { "id": "merkle_tree", "name": "默克尔树", "nameEn": "Merkle tree", "wikiEn": "Merkle tree", "aliases": [ "哈希树", "hash tree" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cryptographic_hash_function", "merkle_puzzles" ], "related": [ "blockchain", "bitcoin", "git", "digital_signature" ], "desc": "以哈希逐层归并数据块的树形结构，使海量内容的完整性可用对数量证据校验。" }, { "id": "modern_wind_turbine", "name": "现代风力发电机组", "nameEn": "Modern Danish wind turbine", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Vestas风机", "Wind turbine", "三叶片风机", "丹麦风机" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electricity_generation", "wind_turbine_electric" ], "related": [ "photovoltaic_power_station", "vindeby_offshore_wind" ], "desc": "丹麦三叶片上风向风机定型，开启现代风电产业。" }, { "id": "motorola_68000", "name": "摩托罗拉68000", "nameEn": "Motorola 68000", "wikiEn": "Motorola 68000", "aliases": [ "68k", "68000", "m68k" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "intel_8080" ], "related": [ "macintosh", "workstation", "powerpc" ], "desc": "1979年问世的16/32位处理器，驱动Mac、Amiga与Sun工作站。" }, { "id": "oracle_database", "name": "Oracle数据库", "nameEn": "Oracle Database", "wikiEn": "Oracle Database", "aliases": [ "Oracle", "Oracle V2", "甲骨文数据库" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "relational_database", "sql" ], "related": [], "desc": "1979年Oracle V2成为首个商用SQL关系数据库，催生数据库产业。" }, { "id": "prospect_theory", "name": "前景理论", "nameEn": "Prospect theory", "wikiEn": "Prospect theory", "aliases": [ "展望理论", "卡尼曼-特沃斯基", "损失厌恶", "Kahneman-Tversky" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "tversky_kahneman_heuristics", "simon_bounded_rationality" ], "desc": "人对损失比收益更敏感，概率加权非线性，替代期望效用。" }, { "id": "reverse_osmosis_membrane", "name": "反渗透复合膜", "nameEn": "Thin-film composite membrane", "wikiEn": "Thin-film composite membrane", "aliases": [ "薄膜复合膜", "TFC膜", "聚酰胺膜" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "celluloid", "electrochemistry", "hemodialysis", "nylon" ], "related": [ "bopet_film", "desalination", "ptfe" ], "desc": "聚酰胺薄膜复合膜问世，大幅降低反渗透海水淡化成本。" }, { "id": "silicon_on_insulator_fab", "name": "绝缘体上硅工艺", "nameEn": "Silicon on insulator", "wikiEn": "Silicon on insulator", "aliases": [ "SOI", "SIMOX", "键合SOI" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1970年代末SOI晶圆制备工艺成熟", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication", "ion_implantation" ], "related": [ "finfet", "gallium_nitride", "wide_bandgap_semiconductor" ], "desc": "在埋氧层上做成有源硅层，寄生电容小、射频与功耗受益。" }, { "id": "spreadsheet", "name": "电子表格", "nameEn": "Spreadsheet", "wikiEn": "Spreadsheet", "aliases": [ "VisiCalc", "Lotus 1-2-3", "电子数据表", "可视计算" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "apple_ii", "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "apple_ii", "double_entry_bookkeeping", "microsoft_excel" ], "desc": "VisiCalc于1979年登陆Apple II，是PC首个杀手级应用。" }, { "id": "standard_model_particle_physics", "name": "粒子物理标准模型", "nameEn": "Standard Model", "wikiEn": "Standard Model", "aliases": [ "标准模型", "Standard Model", "粒子物理标准模型", "Standard Model of particle physics" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "quantum_chromodynamics", "electroweak_unification", "higgs_mechanism" ], "related": [ "quark_model", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "desc": "标准模型统一描述夸克轻子与三种基本力，粒子物理集大成框架。" }, { "id": "suzuki_reaction", "name": "铃木交叉偶联反应", "nameEn": "Suzuki Coupling", "wikiEn": "Suzuki reaction", "aliases": [ "Suzuki-Miyaura反应" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "grignard_reagent" ], "related": [ "conductive_polymer" ], "desc": "钯催化有机硼酸与卤代芳烃高效偶联，共轭导电高分子与OLED发光材料合成的标准方法" }, { "id": "usenet", "name": "Usenet", "nameEn": "Usenet", "wikiEn": "Usenet", "aliases": [ "新闻组", "newsgroups", "UUCP网络", "友思网" ], "year": 1979, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bbs", "fidonet", "email" ], "desc": "1979年杜克大学学生创办的分布式新闻组网络，论坛与讨论组先驱。" }, { "id": "alvarez_kpg_extinction", "name": "K-Pg撞击灭绝假说", "nameEn": "Alvarez hypothesis", "wikiEn": "Alvarez hypothesis", "aliases": [ "阿尔瓦雷斯假说", "白垩纪末大灭绝", "小行星撞地球", "恐龙灭绝假说", "Chicxulub撞击" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cuvier_paleontology_catastrophism" ], "related": [ "plate_tectonics" ], "desc": "阿尔瓦雷斯父子提出小行星撞击导致恐龙灭绝假说。" }, { "id": "asymmetric_hydrogenation", "name": "不对称氢化反应", "nameEn": "Asymmetric Hydrogenation", "wikiEn": "Asymmetric hydrogenation", "aliases": [ "手性催化加氢" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "catalysis_concept", "pauling_valence_bond" ], "related": [ "conductive_polymer" ], "desc": "手性过渡金属催化选择性加氢产生单一对映体，用于手性共轭聚合物与药物光学纯合成" }, { "id": "cambrian_explosion", "name": "寒武纪生命大爆发", "nameEn": "Cambrian explosion", "wikiEn": "Cambrian explosion", "aliases": [ "寒武纪大爆发", "生命大爆发" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "19世纪已识化石突变，1980年代经澄江与布尔吉斯研究确立", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "geologic_time_scale" ], "related": [ "punctuated_equilibrium", "alvarez_kpg_extinction" ], "desc": "五亿多年前动物门类在化石记录中骤然涌现。" }, { "id": "cosmic_inflation", "name": "宇宙暴胀理论", "nameEn": "Cosmic inflation", "wikiEn": "Inflation (cosmology)", "aliases": [ "暴胀理论", "宇宙暴胀", "Cosmic inflation", "Inflation", "古斯暴胀" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "general_relativity" ], "related": [ "dark_energy_acceleration" ], "desc": "古斯提出宇宙极早期暴胀，解释平坦性与均匀性等难题。" }, { "id": "digital_signal_processor", "name": "数字信号处理器", "nameEn": "Digital signal processor", "wikiEn": "Digital signal processor", "aliases": [ "DSP", "DSP芯片", "NEC μPD7720", "TMS32010" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "microprocessor" ], "related": [ "sound_card", "modem" ], "desc": "1980年NEC μPD7720为首款商用DSP，单周期乘法实现信号实时处理。" }, { "id": "dormand_prince", "name": "Dormand-Prince法", "nameEn": "Dormand–Prince method", "wikiEn": "Dormand–Prince method", "aliases": [ "多曼德普林斯法", "DOPRI5(4)", "Dormand Prince", "RK45" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rkf45_fehlberg" ], "related": [ "runge_kutta_methods" ], "desc": "多曼德与普林斯1980年的嵌入4(5)阶对，末值可复用，成为默认ODE求解器。" }, { "id": "eswl_lithotripsy", "name": "体外冲击波碎石机", "nameEn": "Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy", "wikiEn": "Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy", "aliases": [ "ESWL", "体外震波碎石", "Dornier HM1" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ultrasound_imaging", "x_ray" ], "related": [ "laparoscopic_cholecystectomy", "laser", "piezoelectricity", "video_endoscope" ], "desc": "多尼尔HM1机首次临床碎石，尿路结石免开刀。" }, { "id": "flash_memory", "name": "闪存", "nameEn": "Flash memory", "wikiEn": "Flash memory", "aliases": [ "Flash", "NOR Flash", "NAND Flash", "快闪记忆体" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "eeprom" ], "related": [ "digital_camera", "personal_digital_assistant" ], "desc": "舛冈富士雄1980年在东芝发明，1987年NAND闪存商用，大容量非易失。" }, { "id": "fractional_fourier_transform", "name": "分数阶傅里叶变换", "nameEn": "Fractional Fourier transform", "wikiEn": "Fractional Fourier transform", "aliases": [ "分数傅里叶变换", "FRFT", "角傅里叶变换", "fractional FT" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "wavelet_transform", "stft_gabor", "pade_approximant" ], "desc": "纳米亚斯1980年以分数阶算子重新定义，可在时频平面内任意旋转分析信号。" }, { "id": "integer_quantum_hall_effect", "name": "整数量子霍尔效应", "nameEn": "Integer Quantum Hall Effect", "wikiEn": "Quantum Hall effect", "aliases": [ "IQHE", "冯克利青效应" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hall_effect", "band_theory" ], "related": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "二维电子气霍尔电导以拓扑量子化台阶出现，为国际电阻基准标准提供半导体精密校准依据" }, { "id": "risc", "name": "精简指令集架构", "nameEn": "Reduced instruction set computer", "wikiEn": "Reduced instruction set computer", "aliases": [ "RISC", "精简指令集计算机", "Berkeley RISC", "MIPS" ], "year": 1980, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "microprocessor" ], "related": [ "arm_architecture", "parallel_computing", "powerpc", "workstation" ], "desc": "1980年伯克利等提出精简指令思想，1985年MIPS R2000率先商用。" }, { "id": "computer_monitor", "name": "计算机显示器", "nameEn": "Computer monitor", "wikiEn": "Computer monitor", "aliases": [ "CRT显示器", "电脑显示器", "监视器", "VGA显示器" ], "year": 1981, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "graphical_user_interface", "plasma_display" ], "desc": "PC时代长期以CRT为主，1987年VGA确立模拟彩色显示标准。" }, { "id": "conjugate_vaccine", "name": "多糖结合疫苗", "nameEn": "Conjugate Vaccine", "wikiEn": "Conjugate vaccine", "aliases": [ "结合疫苗", "carrier蛋白偶联疫苗" ], "year": 1981, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "alum_vaccine_adjuvant", "polio_vaccine", "fermentation" ], "related": [ "vaccination", "cold_chain", "rhesus_blood_group" ], "desc": "荚膜多糖接上蛋白载体，两岁以下婴儿也能产生免疫记忆" }, { "id": "ibm_pc", "name": "IBM PC", "nameEn": "IBM Personal Computer", "wikiEn": "IBM Personal Computer", "aliases": [ "IBM 5150", "IBM个人电脑", "PC兼容机" ], "year": 1981, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer", "intel_8086" ], "related": [ "ide_ata", "microsoft_windows", "ms_dos", "printed_circuit_board" ], "desc": "1981年发布的开放架构个人电脑，兼容机生态成为整个产业标准。" }, { "id": "model_checking", "name": "模型检验", "nameEn": "Model checking", "wikiEn": "Model checking", "aliases": [ "模型检测", "状态穷举验证", "temporal logic model checking" ], "year": 1981, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "克拉克、埃默森与基乌尔特1981年前后提出时序逻辑模型检验；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hoare_logic", "integrated_circuit", "modal_logic" ], "related": [ "automated_theorem_proving", "hoare_logic", "railway_signalling", "software_engineering" ], "desc": "穷举有限状态模型检查时序性质是否成立，用于芯片、通信协议与并发程序纠错。" }, { "id": "ms_dos", "name": "MS-DOS", "nameEn": "MS-DOS", "wikiEn": "MS-DOS", "aliases": [ "PC DOS", "DOS", "微软磁盘操作系统" ], "year": 1981, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "intel_8086" ], "related": [ "ibm_pc", "microsoft_windows" ], "desc": "1981年随IBM PC发布的磁盘操作系统，统治PC兼容机十余年。" }, { "id": "quantum_dot", "name": "量子点", "nameEn": "Quantum dot", "wikiEn": "Quantum dot", "aliases": [ "QD", "半导体纳米晶" ], "year": 1981, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1981年胶体法合成尺寸依赖发光；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication", "epitaxy" ], "related": [ "nanomaterials", "oled", "laser_diode" ], "desc": "两三纳米的半导体晶粒，粒径决定发光颜色。" }, { "id": "space_shuttle", "name": "航天飞机", "nameEn": "Space Shuttle", "wikiEn": "Space Shuttle", "aliases": [ "太空梭", "Space Transportation System", "STS" ], "year": 1981, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rocket_engine", "blunt_body_heat_shield" ], "related": [ "apollo_11", "hubble_space_telescope", "iss" ], "desc": "哥伦比亚号首飞，可重复使用天地往返系统投入使用。" }, { "id": "tgv", "name": "TGV高速列车", "nameEn": "TGV", "wikiEn": "TGV", "aliases": [ "法国高速列车", "Train à Grande Vitesse" ], "year": 1981, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "shinkansen" ], "related": [ "electric_locomotive", "ice_train", "channel_tunnel" ], "desc": "法国TGV东南线通车，欧洲高速铁路时代开启。" }, { "id": "workstation", "name": "工作站", "nameEn": "Workstation", "wikiEn": "Workstation", "aliases": [ "工程工作站", "Apollo工作站", "Sun工作站", "SGI工作站" ], "year": 1981, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "minicomputer" ], "related": [ "unix", "risc", "ethernet" ], "desc": "1981年Apollo开创高性能单机，Sun与SGI以Unix服务图形市场。" }, { "id": "ball_grid_array", "name": "球栅阵列封装", "nameEn": "Ball grid array", "wikiEn": "Ball grid array", "aliases": [ "BGA", "焊球阵列" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1980年代初出现，1990年代成为主流", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "surface_mount_technology", "printed_circuit_board" ], "related": [ "flip_chip", "advanced_packaging_technology", "chiplet_packaging" ], "desc": "封装底面布满焊球，引脚间距与良率同时改善。" }, { "id": "byzantine_fault_tolerance", "name": "拜占庭容错", "nameEn": "Byzantine Fault Tolerance", "wikiEn": "Byzantine fault tolerance", "aliases": [ "BFT", "拜占庭将军问题" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cryptographic_hash_function" ], "related": [ "nuclear_marine_propulsion", "nuclear_submarine" ], "desc": "存在恶意节点时仍能达成一致的协议，核动力潜艇与反应堆安全控制须满足此容错条件" }, { "id": "commodore_64", "name": "Commodore 64", "nameEn": "Commodore 64", "wikiEn": "Commodore 64", "aliases": [ "C64", "康懋达64" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mos_6502" ], "related": [ "personal_computer", "sound_card" ], "desc": "1982年发售的8位家用电脑，累计销量约1700万台，居单机型前列。" }, { "id": "compact_disc", "name": "光盘", "nameEn": "Compact disc", "wikiEn": "Compact disc", "aliases": [ "CD", "激光唱片", "镭射唱片", "CD-DA" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "compact_cassette", "laser_diode", "photolithography" ], "related": [ "cd_rom", "dvd" ], "desc": "1982年索尼与飞利浦推出数字音频光盘，后衍生CD-ROM等数据格式。" }, { "id": "feynman_quantum_computing", "name": "量子计算理论模型", "nameEn": "Quantum computing", "wikiEn": "Quantum computing", "aliases": [ "量子计算", "Quantum computing", "量子计算机模型", "费曼量子模拟" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "sycamore_processor", "quantum_teleportation" ], "desc": "费曼提出以量子系统模拟量子物理，量子计算理论起点。" }, { "id": "fractional_quantum_hall_effect", "name": "分数量子霍尔效应", "nameEn": "Fractional Quantum Hall Effect", "wikiEn": "Fractional quantum Hall effect", "aliases": [ "FQHE" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hall_effect", "band_theory" ], "related": [ "quantum_computer" ], "desc": "强关联电子产生分数电荷任意子，其编织拓扑性质是拓扑量子比特主流方案" }, { "id": "freedman_four_manifold", "name": "弗里德曼四维流形定理", "nameEn": "Michael Freedman", "wikiEn": "Michael Freedman", "aliases": [ "四维庞加莱猜想", "弗里德曼定理", "Freedman theorem", "拓扑四维分类" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "poincare_topology", "smale_h_cobordism" ], "related": [ "donaldson_theory", "perelman_poincare_conjecture", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "desc": "弗里德曼证明四维拓扑庞加莱猜想并分类单连通拓扑四维流形，获1986年菲尔兹奖。" }, { "id": "helicobacter_pylori", "name": "幽门螺杆菌", "nameEn": "Helicobacter pylori", "wikiEn": "Helicobacter pylori", "aliases": [ "幽门螺旋杆菌", "H. pylori", "胃溃疡菌" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electron_microscope", "microscope" ], "related": [ "goldworking", "mauveine", "omeprazole" ], "desc": "马歇尔等发现幽门螺杆菌致溃疡，抗生素可根治。" }, { "id": "hopfield_network", "name": "霍普菲尔德网络", "nameEn": "Hopfield network", "wikiEn": "Hopfield network", "aliases": [ "霍普菲尔德神经网络", "联想记忆网络", "Hopfield net", "Hopfield model" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "perceptron" ], "related": [ "backpropagation", "mcts", "reinforcement_learning" ], "desc": "霍普菲尔德以能量极小刻画递归网络的联想记忆，重新点燃联结主义与神经网络研究。" }, { "id": "laptop", "name": "笔记本电脑", "nameEn": "Laptop", "wikiEn": "Laptop", "aliases": [ "膝上电脑", "Osborne 1", "Grid Compass", "ThinkPad", "便携式计算机" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "ibm_pc", "personal_digital_assistant" ], "desc": "Osborne 1于1981年首开便携机，Grid 1982年首创翻盖形态。" }, { "id": "photovoltaic_power_station", "name": "光伏电站", "nameEn": "Photovoltaic power station", "wikiEn": "Photovoltaic power station", "aliases": [ "兆瓦级光伏电站", "Lugo电站", "太阳能农场" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "solar_cell" ], "related": [ "gaas_solar_cell", "seg_solar_thermal" ], "desc": "ARCO在Lugo建成首座兆瓦级光伏电站，光伏走向规模化。" }, { "id": "prion_theory", "name": "朊病毒理论", "nameEn": "Prion", "wikiEn": "Prion", "aliases": [ "朊粒", "蛋白质感染因子", "Prusiner prion", "感染性蛋白" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "central_dogma", "electron_microscope", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "desc": "提出不含核酸的感染性蛋白可致病并自我复制，颠覆定论。" }, { "id": "recombinant_insulin", "name": "重组人胰岛素", "nameEn": "Recombinant human insulin", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Humulin", "优泌林", "基因工程胰岛素", "Insulin (medication)" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "dna_double_helix", "enzyme_concept", "insulin" ], "related": [ "hepatitis_b_recombinant_vaccine", "mass_spectrometry" ], "desc": "重组人胰岛素Humulin上市，首个基因工程蛋白药物。" }, { "id": "secure_multiparty_computation", "name": "安全多方计算", "nameEn": "Secure Multi-Party Computation", "wikiEn": "Secure multi-party computation", "aliases": [ "MPC", "Yao millionaire问题" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "diffie_hellman", "public_key_cryptography" ], "related": [ "human_genome_project" ], "desc": "各方不泄露私有输入即可完成联合计算，基因组多中心隐私保护运算的核心协议" }, { "id": "smtp", "name": "SMTP", "nameEn": "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", "wikiEn": "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", "aliases": [ "简单邮件传输协议", "RFC 821" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "email" ], "related": [ "pop3", "mime", "internet" ], "desc": "1982年波斯特尔制定RFC 821，成为互联网邮件发送的标准协议。" }, { "id": "solar_power_tower", "name": "塔式太阳能热发电", "nameEn": "Solar Power Tower", "wikiEn": "Solar power tower", "aliases": [ "中央接收式光热", "定日镜塔" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "solar_water_heating", "electricity_generation" ], "related": [ "seg_solar_thermal", "photovoltaic_power_station", "steam_turbine" ], "desc": "千百面定日镜把阳光聚到塔顶吸热器，熔盐储热后按需推动汽轮发电" }, { "id": "supply_chain_management", "name": "供应链管理", "nameEn": "Supply chain management", "wikiEn": "Supply chain management", "aliases": [ "SCM", "产销一体化物流" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "术语1982年提出，1990年代随企业资源规划普及；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "toyota_production_system", "economic_order_quantity", "container_shipping" ], "related": [ "operations_research", "supermarket", "relational_database" ], "desc": "把采购、生产、仓储与分销当作一条流，以总成本替代局部最优。" }, { "id": "tftr", "name": "TFTR托卡马克", "nameEn": "Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor", "wikiEn": "Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor", "aliases": [ "托卡马克聚变测试堆", "TFTR" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tokamak" ], "related": [ "jet_tokamak" ], "desc": "美国TFTR托卡马克运行，验证磁约束聚变工程技术。" }, { "id": "thurston_geometrization", "name": "瑟斯顿几何化纲领", "nameEn": "Geometrization conjecture", "wikiEn": "Geometrization conjecture", "aliases": [ "瑟斯顿猜想", "三维流形几何化", "Thurston program", "八种几何结构" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hyperbolic_three_manifolds", "dehn_surgery" ], "related": [ "general_relativity", "perelman_poincare_conjecture", "smale_h_cobordism" ], "desc": "瑟斯顿猜想闭三维流形可沿球面与环面切成八类几何结构之一，统一三维流形分类。" }, { "id": "un_convention_on_the_law_of_the_sea", "name": "联合国海洋法公约", "nameEn": "UN Convention on the Law of the Sea", "wikiEn": "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea", "aliases": [ "海洋法公约", "专属经济区制度" ], "year": 1982, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1982年蒙特哥贝开放签署", "era": "information", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "united_nations", "international_law", "submarine_telegraph_cable" ], "related": [ "gps", "suez_canal", "red_cross_movement", "paris_agreement_climate" ], "desc": "以领海、专属经济区与国际海底分层划权并设法庭，把海洋写成可主张可仲裁的图层。" }, { "id": "amps", "name": "AMPS", "nameEn": "Advanced Mobile Phone System", "wikiEn": "Advanced Mobile Phone System", "aliases": [ "高级移动电话系统", "1G", "第一代蜂窝移动电话", "AMPS模拟移动电话" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mobile_phone" ], "related": [ "gsm", "sms" ], "desc": "1983年美国芝加哥开通AMPS，首个商用1G模拟蜂窝电话网。" }, { "id": "cplusplus", "name": "C++", "nameEn": "C++", "wikiEn": "C++", "aliases": [ "C with Classes", "ANSI C++", "C加加" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "c_language", "object_oriented_programming" ], "related": [ "object_oriented_programming", "java_language" ], "desc": "斯特劳斯特鲁普1979年起步、1983年定名，为C引入面向对象与泛型。" }, { "id": "cyclosporine", "name": "环孢素", "nameEn": "Ciclosporin", "wikiEn": "Ciclosporin", "aliases": [ "环孢菌素A", "Cyclosporine", "山地明" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "azathioprine", "chromatography", "mass_spectrometry" ], "related": [ "heart_transplant", "kidney_transplant", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "desc": "环孢素强效抑制免疫排异，器官移植存活率大增。" }, { "id": "dns", "name": "域名系统", "nameEn": "Domain Name System", "wikiEn": "Domain Name System", "aliases": [ "DNS", "域名解析系统", "Mockapetris DNS" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "arpanet" ], "related": [ "domain_name", "icann", "url" ], "desc": "莫卡派乔斯1983年提出DNS，把域名自动解析为IP地址。" }, { "id": "donaldson_theory", "name": "唐纳森规范理论", "nameEn": "Donaldson's theorem", "wikiEn": "Donaldson's theorem", "aliases": [ "唐纳森定理", "瞬子不变量", "四维光滑流形", "Donaldson invariants" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "chern_classes", "kahler_manifold", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "related": [ "freedman_four_manifold", "k_theory" ], "desc": "唐纳森利用杨-米尔斯瞬子推出四维相交形式的强限制，开辟规范理论研究光滑拓扑之路。" }, { "id": "integrated_development_environment", "name": "集成开发环境", "nameEn": "Integrated development environment", "wikiEn": "Integrated development environment", "aliases": [ "IDE", "Turbo Pascal", "Visual Basic", "VB" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compiler" ], "related": [ "pascal_language", "basic" ], "desc": "编辑器、编译器与调试器集成一体，1983年Turbo Pascal引领潮流。" }, { "id": "internet", "name": "互联网", "nameEn": "Internet", "wikiEn": "Internet", "aliases": [ "因特网", "TCP/IP", "TCP/IP协议族", "Internet protocol suite", "网际网络", "ARPANET后继" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 1, "prereqs": [ "arpanet", "packet_switching" ], "related": [ "world_wide_web", "router", "nsfnet", "dns" ], "desc": "1983年阿帕网正式切换TCP/IP协议，网络之网络互联网诞生。" }, { "id": "microsoft_word", "name": "Microsoft Word", "nameEn": "Microsoft Word", "wikiEn": "Microsoft Word", "aliases": [ "Word", "微软Word", "Word 1.0", "多文字处理程序" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "word_processor" ], "related": [ "wordstar", "microsoft_windows" ], "desc": "1983年首发，Mac与Windows版持续迭代，最终成为主流文字处理软件。" }, { "id": "midi", "name": "电子乐器数字接口", "nameEn": "MIDI", "wikiEn": "MIDI", "aliases": [ "乐器数字接口", "Musical Instrument Digital Interface" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1983 年公布 1.0 规范，统一各厂牌设备控制指令", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "synthesizer", "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "music_sequencer", "spotify", "youtube" ], "desc": "描述音高、力度与时值的设备通信标准，使编曲从录音转为可编辑的数据。" }, { "id": "nintendo_entertainment_system", "name": "红白机", "nameEn": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "wikiEn": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "aliases": [ "NES", "Famicom", "FC", "任天堂娱乐系统", "Family Computer" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "mos_6502" ], "related": [ "atari_2600", "game_boy", "playstation_console" ], "desc": "1983年FC在日本发售、1985年NES登陆美国，重振北美游戏市场。" }, { "id": "open_source_movement", "name": "开源运动", "nameEn": "Open-source-software movement", "wikiEn": "Open-source-software movement", "aliases": [ "自由软件运动", "GNU项目", "GNU", "开放源代码运动", "GPL" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "unix" ], "related": [ "linux_kernel", "version_control" ], "desc": "1983年斯托曼发起GNU，1998年开源一词定名，社群协作生产自由软件。" }, { "id": "plasma_display", "name": "等离子显示器", "nameEn": "Plasma display", "wikiEn": "Plasma display", "aliases": [ "等离子显示屏", "等离子面板", "IBM 3290", "PDP" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "computer_monitor" ], "desc": "1983年IBM 3290采用等离子平板，是早期计算机扁平显示器。" }, { "id": "simulated_annealing", "name": "模拟退火", "nameEn": "Simulated annealing", "wikiEn": "Simulated annealing", "aliases": [ "模拟退火算法", "退火优化", "Kirkpatrick annealing", "SA算法" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "monte_carlo_method", "simplex_method" ], "related": [ "cauchy_gradient_descent", "mcts" ], "desc": "柯克帕特里克等借金属退火的概率性接受劣解跳出局部最优，求解组合优化难题。" }, { "id": "symplectic_integrator", "name": "辛积分器", "nameEn": "Symplectic integrator", "wikiEn": "Symplectic integrator", "aliases": [ "辛算法", "辛几何积分", "symplectic method", "Ruth算法" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "verlet_leapfrog", "numerov_method" ], "related": [ "newmark_beta_method" ], "desc": "露丝1983年、冯康1984年独立提出保持哈密顿系统辛结构的积分法，长期不漂移。" }, { "id": "video_endoscope", "name": "电子内窥镜", "nameEn": "Video endoscope", "wikiEn": "Endoscopy", "aliases": [ "CCD内窥镜", "电子胃肠镜", "Video endoscopy" ], "year": 1983, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "charge_coupled_device", "optical_fiber_silica", "television" ], "related": [ "digital_camera", "fiber_optics_comm", "laparoscopic_cholecystectomy" ], "desc": "Welch Allyn以CCD图像传感器推出电子内窥镜。" }, { "id": "additive_manufacturing", "name": "增材制造", "nameEn": "3D printing", "wikiEn": "3D printing", "aliases": [ "Additive manufacturing", "3D打印", "立体光刻" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1984年赫尔为立体光刻申请专利；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "photopolymer", "laser" ], "related": [ "selective_laser_melting", "powder_metallurgy", "prefabrication" ], "desc": "按数字模型逐层堆积材料直接成形零件的制造总称。" }, { "id": "amr_method", "name": "自适应网格加密", "nameEn": "Adaptive mesh refinement", "wikiEn": "Adaptive mesh refinement", "aliases": [ "AMR", "自适应网格细化", "Berger-Oliger", "嵌套加密网格" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "finite_difference_method" ], "related": [ "finite_volume_method", "adaptive_quadrature" ], "desc": "伯杰与奥利格1984年提出动态嵌套多层网格，按陡变局部加密，兼顾分辨率与计算量。" }, { "id": "cd_rom", "name": "CD-ROM", "nameEn": "CD-ROM", "wikiEn": "CD-ROM", "aliases": [ "只读光盘", "光盘驱动器", "光驱", "Yellow Book" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compact_disc" ], "related": [ "dvd", "sound_card" ], "desc": "1984年首批光驱问世，约650MB容量成为软件与多媒体发行介质。" }, { "id": "double_stack_rail", "name": "双层集装箱列车", "nameEn": "Double-stack rail transport", "wikiEn": "Double-stack rail transport", "aliases": [ "双层集装箱运输", "Double-stack car" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "container_shipping" ], "related": [ "intermodal_container" ], "desc": "APL开行列载双层集装箱列车，铁路货运效率大增。" }, { "id": "fidonet", "name": "FidoNet", "nameEn": "FidoNet", "wikiEn": "FidoNet", "aliases": [ "惠多网", "Fido网络" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bbs" ], "related": [ "usenet", "email" ], "desc": "詹宁斯1984年建立的BBS间夜间自动转信网络，联通全球爱好者。" }, { "id": "first_superstring_revolution", "name": "第一次超弦革命", "nameEn": "First superstring revolution", "wikiEn": "Superstring theory", "aliases": [ "超弦革命", "第一次超弦革命", "Superstring theory", "String theory", "Green–Schwarz" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "yang_mills_gauge_theory", "standard_model_particle_physics" ], "related": [], "desc": "格林与施瓦茨消除反常使超弦理论兴起，试图统一全部基本力。" }, { "id": "jet_tokamak", "name": "欧洲联合环流器JET", "nameEn": "Joint European Torus", "wikiEn": "Joint European Torus", "aliases": [ "JET托卡马克", "欧洲联合环" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tokamak" ], "related": [ "jt60", "tftr" ], "desc": "欧共体JET托卡马克启用，1991年首次实现聚变释能。" }, { "id": "jones_polynomial", "name": "琼斯多项式", "nameEn": "Jones polynomial", "wikiEn": "Jones polynomial", "aliases": [ "琼斯纽结多项式", "冯·诺依曼代数不变量", "Jones invariant" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "alexander_polynomial", "conway_notation", "knot_group_wirtinger" ], "related": [ "tait_knot_tables", "thurston_geometrization", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "desc": "琼斯从算子代数发现全新纽结多项式，连通纽结理论与统计物理并引发不变量研究复兴。" }, { "id": "karmarkar_interior_point", "name": "卡马卡尔内点法", "nameEn": "Karmarkar's algorithm", "wikiEn": "Karmarkar's algorithm", "aliases": [ "内点法", "卡马卡尔算法", "Karmarkar算法", "投影尺度法" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "khachiyan_ellipsoid_method", "simplex_method" ], "related": [ "electrical_grid", "lp_duality_theory", "rockafellar_convex_analysis" ], "desc": "卡马卡尔给出实用的多项式时间内点算法，引爆线性与非线性规划变革。" }, { "id": "macintosh", "name": "麦金塔", "nameEn": "Macintosh 128K", "wikiEn": "Macintosh 128K", "aliases": [ "Macintosh", "Apple Mac", "苹果Mac", "Mac 128K" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "motorola_68000", "graphical_user_interface" ], "related": [ "computer_mouse", "microsoft_windows", "desktop_publishing" ], "desc": "1984年苹果发布，率先把图形界面与鼠标带给大众市场。" }, { "id": "maglev_train", "name": "磁悬浮列车", "nameEn": "Maglev", "wikiEn": "Maglev", "aliases": [ "磁浮列车", "伯明翰机场磁浮" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electric_locomotive" ], "related": [ "shinkansen" ], "desc": "伯明翰机场磁浮商业线开通，磁悬浮首获商业运营。" }, { "id": "ndfeb_magnet", "name": "钕铁硼永磁体", "nameEn": "Neodymium magnet", "wikiEn": "Neodymium magnet", "aliases": [ "钕磁铁", "Neo magnet", "强力永磁" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "samarium_cobalt_magnet" ], "related": [ "ferrite_magnet" ], "desc": "佐川真人等开发钕铁硼，最强永磁体1984年商业化。" }, { "id": "nfs", "name": "网络文件系统", "nameEn": "Network File System", "wikiEn": "Network File System", "aliases": [ "NFS", "Sun NFS", "网络文件共享" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ethernet" ], "related": [ "internet" ], "desc": "Sun公司1984年推出，让异构计算机经网络共享远程文件目录。" }, { "id": "osi_model", "name": "OSI七层参考模型", "nameEn": "OSI Model", "wikiEn": "OSI model", "aliases": [ "开放系统互连模型", "七层模型" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "packet_switching", "iso_standardization", "tcp_ip" ], "related": [ "ethernet", "x25", "internet" ], "desc": "把通信切成七层功能定义，异种系统按同一框架互连" }, { "id": "pac_learning", "name": "概率近似正确学习理论", "nameEn": "PAC Learning", "wikiEn": "Probably approximately correct learning", "aliases": [ "Valiant PAC模型" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "information_theory", "computational_complexity_theory" ], "related": [ "automated_dna_sequencer" ], "desc": "给出可学习性所需样本量的可计算上界，为测序大数据关联挖掘提供统计可证明保证" }, { "id": "santa_fe_complex_systems", "name": "复杂适应系统理论", "nameEn": "Complex adaptive system", "wikiEn": "Complex adaptive system", "aliases": [ "圣塔菲学派", "Santa Fe Institute", "涌现理论", "复杂性科学" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bertalanffy_general_systems" ], "related": [ "cybernetics", "watts_strogatz_small_world" ], "desc": "适应性主体互动涌现全局秩序，统一研究生命经济与社会。" }, { "id": "seg_solar_thermal", "name": "槽式太阳能热发电站", "nameEn": "Solar Energy Generating Systems", "wikiEn": "Solar Energy Generating Systems", "aliases": [ "SEGS", "槽式光热电站" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "photovoltaic_power_station" ], "desc": "加州SEGS I槽式光热电站投运，太阳能热发电首入商业。" }, { "id": "wavelet_transform", "name": "小波变换", "nameEn": "Wavelet", "wikiEn": "Wavelet", "aliases": [ "小波", "小波分析", "Morlet小波", "wavelet transform" ], "year": 1984, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "stft_gabor", "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "fractional_fourier_transform", "hilbert_huang_transform", "mri_scanner", "multiresolution_analysis" ], "desc": "莫莱1984年提出、道贝奇1988年构造紧支撑正交基，缩放平移兼顾时频与压缩。" }, { "id": "abc_conjecture", "name": "abc猜想", "nameEn": "Abc conjecture", "wikiEn": "Abc conjecture", "aliases": [ "ABC猜想", "奥斯特莱-马瑟猜想", "Oesterle-Masser conjecture" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "analytic_number_theory", "diophantine_equations" ], "related": [ "catalans_conjecture", "three_x_plus_one_semigroup" ], "desc": "关于互素a+b=c三数素因子与大小关系的猜想，1985年提出，可推出许多结果。", "boundary": "非科技保留" }, { "id": "arm_architecture", "name": "ARM架构", "nameEn": "ARM architecture family", "wikiEn": "ARM architecture family", "aliases": [ "ARM", "Acorn RISC Machine", "ARM1", "安谋架构" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "risc" ], "related": [ "personal_digital_assistant", "powerpc" ], "desc": "1985年Acorn流片ARM1，低功耗RISC核日后主导移动与嵌入式领域。" }, { "id": "cavity_qed", "name": "腔量子电动力学", "nameEn": "Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics", "wikiEn": "Cavity quantum electrodynamics", "aliases": [ "腔QED" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "quantum_electrodynamics" ], "related": [ "quantum_computer" ], "desc": "原子与高品质腔模强耦合实现单光子操控，超导微波腔是量子门操作核心路径" }, { "id": "desalination", "name": "海水淡化", "nameEn": "Desalination", "wikiEn": "Desalination", "aliases": [ "海水脱盐", "Reverse osmosis desalination" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1980年代反渗透淡化厂大规模投产", "era": "information", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "reverse_osmosis_membrane" ], "related": [ "sewage_treatment", "public_water_supply", "irrigation" ], "desc": "以膜法或蒸馏从海水制取淡水的规模化市政工艺。" }, { "id": "desktop_publishing", "name": "桌面出版", "nameEn": "Desktop publishing", "wikiEn": "Desktop publishing", "aliases": [ "DTP", "PageMaker", "Aldus PageMaker", "桌面排版" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "macintosh", "laser_printing" ], "related": [ "microsoft_word", "image_scanner" ], "desc": "1985年PageMaker配合Mac与激光打印机，开启桌面出版革命。" }, { "id": "domain_name", "name": "域名", "nameEn": "Domain name", "wikiEn": "Domain name", "aliases": [ "网域名称", "symbolics.com", ".com域名", "域名注册" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "dns" ], "related": [ "icann", "dns", "url" ], "desc": "1985年symbolics.com成为首个注册域名，域名注册体系开端。" }, { "id": "flp_theorem", "name": "FLP不可能性定理", "nameEn": "FLP Impossibility Theorem", "wikiEn": "FLP result", "aliases": [ "Fischer-Lynch-Paterson" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "computational_complexity_theory" ], "related": [ "gps" ], "desc": "异步系统中即使单点故障也无法确定性达成一致，GPS卫星分布式钟同步须绕此不可能性" }, { "id": "fullerene", "name": "富勒烯", "nameEn": "Buckminsterfullerene", "wikiEn": "Buckminsterfullerene", "aliases": [ "C60", "巴克敏斯特富勒烯", "足球烯" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "carbon_nanotube", "conductive_polymer" ], "desc": "克罗托等发现C60笼形分子，开启纳米碳材料领域。" }, { "id": "intel_80386", "name": "Intel 80386", "nameEn": "Intel 80386", "wikiEn": "Intel 80386", "aliases": [ "80386", "i386", "386处理器" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "intel_8086" ], "related": [ "microsoft_windows", "linux_kernel", "pentium" ], "desc": "1985年首款32位x86处理器，支持保护模式与大内存，PC实现跨越。" }, { "id": "jt60", "name": "JT-60托卡马克", "nameEn": "JT-60", "wikiEn": "JT-60", "aliases": [ "日本临界等离子体装置", "JT-60U" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tokamak" ], "related": [ "jet_tokamak" ], "desc": "日本JT-60运行，创氘等离子体等效能量增益纪录。" }, { "id": "laparoscopic_cholecystectomy", "name": "腹腔镜胆囊切除术", "nameEn": "Laparoscopic cholecystectomy", "wikiEn": "Laparoscopic cholecystectomy", "aliases": [ "腹腔镜手术", "微创胆囊切除", "锁孔手术" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "optical_fiber_silica", "stainless_steel" ], "related": [ "injection_moulding", "microsurgery", "television", "video_endoscope" ], "desc": "Mühe完成首例腹腔镜胆囊切除，外科走向微创。" }, { "id": "microsoft_excel", "name": "Microsoft Excel", "nameEn": "Microsoft Excel", "wikiEn": "Microsoft Excel", "aliases": [ "Excel", "微软电子表格" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "spreadsheet" ], "related": [ "microsoft_windows", "apple_ii" ], "desc": "1985年首发于Mac，Windows版随3.0普及，终结Lotus的霸主地位。" }, { "id": "nanomaterials", "name": "纳米材料", "nameEn": "Nanomaterials", "wikiEn": "Nanomaterials", "aliases": [ "Nanostructured material", "纳米结构材料" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "以富勒烯发现与扫描隧道显微镜为起点", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "related": [ "graphene", "carbon_nanotube", "quantum_dot" ], "desc": "在一至一百纳米尺度构造并利用量子效应的材料族。" }, { "id": "nsfnet", "name": "NSFNET", "nameEn": "NSFNET", "wikiEn": "NSFNET", "aliases": [ "美国国家科学基金网", "NSF骨干网" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "arpanet", "isp", "tat8" ], "desc": "1985年起步、1986年联网的美国科研骨干网，互联网民用化枢纽。" }, { "id": "osl_dating", "name": "光释光测年", "nameEn": "Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating", "wikiEn": "Optically stimulated luminescence", "aliases": [ "OSL定年" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "Singhvi等1984-1985年提出OSL单独测年方案", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "einstein_photoelectric" ], "related": [ "tunnel_boring_machine" ], "desc": "以光激励释放石英陷阱电子并测发光量推算沉积年代，隧道掘进前地层年龄评估的核心工具" }, { "id": "ozone_depletion", "name": "臭氧层损耗", "nameEn": "Ozone depletion", "wikiEn": "Ozone depletion", "aliases": [ "臭氧空洞" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "法曼1985年发表南极洞；1974年莫利纳-罗兰已预警；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "catalysis_concept" ], "related": [ "refrigeration", "keeling_curve" ], "desc": "氟氯烃光解释氯催化毁臭氧，南极大洞促成蒙特利尔议定书。" }, { "id": "pcr", "name": "PCR技术", "nameEn": "Polymerase chain reaction", "wikiEn": "Polymerase chain reaction", "aliases": [ "聚合酶链式反应", "多聚酶链式反应" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dna_double_helix", "isotope_tracer", "microprocessor" ], "related": [ "automated_dna_sequencer", "digital_signal_processor", "restriction_enzyme" ], "desc": "穆利斯发明聚合酶链式反应，DNA可体外指数扩增。" }, { "id": "pearl_bayesian_networks", "name": "贝叶斯网络", "nameEn": "Bayesian network", "wikiEn": "Bayesian network", "aliases": [ "信念网络", "贝氏网络", "Belief network", "Pearl Bayesian network", "概率图模型" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bayes_theorem", "kolmogorov_probability_axioms", "metropolis_hastings" ], "related": [ "em_algorithm", "fuzzy_logic", "markov_chains", "randomized_controlled_trial" ], "desc": "珀尔以有向无环图表达变量条件依赖并传播概率，使不确定知识推理可工程化。" }, { "id": "sonet", "name": "SONET", "nameEn": "Synchronous optical networking", "wikiEn": "Synchronous optical networking", "aliases": [ "同步光纤网络", "SDH", "同步数字体系" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fiber_optics_comm" ], "related": [ "tat8", "wdm" ], "desc": "1980年代中期制定的同步光传输标准（SDH），统一全球光网体制。" }, { "id": "superphenix", "name": "超凤凰快中子增殖堆", "nameEn": "Superphénix", "wikiEn": "Superphénix", "aliases": [ "Superphenix", "快堆示范电站" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "nuclear_reprocessing" ], "desc": "法国超凤凰120万千瓦快中子增殖堆达到临界并网。" }, { "id": "thtr_300", "name": "THTR-300高温气冷堆", "nameEn": "THTR-300", "wikiEn": "THTR-300", "aliases": [ "球床高温气冷堆", "钍高温堆" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "superphenix" ], "desc": "德国THTR-300球床高温气冷堆并网发电。" }, { "id": "variable_speed_wind_turbine", "name": "变速风电机组", "nameEn": "Variable-Speed Wind Turbine", "wikiEn": "Variable speed wind turbine", "aliases": [ "双馈变速风机", "直驱永磁风电" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "modern_wind_turbine", "thyristor" ], "related": [ "ndfeb_magnet", "wind_turbine_electric", "offshore_wind_power" ], "desc": "转子转速解耦于电网频率，经电力电子变换并网，风轮全年停在最优叶尖速比" }, { "id": "zero_knowledge_proof", "name": "零知识证明", "nameEn": "Zero-knowledge proof", "wikiEn": "Zero-knowledge proof", "aliases": [ "零知识协议", "ZKP", "Goldwasser-Micali-Rackoff", "零知识" ], "year": 1985, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "diffie_hellman", "turing_machine" ], "related": [ "rsa", "merkle_puzzles" ], "desc": "戈德瓦瑟等证明可在不泄露秘密本身的情况下使对方信服，重塑密码学与身份认证。" }, { "id": "backpropagation", "name": "反向传播", "nameEn": "Backpropagation", "wikiEn": "Backpropagation", "aliases": [ "BP算法", "误差反向传播", "Backprop" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "artificial_neural_network", "linnainmaa_reverse_autodiff" ], "related": [ "convolutional_neural_network", "deep_learning", "neuron_doctrine", "recurrent_neural_network" ], "desc": "误差反向传播算法，1986年Hinton等人系统化，是深度学习训练基石。" }, { "id": "coronary_stent", "name": "冠状动脉支架", "nameEn": "Coronary stent", "wikiEn": "Coronary stent", "aliases": [ "心脏支架", "冠脉支架", "血管内支架" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "coronary_bypass", "laser", "precision_grinding" ], "related": [ "assembly_line", "cardiac_pacemaker", "nitinol_medical" ], "desc": "Puel植入首例冠脉支架，介入心脏病学时代开启。" }, { "id": "gmres", "name": "GMRES", "nameEn": "Generalized minimal residual method", "wikiEn": "Generalized minimal residual method", "aliases": [ "广义最小残差法", "GMRES算法", "Saad-Schultz", "Krylov残差最小化" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arnoldi_iteration", "blas", "krylov_subspace" ], "related": [ "lanczos_algorithm", "multigrid_method", "nuclear_reactor" ], "desc": "萨阿德与舒尔茨1986年的Krylov残差最小化法，解非对称方程组，重启稳健。" }, { "id": "hepatitis_b_recombinant_vaccine", "name": "重组乙肝疫苗", "nameEn": "Hepatitis B vaccine", "wikiEn": "Hepatitis B vaccine", "aliases": [ "基因工程乙肝疫苗", "酵母乙肝疫苗" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "freeze_drying", "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "mass_spectrometry", "recombinant_insulin" ], "desc": "默沙东重组酵母乙肝疫苗上市，首个人用基因工程疫苗。" }, { "id": "id3_decision_tree", "name": "ID3决策树", "nameEn": "ID3 algorithm", "wikiEn": "ID3 algorithm", "aliases": [ "ID3算法", "决策树归纳", "Quinlan ID3", "Iterative Dichotomiser 3" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "probability_theory" ], "related": [ "k_means_clustering", "pearl_bayesian_networks" ], "desc": "昆兰以信息增益递归选择属性生成分类树，是规则学习与可解释机器学习的代表。" }, { "id": "ide_ata", "name": "IDE/ATA接口", "nameEn": "Parallel ATA", "wikiEn": "Parallel ATA", "aliases": [ "IDE", "ATA", "PATA", "AT Attachment" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hard_disk" ], "related": [ "scsi", "raid", "ibm_pc" ], "desc": "1986年IDE硬盘随康柏PC出现，1994年ATA标准化，长期统治PC硬盘。" }, { "id": "listserv", "name": "邮件列表", "nameEn": "LISTSERV", "wikiEn": "LISTSERV", "aliases": [ "LISTSERV", "邮件群发列表", "电子邮递论坛", "BITNET邮件列表" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "email" ], "related": [ "usenet" ], "desc": "1986年托马斯写出LISTSERV，首个自动化邮件列表管理软件。" }, { "id": "mir_station", "name": "和平号空间站", "nameEn": "Mir", "wikiEn": "Mir", "aliases": [ "和平号", "Mir空间站" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "soyuz_spacecraft" ], "related": [ "artificial_satellite", "iss" ], "desc": "苏联和平号升空，首座模块化长期载人空间站。" }, { "id": "muromonab_cd3", "name": "莫罗单抗-CD3", "nameEn": "Muromonab-CD3", "wikiEn": "Muromonab-CD3", "aliases": [ "OKT3", "鼠源单抗药" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "hybridoma_technology", "mass_spectrometry" ], "related": [ "cyclosporine", "humanized_monoclonal_antibody", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "desc": "OKT3成为首个获批的单克隆抗体药物。" }, { "id": "optical_tweezers", "name": "光镊", "nameEn": "Optical Tweezers", "wikiEn": "Optical tweezers", "aliases": [ "单光束梯度力势阱" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [ "carbon_nanotube" ], "desc": "高数值孔径激光焦点梯度力捕获微纳粒子，用于单根碳纳米管力学性质的非接触测量" }, { "id": "phase_shift_photomask", "name": "相移掩模", "nameEn": "Phase-shift photomask", "wikiEn": "Phase-shift mask", "aliases": [ "PSM", "移相掩膜版" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1986, 1989 ], "year_note": "1980 年代中后期发明并逐步用于亚微米光刻", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "photolithography", "synthetic_quartz" ], "related": [ "euv_lithography", "excimer_laser" ], "desc": "让相邻透光区相差半波长以抵消衍射，把可分辨线宽推过传统极限。" }, { "id": "rna_world_hypothesis", "name": "RNA世界假说", "nameEn": "RNA world", "wikiEn": "RNA world", "aliases": [ "RNA世界", "Gilbert RNA world", "RNA起源假说", "核酶世界" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "central_dogma", "miller_urey_experiment", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "genetic_code", "information_theory" ], "desc": "生命起源于兼具催化与遗传功能的RNA，解答先有核酸难题。" }, { "id": "scsi", "name": "SCSI接口", "nameEn": "SCSI", "wikiEn": "SCSI", "aliases": [ "SASI", "小型计算机系统接口" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "minicomputer" ], "related": [ "ide_ata", "workstation", "raid" ], "desc": "1986年SASI升级为ANSI SCSI标准，菊花链连接多外设，工作站常用。" }, { "id": "self_consolidating_concrete", "name": "自密实混凝土", "nameEn": "Self-consolidating concrete", "wikiEn": "Self-consolidating concrete", "aliases": [ "自充填混凝土", "SCC" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "日本 1980 年代后期为免振捣密配筋构件研发，取约值", "era": "information", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "portland_cement", "concrete", "reinforced_concrete" ], "related": [ "limit_state_design", "prestressed_concrete", "recycling", "three_gorges_dam" ], "desc": "高流动而不自离析，靠自重填满密筋模板免振捣。" }, { "id": "version_control", "name": "版本控制", "nameEn": "Version control", "wikiEn": "Version control", "aliases": [ "版本管理", "RCS", "CVS", "并发版本系统" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "open_source_movement", "linux_kernel" ], "desc": "RCS（1982）与CVS（1986）支持多人协作追踪代码变更，服务开源开发。" }, { "id": "wafer_bonding", "name": "晶圆键合", "nameEn": "Wafer bonding", "wikiEn": "Wafer bonding", "aliases": [ "Direct bonding", "混合键合", "Hybrid bonding" ], "year": 1986, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1986年硅直接键合(SDB)实现，混合键合为当代代际", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chemical_mechanical_planarization", "silicon_on_insulator_fab" ], "related": [ "three_dimensional_ic", "through_silicon_via", "advanced_packaging_technology" ], "desc": "把两片晶圆面面对准贴合，铜-铜混合键合已用于芯粒堆叠。" }, { "id": "antivirus_software", "name": "杀毒软件", "nameEn": "Antivirus software", "wikiEn": "Antivirus software", "aliases": [ "反病毒软件", "防毒软件", "VirusScan", "G Data" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "computer_virus" ], "related": [ "morris_worm", "iloveyou" ], "desc": "1987年首批查杀病毒工具在德国与美国出现，开启反病毒产业。" }, { "id": "automated_dna_sequencer", "name": "自动化DNA测序仪", "nameEn": "DNA sequencer", "wikiEn": "DNA sequencer", "aliases": [ "荧光自动测序仪", "ABI 370A" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "charge_coupled_device", "early_dna_sequencing", "laser", "optical_fiber_silica" ], "related": [ "human_genome_project", "microprocessor", "pcr", "relational_database" ], "desc": "ABI 370A荧光自动测序仪上市，测序走向高通量。" }, { "id": "azt_drug", "name": "齐多夫定", "nameEn": "Zidovudine", "wikiEn": "Zidovudine", "aliases": [ "AZT", "叠氮胸苷", "Zidovudine" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "grignard_reagent" ], "related": [ "haart", "mass_spectrometry", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "desc": "齐多夫定成为首个抗艾滋病药物，延缓病程。" }, { "id": "edfa", "name": "掺铒光纤放大器", "nameEn": "Erbium-doped fiber amplifier", "wikiEn": "Erbium-doped fiber amplifier", "aliases": [ "EDFA", "光纤放大器", "光放大器" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fiber_optics_comm", "laser" ], "related": [ "wdm", "tat8" ], "desc": "1987年问世，直接在光层放大信号，使跨洋与密集波分复用成为可能。" }, { "id": "fast_multipole_method", "name": "快速多极子法", "nameEn": "Fast multipole method", "wikiEn": "Fast multipole method", "aliases": [ "快速多极算法", "FMM", "Greengard-Rokhlin", "多极展开加速" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "spherical_harmonics" ], "related": [ "boundary_element_method", "sparse_matrix" ], "desc": "格林加德与罗赫林1987年以多极展开聚合远场作用，将N体计算降至线性复杂度。" }, { "id": "gif", "name": "GIF", "nameEn": "GIF", "wikiEn": "GIF", "aliases": [ "图形交换格式", "GIF动图", "CompuServe GIF" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "jpeg", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "CompuServe 1987年推出的256色压缩图像格式，早期网页动图主力。" }, { "id": "image_scanner", "name": "图像扫描仪", "nameEn": "Image scanner", "wikiEn": "Image scanner", "aliases": [ "扫描仪", "HP ScanJet", "平板扫描仪" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "desktop_publishing", "point_of_sale" ], "desc": "1987年HP ScanJet推动桌面扫描仪普及，纸质图像得以数字化入机。" }, { "id": "oled", "name": "有机发光二极管", "nameEn": "OLED", "wikiEn": "OLED", "aliases": [ "OLED", "有机电致发光" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "led" ], "related": [ "ingan_quantum_well_led", "lcd_display" ], "desc": "邓青云等制成有机电致发光器件，奠定柔性显示基础。" }, { "id": "perl", "name": "Perl", "nameEn": "Perl", "wikiEn": "Perl", "aliases": [ "Practical Extraction and Report Language" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "c_language" ], "related": [ "python_language", "linux_kernel" ], "desc": "沃尔1987年发布的脚本语言，擅文本处理，为早期互联网运维利器。" }, { "id": "photonic_crystal_structure", "name": "光子晶体", "nameEn": "Photonic crystal", "wikiEn": "Photonic crystal", "aliases": [ "光子带隙材料", "Photonic band-gap material" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1987 年两条独立理论路线同期提出周期介电带隙概念", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laser", "band_theory" ], "related": [ "metamaterial", "optical_fiber_silica" ], "desc": "折射率周期排列打开光子带隙，可阻断或引导特定波长，用于微腔与波导。" }, { "id": "prk_eye_surgery", "name": "准分子激光角膜切削术", "nameEn": "Photorefractive keratectomy", "wikiEn": "Photorefractive keratectomy", "aliases": [ "PRK", "激光屈光手术", "准分子激光手术" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "excimer_laser" ], "related": [ "intraocular_lens" ], "desc": "塞勒用准分子激光切削角膜，开启屈光手术时代。" }, { "id": "sige_heterostructure_epi", "name": "硅锗异质结", "nameEn": "SiGe heterostructure", "wikiEn": "Silicon–germanium", "aliases": [ "SiGe", "硅锗合金", "SiGe 外延" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1987, 1992 ], "year_note": "1980 年代末实现应变 SiGe 异质结双极晶体管，1990 年代初进入工艺平台", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "epitaxy", "silicon_transistor" ], "related": [ "germanium_metal", "wide_bandgap_semiconductor", "laser_diode" ], "desc": "在硅上外延应变硅锗以裁剪能带，支撑高频双极器件与后来的应变沟道。" }, { "id": "statin_drug", "name": "他汀类药物", "nameEn": "Statin", "wikiEn": "Statin", "aliases": [ "洛伐他汀", "Lovastatin", "降脂药" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "enzyme_concept" ], "related": [ "mass_spectrometry", "nmr_spectroscopy", "warfarin" ], "desc": "洛伐他汀获批，他汀成为降血脂防心梗基石药。" }, { "id": "supramolecular_chemistry", "name": "超分子化学", "nameEn": "Supramolecular Chemistry", "wikiEn": "Supramolecular chemistry", "aliases": [ "主客体化学", "非共价组装" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hydrogen_bond", "lewis_acid_base_theory" ], "related": [ "metal_organic_framework" ], "desc": "分子间非共价键自组织构筑有序超分子结构，是MOF与主客体分子识别的理论框架" }, { "id": "tanner_wong_data_augmentation", "name": "坦纳-王数据增广", "nameEn": "Data augmentation", "wikiEn": "Data augmentation", "aliases": [ "数据增广", "数据增强算法", "Tanner-Wong", "潜变量插补" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "em_algorithm", "jeffreys_savage_bayes_revival" ], "related": [ "efron_bootstrap_jackknife" ], "desc": "坦纳与王提出迭代插补潜数据的贝叶斯后验算法，是EM与MCMC桥梁。" }, { "id": "ybco_high_tc_superconductor", "name": "钇钡铜氧超导体", "nameEn": "YBCO copper-oxide superconductor", "wikiEn": "Yttrium barium copper oxide", "aliases": [ "YBCO", "钇钡铜氧", "123超导体" ], "year": 1987, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1986 年发现钡镧铜氧近 35 K，1987 年 YBCO 突破 90 K 液氮温区；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "superconductivity_discovery", "niobium_tin" ], "related": [ "bcs_theory", "niobium_titanium" ], "desc": "铜氧化物层状钙钛矿在液氮温区超导，使强磁场与低损输电材料可工程化。" }, { "id": "basel_capital_accord", "name": "巴塞尔资本协议", "nameEn": "Basel capital accord", "wikiEn": "Basel I", "aliases": [ "巴塞尔协议", "资本充足率" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1988年十国集团达成，2004年巴塞尔II修订", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "federal_reserve_system", "deposit_insurance" ], "related": [ "value_at_risk", "securitization", "accounting_standards" ], "desc": "规定银行资本不得低于风险加权资产的8%，把风控写进国际规则。" }, { "id": "firewall", "name": "防火墙", "nameEn": "Firewall (computing)", "wikiEn": "Firewall (computing)", "aliases": [ "网络防火墙", "封包过滤防火墙", "firewall" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "morris_worm", "ssl" ], "desc": "1988年DEC等研制出首批包过滤防火墙，隔离可信与不可信网络。" }, { "id": "gadolinium_contrast", "name": "钆磁共振造影剂", "nameEn": "Gadopentetic acid", "wikiEn": "Gadopentetic acid", "aliases": [ "钆喷酸葡胺", "Gd-DTPA", "马根维显" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mass_spectrometry", "mri_scanner", "nmr_spectroscopy", "periodic_table" ], "related": [], "desc": "钆喷酸葡胺造影剂上市，显著增强MRI病灶对比。" }, { "id": "giant_magnetoresistance", "name": "巨磁阻效应", "nameEn": "Giant Magnetoresistance", "wikiEn": "Giant magnetoresistance", "aliases": [ "GMR" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "quantum_tunneling" ], "related": [ "airborne_radar" ], "desc": "铁磁多层膜电阻随外加磁场剧烈变化，现代硬盘读头与机载雷达磁导航传感器的工作前提" }, { "id": "irc", "name": "互联网中继聊天", "nameEn": "Internet Relay Chat", "wikiEn": "Internet Relay Chat", "aliases": [ "IRC", "在线聊天", "频道聊天" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "icq", "aim", "bbs" ], "desc": "奥伊卡里宁1988年创建IRC，多频道实时群聊协议，即时通信前身。" }, { "id": "isdn", "name": "综合业务数字网", "nameEn": "ISDN", "wikiEn": "ISDN", "aliases": [ "ISDN", "一线通", "综合服务数字网" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "digital_telephone_switch" ], "related": [ "ppp", "dsl", "modem" ], "desc": "NTT 1988年率先商用，在数字电话线上同时传话音与数据。" }, { "id": "lean_manufacturing", "name": "精益生产", "nameEn": "Lean manufacturing", "wikiEn": "Lean manufacturing", "aliases": [ "Just-in-time manufacturing", "丰田生产方式", "TPS" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "源于1950年代丰田，1988年定名精益", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "assembly_line", "taylor_scientific_management" ], "related": [ "automobile", "model_t", "interchangeable_parts" ], "desc": "以消除不增值环节、按需拉动生产的制造管理范式。" }, { "id": "marker_assisted_selection", "name": "分子标记辅助选择", "nameEn": "Marker-assisted selection", "wikiEn": "Marker-assisted selection", "aliases": [ "分子标记育种", "MAS" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "RFLP标记连锁定位80年代后期引入育种实践", "era": "information", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dna_double_helix", "pcr", "plant_breeding" ], "related": [ "radiation_breeding", "crispr_gene_editing" ], "desc": "按DNA标记筛选苗系，育种从表型选择走进基因型。" }, { "id": "morris_worm", "name": "莫里斯蠕虫", "nameEn": "Morris worm", "wikiEn": "Morris worm", "aliases": [ "Morris蠕虫", "互联网蠕虫", "Internet worm", "首个网络蠕虫" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "computer_virus", "firewall", "antivirus_software" ], "desc": "1988年11月莫里斯蠕虫瘫痪约6000台联网主机，催生CERT安全应急。" }, { "id": "omeprazole", "name": "奥美拉唑", "nameEn": "Omeprazole", "wikiEn": "Omeprazole", "aliases": [ "洛赛克", "质子泵抑制剂", "PPI" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "antihistamine", "chromatography" ], "related": [ "helicobacter_pylori", "propranolol", "statin_drug", "video_endoscope" ], "desc": "奥美拉唑开创质子泵抑制剂，强效治疗消化性溃疡。" }, { "id": "pop3", "name": "POP3", "nameEn": "Post Office Protocol", "wikiEn": "Post Office Protocol", "aliases": [ "邮局协议", "POP", "POP3邮件接收协议" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "email" ], "related": [ "smtp", "mime" ], "desc": "1988年RFC 1081定义POP3，让个人电脑从服务器收取电子邮件。" }, { "id": "raid", "name": "磁盘阵列", "nameEn": "RAID", "wikiEn": "RAID", "aliases": [ "RAID", "冗余磁盘阵列", "廉价磁盘冗余阵列" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hard_disk" ], "related": [ "scsi", "ide_ata", "workstation" ], "desc": "1988年帕特森等提出，用多盘并行与冗余提升容量、速度与可靠性。" }, { "id": "tat8", "name": "TAT-8海底光缆", "nameEn": "TAT-8", "wikiEn": "TAT-8", "aliases": [ "第八条跨大西洋通信电缆", "首条跨大西洋光缆", "海底光缆" ], "year": 1988, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fiber_optics_comm" ], "related": [ "sonet", "edfa" ], "desc": "1988年开通的首条跨大西洋海底光缆，跨洋通信进入光纤时代。" }, { "id": "bgp", "name": "边界网关协议", "nameEn": "Border Gateway Protocol", "wikiEn": "Border Gateway Protocol", "aliases": [ "BGP", "域间路由协议", "BGP-4" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internet", "router" ], "related": [ "nsfnet", "ipv6" ], "desc": "1989年RFC 1105发布BGP，自治系统间选路协议，互联网路由中枢。" }, { "id": "dsl", "name": "数字用户线路", "nameEn": "Digital subscriber line", "wikiEn": "Digital subscriber line", "aliases": [ "DSL", "ADSL", "非对称数字用户线", "宽带铜线接入" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telephone" ], "related": [ "cable_modem", "isdn", "isp" ], "desc": "1989年贝尔实验室提出ADSL，在普通电话线上实现高速上网。" }, { "id": "epoxy_negative_thick_resist", "name": "环氧负性厚光刻胶", "nameEn": "Epoxy-based negative thick resist (SU-8)", "wikiEn": "SU-8 photoresist", "aliases": [ "SU-8", "环氧负胶" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1989, 1991 ], "year_note": "1989 年报道、次年初商品化的环氧型负性厚膜胶", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "photoresist", "epoxy_resin" ], "related": [ "photolithography", "plasma_etching" ], "desc": "受光交联的厚膜负胶让微米级高深宽结构可直接光刻成形，充当电镀模具。" }, { "id": "galileo_probe", "name": "伽利略号木星探测器", "nameEn": "Galileo (spacecraft)", "wikiEn": "Galileo (spacecraft)", "aliases": [ "伽利略号", "Galileo probe" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rtg", "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "voyager_program", "cassini_huygens" ], "desc": "伽利略号入轨木星并释放大气探测器，绕行探测八年。" }, { "id": "game_boy", "name": "Game Boy", "nameEn": "Game Boy", "wikiEn": "Game Boy", "aliases": [ "GameBoy", "任天堂GB", "Game Boy掌机" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "zilog_z80" ], "related": [ "nintendo_entertainment_system", "playstation_console" ], "desc": "1989年任天堂发售的掌上游戏机，《俄罗斯方块》助推销量破亿。" }, { "id": "ingaas_strained_quantum_well", "name": "铟镓砷量子阱", "nameEn": "InGaAs strained quantum well", "wikiEn": "Indium gallium arsenide", "aliases": [ "InGaAs", "铟镓砷" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1987, 1992 ], "year_note": "应变 InGaAs(P)/InP 多量子阱激光器在 1980 年代末推向 1.3 微米窗口", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "epitaxy", "quantum_dot" ], "related": [ "laser_diode", "fiber_optics_comm", "gaas_solar_cell" ], "desc": "磷化铟上应变铟镓砷阱把发光与探测波长搬进光纤低损窗口。" }, { "id": "insar", "name": "合成孔径雷达干涉测量", "nameEn": "InSAR", "wikiEn": "Interferometric synthetic aperture radar", "aliases": [ "InSAR", "干涉SAR" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "radar" ], "related": [ "tunnel_boring_machine" ], "desc": "以两幅卫星 SAR 图像相位差反演毫米级地表形变，用于沿线沉降监测" }, { "id": "isp", "name": "互联网服务提供商", "nameEn": "Internet service provider", "wikiEn": "Internet service provider", "aliases": [ "ISP", "网络服务商", "接入服务商", "The World" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet", "modem" ], "related": [ "ppp", "world_wide_web", "compuserve" ], "desc": "1989年美澳出现首批商用ISP，The World向公众提供拨号互联网接入。" }, { "id": "multiresolution_analysis", "name": "多分辨分析", "nameEn": "Multiresolution analysis", "wikiEn": "Multiresolution analysis", "aliases": [ "多分辨率分析", "MRA", "Mallat算法", "Mallat-Meyer理论" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "wavelet_transform" ], "related": [ "stft_gabor", "fourier_analysis" ], "desc": "马拉与梅耶1989年建立尺度空间嵌套理论与快速小波分解重构滤波器组。" }, { "id": "nickel_metal_hydride_battery", "name": "镍氢电池", "nameEn": "Nickel–metal hydride battery", "wikiEn": "Nickel–metal hydride battery", "aliases": [ "NiMH", "金属氢化物镍电池" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nicad_battery" ], "related": [ "lithium_ion_battery" ], "desc": "储氢合金负极取代镉，消费级镍氢电池1989年上市。" }, { "id": "sound_card", "name": "声卡", "nameEn": "Sound card", "wikiEn": "Sound card", "aliases": [ "Sound Blaster", "声霸卡", "AdLib", "音频卡" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "digital_signal_processor" ], "related": [ "personal_computer", "cd_rom" ], "desc": "1989年创新Sound Blaster确立PC音频标准，多媒体电脑时代到来。" }, { "id": "watkins_q_learning", "name": "Q学习", "nameEn": "Q-learning", "wikiEn": "Q-learning", "aliases": [ "Q-learning算法", "离轨强化学习", "Watkins Q-learning", "时序差分学习" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bellman_dynamic_programming", "markov_chains", "pavlov_conditioned_reflex" ], "related": [ "alphago", "mcts", "reinforcement_learning", "skinner_operant_conditioning" ], "desc": "沃特金斯提出无模型的时序差分动作值学习，成为深度强化学习的算法基石。" }, { "id": "wide_bandgap_semiconductor", "name": "宽禁带半导体", "nameEn": "Wide-bandgap semiconductor", "wikiEn": "Wide-bandgap semiconductor", "aliases": [ "WBG", "第三代半导体", "碳化硅半导体" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1980年代末碳化硅器件进入商用", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "silicon_transistor" ], "related": [ "gallium_nitride", "silicon_carbide", "electric_vehicle" ], "desc": "禁带宽于硅的半导体，耐高压、耐高温与高频工作。" }, { "id": "world_wide_web", "name": "万维网", "nameEn": "World Wide Web", "wikiEn": "World Wide Web", "aliases": [ "WWW", "Web", "环球信息网", "全球资讯网", "万维网络" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internet", "hypertext" ], "related": [ "http", "html", "url", "worldwideweb_browser" ], "desc": "伯纳斯-李1989年在CERN提出，以超链接互联文档的全球信息系统。" }, { "id": "zip_format", "name": "ZIP", "nameEn": "Zip (file format)", "wikiEn": "Zip (file format)", "aliases": [ "ZIP压缩格式", "PKZIP", "Deflate压缩" ], "year": 1989, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "mp3", "gif" ], "desc": "卡茨1989年随PKZIP推出的压缩归档格式，互联网文件打包标准。" }, { "id": "acoustic_microscopy_package_inspection", "name": "封装声学扫描显微检测", "nameEn": "Scanning acoustic microscopy of packages", "wikiEn": "Scanning acoustic microscope", "aliases": [ "C-SAM", "声扫检测" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1986, 1995 ], "year_note": "超声反射成像于 1980 年代末至 1990 年代成为封装无损检测常规手段", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ultrasound_imaging" ], "related": [ "flip_chip", "advanced_packaging_technology" ], "desc": "靠界面反射的超声回切成像塑封体内部，无损判读空洞、裂纹与分层。" }, { "id": "action_algebra", "name": "作用代数", "nameEn": "Action algebra", "wikiEn": "Action algebra", "aliases": [ "行动代数", "作用逻辑代数", "Action algebra" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "logic_foundations", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "boolean_algebra_structure" ], "related": [ "turing_machine" ], "desc": "兼具剩余半格与克林尼星号的代数结构，普拉特1990年提出，是程序逻辑代数模型。" }, { "id": "biodegradable_plastic", "name": "生物降解塑料", "nameEn": "Biodegradable plastic", "wikiEn": "Biodegradable plastic", "aliases": [ "Biopol", "PHBV", "可降解塑料" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "polypropylene" ], "desc": "ICI推出Biopol聚羟基脂肪酸酯可降解塑料，减少白色污染。" }, { "id": "combinatorial_chemistry", "name": "组合化学", "nameEn": "Combinatorial Chemistry", "wikiEn": "Combinatorial chemistry", "aliases": [ "并行合成" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "Geysen针式阵列与光刻合成均在1980末至1990初实现", "era": "information", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "grignard_reagent" ], "related": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "光刻并行合成肽微阵列直接借用芯片光刻工艺，一次筛选数十亿候选分子组合" }, { "id": "digicash", "name": "DigiCash", "nameEn": "DigiCash", "wikiEn": "DigiCash", "aliases": [ "eCash", "电子现金", "数字现金", "Chaum数字现金" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "rsa", "digital_signature" ], "related": [ "paypal", "ssl" ], "desc": "乔姆1990年创办，以盲签名实现匿名eCash，在线支付最早尝试。" }, { "id": "digital_camera", "name": "数码相机", "nameEn": "Digital camera", "wikiEn": "Digital camera", "aliases": [ "数字相机", "Dycam Model 1", "Logitech FotoMan", "Kodak DCS" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "flash_memory", "image_scanner", "compact_disc" ], "desc": "1990年Dycam首开消费数码相机，柯达DCS于1991年面向专业市场。" }, { "id": "fmri", "name": "功能性磁共振成像", "nameEn": "fMRI", "wikiEn": "fMRI", "aliases": [ "功能核磁", "血氧水平依赖成像" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "小川1990年基于B效应在活体实现；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cooley_tukey_fft", "galton_regression_correlation", "mri_scanner", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "related": [ "brain_computer_interface", "deep_learning", "eeg", "pet_scanner" ], "desc": "依血氧信号无损给脑活动拍电影，认知科学头号利器。" }, { "id": "gene_therapy", "name": "基因治疗", "nameEn": "Gene therapy", "wikiEn": "Gene therapy", "aliases": [ "AAV基因疗法", "ADA-SCID治疗", "Luxturna", "Voretigene neparvovec", "体内基因治疗", "体细胞基因治疗", "基因疗法" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "recombinant_insulin", "restriction_enzyme" ], "related": [ "car_t_therapy", "crispr_gene_editing", "flavr_savr" ], "desc": "Anderson为ADA缺乏女童实施首例成功基因治疗。" }, { "id": "html", "name": "超文本标记语言", "nameEn": "HTML", "wikiEn": "HTML", "aliases": [ "HTML", "超文本置标语言", "HyperText Markup Language" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "hypertext", "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "css", "http", "hypertext", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "伯纳斯-李1990年设计的网页标记语言，用标签描述超文本文档。" }, { "id": "hubble_space_telescope", "name": "哈勃空间望远镜", "nameEn": "Hubble Space Telescope", "wikiEn": "Hubble Space Telescope", "aliases": [ "哈勃望远镜", "HST" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "space_shuttle", "galileo_probe" ], "desc": "哈勃望远镜升空，改写人类对宇宙年龄与星系的认识。" }, { "id": "human_development_index", "name": "人类发展指数", "nameEn": "Human Development Index", "wikiEn": "Human Development Index", "aliases": [ "HDI", "人文发展指数" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1990年首份人类发展报告采用；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "solow_growth_model", "kuznets_national_income", "census_system" ], "related": [ "gini_coefficient", "sna_framework", "poverty_threshold" ], "desc": "把健康、教育与收入三项指标合成为单一国家比较评分。" }, { "id": "inflation_targeting", "name": "通胀目标制", "nameEn": "Inflation targeting", "wikiEn": "Inflation targeting", "aliases": [ "物价稳定目标", "弹性通胀目标" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "新西兰储备银行1990年立法首创", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "monetarism", "consumer_price_index" ], "related": [ "federal_reserve_system", "quantitative_easing", "fiat_money" ], "desc": "央行公开承诺物价涨幅区间，利率成为唯一的方向盘。" }, { "id": "microsoft_windows", "name": "微软Windows", "nameEn": "Microsoft Windows", "wikiEn": "Microsoft Windows", "aliases": [ "Windows", "Windows 3.0", "Windows 95", "视窗操作系统" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "graphical_user_interface", "ibm_pc", "ms_dos" ], "related": [ "graphical_user_interface", "ibm_pc", "macintosh" ], "desc": "Windows 3.0于1990年大获成功，95版在1995年奠定大众图形系统。" }, { "id": "mrna_direct_injection", "name": "mRNA直接注射", "nameEn": "In vivo messenger RNA injection", "wikiEn": "RNA vaccine", "aliases": [ "裸mRNA注射", "Wolff mRNA实验" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "glassmaking", "messenger_rna", "microscope" ], "related": [ "electronic_computer", "gene_therapy", "mrna_vaccine" ], "desc": "Wolff将mRNA直接注射入小鼠肌肉并表达，埋下疫苗伏笔。" }, { "id": "search_engine", "name": "搜索引擎", "nameEn": "Search Engine", "wikiEn": "Search engine", "aliases": [ "检索引擎", "网络搜索" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ftp", "arpanet", "packet_switching" ], "related": [ "relational_database", "citation_index", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "为海量文本建倒排索引并排序，逐库翻检被一次查询取代" }, { "id": "solder_ball_bump_forming", "name": "焊料球凸点成形", "nameEn": "Solder ball bump forming", "wikiEn": "Solder ball", "aliases": [ "植球", "焊球", "微凸点" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1985, 1995 ], "year_note": "球栅阵列与倒装植球工艺在 1980 年代末到 1990 年代成为量产标准", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ball_grid_array", "surface_mount_technology" ], "related": [ "flip_chip", "printed_circuit_board" ], "desc": "把焊料整成可控微小球体，充当芯片与基板、堆叠封装之间的可焊节点。" }, { "id": "url", "name": "统一资源定位符", "nameEn": "URL", "wikiEn": "URL", "aliases": [ "URL", "统一资源定位器", "网页地址", "Uniform Resource Locator" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "http", "dns", "html" ], "desc": "伯纳斯-李设计的网址表示法，1994年RFC 1738标准化。" }, { "id": "worldwideweb_browser", "name": "WorldWideWeb浏览器", "nameEn": "WorldWideWeb", "wikiEn": "WorldWideWeb", "aliases": [ "Nexus", "第一个网页浏览器", "首个Web浏览器", "Berners-Lee browser" ], "year": 1990, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "mosaic", "lynx", "info_cern_ch" ], "desc": "伯纳斯-李1990年编写的首个网页浏览器兼编辑器，后改名Nexus。" }, { "id": "atom_economy", "name": "原子经济性原则", "nameEn": "Atom Economy", "wikiEn": "Atom economy", "aliases": [ "原子利用率" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "catalysis_concept" ], "related": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "以产物所获反应物原子比例衡量合成效率，半导体工艺化学品选择的首要绿色化学准则" }, { "id": "blind_signal_separation", "name": "盲信号分离", "nameEn": "Blind signal separation", "wikiEn": "Blind signal separation", "aliases": [ "盲源分离", "独立成分分析", "盲分离", "BSS", "ICA" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "svd_algorithm" ], "related": [ "kalman_filter" ], "desc": "在源信号与混合方式均未知时从观测中分离独立源，ICA是其代表性方法。" }, { "id": "carbon_nanotube", "name": "碳纳米管", "nameEn": "Carbon nanotube", "wikiEn": "Carbon nanotube", "aliases": [ "巴基管", "CNT" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fullerene" ], "related": [ "conductive_polymer" ], "desc": "饭岛澄男报道多层碳纳米管，力学电学性能极优异。" }, { "id": "gopher", "name": "Gopher", "nameEn": "Gopher (protocol)", "wikiEn": "Gopher (protocol)", "aliases": [ "地鼠协议", "菜单式信息查询", "明尼苏达Gopher" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "world_wide_web", "ftp" ], "desc": "明尼苏达大学1991年推出的菜单式文档检索系统，Web崛起前流行。" }, { "id": "gsm", "name": "GSM", "nameEn": "GSM", "wikiEn": "GSM", "aliases": [ "全球移动通信系统", "2G", "第二代移动通信", "Groupe Spécial Mobile" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mobile_phone", "pulse_code_modulation" ], "related": [ "amps", "sms", "gprs", "wap" ], "desc": "1991年芬兰打通首个GSM通话，数字2G标准后覆盖全球绝大多数用户。" }, { "id": "http", "name": "超文本传输协议", "nameEn": "Hypertext Transfer Protocol", "wikiEn": "Hypertext Transfer Protocol", "aliases": [ "HTTP", "超文本传送协议", "HTTP/0.9" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "html", "url", "ssl", "apache" ], "desc": "1991年随万维网启用的应用层协议，浏览器与服务器通信的基础。" }, { "id": "ice_train", "name": "ICE高速列车", "nameEn": "Intercity-Express", "wikiEn": "Intercity-Express", "aliases": [ "ICE城际快车", "德国高铁" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "tgv" ], "related": [ "shinkansen" ], "desc": "德国ICE城际快车投入运营，高铁家族再添主力。" }, { "id": "info_cern_ch", "name": "首个网站", "nameEn": "Info.cern.ch", "wikiEn": "Info.cern.ch", "aliases": [ "第一个网站", "CERN网站", "info.cern.ch", "万维网首页" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "html" ], "related": [ "worldwideweb_browser", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "1991年8月info.cern.ch上线，介绍万维网用法，是世界第一个网站。" }, { "id": "linux_kernel", "name": "Linux内核", "nameEn": "Linux kernel", "wikiEn": "Linux kernel", "aliases": [ "Linux", "GNU/Linux", "Linux操作系统" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "unix", "intel_80386" ], "related": [ "open_source_movement", "c_language" ], "desc": "托瓦兹1991年发布的类Unix内核，开源协作，后广泛用于服务器。" }, { "id": "lithium_ion_battery", "name": "锂离子电池", "nameEn": "Lithium-ion battery", "wikiEn": "Lithium-ion battery", "aliases": [ "锂电池", "Li-ion" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lithium_metal" ], "related": [ "nickel_metal_hydride_battery", "nicad_battery" ], "desc": "吉野彰构型配Goodenough正极，索尼1991年率先商用。" }, { "id": "lynx", "name": "Lynx浏览器", "nameEn": "Lynx (web browser)", "wikiEn": "Lynx (web browser)", "aliases": [ "Lynx", "纯文本浏览器" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "worldwideweb_browser", "mosaic" ], "desc": "1991年堪萨斯大学诞生的纯文本浏览器，拨号时代访问网页利器。" }, { "id": "passive_house_standard", "name": "低能耗被动房标准", "nameEn": "Passive house", "wikiEn": "Passive house", "aliases": [ "被动式房屋", "低能耗建筑标准" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1991 年首个按该能耗指标建成并实测的示范住宅；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "construction", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "air_conditioning", "fourier_law", "plate_glass" ], "related": [ "yakhchal", "windcatcher", "chimney", "hypocaust" ], "desc": "以高气密、厚保温与排风热回收把采暖需求压到极低。" }, { "id": "pgp", "name": "PGP", "nameEn": "Pretty Good Privacy", "wikiEn": "Pretty Good Privacy", "aliases": [ "良好隐私密码法", "Pretty Good Privacy", "齐默尔曼加密软件" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rsa" ], "related": [ "digital_signature", "des", "ssl" ], "desc": "齐默尔曼1991年发布的邮件加密软件，把公钥加密带给普通人。" }, { "id": "preprint", "name": "预印本", "nameEn": "Preprint", "wikiEn": "Preprint", "aliases": [ "预印本平台", "arXiv" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arpanet", "email", "scientific_journal" ], "related": [ "peer_review", "open_access", "citation_index" ], "desc": "论文先上网再接评审，优先权之争由公开时间戳裁断" }, { "id": "python_language", "name": "Python", "nameEn": "Python (programming language)", "wikiEn": "Python (programming language)", "aliases": [ "Python语言", "蟒蛇语言" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "c_language" ], "related": [ "perl", "linux_kernel", "open_source_movement" ], "desc": "范罗苏姆1991年发布的通用脚本语言，强调可读性与电池自备。" }, { "id": "quicktime", "name": "QuickTime", "nameEn": "QuickTime", "wikiEn": "QuickTime", "aliases": [ "QuickTime多媒体架构", "苹果QuickTime" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "realaudio", "mpeg" ], "desc": "苹果1991年推出的多媒体架构，率先在PC上集成视频音频播放。" }, { "id": "thermohaline_circulation", "name": "温盐环流", "nameEn": "Thermohaline circulation", "wikiEn": "Thermohaline circulation", "aliases": [ "大洋输送带", "经向翻转环流" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "18世纪沃利斯已议密度流，1991年布勒克提出输送带模型；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "conveyor_belt", "greenhouse_effect", "keeling_curve", "milankovitch_cycles" ], "desc": "温度盐度驱动的全球深海环流输送带，调节气候与碳库。" }, { "id": "unicode", "name": "统一码", "nameEn": "Unicode", "wikiEn": "Unicode", "aliases": [ "统一码", "万国码", "通用编码字符集" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "《The Unicode Standard》第一卷1991年出版，后与 ISO 10646 合并编码；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ascii" ], "related": [ "world_wide_web", "html", "chinese_characters", "internet" ], "desc": "为世界各文字与符号统一编号的编码标准，使多语文本在同一系统中不再乱码。" }, { "id": "vindeby_offshore_wind", "name": "文德比海上风电场", "nameEn": "Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm", "wikiEn": "Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm", "aliases": [ "首个海上风电场", "Vindeby" ], "year": 1991, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "modern_wind_turbine" ], "related": [], "desc": "丹麦文德比风电场投运，世界首座海上示范风电场。" }, { "id": "bicgstab", "name": "稳定双共轭梯度法", "nameEn": "Biconjugate gradient stabilized method", "wikiEn": "Biconjugate gradient stabilized method", "aliases": [ "BiCGSTAB", "双共轭梯度稳定法", "BiCGStab迭代" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blas" ], "related": [ "sparse_matrix", "gauss_seidel_method", "condition_number" ], "desc": "范德沃斯特1992年提出的非对称大型稀疏线性方程组迭代法，平滑了双共轭梯度。" }, { "id": "blosum", "name": "BLOSUM打分矩阵", "nameEn": "BLOSUM", "wikiEn": "BLOSUM", "aliases": [ "BLOSUM矩阵", "块替换矩阵", "蛋白替换打分矩阵", "BLOSUM62" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cayley_matrix_algebra" ], "related": [ "block_matrix" ], "desc": "由蛋白保守区块比对统计的替换得分矩阵，BLOSUM62是序列比对最常用参数。" }, { "id": "deep_reactive_ion_etching", "name": "深反应离子刻蚀", "nameEn": "Deep reactive-ion etching", "wikiEn": "Deep reactive-ion etching", "aliases": [ "DRIE", "各向异性深硅刻蚀" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1990, 1994 ], "year_note": "钝化与刻蚀交替的循环工艺在 1990 年代初成型", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "plasma_etching", "laser" ], "related": [ "through_silicon_via", "advanced_packaging_technology" ], "desc": "交替各向异性刻蚀与侧壁钝化，把硅挖成高深宽比通孔与垂直微结构。" }, { "id": "dna_encoded_library", "name": "DNA编码化合物库", "nameEn": "DNA-Encoded Chemical Library", "wikiEn": "DNA-encoded chemical library", "aliases": [ "DEL" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography" ], "related": [ "barcode", "click_chemistry", "deep_learning" ], "desc": "化合物与唯一 DNA 条形码偶联构建十亿级库，配合机器学习解析筛选数据" }, { "id": "extradosed_bridge", "name": "矮塔斜拉桥", "nameEn": "Extradosed bridge", "wikiEn": "Extradosed bridge", "aliases": [ "部分斜拉桥", "低塔斜拉桥" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1990 年代初欧洲与日本建成首批该体系桥，取约值", "era": "information", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cable_stayed_bridge", "reinforced_concrete", "bessemer_steel" ], "related": [ "suspension_bridge", "cantilever_bridge", "arch", "crane" ], "desc": "低塔外置索与连续梁共同受力，填补中等跨径空档。" }, { "id": "green_fluorescent_protein", "name": "绿色荧光蛋白标记", "nameEn": "Green Fluorescent Protein", "wikiEn": "Green fluorescent protein", "aliases": [ "GFP", "绿荧光蛋白" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "recombinant_dna_technology", "immunofluorescence" ], "related": [ "confocal_microscopy", "laser", "crispr_gene_editing" ], "desc": "水母荧光蛋白自带发光，活细胞中蛋白去向可实时观察" }, { "id": "jpeg", "name": "JPEG", "nameEn": "JPEG", "wikiEn": "JPEG", "aliases": [ "JPEG压缩", "联合图像专家组", "有损图像压缩标准" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "information_theory" ], "related": [ "gif", "mpeg", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "1992年定稿的有损图像压缩标准，成为照片在网上传播的主流格式。" }, { "id": "mime", "name": "多用途互联网邮件扩展", "nameEn": "MIME", "wikiEn": "MIME", "aliases": [ "MIME", "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions", "邮件附件", "电子邮件附件" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "email" ], "related": [ "smtp", "http", "pop3" ], "desc": "1992年RFC 1341定义MIME，使电子邮件可携带附件与多媒体内容。" }, { "id": "olefin_metathesis", "name": "烯烃复分解反应", "nameEn": "Olefin Metathesis", "wikiEn": "Olefin metathesis", "aliases": [ "键迁移", "Grubbs催化剂" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "catalysis_concept" ], "related": [ "polyester_fiber" ], "desc": "金属卡宾催化碳碳双键断裂重组，开环易位聚合制备可降解聚酯纤维与功能材料" }, { "id": "pcp_theorem", "name": "概率可检验证明定理", "nameEn": "Probabilistically Checkable Proof Theorem", "wikiEn": "Probabilistically checkable proof", "aliases": [ "PCP定理" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cook_levin_np_completeness", "computational_complexity_theory" ], "related": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "NP问题的解可用常数次随机查询验证，由此推出芯片光刻布局优化存在不可逾越近似下界" }, { "id": "powerpc", "name": "PowerPC", "nameEn": "PowerPC", "wikiEn": "PowerPC", "aliases": [ "PowerPC 601", "PPC", "AIM联盟" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "risc" ], "related": [ "motorola_68000", "macintosh" ], "desc": "苹果、IBM、摩托罗拉1991年结盟，601于1992年投产，Mac据此换芯。" }, { "id": "quasi_monte_carlo", "name": "拟蒙特卡洛方法", "nameEn": "Quasi-Monte Carlo method", "wikiEn": "Quasi-Monte Carlo method", "aliases": [ "拟蒙特卡洛", "QMC", "低差异序列", "low-discrepancy sequence" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "monte_carlo_method" ], "related": [ "gaussian_quadrature" ], "desc": "尼德赖特1992年系统总结以低差异确定性序列代替随机采样，高维积分误差阶更优。" }, { "id": "sms", "name": "短信", "nameEn": "SMS", "wikiEn": "SMS", "aliases": [ "短消息服务", "Short Message Service", "短讯", "文本短信" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gsm" ], "related": [ "mobile_phone", "pager", "icq" ], "desc": "1992年帕普沃斯在GSM网上发出首条短信Merry Christmas。" }, { "id": "snowball_earth", "name": "雪球地球假说", "nameEn": "Snowball Earth", "wikiEn": "Snowball Earth", "aliases": [ "雪球地球", "全球冰封假说", "Snowball Earth", "基尔希文克", "新元古代冰期" ], "year": 1992, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "plate_tectonics", "agassiz_ice_age" ], "related": [ "milankovitch_cycles" ], "desc": "基尔希文克提出全球曾数次冰封至赤道的极端冰期。" }, { "id": "binder_jet_powder_printing", "name": "黏结剂喷射粉末成形", "nameEn": "Binder jetting", "wikiEn": "Powder bed and inkjet head 3D printing", "aliases": [ "黏结剂喷射", "粉末床喷墨成形" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1993, 1997 ], "year_note": "1990 年代初提出粉床喷墨头成形原理并于中期商品化", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "inkjet_printing", "powder_metallurgy" ], "related": [ "additive_manufacturing", "selective_laser_melting" ], "desc": "在金属或砂粉床上逐层喷射黏结剂成形，生坯再经烧结致密成可用零件。" }, { "id": "cgi", "name": "通用网关接口", "nameEn": "Common Gateway Interface", "wikiEn": "Common Gateway Interface", "aliases": [ "CGI", "通用网关接口协议", "动态网页接口" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "http" ], "related": [ "php", "apache", "html" ], "desc": "1993年NCSA提出CGI，让网页能调用外部程序生成动态内容。" }, { "id": "collectible_card_game", "name": "集换式卡牌游戏", "nameEn": "Collectible card game", "wikiEn": "Collectible card game", "aliases": [ "CCG" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "《万智牌》1993年8月发行", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "playing_cards" ], "related": [ "chess" ], "desc": "随机补充包配自定义卡组对战，纸牌游戏长成新产业与收藏市场。" }, { "id": "external_memory_algorithm", "name": "外部存储算法", "nameEn": "External Memory Algorithm", "wikiEn": "External memory algorithm", "aliases": [ "I/O复杂算法", "Vitter模型" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "b_tree" ], "related": [ "human_genome_project" ], "desc": "以磁盘I/O轮次而非计算步数衡量算法代价，TB级基因组拼接按此模型优化外存访问" }, { "id": "fifteen_and_290_theorems", "name": "15-定理与290-定理", "nameEn": "15 and 290 theorems", "wikiEn": "15 and 290 theorems", "aliases": [ "15-定理", "290-定理", "康威-施内贝格尔定理", "Fifteen theorem" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "definite_quadratic_form" ], "related": [ "geometry_of_numbers" ], "desc": "整正定二次型若表示到15或290的所有整数便表示全部，康威1993年证15定理。" }, { "id": "gallium_nitride", "name": "氮化镓", "nameEn": "Gallium nitride", "wikiEn": "Gallium nitride", "aliases": [ "GaN", "III-nitride" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1993年商用蓝光LED基于氮化镓；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "led", "chemical_vapor_deposition" ], "related": [ "wide_bandgap_semiconductor", "laser_diode", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "宽禁带第三代半导体，蓝光照明与功率器件的基础。" }, { "id": "industrial_grade_prime", "name": "工业级素数", "nameEn": "Industrial-grade prime", "wikiEn": "Industrial-grade prime", "aliases": [ "概率素数", "工业级质数", "产业等级质数", "Probable prime" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "carmichael_function" ], "related": [ "diffie_hellman" ], "desc": "经米勒-拉宾等概率检验极可能为素却未严格证明的大整数，术语源于科恩。" }, { "id": "ingan_quantum_well_led", "name": "氮化铟镓多量子阱", "nameEn": "InGaN multiple quantum well", "wikiEn": "Indium gallium nitride", "aliases": [ "InGaN", "铟镓氮" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1991, 1994 ], "year_note": "p 型掺杂与应变多量子阱有源区在 1990 年代初打通高效蓝光发光", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chemical_vapor_deposition", "led" ], "related": [ "gallium_nitride", "laser_diode", "wide_bandgap_semiconductor" ], "desc": "氮化铟镓应变量子阱作有源区把电致发光推到蓝光并实现高效白光照明。" }, { "id": "karger_algorithm", "name": "Karger随机收缩最小割算法", "nameEn": "Karger Algorithm", "wikiEn": "Karger's algorithm", "aliases": [ "随机收缩算法" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "ford_fulkerson_max_flow" ], "related": [ "railway_signalling" ], "desc": "随机边收缩求图最小割，铁路联锁网络可靠度与关键通道分析直接依赖此算法" }, { "id": "mosaic_browser", "name": "Mosaic浏览器", "nameEn": "Mosaic (web browser)", "wikiEn": "Mosaic (web browser)", "aliases": [ "NCSA Mosaic", "马赛克浏览器", "Mosaic网页浏览器" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "http", "world_wide_web", "worldwideweb_browser" ], "related": [ "internet_explorer", "lynx", "netscape_navigator", "wikipedia" ], "desc": "NCSA 1993年发布，首个图文混排的流行浏览器，引爆公众上网热潮。" }, { "id": "mp3", "name": "MP3", "nameEn": "MP3", "wikiEn": "MP3", "aliases": [ "MPEG-1 Audio Layer III", "MP3音频格式", "mp3" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "information_theory" ], "related": [ "mpeg", "napster", "phonograph", "realaudio" ], "desc": "弗劳恩霍夫研究所1993年随MPEG-1定稿的高压缩音频格式。" }, { "id": "mpeg", "name": "MPEG-1", "nameEn": "MPEG-1", "wikiEn": "MPEG-1", "aliases": [ "MPEG", "运动图像压缩标准", "MPEG视频压缩" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "information_theory" ], "related": [ "mp3", "jpeg", "quicktime" ], "desc": "1993年发布的音视频压缩标准，使数字视频可在普通网络上传输。" }, { "id": "pdf", "name": "PDF", "nameEn": "PDF", "wikiEn": "PDF", "aliases": [ "便携式文档格式", "Portable Document Format", "Acrobat" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "html", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "Adobe 1993年推出的跨平台固定版式文档格式，电子文档交换标准。" }, { "id": "pentium", "name": "奔腾处理器", "nameEn": "Pentium", "wikiEn": "Pentium (original)", "aliases": [ "Pentium", "Intel Pentium", "80586", "奔腾" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "intel_80386" ], "related": [ "microsoft_windows", "voodoo_graphics" ], "desc": "1993年发布的第五代x86处理器，超标量设计，接棒386/486。" }, { "id": "personal_digital_assistant", "name": "个人数码助理", "nameEn": "Personal digital assistant", "wikiEn": "Personal digital assistant", "aliases": [ "PDA", "掌上电脑", "Apple Newton", "MessagePad", "Palm Pilot" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer", "arm_architecture" ], "related": [ "laptop", "touchscreen" ], "desc": "1993年Newton开创PDA品类，Palm Pilot于1996年商业成功。" }, { "id": "quantum_teleportation", "name": "量子隐形传态理论", "nameEn": "Quantum teleportation", "wikiEn": "Quantum teleportation", "aliases": [ "量子隐形传态", "Quantum teleportation", "量子遥传", "量子传态" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "bell_inequality", "epr_paradox" ], "related": [ "micius_satellite", "feynman_quantum_computing" ], "desc": "贝内特等提出借纠缠传送量子态方案，量子通信核心协议。" }, { "id": "streaming_media", "name": "流媒体", "nameEn": "Streaming media", "wikiEn": "Streaming media", "aliases": [ "串流媒体", "在线流式播放", "streaming" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1993年起有公开的网络音视频实况流；1995年 RealAudio 使其商业化；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internet", "http" ], "related": [ "mp3", "realaudio", "video_on_demand", "napster" ], "desc": "边传输边播放的媒体交付方式，不必先下载整片，奠定网络视听与点播产业。" }, { "id": "turbo_code", "name": "Turbo码", "nameEn": "Turbo code", "wikiEn": "Turbo code", "aliases": [ "涡轮码", "Turbo编码", "并行级联码", "Berrou码" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "convolutional_code" ], "related": [ "ldpc_code", "viterbi_algorithm", "information_theory" ], "desc": "贝鲁等1993年发表的交织并行级联码加迭代译码，逼近香农极限，改变信道编码范式。" }, { "id": "wafer_backgrinding_thinning", "name": "晶圆背面磨削减薄", "nameEn": "Wafer backgrinding", "wikiEn": "Wafer backgrinding", "aliases": [ "背磨", "晶圆减薄" ], "year": 1993, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1990, 1998 ], "year_note": "卡带与存储类封装推动批量背面减薄在 1990 年代普及", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wafer_electronics", "chemical_mechanical_planarization" ], "related": [ "three_dimensional_ic", "flip_chip" ], "desc": "磨削加干式抛光把晶圆背面去掉大部厚度，为堆叠、柔性封装与打孔让路。" }, { "id": "amazon", "name": "亚马逊", "nameEn": "Amazon (company)", "wikiEn": "Amazon (company)", "aliases": [ "Amazon.com", "亚马逊网上书店", "电商巨头" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "ebay", "paypal", "banner_ad" ], "desc": "贝索斯1994年创立、1995年上线售书，电子商务时代的起点之一。" }, { "id": "auger_tlp", "name": "Auger张力腿平台", "nameEn": "Auger tension-leg platform", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "Auger平台", "张力腿平台", "TLP", "Auger (platform)" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "oil_tanker" ], "desc": "壳牌Auger张力腿平台在872米深水投产，挺进深海。" }, { "id": "banner_ad", "name": "横幅广告", "nameEn": "Web banner", "wikiEn": "Web banner", "aliases": [ "网络横幅广告", "banner广告", "AT&T广告", "HotWired广告", "网络广告" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "amazon", "yahoo" ], "desc": "1994年HotWired登出AT&T首条横幅广告，互联网广告商业模式开端。" }, { "id": "channel_tunnel", "name": "英法海底隧道", "nameEn": "Channel Tunnel", "wikiEn": "Channel Tunnel", "aliases": [ "海峡隧道", "欧洲隧道", "Chunnel" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "tgv", "ice_train" ], "desc": "英法海底隧道通车，英伦铁路网接入欧洲大陆。" }, { "id": "chebyshevs_bias", "name": "切比雪夫偏差", "nameEn": "Chebyshev's bias", "wikiEn": "Chebyshev's bias", "aliases": [ "素数余数偏差", "切比雪夫偏向", "Chebyshev bias" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "analytic_number_theory" ], "related": [ "cramers_conjecture", "dirichlet_character" ], "desc": "模4余3的素数多数时候多于余1者的系统偏差，鲁宾斯坦与萨纳克1994年解释。" }, { "id": "flavr_savr", "name": "Flavr Savr番茄", "nameEn": "Flavr Savr", "wikiEn": "Flavr Savr", "aliases": [ "佳味番茄", "莎弗番茄", "耐储转基因番茄" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "gene_therapy", "hepatitis_b_recombinant_vaccine" ], "desc": "Flavr Savr耐储番茄上市，首个商业化转基因食品。" }, { "id": "geocities", "name": "GeoCities", "nameEn": "GeoCities", "wikiEn": "GeoCities", "aliases": [ "Beverly Hills Internet", "个人主页托管", "地球村" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "blog", "html" ], "desc": "1994年起步的免费个人主页托管社区，让普通人在网上安家。" }, { "id": "http_cookie", "name": "Cookie", "nameEn": "HTTP cookie", "wikiEn": "HTTP cookie", "aliases": [ "网饼", "浏览器Cookie", "网络Cookie", "魔cookie" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "http" ], "related": [ "netscape_navigator", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "蒙图利1994年在网景发明，网站保存在浏览器中的会话状态机制。" }, { "id": "irda", "name": "红外数据传输", "nameEn": "Infrared Data Association", "wikiEn": "Infrared Data Association", "aliases": [ "IrDA", "红外线通信", "红外接口", "红外对接" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "bluetooth", "wifi" ], "desc": "IrDA 1994年定标，让手机、笔记本近距离红外互传数据。" }, { "id": "lycos", "name": "Lycos", "nameEn": "Lycos", "wikiEn": "Lycos", "aliases": [ "莱科斯", "Lycos搜索引擎" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "altavista", "yahoo", "google_search" ], "desc": "卡内基梅隆大学1994年孵化的早期全文搜索引擎，门户时代明星。" }, { "id": "moy_prasad_filtration", "name": "莫伊-普拉萨德滤过", "nameEn": "Moy–Prasad filtration", "wikiEn": "Moy–Prasad filtration", "aliases": [ "莫伊-普拉萨德滤链", "MP滤过", "深度滤链" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arithmetic_group" ], "related": [ "langlands_program" ], "desc": "p进约化群上按深度分层的紧开子群滤链，莫伊与普拉萨德1994年引入，用于表示论。" }, { "id": "necar_fuel_cell_vehicle", "name": "燃料电池汽车", "nameEn": "Fuel cell vehicle", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "FCV", "Fuel cell vehicle", "NECAR", "氢燃料电池车" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "fuel_cell" ], "related": [ "automobile" ], "desc": "奔驰NECAR 1以燃料电池驱动，氢燃料电池车原型上路。" }, { "id": "netscape_navigator", "name": "网景浏览器", "nameEn": "Netscape Navigator", "wikiEn": "Netscape Navigator", "aliases": [ "Netscape", "Mosaic Netscape", "网景领航员", "导航者浏览器" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mosaic" ], "related": [ "internet_explorer", "javascript", "ssl" ], "desc": "1994年发布，Mosaic团队创办网景推出，一度主导浏览器市场。" }, { "id": "playstation_console", "name": "PlayStation", "nameEn": "PlayStation (console)", "wikiEn": "PlayStation (console)", "aliases": [ "PS1", "PSX", "索尼PlayStation", "プレイステーション" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cd_rom" ], "related": [ "nintendo_entertainment_system", "game_boy", "dvd" ], "desc": "索尼1994年发售的光盘游戏机，3D画面与CD媒介重塑主机格局。" }, { "id": "ppp", "name": "点对点协议", "nameEn": "Point-to-Point Protocol", "wikiEn": "Point-to-Point Protocol", "aliases": [ "PPP", "拨号PPP", "RFC 1661", "SLIP后继" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "modem" ], "related": [ "isp", "isdn", "dsl" ], "desc": "1994年RFC 1661标准化，拨号调制解调器接入互联网的主流协议。" }, { "id": "shors_algorithm", "name": "肖尔算法", "nameEn": "Shor's algorithm", "wikiEn": "Shor's algorithm", "aliases": [ "Shor 算法", "量子质因数分解" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "computational_complexity_theory", "feynman_quantum_computing", "von_neumann_quantum_foundations" ], "related": [ "rsa", "public_key_cryptography", "quantum_computer", "post_quantum_cryptography" ], "desc": "借量子傅里叶变换在多项式时间内大数分解，直接威胁 RSA 并催生后量子密码。" }, { "id": "ssl", "name": "安全套接层", "nameEn": "Transport Layer Security", "wikiEn": "Transport Layer Security", "aliases": [ "SSL", "TLS", "HTTPS", "安全超文本传输", "SSL/TLS" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rsa" ], "related": [ "firewall", "http", "pgp" ], "desc": "网景1994年推出SSL并启用HTTPS，为网页通信加密与身份认证。" }, { "id": "value_at_risk", "name": "在险价值度量", "nameEn": "Value at risk", "wikiEn": "Value at risk", "aliases": [ "VaR", "风险价值" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1994年某投行公开其风险度量体系后被银行业普遍采用；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "economy", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "modern_portfolio_theory", "monte_carlo_method" ], "related": [ "basel_capital_accord", "securitization", "actuarial_science" ], "desc": "报出给定置信度下一日的最大可能损失，风险折成一个数字。" }, { "id": "video_on_demand", "name": "视频点播", "nameEn": "Video on demand", "wikiEn": "Video on demand", "aliases": [ "VOD", "随选视讯", "交互式电视点播", "NVOD" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mpeg", "dsl" ], "related": [ "realaudio", "fiber_to_the_home" ], "desc": "1990年代中期剑桥等地试验VOD交互电视，受带宽所限未成规模。" }, { "id": "wiles_fermat_proof", "name": "怀尔斯证明费马大定理", "nameEn": "Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem", "wikiEn": "Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem", "aliases": [ "费马大定理证明", "怀尔斯证明", "模形式椭圆曲线证明", "Wiles proof", "谷山-志村猜想" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "arithmetic_geometry", "galois_theory" ], "related": [ "appel_haken_four_color", "modular_curve", "perelman_poincare_conjecture" ], "desc": "怀尔斯用七年秘密研究借模椭圆曲线完成证明，终结三百五十年悬案并统一数论分支。" }, { "id": "world_wide_web_consortium", "name": "万维网联盟", "nameEn": "World Wide Web Consortium", "wikiEn": "World Wide Web Consortium", "aliases": [ "W3C", "Web标准推荐书" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1994年成立并以推荐书机制发布标准", "era": "information", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web", "internet", "iso_standardization" ], "related": [ "http", "matter_standard", "electric_vehicle", "icann" ], "desc": "以专利免费的推荐书统一标记与协议接口，让浏览器互通由一份文档而非厂商协议决定。" }, { "id": "yahoo", "name": "雅虎", "nameEn": "Yahoo!", "wikiEn": "Yahoo!", "aliases": [ "Yahoo", "雅虎目录", "Jerry and David's Guide", "门户网站" ], "year": 1994, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "altavista", "google_search", "banner_ad" ], "desc": "杨致远等1994年创办的网址目录，后成第一代门户与互联网入口。" }, { "id": "advanced_packaging_technology", "name": "先进封装", "nameEn": "Integrated circuit packaging", "wikiEn": "Integrated circuit packaging", "aliases": [ "Advanced packaging", "芯粒封装", "2.5D封装" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1990年代中期从引线键合转向面阵列与倒装为主", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "flip_chip", "surface_mount_technology" ], "related": [ "ball_grid_array", "three_dimensional_ic", "chiplet_packaging" ], "desc": "把多颗芯粒拼成一体并承担散热与互连的封装层次。" }, { "id": "altavista", "name": "AltaVista", "nameEn": "AltaVista", "wikiEn": "AltaVista", "aliases": [ "阿尔塔维斯塔", "DEC搜索引擎" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "google_search", "yahoo", "lycos" ], "desc": "DEC 1995年发布，首个大规模全文索引搜索，首次支持自然语言查询。" }, { "id": "apache", "name": "Apache HTTP服务器", "nameEn": "Apache HTTP Server", "wikiEn": "Apache HTTP Server", "aliases": [ "Apache", "阿帕奇服务器", "httpd", "开源Web服务器" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "http" ], "related": [ "cgi", "mosaic_browser", "open_source", "php" ], "desc": "1995年由NCSA补丁社区发展而来，长期占据网站服务器最大份额。" }, { "id": "battery_management_system", "name": "电池管理系统", "nameEn": "Battery Management System", "wikiEn": "Battery management system", "aliases": [ "BMS", "电池状态估计" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery", "microprocessor" ], "related": [ "electric_vehicle", "gigafactory", "integrated_circuit" ], "desc": "逐芯监测电压温度并做均衡与荷电估计，成百上千节锂电才敢当成一个电源" }, { "id": "bike_sharing", "name": "公共自行车系统", "nameEn": "Bicycle-sharing system", "wikiEn": "Bicycle-sharing system", "aliases": [ "共享单车" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1965年阿姆斯特丹试验，1995年哥本哈根建首个常设系统", "era": "information", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "safety_bicycle" ], "related": [ "smartphone", "internet" ], "desc": "城市布桩自助租还解决最后一公里，手机解锁后单车随停随走。" }, { "id": "cross_laminated_timber", "name": "正交胶合木", "nameEn": "Cross-laminated timber", "wikiEn": "Cross-laminated timber", "aliases": [ "CLT", "交叉层压木材" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1990年代欧洲完成工程化并首次建楼", "era": "information", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "adhesive", "timber_framing" ], "related": [ "prefabrication", "skyscraper", "concrete" ], "desc": "木层板正交胶合的结构性板材，可替代混凝土建高层。" }, { "id": "dvd", "name": "DVD", "nameEn": "DVD", "wikiEn": "DVD", "aliases": [ "Digital Video Disc", "Digital Versatile Disc", "数字激光视盘" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "compact_disc" ], "related": [ "cd_rom", "playstation_console" ], "desc": "1995年规格定案、1996年上市，4.7GB容量逐步取代CD与录像带。" }, { "id": "ebay", "name": "eBay", "nameEn": "eBay", "wikiEn": "eBay", "aliases": [ "AuctionWeb", "电子湾", "易贝", "网上拍卖" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "amazon", "paypal" ], "desc": "奥米迪亚1995年创办AuctionWeb，个人对个人在线拍卖电商先驱。" }, { "id": "exoplanet_51_pegasi", "name": "系外行星首次确认", "nameEn": "51 Pegasi b, first confirmed exoplanet", "wikiEn": "51 Pegasi b", "aliases": [ "飞马座51b", "51 Peg b", "Mayor-Queloz", "首颗系外行星", "热木星" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "cygnus_x1_black_hole", "hubble_law" ], "desc": "梅厄与奎洛兹确认类日恒星旁首颗系外行星。" }, { "id": "geometric_langlands", "name": "几何朗兰兹对应", "nameEn": "Geometric Langlands correspondence", "wikiEn": "Geometric Langlands correspondence", "aliases": [ "几何朗兰兹纲领", "几何Langlands对应", "几何朗兰兹猜想" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "langlands_program" ], "related": [ "arithmetic_geometry", "modular_curve", "yang_mills_gauge_theory" ], "desc": "朗兰兹对应的函数域几何版本，把自守层与伽罗瓦表示的范畴等价相连。" }, { "id": "gps", "name": "全球定位系统", "nameEn": "Global Positioning System", "wikiEn": "Global Positioning System", "aliases": [ "GPS", "NAVSTAR", "卫星导航系统" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "transit_navsat", "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "inertial_navigation" ], "desc": "NAVSTAR星网1995年全面运行，开启卫星导航时代。" }, { "id": "igzo_oxide_channel", "name": "铟镓锌氧化物", "nameEn": "Indium gallium zinc oxide", "wikiEn": "Indium gallium zinc oxide", "aliases": [ "IGZO", "非晶氧化物半导体" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": [ 1995, 2004 ], "year_note": "非晶氧化物半导体薄膜晶体管 1995 年提出，IGZO 体系 2004 年后定型", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "vacuum_deposition", "transistor" ], "related": [ "oled", "amorphous_metal" ], "desc": "室温沉积的非晶多元氧化物迁移率远高于非晶硅且漏电极低，做显示背板沟道。" }, { "id": "internet_explorer", "name": "Internet Explorer", "nameEn": "Internet Explorer", "wikiEn": "Internet Explorer", "aliases": [ "IE", "IE浏览器", "微软浏览器", "MSN Explorer" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mosaic" ], "related": [ "netscape_navigator", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "微软1995年推出，随Windows捆绑而垄断浏览器市场。" }, { "id": "java_applet", "name": "Java小程序", "nameEn": "Java applet", "wikiEn": "Java applet", "aliases": [ "Java Applet", "Java小应用程序", "HotJava", "网页嵌入Java" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mosaic" ], "related": [ "javascript", "flash", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "1995年随Java发布，可在浏览器内运行的小程序，早期动态网页技术。" }, { "id": "java_language", "name": "Java", "nameEn": "Java (programming language)", "wikiEn": "Java (programming language)", "aliases": [ "Oak", "Java语言" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cplusplus" ], "related": [ "object_oriented_programming", "smalltalk" ], "desc": "Sun于1995年发布，一次编写处处运行的字节码语言，企业级应用主力。" }, { "id": "javascript", "name": "JavaScript", "nameEn": "JavaScript", "wikiEn": "JavaScript", "aliases": [ "JS", "LiveScript", "Mocha", "ECMAScript" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "html", "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "c_language", "css", "html", "netscape_navigator" ], "desc": "艾克1995年十天为网景创制，浏览器端脚本语言，Web交互核心。" }, { "id": "metal_organic_framework", "name": "金属有机框架", "nameEn": "Metal–organic framework", "wikiEn": "Metal–organic framework", "aliases": [ "MOF", "有机金属骨架" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1995, 1999 ], "year_note": "1990 年代中期首个定向设计的开放骨架，1999 年高比表面成员确立", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "carbon_nanotube", "click_chemistry", "conductive_polymer", "reverse_osmosis_membrane" ], "desc": "金属节点与有机连接体自组装成可裁剪的永久多孔晶体，用于储气与分离。" }, { "id": "microarray", "name": "DNA微阵列", "nameEn": "DNA Microarray", "wikiEn": "DNA microarray", "aliases": [ "基因芯片", "DNA芯片" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "southern_blot", "automated_dna_sequencer", "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "human_genome_project", "next_generation_sequencing", "big_data" ], "desc": "上万探针点上玻片，一次实验读全基因组的表达高低" }, { "id": "php", "name": "PHP", "nameEn": "PHP", "wikiEn": "PHP", "aliases": [ "PHP/FI", "超文本预处理器", "Personal Home Page Tools" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cgi", "html" ], "related": [ "apache", "cgi" ], "desc": "勒道夫1995年发布PHP/FI，服务端脚本语言，驱动海量早期动态网站。" }, { "id": "realaudio", "name": "RealAudio", "nameEn": "RealAudio", "wikiEn": "RealAudio", "aliases": [ "实时音频流", "RealPlayer", "Progressive Networks" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "quicktime", "mpeg", "video_on_demand" ], "desc": "1995年推出，首个流行的互联网流式音频播放技术。" }, { "id": "ruby_language", "name": "Ruby", "nameEn": "Ruby (programming language)", "wikiEn": "Ruby (programming language)", "aliases": [ "Ruby语言" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "perl", "smalltalk" ], "related": [ "python_language" ], "desc": "松本行弘1995年发布的纯面向对象脚本语言，强调程序员幸福感。" }, { "id": "selective_laser_melting", "name": "激光选区熔化", "nameEn": "Selective laser melting", "wikiEn": "Selective laser melting", "aliases": [ "SLM", "激光粉末床熔化", "Direct metal laser sintering" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1995年Behrens等以全熔化方式打印金属；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laser", "powder_metallurgy" ], "related": [ "superalloy", "additive_manufacturing", "titanium_alloy" ], "desc": "激光逐层完全熔化金属粉末成形，适合复杂承力件。" }, { "id": "semiconductor_burn_in_reliability", "name": "半导体老化与可靠性筛选", "nameEn": "Semiconductor burn-in and reliability screening", "wikiEn": "Reliability (semiconductor)", "aliases": [ "老化筛选", "HTOL", "失效物理" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1990, 2000 ], "year_note": "热载流子、电迁移等失效模型在 1990 年代随深亚微米成为量产必检项", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "moore_law", "integrated_circuit" ], "related": [ "three_dimensional_ic", "charge_coupled_device" ], "desc": "以高温加压通电老化配合失效物理模型剔除早期失效并外推现场寿命。" }, { "id": "ssh", "name": "SSH", "nameEn": "Secure Shell", "wikiEn": "Secure Shell", "aliases": [ "安全外壳协议", "Secure Shell", "SSH远程登录" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rsa" ], "related": [ "telnet", "ssl" ], "desc": "于勒宁1995年设计，加密的远程登录协议，取代明文Telnet。" }, { "id": "svm", "name": "支持向量机", "nameEn": "Support vector machine", "wikiEn": "Support vector machine", "aliases": [ "SVM", "支持向量机网络", "最大间隔分类器", "Cortes-Vapnik SVM", "Support vector networks" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "id3_decision_tree", "perceptron" ], "related": [ "ada_boost", "cayley_matrix_algebra", "human_genome_project" ], "desc": "科尔特斯与万普尼克以最大间隔与核技巧发表软间隔SVM，主导小样本学习十余年。" }, { "id": "voip", "name": "IP电话", "nameEn": "Voice over IP", "wikiEn": "Voice over IP", "aliases": [ "VoIP", "网络电话", "互联网电话", "VocalTec Internet Phone" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "irc", "mobile_phone" ], "desc": "VocalTec 1995年推出，首次在互联网上拨打语音电话。" }, { "id": "wdm", "name": "波分复用", "nameEn": "Wavelength-division multiplexing", "wikiEn": "Wavelength-division multiplexing", "aliases": [ "WDM", "密集波分复用", "DWDM", "波长分割多路复用" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "edfa" ], "related": [ "fiber_optics_comm", "tat8" ], "desc": "1990年代中期密集波分复用商用，一根光纤并行传输多路光信号。" }, { "id": "wiki", "name": "Wiki", "nameEn": "Wiki", "wikiEn": "Wiki", "aliases": [ "维基", "WikiWikiWeb", "维基协作", "多人协同编辑网页" ], "year": 1995, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "blog", "html" ], "desc": "坎宁安1995年建WikiWikiWeb，任何人可编辑的协作网页机制。" }, { "id": "abwr", "name": "先进沸水堆", "nameEn": "Advanced boiling water reactor", "wikiEn": "Advanced boiling water reactor", "aliases": [ "ABWR", "第三代核电机组" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "boiling_water_reactor", "nuclear_power_plant" ], "related": [ "pressurized_water_reactor" ], "desc": "柏崎刈羽6号机商运，全球首台第三代核电机组。" }, { "id": "bt_cotton", "name": "转基因抗虫棉", "nameEn": "Bt cotton", "wikiEn": "Bt cotton", "aliases": [ "抗虫棉", "Bt作物" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1996年起在美国商业化，1997年引入中国", "era": "information", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "recombinant_dna_technology", "fermentation" ], "related": [ "flavr_savr", "pesticide" ], "desc": "转入苏云金芽孢杆菌毒蛋白基因的棉花自行杀虫。" }, { "id": "cable_modem", "name": "电缆调制解调器", "nameEn": "Cable modem", "wikiEn": "Cable modem", "aliases": [ "有线电缆调制解调器", "有线通", "Cable宽带", "DOCSIS" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "dsl", "isp" ], "desc": "@Home 1996年首推商用有线宽带，1997年DOCSIS标准实现互通。" }, { "id": "carbon_capture_and_storage", "name": "碳捕集与封存", "nameEn": "Carbon capture and storage", "wikiEn": "Carbon capture and storage", "aliases": [ "CCS", "碳封存" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1996年挪威Sleipner项目首次海上地质封存；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "petroleum_refinery", "natural_gas_distribution" ], "related": [ "green_hydrogen", "coal_fired_power_station", "electricity_generation" ], "desc": "把电厂与工业烟气中的二氧化碳捕集后封存于地下。" }, { "id": "css", "name": "层叠样式表", "nameEn": "CSS", "wikiEn": "CSS", "aliases": [ "CSS", "Cascading Style Sheets", "串样式表" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "html" ], "related": [ "javascript", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "维姆·利等1994年提出、W3C 1996年发布CSS1，分离网页内容与样式。" }, { "id": "dolly_sheep", "name": "多利羊", "nameEn": "Dolly (sheep)", "wikiEn": "Dolly (sheep)", "aliases": [ "克隆羊多利", "体细胞克隆羊" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "frog_cloning", "glassmaking", "microscope" ], "related": [ "cold_chain", "ivf", "refrigeration" ], "desc": "威尔穆特团队克隆成年体细胞绵羊多利，震动世界。" }, { "id": "european_train_control_system", "name": "欧洲列车控制系统", "nameEn": "European Train Control System", "wikiEn": "European Train Control System", "aliases": [ "ETCS" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "railway_signalling", "gsm" ], "related": [ "shinkansen", "tgv", "maglev_train" ], "desc": "把地面信号搬进司机室，凭车地通信与移动闭塞跨境统一高速行车" }, { "id": "flash", "name": "Flash", "nameEn": "Adobe Flash", "wikiEn": "Adobe Flash", "aliases": [ "Macromedia Flash", "FutureSplash", "Flash动画", "闪客技术" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mosaic" ], "related": [ "java_applet", "realaudio", "javascript" ], "desc": "Macromedia 1996年推出Flash，长期主导网页动画、视频与富交互。" }, { "id": "haart", "name": "高效抗逆转录病毒疗法", "nameEn": "Highly active antiretroviral therapy", "wikiEn": "Management of HIV/AIDS", "aliases": [ "HAART", "鸡尾酒疗法", "艾滋病联合疗法" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "azt_drug", "chromatography", "mass_spectrometry" ], "related": [], "desc": "何大一提出联合用药鸡尾酒疗法，艾滋病转为慢性病。" }, { "id": "icq", "name": "ICQ", "nameEn": "ICQ", "wikiEn": "ICQ", "aliases": [ "I seek you", "网际传呼", "Mirabilis ICQ", "即时通信软件" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "irc" ], "related": [ "aim", "oicq", "internet" ], "desc": "以色列Mirabilis 1996年推出，首个大规模流行的即时通信软件。" }, { "id": "mems_probe_card", "name": "晶圆探针卡", "nameEn": "MEMS probe card", "wikiEn": "Probe card", "aliases": [ "探针卡", "测试卡板" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1993, 1998 ], "year_note": "微加工探针阵列在 1990 年代中后期支撑高引脚数晶圆测试", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wafer_electronics", "printed_circuit_board" ], "related": [ "semiconductor_device_fabrication", "dram" ], "desc": "把密集弹性探针与电极布在同一基板上的测试界面，决定晶圆分选的节拍与成本。" }, { "id": "usb", "name": "通用串行总线", "nameEn": "USB", "wikiEn": "USB", "aliases": [ "USB", "Universal Serial Bus", "优盘接口" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "scsi", "ide_ata", "flash_memory" ], "desc": "1996年USB 1.0发布，统一外设接口并支持热插拔，随后迅速普及。" }, { "id": "voodoo_graphics", "name": "3dfx Voodoo", "nameEn": "Voodoo Graphics", "wikiEn": "Voodoo Graphics", "aliases": [ "Voodoo 1", "Voodoo", "巫毒显卡", "SST-1" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pentium" ], "related": [ "gpu", "sound_card", "playstation_console" ], "desc": "1996年3dfx推出消费级3D加速卡，让PC实时3D游戏成为主流。" }, { "id": "web_archiving", "name": "网页存档", "nameEn": "Web Archiving", "wikiEn": "Web archiving", "aliases": [ "网络存档", "时间机器存档" ], "year": 1996, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web", "http", "hypertext" ], "related": [ "archive_institution", "public_library", "search_engine" ], "desc": "定期抓取并冻结网页，链接失效后网络历史仍可回看" }, { "id": "ada_boost", "name": "AdaBoost集成学习", "nameEn": "AdaBoost", "wikiEn": "AdaBoost", "aliases": [ "自适应提升", "提升算法", "Adaptive boosting", "Freund-Schapire AdaBoost" ], "year": 1997, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "id3_decision_tree" ], "related": [ "svm", "random_forest" ], "desc": "弗罗因德与夏派尔串联弱分类器并按误差加权，开创实用集成学习并催生后续提升树。" }, { "id": "aim", "name": "AIM", "nameEn": "AIM (software)", "wikiEn": "AIM (software)", "aliases": [ "AOL Instant Messenger", "美国在线即时通", "即时信使" ], "year": 1997, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "icq" ], "related": [ "irc", "compuserve" ], "desc": "AOL 1997年推出即时信使，与ICQ竞争，风靡美国青少年。" }, { "id": "blog", "name": "博客", "nameEn": "Blog", "wikiEn": "Blog", "aliases": [ "网志", "weblog", "部落格", "Blogger", "网络日志" ], "year": 1997, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "wiki", "rss", "geocities" ], "desc": "巴杰1997年造出weblog一词，1999年Blogger等平台推动个人出版。" }, { "id": "cassini_huygens", "name": "卡西尼-惠更斯号", "nameEn": "Cassini–Huygens", "wikiEn": "Cassini–Huygens", "aliases": [ "卡西尼号", "惠更斯探测器" ], "year": 1997, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "galileo_probe" ], "related": [ "voyager_program" ], "desc": "卡西尼-惠更斯号发射，后环飞土星并着陆土卫六。" }, { "id": "doi", "name": "数字对象唯一标识", "nameEn": "Digital Object Identifier", "wikiEn": "Digital object identifier", "aliases": [ "DOI", "数字对象标识符" ], "year": 1997, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web", "url", "hypertext" ], "related": [ "open_access", "citation_index", "archive_institution" ], "desc": "给网络文献永久编号，网址失效后仍可循标识找回原文" }, { "id": "electron_beam_powder_bed_melting", "name": "电子束粉末床熔化", "nameEn": "Electron beam melting", "wikiEn": "Electron-beam additive manufacturing", "aliases": [ "EBM", "选区电子束熔化" ], "year": 1997, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1997, 2002 ], "year_note": "1990 年代末提出、2000 年代初设备商品化", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "powder_metallurgy", "vacuum_pump" ], "related": [ "selective_laser_melting", "additive_manufacturing" ], "desc": "真空下以高能电子束预热并全熔金属粉床，适合钛铝活性合金并回收粉末。" }, { "id": "humanized_monoclonal_antibody", "name": "人源化单克隆抗体", "nameEn": "Humanized antibody", "wikiEn": "Humanized antibody", "aliases": [ "人源化抗体", "达利珠单抗", "Daclizumab" ], "year": 1997, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "muromonab_cd3", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [], "desc": "达利珠单抗等获批，人源化抗体降低免疫原性。" }, { "id": "mars_pathfinder", "name": "火星探路者号", "nameEn": "Mars Pathfinder", "wikiEn": "Mars Pathfinder", "aliases": [ "探路者号", "旅居者号火星车", "Sojourner" ], "year": 1997, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "viking_program" ], "related": [ "mariner_program" ], "desc": "探路者着陆火星，旅居者号首次实现火星车行驶。" }, { "id": "tantalum_nitride_barrier", "name": "氮化钽扩散阻挡层", "nameEn": "Tantalum nitride diffusion barrier", "wikiEn": "Tantalum nitride", "aliases": [ "TaN", "钽/氮化钽阻挡层" ], "year": 1997, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1997, 2001 ], "year_note": "与铜大马士革工艺同期在 1990 年代后期定型为量产阻挡层", "era": "information", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "vacuum_deposition", "electroplating" ], "related": [ "plasma_etching", "through_silicon_via" ], "desc": "铜互连与介质之间的氮化物阻挡薄膜，既阻断铜扩散又充当电镀种子的黏附底层。" }, { "id": "wifi", "name": "Wi-Fi", "nameEn": "Wi-Fi", "wikiEn": "Wi-Fi", "aliases": [ "802.11", "IEEE 802.11", "无线局域网", "无线保真", "WLAN" ], "year": 1997, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "ethernet" ], "related": [ "bluetooth", "cavity_magnetron", "irda", "mobile_phone" ], "desc": "IEEE 1997年发布802.11，后以Wi-Fi认证普及无线局域上网。" }, { "id": "dark_energy_acceleration", "name": "暗能量与宇宙加速膨胀", "nameEn": "Dark energy", "wikiEn": "Dark energy", "aliases": [ "暗能量", "Dark energy", "宇宙加速膨胀", "加速膨胀" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "general_relativity" ], "related": [ "cosmic_inflation" ], "desc": "超新星观测发现宇宙加速膨胀，暗能量成为物理核心谜题。" }, { "id": "google_search", "name": "谷歌搜索", "nameEn": "Google Search", "wikiEn": "Google Search", "aliases": [ "Google", "谷歌", "BackRub", "PageRank搜索" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "altavista", "internet" ], "related": [ "library", "pagerank", "world_wide_web", "yahoo" ], "desc": "佩奇与布林1998年创立Google，以PageRank大幅提升搜索质量。" }, { "id": "green_chemistry", "name": "绿色化学", "nameEn": "Green Chemistry", "wikiEn": "Green chemistry", "aliases": [ "可持续化学", "十二原则" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "information", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "catalysis_concept" ], "related": [ "carbon_capture_and_storage" ], "desc": "从分子设计源头消除有害物，绿色溶剂与催化策略与碳捕集工业共同推动可持续化学品制造" }, { "id": "hilbert_huang_transform", "name": "希尔伯特-黄变换", "nameEn": "Hilbert–Huang transform", "wikiEn": "Hilbert–Huang transform", "aliases": [ "HHT", "黄锷变换", "经验模态分解", "EMD" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "wavelet_transform", "stft_gabor" ], "desc": "黄锷1998年提出经验模态分解加希尔伯特谱，自适应处理非线性非平稳信号。" }, { "id": "icann", "name": "ICANN", "nameEn": "ICANN", "wikiEn": "ICANN", "aliases": [ "互联网名称与数字地址分配机构", "因特网名称与号码分配公司" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "domain_name", "dns" ], "related": [ "internet", "isp" ], "desc": "1998年成立的非营利机构，统一管理域名、IP地址分配与根服务器。" }, { "id": "ipv6", "name": "IPv6", "nameEn": "IPv6", "wikiEn": "IPv6", "aliases": [ "IPng", "下一代互联网协议", "128位IP地址" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "bgp", "dns" ], "desc": "1998年RFC 2460发布IPv6，以128位地址解决IPv4地址枯竭。" }, { "id": "iridium", "name": "铱星计划", "nameEn": "Iridium satellite constellation", "wikiEn": "Iridium satellite constellation", "aliases": [ "铱星卫星电话", "Iridium", "铱星系统" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "communication_satellite", "mobile_phone" ], "related": [ "gsm", "pager" ], "desc": "1998年66颗低轨卫星组网开通，首个全球卫星电话系统。" }, { "id": "iss", "name": "国际空间站", "nameEn": "International Space Station", "wikiEn": "International Space Station", "aliases": [ "ISS", "阿尔法空间站" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mir_station", "soyuz_spacecraft" ], "related": [ "space_shuttle" ], "desc": "国际空间站1998年开建，2000年起载人长期驻留。" }, { "id": "open_source", "name": "开源软件", "nameEn": "Open-source software", "wikiEn": "Open-source software", "aliases": [ "开放源代码软件", "开源运动", "OSI", "开放原始码" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "apache", "napster" ], "desc": "1998年开源一词定名并成立OSI，源代码开放协作模式主流化。" }, { "id": "pagerank", "name": "网页排名算法", "nameEn": "PageRank", "wikiEn": "PageRank", "aliases": [ "佩奇排名", "网页级别", "Google排名", "PageRank algorithm", "布林-佩奇算法" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "markov_chains", "rayleigh_random_walk", "seven_bridges_graph_theory", "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "google_search", "monte_carlo_method", "scientific_journal" ], "desc": "布林与佩奇以网页间链接的随机游走特征向量度量权威度，造就谷歌搜索帝国。" }, { "id": "paypal", "name": "贝宝", "nameEn": "PayPal", "wikiEn": "PayPal", "aliases": [ "PayPal", "Confinity", "X.com", "在线支付", "网络支付" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "ebay", "digicash", "ssl" ], "desc": "1998年创立，后与X.com合并成PayPal，互联网在线支付代表。" }, { "id": "rna_interference", "name": "RNA干扰机制", "nameEn": "RNA interference", "wikiEn": "RNA interference", "aliases": [ "RNAi", "Fire-Mello机制", "双链RNA沉默", "转录后基因沉默" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "central_dogma", "chromatography", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "electron_microscope", "rna_world_hypothesis", "rnai_therapeutics" ], "desc": "双链RNA特异降解mRNA沉默基因，后被广泛用于基因研究。" }, { "id": "rome_statute_international_criminal_court", "name": "国际刑事法院罗马规约", "nameEn": "Rome Statute", "wikiEn": "Rome Statute", "aliases": [ "罗马规约", "常设国际刑事法院" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1998年通过，2002年生效", "era": "information", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "geneva_conventions_1949", "universal_declaration_human_rights", "league_of_nations" ], "related": [ "trial_by_jury", "common_law", "peace_of_westphalia", "photography" ], "desc": "常设法院以补充管辖直接追诉个人罪责，国家元首身份不再是免于起诉的屏障。" }, { "id": "stem_cell_concept", "name": "干细胞", "nameEn": "Stem cell", "wikiEn": "Stem cell", "aliases": [ "成体干细胞", "胚胎干细胞" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1908年提出概念，1981年小鼠、1998年人胚胎干细胞建系", "era": "information", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cell_culture", "cell_theory", "cold_chain", "microscope" ], "related": [ "additive_manufacturing", "electron_microscope", "ips_cell_therapy", "organoid" ], "desc": "能自我更新并多向分化的细胞，再生医学的种子细胞。" }, { "id": "wafer_sort_kgd_test", "name": "晶圆测试分选", "nameEn": "Wafer testing and known-good-die sort", "wikiEn": "Wafer testing", "aliases": [ "CP 测试", "晶圆分选", "已知合格裸片" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1995, 2000 ], "year_note": "已知合格裸片策略随深亚微米良率压力在 1990 年代末普及", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "integrated_circuit", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "related": [ "advanced_packaging_technology", "flash_memory" ], "desc": "封装前逐颗探针打分挑出合格裸片，避免把坏片装进昂贵封装造成连带损失。" }, { "id": "wap", "name": "无线应用协议", "nameEn": "Wireless Application Protocol", "wikiEn": "Wireless Application Protocol", "aliases": [ "WAP", "手机上网协议", "WML" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gsm", "internet" ], "related": [ "imode", "gprs", "mobile_phone" ], "desc": "WAP论坛1998年发布1.0，让功能机以简化页面访问互联网。" }, { "id": "watts_strogatz_small_world", "name": "小世界网络模型", "nameEn": "Small-world network", "wikiEn": "Small-world network", "aliases": [ "六度分隔", "Watts-Strogatz模型", "WS模型", "小世界现象" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "information_theory", "barabasi_scale_free_network", "santa_fe_complex_systems" ], "desc": "少量长程连接使网络兼具高聚集与短路径，开创网络科学。" }, { "id": "xml", "name": "XML", "nameEn": "XML", "wikiEn": "XML", "aliases": [ "可扩展标记语言", "Extensible Markup Language", "SGML子集" ], "year": 1998, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "html" ], "related": [ "rss", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "W3C 1998年发布XML 1.0，可自定义标签的结构化数据交换语言。" }, { "id": "barabasi_scale_free_network", "name": "无标度网络模型", "nameEn": "Scale-free network", "wikiEn": "Scale-free network", "aliases": [ "优先连接", "Barabasi-Albert模型", "BA模型", "幂律度分布" ], "year": 1999, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "watts_strogatz_small_world", "santa_fe_complex_systems" ], "desc": "优先连接导致富者愈富的幂律结构，刻画互联网与细胞网络。" }, { "id": "bluetooth", "name": "蓝牙", "nameEn": "Bluetooth", "wikiEn": "Bluetooth", "aliases": [ "蓝牙技术", "IEEE 802.15.1", "短距无线连接" ], "year": 1999, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "wifi", "irda", "mobile_phone" ], "desc": "爱立信等发起、1999年发布蓝牙1.0，设备近距离无线互联标准。" }, { "id": "gpu", "name": "图形处理器", "nameEn": "Graphics processing unit", "wikiEn": "Graphics processing unit", "aliases": [ "GPU", "GeForce 256", "显示芯片", "显示核心" ], "year": 1999, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "information", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "voodoo_graphics" ], "related": [ "workstation", "playstation_console" ], "desc": "1999年GeForce 256首称GPU，硬件T&L把3D管线收归单芯片。" }, { "id": "imode", "name": "i-mode", "nameEn": "I-mode", "wikiEn": "I-mode", "aliases": [ "iモード", "NTT DoCoMo i-mode", "日本移动互联网服务" ], "year": 1999, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "mobile_phone" ], "related": [ "wap", "gprs" ], "desc": "NTT DoCoMo 1999年推出，首个成功的移动互联网商业模式，风靡日本。" }, { "id": "napster", "name": "Napster", "nameEn": "Napster", "wikiEn": "Napster", "aliases": [ "纳普斯特", "P2P音乐交换", "肖恩·范宁" ], "year": 1999, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mp3", "internet" ], "related": [ "copyright", "gnutella", "realaudio" ], "desc": "范宁1999年推出的集中索引式MP3共享服务，引爆P2P与版权之争。" }, { "id": "oicq", "name": "QQ", "nameEn": "Tencent QQ", "wikiEn": "Tencent QQ", "aliases": [ "OICQ", "Open ICQ", "腾讯QQ", "QQ即时通信" ], "year": 1999, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "icq" ], "related": [ "aim", "irc" ], "desc": "腾讯1999年推出OICQ（后改名QQ），中国国民级即时通信软件。" }, { "id": "rss", "name": "RSS", "nameEn": "RSS", "wikiEn": "RSS", "aliases": [ "简易信息聚合", "Really Simple Syndication", "RSS 0.90", "网站订阅" ], "year": 1999, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "information", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "xml" ], "related": [ "blog", "world_wide_web" ], "desc": "网景1999年推出RSS 0.90，让用户订阅网站更新的信息聚合标准。" }, { "id": "wafer_level_packaging", "name": "晶圆级封装", "nameEn": "Wafer-level packaging", "wikiEn": "Wafer-level packaging", "aliases": [ "WLP", "芯片尺寸封装工艺" ], "year": 1999, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1994, 2000 ], "year_note": "1990 年代中后期提出并在世纪之交随移动器件量产", "era": "information", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "surface_mount_technology", "ball_grid_array" ], "related": [ "flip_chip", "chiplet_packaging" ], "desc": "在划片前于整片晶圆上完成凸点与钝化，把封装体积压到接近裸片本身。" }, { "id": "anthropocene_concept", "name": "人类世概念", "nameEn": "Anthropocene", "wikiEn": "Anthropocene", "aliases": [ "人类世", "Anthropocene", "克鲁岑", "人类地质时代", "Crutzen-Stoermer" ], "year": 2000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alvarez_kpg_extinction", "lyell_principles_geology" ], "desc": "克鲁岑提出人类活动已成地质营力的人类世概念。" }, { "id": "cap_theorem", "name": "CAP定理", "nameEn": "CAP theorem", "wikiEn": "CAP theorem", "aliases": [ "布鲁尔猜想", "CAP原则", "Brewer's theorem", "一致性可用性分区容错" ], "year": 2000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "relational_database" ], "related": [ "http_cookie", "netscape_navigator" ], "desc": "分布式系统无法同时满足一致性、可用性与分区容错，由布鲁尔提出并获证明。" }, { "id": "da_vinci_surgical_robot", "name": "达芬奇手术机器人", "nameEn": "Da Vinci Surgical System", "wikiEn": "Da Vinci Surgical System", "aliases": [ "达芬奇外科手术系统", "腔镜手术机器人", "手术机器人" ], "year": 2000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "charge_coupled_device", "fly_by_wire", "microprocessor" ], "related": [ "brain_computer_interface", "digital_signal_processor", "industrial_robot" ], "desc": "2000年获FDA批准，开启机器人辅助微创外科时代。" }, { "id": "gamma_titanium_aluminide", "name": "γ 钛铝金属间化合物", "nameEn": "Gamma titanium aluminide", "wikiEn": "Titanium aluminide", "aliases": [ "TiAl", "钛铝合金" ], "year": 2000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1995, 2006 ], "year_note": "1970 年代起研发，1990 年代末到 2000 年代进入热端结构件服役", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "titanium_alloy", "superalloy" ], "related": [ "jet_engine", "turbofan" ], "desc": "γ 相钛铝密度约为镍基高温合金一半而高温不失强，用于涡轮叶片减重。" }, { "id": "gnutella", "name": "Gnutella", "nameEn": "Gnutella", "wikiEn": "Gnutella", "aliases": [ "纽特拉", "纯P2P文件共享", "Nullsoft Gnutella" ], "year": 2000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "napster" ], "related": [ "mp3", "internet" ], "desc": "2000年Nullsoft发布，无中心服务器的纯P2P文件共享网络。" }, { "id": "golden_rice", "name": "黄金大米", "nameEn": "Golden rice", "wikiEn": "Golden rice", "aliases": [ "富β-胡萝卜素的转基因稻" ], "year": 2000, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2000年《科学》报道首批工程稻系", "era": "intelligent", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "recombinant_dna_technology", "plant_breeding" ], "related": [ "flavr_savr", "rice_cultivation" ], "desc": "转入合成β-胡萝卜素途径的稻米，针对隐性饥饿。" }, { "id": "gprs", "name": "GPRS", "nameEn": "GPRS", "wikiEn": "GPRS", "aliases": [ "通用分组无线业务", "2.5G", "分组交换移动数据" ], "year": 2000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gsm" ], "related": [ "wap", "imode", "mobile_phone" ], "desc": "2000年首批GPRS网络商用，GSM升级2.5G，手机始终在线传数据。" }, { "id": "iloveyou", "name": "ILOVEYOU蠕虫", "nameEn": "ILOVEYOU", "wikiEn": "ILOVEYOU", "aliases": [ "爱虫病毒", "情书病毒", "Love Bug", "Love Letter蠕虫" ], "year": 2000, "year_basis": "convention_floor", "year_span": null, "year_note": "仅知时代归属，取该时代起点（规范 §3.8 规则 6）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "email", "computer_virus" ], "related": [ "antivirus_software", "morris_worm" ], "desc": "2000年5月借情书邮件附件爆发，感染数千万台电脑的著名蠕虫。" }, { "id": "metamaterial", "name": "超材料", "nameEn": "Metamaterial", "wikiEn": "Metamaterial", "aliases": [ "人工电磁材料", "Negative-index metamaterial" ], "year": 2000, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1968年理论预言，2000年前后实现负折射", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "maxwell_equations" ], "related": [ "nanomaterials", "laser", "stealth_technology" ], "desc": "靠人工微结构获得负折射等天然材料没有的响应。" }, { "id": "organocatalysis", "name": "有机催化", "nameEn": "Organocatalysis", "wikiEn": "Organocatalysis", "aliases": [ "不对称有机催化" ], "year": 2000, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diels_alder_reaction" ], "related": [ "microcapsule_self_healing_polymer" ], "desc": "纯有机小分子催化不对称转化避免金属残留，用于可降解聚酯与自修复微胶囊的绿色合成" }, { "id": "achilles_number", "name": "阿喀琉斯数", "nameEn": "Achilles number", "wikiEn": "Achilles number", "aliases": [ "强阿喀琉斯数", "强大非完全幂数", "阿基里斯数" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "divisor" ], "desc": "强大（每个素因子至少平方）但不是完全幂的整数，博顿利以特洛伊英雄命名。" }, { "id": "click_chemistry", "name": "点击化学", "nameEn": "Click Chemistry", "wikiEn": "Click chemistry", "aliases": [ "铜催叠氮炔环加成", "CuAAC" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "diels_alder_reaction" ], "related": [ "metal_organic_framework" ], "desc": "以高产率高选择性的模块化反应拼接分子片段，是 MOF 后修饰的核心手段" }, { "id": "ipod", "name": "iPod", "nameEn": "iPod", "wikiEn": "IPod", "aliases": [ "苹果iPod", "iTunes", "MP3播放器" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "smartphone", "e_reader" ], "desc": "2001年苹果硬盘式音乐播放器，重塑数字音乐购买与收听。" }, { "id": "low_k_interlayer_dielectric", "name": "低介电常数层间介质", "nameEn": "Low-k interlayer dielectric", "wikiEn": "Low-kappa dielectric", "aliases": [ "low-k 介质", "多孔低 k 材料" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 1998, 2003 ], "year_note": "氟硅玻璃与多孔低 k 材料在 1990 年代末到 2000 年代初随铜互连量产", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chemical_vapor_deposition", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "related": [ "atomic_layer_deposition", "plasma_etching" ], "desc": "用多孔氟硅玻璃等替代二氧化硅做层间介质，压低互连电容与串扰延迟。" }, { "id": "microcapsule_self_healing_polymer", "name": "微胶囊自修复聚合物", "nameEn": "Microencapsulated self-healing polymer", "wikiEn": "Self-healing material", "aliases": [ "自修复材料", "本征自修复聚合物" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2001 年提出含修复剂微胶囊的断裂触发聚合方案；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "epoxy_resin", "photopolymer" ], "related": [ "high_strength_carbon_fiber", "conductive_polymer" ], "desc": "裂纹扩展时胶囊破裂释放单体聚合，自动闭合损伤并恢复部分承载能力。" }, { "id": "quantitative_easing", "name": "量化宽松操作", "nameEn": "Quantitative easing", "wikiEn": "Quantitative easing", "aliases": [ "QE", "非常规货币政策" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "日本银行2001年首创，2008年后主要央行跟进；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "federal_reserve_system", "keynes_general_theory" ], "related": [ "inflation_targeting", "fiat_money", "central_bank_digital_currency" ], "desc": "利率触零后央行大规模购入国债，直接扩张银行体系准备金。" }, { "id": "quantum_computer", "name": "量子计算机", "nameEn": "Quantum computer", "wikiEn": "Quantum computer", "aliases": [ "量子计算原型机", "quantum computing machine" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "1998年首台双量子比特机运行；2001年 IBM 以 NMR 演示 Shor 分解 15；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "feynman_quantum_computing", "shors_algorithm", "transistor" ], "related": [ "sycamore_processor", "shors_algorithm", "post_quantum_cryptography", "gpu" ], "desc": "用叠加与纠缠的量子比特演化算题，有望高效分解大数与模拟分子体系。" }, { "id": "random_forest", "name": "随机森林", "nameEn": "Random forest", "wikiEn": "Random forest", "aliases": [ "随机森林算法", "Breiman随机森林", "Random forests", "随机决策森林" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "id3_decision_tree", "ada_boost" ], "related": [ "svm", "k_means_clustering" ], "desc": "布雷曼以自助采样与随机特征训练大量决策树投票，稳健抗过拟合，风行数据科学。" }, { "id": "software_as_a_service", "name": "软件即服务", "nameEn": "Software as a service", "wikiEn": "Software as a service", "aliases": [ "SaaS", "软件服务化", "按需软件" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "cloud_computing" ], "desc": "经网络订阅集中托管软件的模式，2001年定名，Salesforce推动普及。" }, { "id": "third_generation_mobile", "name": "3G", "nameEn": "3G", "wikiEn": "3G", "aliases": [ "第三代移动通信", "WCDMA", "CDMA2000", "FOMA", "移动互联网" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "mobile_phone", "internet" ], "related": [ "lte", "mobile_broadband_modem", "smartphone" ], "desc": "2001年日本FOMA首商用的第三代移动网，让手机快速上网。" }, { "id": "unmanned_combat_aircraft", "name": "无人作战飞机", "nameEn": "Unmanned combat aerial vehicle", "wikiEn": "Unmanned combat aerial vehicle", "aliases": [ "UCAV", "察打一体无人机", "武装无人机" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "捕食者2001年首次发射导弹；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "military", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "autopilot", "precision_guided_munition", "gps" ], "related": [ "cruise_missile", "cyberwarfare", "consumer_drone" ], "desc": "长航时侦察并同时挂载导弹打击的无人作战平台。" }, { "id": "wikipedia", "name": "维基百科", "nameEn": "Wikipedia", "wikiEn": "Wikipedia", "aliases": [ "维基", "Wikipedia百科", "MediaWiki协作" ], "year": 2001, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wiki", "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "creative_commons", "crowdsourcing", "expert_system", "knowledge_graph" ], "desc": "2001年上线的自由协作在线百科，Wiki模式汇集众智，是最大知识工程之一。" }, { "id": "creative_commons", "name": "知识共享", "nameEn": "Creative Commons", "wikiEn": "Creative Commons", "aliases": [ "CC协议", "创用CC", "创作共用", "开放版权许可" ], "year": 2002, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "wikipedia" ], "desc": "2002年推出的开放版权许可协议，支撑维基百科等开放知识内容生态。" }, { "id": "digital_twin", "name": "数字孪生", "nameEn": "Digital twin", "wikiEn": "Digital twin", "aliases": [ "数字镜像", "数字映射", "虚拟孪生" ], "year": 2002, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "internet_of_things", "cloud_computing" ], "desc": "2002年提出的实体虚拟镜像概念，随IoT在消费侧落地。" }, { "id": "open_access", "name": "开放获取", "nameEn": "Open Access", "wikiEn": "Open access", "aliases": [ "OA运动", "免费学术出版" ], "year": 2002, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web", "scientific_journal", "preprint" ], "related": [ "copyright", "peer_review", "doi" ], "desc": "论文授权免费上网，无订阅经费的机构也能读到前沿" }, { "id": "robotic_vacuum_cleaner", "name": "扫地机器人", "nameEn": "Robotic vacuum cleaner", "wikiEn": "Robotic vacuum cleaner", "aliases": [ "Roomba", "机器人吸尘器", "扫拖机器人", "科沃斯" ], "year": 2002, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "home_automation" ], "desc": "2002年iRobot Roomba开创的自主导航吸尘机器人。" }, { "id": "selfie", "name": "自拍", "nameEn": "Selfie", "wikiEn": "Selfie", "aliases": [ "自拍照", "自我影像" ], "year": 2002, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "该词随网络相册出现，因手机前置摄像头而爆发；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "kodak_camera" ], "related": [ "instagram", "smartphone", "action_camera" ], "desc": "拍摄者以自身为对象的即拍影像，把自画像传统变成社交平台的日常表达方式。" }, { "id": "social_networking_service", "name": "社交网络服务", "nameEn": "Social networking service", "wikiEn": "Social networking service", "aliases": [ "社交媒体", "SNS", "社交网站", "MySpace", "Friendster" ], "year": 2002, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web", "internet" ], "related": [ "facebook", "twitter", "smartphone" ], "desc": "2002年Friendster等开启的基于关系链的网络社交服务。" }, { "id": "aluminium_nitride_piezo_film", "name": "氮化铝压电薄膜", "nameEn": "Aluminium nitride piezoelectric film", "wikiEn": "Aluminium nitride", "aliases": [ "AlN", "氮化铝" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2000, 2005 ], "year_note": "体声波谐振器与深紫外外延在 2000 年代前后将 AlN 薄膜量产化", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "piezoelectricity", "chemical_vapor_deposition" ], "related": [ "pzt_ceramic", "gallium_nitride" ], "desc": "纤锌矿氮化铝薄膜压电性强、声速高，用于射频滤波谐振与紫外探测外延层。" }, { "id": "bioorthogonal_chemistry", "name": "生物正交化学", "nameEn": "Bioorthogonal Chemistry", "wikiEn": "Bioorthogonal chemistry", "aliases": [ "无铜点击化学" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diels_alder_reaction" ], "related": [ "microcapsule_self_healing_polymer" ], "desc": "活体环境下与天然分子互不干扰的点击反应，实现体内药物偶联与自修复材料原位交联" }, { "id": "bioprinting_3d", "name": "3D生物打印", "nameEn": "3D bioprinting", "wikiEn": "3D bioprinting", "aliases": [ "生物3D打印", "器官打印", "细胞打印", "Organovo" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "organoid", "cultured_meat" ], "desc": "2003年出现细胞打印，可逐层构建组织与器官。" }, { "id": "e_cigarette", "name": "电子烟", "nameEn": "Electronic cigarette", "wikiEn": "Electronic cigarette", "aliases": [ "Vaping" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "韩力2003年发明；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery", "microcontroller" ], "related": [], "desc": "锂电池雾化烟碱模拟吸入，去掉燃烧焦油，也掀起新的监管争论。" }, { "id": "e_government_initiative", "name": "电子政务", "nameEn": "E-government", "wikiEn": "E-government", "aliases": [ "在线政务", "政府服务数字化" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "各国2000年前后集中上线，取2003", "era": "intelligent", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web", "internet", "civil_registration" ], "related": [ "digital_identity", "smartphone", "health_qr_code", "general_data_protection_regulation" ], "desc": "把申报、许可与支付迁到在线窗口并公开流程，行政从排队盖章变为可计量的工单。" }, { "id": "human_genome_project", "name": "人类基因组计划", "nameEn": "Human Genome Project", "wikiEn": "Human Genome Project", "aliases": [ "HGP", "人类基因组测序", "人类基因组图谱" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "charge_coupled_device", "dna_double_helix", "microprocessor", "relational_database" ], "related": [ "convolutional_neural_network", "next_generation_sequencing", "python_language", "thousand_dollar_genome" ], "desc": "2003年完成人类基因组测序图，开启精准医学时代。" }, { "id": "nmc_layered_cathode", "name": "镍锰钴三元正极", "nameEn": "Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide", "wikiEn": "Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides", "aliases": [ "NMC", "三元材料", "镍钴锰酸锂" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "scholarly_disputed", "year_span": [ 1995, 2003 ], "year_note": "1990 年代中期固溶体路线到 2003 年三组分配比定型，取主流值", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery", "lithium_metal" ], "related": [ "electric_vehicle", "lfp_battery", "battery_energy_storage" ], "desc": "镍锰钴层状氧化物兼顾容量、倍率与热稳定，成为动力电池主流正极体系。" }, { "id": "perelman_poincare_conjecture", "name": "佩雷尔曼证明庞加莱猜想", "nameEn": "Poincaré conjecture", "wikiEn": "Poincaré conjecture", "aliases": [ "庞加莱猜想证明", "里奇流证明", "Perelman proof", "Thurston几何化猜想" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "poincare_topology", "riemann_geometry" ], "related": [ "appel_haken_four_color", "navier_stokes_equations", "wiles_fermat_proof" ], "desc": "佩雷尔曼以里奇流熵估计证明三维闭流形分类猜想，为迄今唯一被证明的千禧年难题。" }, { "id": "redistribution_layer_routing", "name": "再分布布线层", "nameEn": "Redistribution layer", "wikiEn": "Redistribution layer", "aliases": [ "RDL", "重布线层" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2000, 2006 ], "year_note": "聚合物多层再布线随晶圆级与扇出封装在 2000 年代成熟", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "photolithography", "electroplating" ], "related": [ "flip_chip", "advanced_packaging_technology" ], "desc": "在芯片表面追加多层金属布线，把焊盘扇出到更大间距或整面凸点阵列。" }, { "id": "skype", "name": "Skype", "nameEn": "Skype", "wikiEn": "Skype", "aliases": [ "Skype网络电话", "视频通话软件" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "zoom", "whatsapp" ], "desc": "2003年推出的网络语音与视频通话软件，变革长途通信。" }, { "id": "strained_silicon_channel", "name": "应变硅沟道", "nameEn": "Strained silicon channel", "wikiEn": "Strained silicon", "aliases": [ "应变硅", "应力工程沟道" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2002, 2003 ], "year_note": "2002—2003 年 90 纳米节点把应变工程引入量产晶体管", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "silicon_on_insulator_fab", "ion_implantation" ], "related": [ "silicon_transistor", "finfet" ], "desc": "用应力记忆、埋层或全局应变拉伸硅沟道，在不缩节点下换来速度。" }, { "id": "virtualization", "name": "虚拟化技术", "nameEn": "Virtualization", "wikiEn": "Virtualization", "aliases": [ "硬件虚拟化", "虚拟机", "hypervisor", "Xen", "VMware" ], "year": 2003, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "cloud_computing", "docker" ], "desc": "在单台物理机上运行多个隔离虚拟机；Xen 2003年开源，是云计算底座。" }, { "id": "action_camera", "name": "运动相机", "nameEn": "GoPro", "wikiEn": "GoPro", "aliases": [ "GoPro相机", "极限运动相机", "第一视角相机" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "consumer_drone" ], "desc": "2004年起GoPro推出的小型坚固广角相机，催生第一视角视频。" }, { "id": "alipay", "name": "支付宝", "nameEn": "Alipay", "wikiEn": "Alipay", "aliases": [ "蚂蚁金服", "淘宝担保交易", "Alipay支付宝" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "wechat_pay", "qr_code_payment", "digital_wallet" ], "desc": "2004年以担保交易起家，后成中国最大第三方移动支付平台。" }, { "id": "artificial_heart", "name": "人工心脏", "nameEn": "Artificial heart", "wikiEn": "Artificial heart", "aliases": [ "全人工心脏", "SynCardia", "CardioWest", "TAH-t" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "polyurethane", "ptfe", "silicone" ], "related": [ "additive_manufacturing", "printed_circuit_board", "xenotransplantation" ], "desc": "2004年SynCardia全人工心脏获批作为移植过渡。" }, { "id": "classification_finite_simple_groups", "name": "有限单群分类", "nameEn": "Classification of finite simple groups", "wikiEn": "Classification of finite simple groups", "aliases": [ "有限单群分类定理", "CFSG", "巨定理", "Enormous theorem" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "composition_series", "group_theory" ], "related": [ "galois_theory", "standard_model_particle_physics", "young_tableau" ], "desc": "有限单群只有素数阶、交错、李型和26个散在群四类，2004年完成。" }, { "id": "crouzeixs_conjecture", "name": "克鲁泽猜想", "nameEn": "Crouzeix's conjecture", "wikiEn": "Crouzeix's conjecture", "aliases": [ "Crouzeix猜想", "数值域范数猜想", "Crouzeix conjecture" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "analytic_function_of_matrix" ], "related": [ "condition_number" ], "desc": "矩阵函数范数不超数值域sup范数两倍的猜想，2004年提出，常数2最优。" }, { "id": "electrochemical_co2_reduction", "name": "电化学二氧化碳还原", "nameEn": "Electrochemical CO2 Reduction", "wikiEn": "Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide", "aliases": [ "CO2电还原", "eCO2RR" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "现代气相扩散电极催化剂设计始于2000年代初", "era": "intelligent", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "faradays_electrolysis_laws" ], "related": [ "carbon_capture_and_storage" ], "desc": "电催化把捕集的 CO2 还原为甲酸与乙烯，与碳捕集闭环构成人工碳经济路线" }, { "id": "facebook", "name": "Facebook", "nameEn": "Facebook", "wikiEn": "Facebook", "aliases": [ "脸书", "脸谱网", "FB" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "social_networking_service" ], "related": [ "instagram", "whatsapp", "tiktok" ], "desc": "2004年创立的全球最大社交平台，月活一度近30亿。" }, { "id": "finfet", "name": "鳍式场效应晶体管", "nameEn": "Fin field-effect transistor", "wikiEn": "Fin field-effect transistor", "aliases": [ "FinFET", "三栅晶体管", "Tri-gate" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2004年研发器件成型，2011年Intel量产；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "silicon_on_insulator_fab", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "related": [ "euv_lithography", "gaa_node_fet", "moore_law", "three_dimensional_ic" ], "desc": "把沟道竖成鳍片由三面成栅，延续摩尔定律的关键。" }, { "id": "graphene", "name": "石墨烯", "nameEn": "Graphene", "wikiEn": "Graphene", "aliases": [ "单层石墨", "Graphene sheet" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2004年胶带剥离法首次分离单层", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "carbon_nanotube", "fullerene" ], "related": [ "nanomaterials", "semiconductor_device_fabrication", "conductive_polymer" ], "desc": "单原子层碳片，强度与导电性能刷新材料纪录。" }, { "id": "high_entropy_alloy", "name": "高熵合金", "nameEn": "High-entropy alloy", "wikiEn": "High-entropy alloy", "aliases": [ "HEA", "多主元合金" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "叶均全与坎托2004年分别提出", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "amorphous_metal", "titanium_alloy" ], "related": [ "superalloy", "additive_manufacturing", "selective_laser_melting" ], "desc": "多种元素近等原子比混合，强度、韧性与耐蚀齐升。" }, { "id": "nfc", "name": "近场通信", "nameEn": "Near-field communication", "wikiEn": "Near-field communication", "aliases": [ "NFC", "近距离无线通信", "一碰传", "NFC支付" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mobile_phone" ], "related": [ "apple_pay", "qr_code_payment", "smartphone" ], "desc": "2004年规格化的短距无线标准，支撑刷手机支付与设备配对。" }, { "id": "openstreetmap", "name": "开放街图", "nameEn": "OpenStreetMap", "wikiEn": "OpenStreetMap", "aliases": [ "OSM", "开源地图", "开放街道地图" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gps" ], "related": [ "google_maps" ], "desc": "2004年发起的众包开源世界地图，数据自由可编辑。" }, { "id": "podcast", "name": "播客", "nameEn": "Podcast", "wikiEn": "Podcast", "aliases": [ "苹果播客", "RSS音频", "网络广播" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "ipod", "smartphone", "spotify" ], "desc": "2004年得名的订阅式网络音频节目，随智能手机复兴。" }, { "id": "wheel_theory", "name": "轮理论", "nameEn": "Wheel theory", "wikiEn": "Wheel theory", "aliases": [ "轮代数", "含零除代数", "Wheel algebra" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "commutative_ring" ], "related": [], "desc": "卡尔斯特伦提出的含0/0的代数扩张，加法为交换幺半群，使任意元素均可做除法。" }, { "id": "yelp", "name": "Yelp", "nameEn": "Yelp", "wikiEn": "Yelp", "aliases": [ "商户点评", "点评网站", "美国大众点评" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "meituan", "o2o" ], "desc": "2004年创立的本地商户点评平台，影响线下消费决策。" }, { "id": "zigbee", "name": "Zigbee", "nameEn": "Zigbee", "wikiEn": "Zigbee", "aliases": [ "紫蜂", "Zigbee 3.0", "zigbee自组网" ], "year": 2004, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "home_automation", "matter_standard" ], "desc": "2004年发布的低功耗自组网无线标准，长期用于家居传感设备。" }, { "id": "arduino", "name": "Arduino", "nameEn": "Arduino", "wikiEn": "Arduino", "aliases": [ "开源硬件平台", "单片机开发板", "阿都伊诺" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "raspberry_pi", "internet_of_things" ], "desc": "2005年诞生的开源微控制器平台，降低硬件与物联网开发门槛。" }, { "id": "ch_activation", "name": "碳氢键活化", "nameEn": "C-H Activation", "wikiEn": "C-H activation", "aliases": [ "C-H键官能化", "C-H functionalization" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "pauling_valence_bond" ], "related": [ "graphene" ], "desc": "过渡金属直接官能化惰性 C-H 键，免除预功能化，用于药物后期修饰" }, { "id": "contour_crafting", "name": "轮廓建造", "nameEn": "Contour crafting", "wikiEn": "Contour crafting", "aliases": [ "建筑 3D 打印", "挤出成型建造" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "21 世纪初该工艺方案成形，取年代中值", "era": "intelligent", "category": "construction", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "additive_manufacturing", "numerical_control", "concrete", "reinforced_concrete" ], "related": [ "prefabrication", "industrial_robot", "cross_laminated_timber" ], "desc": "喷嘴按层堆叠墙体成形，把模板与大部分人力撤出工地。" }, { "id": "covalent_organic_framework", "name": "共价有机框架", "nameEn": "Covalent organic framework", "wikiEn": "Covalent organic framework", "aliases": [ "COF" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2005 年首次以可逆缩合反应构筑结晶性多孔有机骨架；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "click_chemistry" ], "related": [ "conductive_polymer", "reverse_osmosis_membrane" ], "desc": "轻元素以强共价键连成周期性孔道骨架，孔壁化学可调用于储存与催化。" }, { "id": "die_singulation_dicing", "name": "晶圆切割分粒", "nameEn": "Die singulation", "wikiEn": "Die singulation", "aliases": [ "划片", "晶圆切割" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2000, 2008 ], "year_note": "激光改质隐切在 2000 年代随超薄晶圆与低 k 介质普及", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wafer_electronics", "laser" ], "related": [ "wafer_bonding", "advanced_packaging_technology" ], "desc": "用金刚石刀片或激光改质层把成品晶圆分离成单颗裸片，控制崩边与隐裂。" }, { "id": "git", "name": "Git 分布式版本管理", "nameEn": "Git (software)", "wikiEn": "Git (software)", "aliases": [ "Git", "分布式版本控制", "git" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "托瓦兹为 Linux 内核开发编写，2005年首次发布；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "version_control", "open_source_movement" ], "related": [ "linux_kernel", "github_copilot", "merkle_tree" ], "desc": "以内容快照与哈希有向图组织历史，人人可离线分支合并，成为协作开发的底座。" }, { "id": "google_maps", "name": "Google地图", "nameEn": "Google Maps", "wikiEn": "Google Maps", "aliases": [ "谷歌地图", "手机导航", "谷歌语音导航" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "gps", "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "uber", "openstreetmap" ], "desc": "2005年推出、2009年起手机免费语音导航，颠覆车载GPS。" }, { "id": "isogeometric_analysis", "name": "等几何分析", "nameEn": "Isogeometric analysis", "wikiEn": "Isogeometric analysis", "aliases": [ "等几何法", "IGA", "NURBS有限元", "Hughes等几何" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "b_spline", "finite_element_method" ], "related": [ "isoparametric_elements" ], "desc": "休斯等2005年以CAD的NURBS基函数直接仿真，免去设计与分析间网格转换。" }, { "id": "next_generation_sequencing", "name": "下一代测序", "nameEn": "Massively parallel sequencing", "wikiEn": "Massively parallel sequencing", "aliases": [ "NGS", "第二代测序", "高通量测序", "Illumina测序", "Solexa", "454测序" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "charge_coupled_device", "led", "microprocessor" ], "related": [ "human_genome_project", "relational_database", "single_cell_sequencing", "thousand_dollar_genome" ], "desc": "454、Illumina等边合成边测序，使基因组测序成本暴跌。" }, { "id": "reddit", "name": "Reddit", "nameEn": "Reddit", "wikiEn": "Reddit", "aliases": [ "红迪网", "美国贴吧" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "social_networking_service" ], "related": [ "facebook", "quora" ], "desc": "2005年创立的分版块投票讨论社区，新闻聚合重镇。" }, { "id": "smart_grid", "name": "智能电网", "nameEn": "Smart Grid", "wikiEn": "Smart grid", "aliases": [ "自愈电网", "双向配电网络" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "electrical_grid", "microprocessor", "internet" ], "related": [ "battery_energy_storage", "electricity_generation" ], "desc": "配电网加装量测与通信，潮流双向可调，分布式电源与负荷响应得以接入" }, { "id": "system_in_package_integration", "name": "系统级封装", "nameEn": "System in a package", "wikiEn": "System in a package", "aliases": [ "SiP", "系统封装" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2001, 2007 ], "year_note": "2000 年代中期随便携产品把多芯片与无源件集成为单一封装体", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wire_bonding", "surface_mount_technology" ], "related": [ "smartphone", "chiplet_packaging" ], "desc": "在一个封装内混装处理器、存储与无源件，以组装层级替代制程微缩。" }, { "id": "three_dimensional_ic", "name": "三维集成电路", "nameEn": "Three-dimensional integrated circuit", "wikiEn": "Three-dimensional integrated circuit", "aliases": [ "3D IC", "堆叠芯片", "Through-silicon via stacking" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2000年代中期硅通孔堆叠存储率先量产", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "through_silicon_via", "wafer_bonding" ], "related": [ "chiplet_packaging", "advanced_packaging_technology", "microprocessor" ], "desc": "多层有源硅片垂直堆叠互连，把平面缩放换成高度方向。" }, { "id": "three_x_plus_one_semigroup", "name": "3x+1半群", "nameEn": "3x + 1 semigroup", "wikiEn": "3x + 1 semigroup", "aliases": [ "考拉兹半群", "3x+1乘法半群", "3x plus 1 semigroup" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "abstract_algebra" ], "related": [ "arithmetic_function" ], "desc": "正有理数乘法半群中与考拉兹迭代相关映射生成的子半群，法尔卡斯2005年引入。" }, { "id": "topological_insulator_prediction", "name": "拓扑绝缘体理论预言", "nameEn": "Topological insulator", "wikiEn": "Topological insulator", "aliases": [ "拓扑绝缘体", "Topological insulator", "Kane–Mele模型", "量子自旋霍尔效应" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "physics", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "band_theory" ], "related": [ "transistor" ], "desc": "凯恩与默列预言二维拓扑绝缘体，开启拓扑量子物态研究。" }, { "id": "youtube", "name": "YouTube", "nameEn": "YouTube", "wikiEn": "YouTube", "aliases": [ "油管", "优兔", "视频分享网站" ], "year": 2005, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "netflix", "live_streaming", "tiktok" ], "desc": "2005年创立的用户视频分享平台，重塑视频内容生产传播。" }, { "id": "amazon_web_services", "name": "亚马逊云科技", "nameEn": "Amazon Web Services", "wikiEn": "Amazon Web Services", "aliases": [ "AWS", "亚马逊云", "EC2", "S3", "Azure", "Google Cloud" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "virtualization", "internet" ], "related": [ "cloud_computing", "serverless_computing", "kubernetes" ], "desc": "2006年S3、EC2上线开创公有云市场，后与Azure、GCP三强鼎立。" }, { "id": "big_data", "name": "大数据", "nameEn": "Big data", "wikiEn": "Big data", "aliases": [ "Hadoop", "MapReduce", "海量数据", "巨量资料" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internet", "relational_database" ], "related": [ "apache_spark", "cloud_computing", "deep_learning", "next_generation_sequencing" ], "desc": "海量多形态数据的分布式存储与分析体系；2006年Hadoop问世走向实用。" }, { "id": "cloud_computing", "name": "云计算", "nameEn": "Cloud computing", "wikiEn": "Cloud computing", "aliases": [ "云端运算", "云服务", "弹性计算", "公有云" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internet", "virtualization" ], "related": [ "amazon_web_services", "big_data", "electrical_grid", "serverless_computing" ], "desc": "按需自助、弹性付费的网络化计算资源模式，2006年随AWS走向主流。" }, { "id": "compressed_sensing", "name": "压缩感知", "nameEn": "Compressed sensing", "wikiEn": "Compressed sensing", "aliases": [ "压缩传感", "压缩采样", "compressive sensing", "稀疏恢复" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "information_theory", "fourier_analysis" ], "related": [ "radon_transform", "filtered_backprojection", "lp_spaces" ], "desc": "坎代斯、陶哲轩与多诺霍2006年证明稀疏信号可由少量测量恢复，催生稀疏MRI。" }, { "id": "crowdsourcing", "name": "众包", "nameEn": "Crowdsourcing", "wikiEn": "Crowdsourcing", "aliases": [ "群众外包", "大众协作", "维基协作", "Amazon Mechanical Turk" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "wikipedia", "imagenet" ], "desc": "把任务开放给大规模网民协作完成的模式，2006年《连线》杂志正式定名。" }, { "id": "danmaku", "name": "弹幕", "nameEn": "Niconico", "wikiEn": "Niconico", "aliases": [ "Niconico动画", "ニコニコ動画", "Bilibili", "B站", "弹幕评论" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "live_streaming", "youtube" ], "desc": "2006年Niconico首创视频叠加滚动评论，中国弹幕站跟进。" }, { "id": "epigenetic_therapy", "name": "表观遗传疗法", "nameEn": "Epigenetic therapy", "wikiEn": "Epigenetic therapy", "aliases": [ "伏立诺他", "Vorinostat", "HDAC抑制剂", "表观药物" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "mass_spectrometry" ], "related": [ "gene_therapy", "nmr_spectroscopy" ], "desc": "2006年伏立诺他获批，调控基因开关治疗淋巴瘤。" }, { "id": "flow_chemistry", "name": "连续流动化学", "nameEn": "Continuous Flow Chemistry", "wikiEn": "Flow chemistry", "aliases": [ "微流控合成", "连续流" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "制药工业连续流规模化应用约2000年代中期", "era": "intelligent", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "catalysis_concept" ], "related": [ "conductive_polymer" ], "desc": "反应液连续通过微通道完成传热传质，共轭聚合物可在此模式下直接放大" }, { "id": "mcts", "name": "蒙特卡洛树搜索", "nameEn": "Monte Carlo tree search", "wikiEn": "Monte Carlo tree search", "aliases": [ "MCTS", "蒙特卡洛树搜索算法", "UCT算法", "Upper confidence trees" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "monte_carlo_method", "astar_search" ], "related": [ "alphago", "game_theory", "simulated_annealing", "watkins_q_learning" ], "desc": "库隆与科奇什等将随机模拟与树式选择扩张结合，后经AlphaGo战胜人类围棋冠军。" }, { "id": "rebco_coated_conductor_tape", "name": "稀土钡铜氧超导带材", "nameEn": "REBCO coated conductor", "wikiEn": "Rare-earth barium copper oxide", "aliases": [ "ReBCO", "第二代高温超导带材", "涂层导体" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2005, 2008 ], "year_note": "2000 年代中期双面织构缓冲层加超导薄膜实现千米级带材", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chemical_vapor_deposition", "superconductivity_discovery" ], "related": [ "niobium_tin", "ndfeb_magnet" ], "desc": "在织构金属基带上外延稀土钡铜氧薄膜，做成可载大电流的柔性超导带。" }, { "id": "recommender_system", "name": "推荐系统", "nameEn": "Recommender system", "wikiEn": "Recommender system", "aliases": [ "推荐引擎", "协同过滤", "Netflix Prize", "个性化推荐" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "big_data", "deep_learning" ], "desc": "预测用户偏好的信息过滤系统；2006年Netflix大赛，2016年深度学习化。" }, { "id": "roblox", "name": "Roblox", "nameEn": "Roblox", "wikiEn": "Roblox", "aliases": [ "机器砖块", "罗布乐思" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "nintendo_switch", "youtube" ], "desc": "2006年上线的用户创作游戏社交平台，元宇宙先行样本。" }, { "id": "three_gorges_dam", "name": "三峡大坝", "nameEn": "Three Gorges Dam", "wikiEn": "Three Gorges Dam", "aliases": [ "长江三峡水利枢纽" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": [ 2003, 2006 ], "year_note": "2003年首台机组发电，2006年坝体封顶；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "construction", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "concrete", "hydroelectricity", "prestressed_concrete" ], "related": [ "dam", "high_voltage_direct_current", "container_shipping" ], "desc": "长江干流混凝土重力坝，装机规模居世界首位。" }, { "id": "twitter", "name": "Twitter", "nameEn": "Twitter (X)", "wikiEn": "X (social network)", "aliases": [ "X", "推特", "微博客" ], "year": 2006, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "social_networking_service" ], "related": [ "facebook", "weibo" ], "desc": "2006年创立的微博客平台，以短消息与实时信息传播著称。" }, { "id": "autonomous_driving_lidar", "name": "自动驾驶激光雷达", "nameEn": "Lidar", "wikiEn": "Lidar", "aliases": [ "LiDAR", "车载激光雷达", "4D毫米波雷达", "成像毫米波雷达" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [ "electric_vehicle", "hd_map", "v2x_connected_vehicle", "deep_learning" ], "desc": "2007年车载激光雷达亮相城市挑战赛，成自动驾驶关键硬件。" }, { "id": "cuda", "name": "CUDA", "nameEn": "CUDA", "wikiEn": "CUDA", "aliases": [ "NVIDIA CUDA", "GPU通用计算", "GPGPU", "GPU并行计算" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gpu" ], "related": [ "ai_accelerator", "blas", "deep_learning", "tensor_processing_unit" ], "desc": "NVIDIA 2007年推出的GPU通用计算平台，后成为深度学习训练算力底座。" }, { "id": "cyberwarfare", "name": "网络战", "nameEn": "Cyberwarfare", "wikiEn": "Cyberwarfare", "aliases": [ "网络攻击", "信息战" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2007年爱沙尼亚大规模网络瘫痪事件；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "military", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "unmanned_combat_aircraft", "precision_guided_munition", "gps" ], "desc": "以网络入侵瘫痪对手系统与数据的第五维战场。" }, { "id": "digital_media_player", "name": "网络电视机顶盒", "nameEn": "Digital media player", "wikiEn": "Digital media player", "aliases": [ "Apple TV", "Roku", "电视盒子", "流媒体盒子" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "smart_tv", "chromecast", "netflix" ], "desc": "2007年Apple TV等把网络流媒体输出到电视的机顶盒。" }, { "id": "e_reader", "name": "电子阅读器", "nameEn": "E-reader", "wikiEn": "E-reader", "aliases": [ "Kindle", "亚马逊Kindle", "电纸书", "电子墨水屏阅读器" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "tablet_computer", "ipod" ], "desc": "2007年Kindle以电子墨水屏提供类纸阅读与联网购书。" }, { "id": "ios", "name": "iOS", "nameEn": "iOS", "wikiEn": "IOS", "aliases": [ "iPhone OS", "苹果移动系统", "iPhone操作系统" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery", "personal_computer" ], "related": [ "android", "app_store", "smartphone", "touchscreen" ], "desc": "苹果2007年随iPhone发布的移动操作系统，主导封闭生态。" }, { "id": "llzo_garnet_solid_electrolyte", "name": "石榴石型固态电解质", "nameEn": "LLZO garnet solid electrolyte", "wikiEn": "LLZO", "aliases": [ "锂镧锆氧", "石榴石电解质" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2007 年报告镧锆氧石榴石具备实用锂离子电导", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery", "zirconia_ceramic" ], "related": [ "solid_state_battery", "lithium_metal" ], "desc": "石榴石结构氧化物导锂离子且较耐枝晶穿刺，是全固态电池的关键陶瓷电解质。" }, { "id": "m_pesa", "name": "M-Pesa", "nameEn": "M-Pesa", "wikiEn": "M-Pesa", "aliases": [ "手机货币", "肯尼亚手机银行", "M-PESA" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mobile_phone" ], "related": [ "digital_wallet", "upi" ], "desc": "2007年肯尼亚推出的短信移动货币，让无银行账户者转账。" }, { "id": "mobile_payment", "name": "移动货币账户", "nameEn": "Mobile money", "wikiEn": "Mobile payment", "aliases": [ "移动支付", "手机钱包" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "九十年代已有试验，2007年M-Pesa 使其在无账户地区普及；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "mobile_phone", "credit_card_system" ], "related": [ "alipay", "swift_network", "hawala_remit" ], "desc": "以手机余额收付转账，从未开过户的人口接入支付体系。" }, { "id": "netbook", "name": "上网本", "nameEn": "Netbook", "wikiEn": "Netbook", "aliases": [ "华硕Eee PC", "Asus Eee PC", "迷你笔记本" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer", "internet" ], "related": [ "chromebook", "tablet_computer" ], "desc": "2007年Eee PC引领的廉价小尺寸上网笔记本，后被平板取代。" }, { "id": "netflix", "name": "Netflix", "nameEn": "Netflix", "wikiEn": "Netflix", "aliases": [ "网飞", "奈飞", "流媒体视频" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "digital_media_player", "spotify", "streaming_media", "youtube" ], "desc": "2007年Netflix转型流媒体点播，后以自制剧颠覆影视业。" }, { "id": "smartphone", "name": "智能手机", "nameEn": "Smartphone", "wikiEn": "Smartphone", "aliases": [ "iPhone", "智慧型手机", "触屏手机" ], "year": 2007, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internet", "mobile_phone", "personal_computer", "touchscreen" ], "related": [ "android", "app_store", "ios", "oled" ], "desc": "2007年iPhone开创的触屏应用生态移动终端，融合电话与电脑。" }, { "id": "airbnb", "name": "Airbnb", "nameEn": "Airbnb", "wikiEn": "Airbnb", "aliases": [ "爱彼迎", "空中食宿", "民宿短租" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "uber", "o2o" ], "desc": "2008年创立的民宿共享平台，开创住宿共享经济模式。" }, { "id": "android", "name": "安卓", "nameEn": "Android (operating system)", "wikiEn": "Android (operating system)", "aliases": [ "Android", "安卓系统", "安卓操作系统" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet", "linux_kernel", "personal_computer", "smartphone" ], "related": [ "app_store", "ios", "open_source", "smartphone" ], "desc": "谷歌2008年推出的开源移动操作系统，占据全球多数手机。" }, { "id": "app_store", "name": "应用商店", "nameEn": "App Store (Apple)", "wikiEn": "App Store (Apple)", "aliases": [ "App Store", "苹果应用商店", "应用市场", "Google Play" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "ios" ], "related": [ "android", "copyright", "smartphone" ], "desc": "2008年App Store确立移动应用分发与分成模式，催生App经济。" }, { "id": "blockchain", "name": "区块链", "nameEn": "Blockchain", "wikiEn": "Blockchain", "aliases": [ "块链", "分布式账本", "Distributed ledger", "区块链技术" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cryptographic_hash_function", "internet", "merkle_tree" ], "related": [ "bitcoin", "ethereum", "fiat_money" ], "desc": "密码学链式分布式账本技术，2008年中本聪比特币白皮书提出并落地。" }, { "id": "chiplet_packaging", "name": "芯粒架构", "nameEn": "Chiplet", "wikiEn": "Chiplet", "aliases": [ "小芯片", "裸片互连", "UCIe" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "概念于2008年前后提出，2010年代后成为主流", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "advanced_packaging_technology", "three_dimensional_ic" ], "related": [ "integrated_circuit", "euv_lithography", "microprocessor" ], "desc": "把大芯片拆成可异质集成的小裸片，良率与成本双降。" }, { "id": "flint_library", "name": "FLINT快速数论库", "nameEn": "Fast Library for Number Theory", "wikiEn": "Fast Library for Number Theory", "aliases": [ "FLINT", "快速数论函数库", "FLINT数论库" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "computer_algebra" ], "related": [ "sparse_matrix" ], "desc": "支持大整数、多项式与数论算法的高性能C函数库，哈特2008年前后发起，开源维护。" }, { "id": "internet_of_things", "name": "物联网", "nameEn": "Internet of things", "wikiEn": "Internet of things", "aliases": [ "IoT", "万物互联", "传感网" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "internet", "cloud_computing" ], "related": [ "digital_twin", "home_automation", "lpwan", "precision_agriculture" ], "desc": "1999年提出概念，2008年后传感器设备规模化联网落地。" }, { "id": "mooc", "name": "大规模开放在线课程", "nameEn": "MOOC", "wikiEn": "Massive open online course", "aliases": [ "慕课" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2008年CCK08首倡", "era": "intelligent", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web", "internet" ], "related": [ "open_university", "adaptive_learning" ], "desc": "面向全球免费开放的网络课程，打破学位教育边界" }, { "id": "parametric_design", "name": "参数化设计", "nameEn": "Parametric design", "wikiEn": "Parametric design", "aliases": [ "参数化主义", "算法形体生成" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2008 年被理论化为建筑范式，其数字方法始于 1990 年代；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "construction", "kind": "原理", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "numerical_control", "computational_geometry", "internet" ], "related": [ "additive_manufacturing", "cross_laminated_timber", "skyscraper", "steel_frame_construction" ], "desc": "以参数与规则驱动形体，改一处即重算整套几何与下料。" }, { "id": "parcel_locker", "name": "自助快递柜", "nameEn": "Parcel locker", "wikiEn": "Parcel locker", "aliases": [ "Smart locker" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2008年波兰因Post首设", "era": "intelligent", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "barcode" ], "related": [ "vending_machine", "internet" ], "desc": "扫码开格存取包裹，收发货免等面，末端配送改由柜机接力。" }, { "id": "photoredox_catalysis", "name": "光氧化还原催化", "nameEn": "Photoredox Catalysis", "wikiEn": "Photoredox catalysis", "aliases": [ "可见光光氧化还原" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "transition_state_theory" ], "related": [ "perovskite_solar_cell" ], "desc": "可见光激发催化剂完成单电子转移循环，与钙钛矿光伏共享光生载流子电荷转移原理" }, { "id": "seed_vault", "name": "斯瓦尔巴全球种子库", "nameEn": "Svalbard Global Seed Vault", "wikiEn": "Svalbard Global Seed Vault", "aliases": [ "末日种子库", "全球粮种库" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "grain_storage", "plant_breeding" ], "related": [ "green_revolution", "ir8_rice" ], "desc": "北极永久冻土中的农作物种子备份库，开库即启用。" }, { "id": "smart_tv", "name": "智能电视", "nameEn": "Smart TV", "wikiEn": "Smart TV", "aliases": [ "互联网电视", "联网电视", "Android TV" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "digital_media_player", "chromecast", "netflix" ], "desc": "2008年前后出现的内置联网系统、可安装应用的电视机。" }, { "id": "spotify", "name": "Spotify", "nameEn": "Spotify", "wikiEn": "Spotify", "aliases": [ "声田", "流媒体音乐", "Spotify音乐" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "ipod", "netflix", "podcast", "streaming_media" ], "desc": "2008年推出的正版流媒体音乐服务，订阅制取代下载。" }, { "id": "tidal_stream_generator", "name": "潮流能水轮机", "nameEn": "Tidal Stream Generator", "wikiEn": "Tidal stream generator", "aliases": [ "潮流涡轮", "海流发电机组" ], "year": 2008, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "tidal_power_plant", "modern_wind_turbine" ], "related": [ "hydroelectricity", "offshore_wind_power", "ndfeb_magnet" ], "desc": "把风机叶轮搬进水道靠潮流驱动，海水密度使其单位扫掠面积功率远超风" }, { "id": "autonomous_driving", "name": "自动驾驶", "nameEn": "Self-driving car", "wikiEn": "Self-driving car", "aliases": [ "无人驾驶汽车", "Waymo", "Tesla Autopilot", "自动驾驶辅助", "ADAS" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "deep_learning", "imagenet", "electric_vehicle" ], "desc": "以AI感知决策替代驾驶；2009年谷歌启动，2015年Autopilot量产。" }, { "id": "bitcoin", "name": "比特币", "nameEn": "Bitcoin", "wikiEn": "Bitcoin", "aliases": [ "BTC", "加密货币", "Cryptocurrency", "点对点电子现金" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blockchain" ], "related": [ "ethereum", "stablecoin" ], "desc": "中本聪2009年启动的首个去中心化加密货币与点对点电子现金系统。" }, { "id": "boron_nitride_nanosheet", "name": "氮化硼纳米片", "nameEn": "Hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet", "wikiEn": "Boron nitride nanosheet", "aliases": [ "h-BN", "白石墨烯" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2008, 2010 ], "year_note": "2000 年代末实现单层六方氮化硼剥离并用作器件衬底", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cubic_boron_nitride", "graphene" ], "related": [ "wide_bandgap_semiconductor", "gallium_nitride" ], "desc": "与石墨烯同构却是宽带隙绝缘层，充当二维器件的干净衬底与隧道势垒。" }, { "id": "fitness_tracker", "name": "智能手环", "nameEn": "Fitness tracker", "wikiEn": "Fitness tracker", "aliases": [ "Fitbit", "运动手环", "健身追踪器", "小米手环" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "smartwatch" ], "desc": "2009年Fitbit开创的可穿戴计步、睡眠与运动监测设备。" }, { "id": "imagenet", "name": "ImageNet", "nameEn": "ImageNet", "wikiEn": "ImageNet", "aliases": [ "ILSVRC", "ImageNet竞赛", "图像识别大赛" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "convolutional_neural_network", "alexnet", "crowdsourcing" ], "desc": "李飞飞团队2009年建成的千万级标注图像库及竞赛，点燃视觉深度学习。" }, { "id": "lithium_sulfur_cathode_system", "name": "锂硫电极体系", "nameEn": "Lithium–sulfur electrode system", "wikiEn": "Lithium–sulfur battery", "aliases": [ "Li-S 电池", "硫正极" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2008, 2011 ], "year_note": "2000 年代末纳米碳复合硫正极与锂金属负极保护方案集中出现", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lithium_metal" ], "related": [ "lithium_ion_battery", "electric_vehicle" ], "desc": "单质硫正极配锂金属负极把理论比容量抬到锂盐正极的数倍，多硫化物穿梭是难点。" }, { "id": "lte", "name": "4G LTE", "nameEn": "LTE (telecommunication)", "wikiEn": "LTE (telecommunication)", "aliases": [ "LTE", "长期演进技术", "4G", "WiMAX", "第四代移动通信" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "gsm", "third_generation_mobile" ], "related": [ "fifth_generation_mobile", "gps", "optical_fiber_silica", "smartphone" ], "desc": "2009年北欧首商的4G标准，带宽足以支撑视频与应用生态。" }, { "id": "mobile_broadband_modem", "name": "MiFi随身热点", "nameEn": "Mobile broadband modem", "wikiEn": "Mobile broadband modem", "aliases": [ "MiFi", "3G上网卡", "无线上网卡", "随身WiFi", "USB调制解调器" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "third_generation_mobile" ], "related": [ "lte", "smartphone" ], "desc": "2009年MiFi等让多设备随时共享3G/4G移动网络。" }, { "id": "online_food_ordering", "name": "外卖平台", "nameEn": "Online food ordering", "wikiEn": "Online food ordering", "aliases": [ "饿了么", "美团外卖", "DoorDash", "Grubhub", "Ele.me" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "meituan", "didi", "o2o" ], "desc": "2009年饿了么等兴起的线上下单、即时配送餐饮平台。" }, { "id": "organoid", "name": "类器官", "nameEn": "Organoid", "wikiEn": "Organoid", "aliases": [ "迷你器官", "3D器官培养", "肠类器官" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "borosilicate_glass", "microscope" ], "related": [ "additive_manufacturing", "bioprinting_3d", "ips_cell_therapy", "single_cell_sequencing" ], "desc": "2009年培育出肠类器官，迷你组织用于疾病建模。" }, { "id": "perovskite_solar_cell", "name": "钙钛矿太阳能电池", "nameEn": "Perovskite solar cell", "wikiEn": "Perovskite solar cell", "aliases": [ "PSC", "钙钛矿光伏", "杂化卤化物钙钛矿电池" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "solar_cell" ], "related": [ "topcon_hjt_solar_cell" ], "desc": "2009年效率3.8%起步，十余年升至26%以上的新光伏。" }, { "id": "single_cell_sequencing", "name": "单细胞测序", "nameEn": "Single-cell sequencing", "wikiEn": "Single-cell sequencing", "aliases": [ "scRNA-seq", "单细胞RNA测序", "单细胞转录组" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "charge_coupled_device", "microscope", "next_generation_sequencing" ], "related": [ "convolutional_neural_network", "metropolis_hastings", "organoid" ], "desc": "在单个细胞分辨率测序，揭示组织内的细胞异质性。" }, { "id": "uber", "name": "Uber", "nameEn": "Uber", "wikiEn": "Uber", "aliases": [ "优步", "网约车", "UberCab" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "gps" ], "related": [ "didi", "airbnb", "o2o" ], "desc": "2009年创立的手机叫车平台，开创共享出行与零工经济。" }, { "id": "weibo", "name": "微博", "nameEn": "Weibo", "wikiEn": "Weibo", "aliases": [ "新浪微博", "Sina Weibo", "微博客" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "social_networking_service" ], "related": [ "twitter", "wechat", "zhihu" ], "desc": "2009年新浪推出的中国主流微博客平台与公共舆论场。" }, { "id": "whatsapp", "name": "WhatsApp", "nameEn": "WhatsApp", "wikiEn": "WhatsApp", "aliases": [ "WhatsApp Messenger", "瓦次艾普" ], "year": 2009, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "internet" ], "related": [ "wechat", "line_messenger", "telegram" ], "desc": "2009年推出的跨平台移动聊天应用，全球用户超20亿。" }, { "id": "air_fryer", "name": "空气炸锅", "nameEn": "Air fryer", "wikiEn": "Air fryer", "aliases": [ "热风炸锅", "无油炸锅" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "家用台式机型于二十世纪十年代中期大众化", "era": "intelligent", "category": "daily_life", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "stove", "thermometer" ], "related": [ "oven", "frozen_food", "cooking" ], "desc": "以高速热风循环模拟油煎的小型台面炊具，用少量油完成酥脆烹调。" }, { "id": "algan_gan_hemt_channel", "name": "铝镓氮异质结", "nameEn": "AlGaN/GaN heterostructure", "wikiEn": "Aluminium gallium nitride", "aliases": [ "AlGaN", "铝镓氮二维电子气" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2004, 2011 ], "year_note": "常关型氮化镓功率开关在 2000 年代末至 2010 年前后商品化", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "gallium_nitride", "wide_bandgap_semiconductor" ], "related": [ "electric_vehicle", "photovoltaic_power_station", "laser_diode" ], "desc": "铝镓氮与氮化镓界面形成高浓度二维电子气，承担射频与高压功率开关沟道。" }, { "id": "amoled_smartphone", "name": "AMOLED屏幕", "nameEn": "AMOLED", "wikiEn": "AMOLED", "aliases": [ "OLED屏", "Super AMOLED", "有机发光二极管屏", "曲面屏" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "lcd_display" ], "related": [ "foldable_smartphone" ], "desc": "2010年Galaxy系列采用Super AMOLED，推动手机屏轻薄高对比。" }, { "id": "digital_identity", "name": "数字身份", "nameEn": "Digital identity", "wikiEn": "Digital identity", "aliases": [ "电子身份证", "eID", "网络实名", "Aadhaar" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "health_qr_code", "smartphone_biometrics", "nfc" ], "desc": "2010年前后以Aadhaar为代表的国家级数字身份体系。" }, { "id": "electric_two_wheeler", "name": "电动两轮车", "nameEn": "Electric motorcycles and scooters", "wikiEn": "Electric motorcycles and scooters", "aliases": [ "电动摩托车", "电动踏板车", "共享电滑板", "e-scooter" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery" ], "related": [ "electric_vehicle" ], "desc": "锂电化推动电动两轮车与共享电滑板全球普及。" }, { "id": "instagram", "name": "Instagram", "nameEn": "Instagram", "wikiEn": "Instagram", "aliases": [ "Ins", "照片墙", "IG" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "facebook" ], "related": [ "snapchat", "tiktok" ], "desc": "2010年上线的手机照片短视频社区，后被Facebook收购。" }, { "id": "iter", "name": "国际热核聚变实验堆", "nameEn": "ITER", "wikiEn": "ITER", "aliases": [ "ITER", "人造太阳计划", "国际热核实验堆" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "nuclear_fusion_ignition" ], "desc": "2010年开工、在建的国际托卡马克，验证聚变发电。" }, { "id": "meituan", "name": "美团（大众点评）", "nameEn": "Meituan", "wikiEn": "Meituan", "aliases": [ "美团", "美团网", "大众点评", "Meituan-Dianping" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "yelp", "o2o", "online_food_ordering" ], "desc": "2010年团购起家、合并大众点评的本地生活服务平台。" }, { "id": "o2o", "name": "O2O", "nameEn": "Online to offline", "wikiEn": "Online to offline", "aliases": [ "线上到线下", "O2O商务", "团购", "Groupon" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "uber", "meituan", "yelp" ], "desc": "2010年提出的线上引流、线下消费模式，团购本地生活盛行。" }, { "id": "quora", "name": "Quora", "nameEn": "Quora", "wikiEn": "Quora", "aliases": [ "美国知乎", "问答社区" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "social_networking_service" ], "related": [ "zhihu", "reddit" ], "desc": "2010年开放的英文社交问答网站，邀请制起步。" }, { "id": "synthetic_biology", "name": "合成生物学", "nameEn": "Synthetic biology", "wikiEn": "Synthetic biology", "aliases": [ "Synthia", "JCVI-syn1.0", "人工合成生命", "合成生物" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dna_double_helix" ], "related": [ "crispr_gene_editing", "cultured_meat" ], "desc": "2010年首个人造基因组细胞诞生，工程化设计生命。" }, { "id": "tablet_computer", "name": "平板电脑", "nameEn": "Tablet computer", "wikiEn": "Tablet computer", "aliases": [ "iPad", "平板", "平板电脑iPad" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lcd_display", "liquid_crystal_material", "smartphone", "touchscreen" ], "related": [ "app_store", "e_reader", "ipod", "wifi" ], "desc": "2010年iPad定义的大尺寸触屏电脑，开创并主导平板品类。" }, { "id": "v2x_connected_vehicle", "name": "车路协同", "nameEn": "Vehicular communication systems", "wikiEn": "Vehicular communication systems", "aliases": [ "V2X", "车联网", "C-V2X", "DSRC", "车路云一体化" ], "year": 2010, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "hd_map", "autonomous_driving_lidar", "electric_vehicle" ], "desc": "2010年DSRC标准落地，车与车、路、云实时通信协同。" }, { "id": "artificial_photosynthesis", "name": "人工光合作用", "nameEn": "Artificial Photosynthesis", "wikiEn": "Artificial photosynthesis", "aliases": [ "人工光合制氢" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "JCAP人工叶片概念验证发表于此期间", "era": "intelligent", "category": "chemistry", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "photosynthesis_discovery" ], "related": [ "solar_cell" ], "desc": "模拟天然光合以太阳能直接分解水制氢，与光伏共享光激发载流子驱动化学反应的核心机制" }, { "id": "chromebook", "name": "Chromebook", "nameEn": "Chromebook", "wikiEn": "Chromebook", "aliases": [ "谷歌笔记本", "Chrome OS笔记本" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cloud_computing", "internet" ], "related": [ "netbook" ], "desc": "2011年起以Chrome OS为核心、云端优先的廉价笔记本。" }, { "id": "digital_wallet", "name": "电子钱包", "nameEn": "Digital wallet", "wikiEn": "Digital wallet", "aliases": [ "数字钱包", "e-wallet", "Google Wallet", "电子现金" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "digicash", "smartphone" ], "related": [ "apple_pay", "m_pesa" ], "desc": "2011年Google Wallet等把票券、卡片与支付集成到手机。" }, { "id": "home_automation", "name": "智能家居", "nameEn": "Home automation", "wikiEn": "Home automation", "aliases": [ "Smart home", "智慧家居", "家庭自动化", "Nest恒温器", "Philips Hue" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet_of_things" ], "related": [ "smart_speaker", "matter_standard", "zigbee" ], "desc": "2011年Nest恒温器等推动家居设备联网与自动化控制。" }, { "id": "ibm_watson", "name": "沃森", "nameEn": "Watson (computer)", "wikiEn": "Watson (computer)", "aliases": [ "IBM Watson", "沃森超级电脑", "DeepQA" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "imagenet", "large_language_model" ], "desc": "IBM问答系统，2011年在《危险边缘》击败人类冠军，深度学习前夕的AI里程碑。" }, { "id": "line_messenger", "name": "LINE", "nameEn": "Line (software)", "wikiEn": "Line (software)", "aliases": [ "连我", "LINE Messenger" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "whatsapp", "wechat", "telegram" ], "desc": "2011年日本推出的移动聊天应用，凭贴图风靡东亚东南亚。" }, { "id": "live_streaming", "name": "网络直播", "nameEn": "Live streaming", "wikiEn": "Live streaming", "aliases": [ "Twitch", "直播带货", "斗鱼", "Periscope", "淘宝直播" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet", "smartphone" ], "related": [ "youtube", "tiktok", "danmaku" ], "desc": "2011年Twitch等兴起，游戏直播与直播电商成为新媒介。" }, { "id": "mos2_monolayer_channel", "name": "二硫化钼单层沟道", "nameEn": "Monolayer MoS2 channel", "wikiEn": "Molybdenum disulfide", "aliases": [ "MoS2", "层状过渡金属硫化物" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2011 年单层二硫化钼场效应管证明二维半导体可作晶体管沟道；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "graphene", "planar_process" ], "related": [ "gaa_node_fet", "wide_bandgap_semiconductor" ], "desc": "层状硫化物减薄到单层后开直接带隙、原子级平整，被视为后硅沟道候选。" }, { "id": "mxene_2d_carbide", "name": "MXene 二维碳化物", "nameEn": "MXene", "wikiEn": "MXenes", "aliases": [ "过渡金属碳氮化物", "MXene" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2011 年选择性刻蚀 MAX 相制得单层过渡金属碳化物", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "titanium_alloy", "high_entropy_alloy" ], "related": [ "lithium_ion_battery", "graphene" ], "desc": "刻去 MAX 相中的 A 层得到导电碳氮化物片层，兼具金属导性与电容储能。" }, { "id": "qr_code_payment", "name": "二维码支付", "nameEn": "QR code payment", "wikiEn": "QR code payment", "aliases": [ "扫码支付", "QR支付", "收款码", "扫码付款" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "alipay", "nfc", "health_qr_code" ], "desc": "2011年起在中国普及的扫码付款，小摊小店也能无现金收款。" }, { "id": "rinderpest_eradication", "name": "牛瘟全球根除", "nameEn": "Rinderpest eradication", "wikiEn": "Rinderpest", "aliases": [ "牛瘟消灭计划" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2011年粮农组织宣布全球根除，为牛瘟而非口蹄疫", "era": "intelligent", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "anthrax_vaccine", "germ_theory" ], "related": [ "animal_husbandry", "dairy" ], "desc": "全球疫情监测加疫苗运动根除牛瘟，畜禽防疫首例。" }, { "id": "silicon_interposer_2p5d", "name": "硅中介层互连", "nameEn": "Silicon interposer integration", "wikiEn": "Interposer", "aliases": [ "2.5D 集成", "硅插层" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2007, 2012 ], "year_note": "2007 年前后出现样品，2011 年前后进入高性能量产", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "through_silicon_via", "flip_chip" ], "related": [ "chiplet_packaging", "three_dimensional_ic" ], "desc": "以带通孔与密集布线的硅插层把多颗裸片并排连成超高带宽的单一封装。" }, { "id": "snapchat", "name": "Snapchat", "nameEn": "Snapchat", "wikiEn": "Snapchat", "aliases": [ "色拉布", "阅后即焚", "Snap" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "instagram", "tiktok" ], "desc": "2011年以阅后即焚和短视频故事走红的年轻人社交应用。" }, { "id": "voice_assistant", "name": "语音助手", "nameEn": "Virtual assistant", "wikiEn": "Virtual assistant", "aliases": [ "Siri", "Alexa", "小爱同学", "Google Assistant", "语音助理", "小度" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "internet" ], "related": [ "cloud_computing", "large_language_model", "smart_speaker", "speech_recognition" ], "desc": "2011年Siri开创的自然语言对话助理，后端依托云端AI。" }, { "id": "webrtc", "name": "WebRTC", "nameEn": "WebRTC", "wikiEn": "WebRTC", "aliases": [ "网页实时通信", "浏览器音视频通话" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "zoom", "live_streaming" ], "desc": "2011年谷歌开源的浏览器实时音视频标准，支撑网页通话。" }, { "id": "wechat", "name": "微信", "nameEn": "WeChat", "wikiEn": "WeChat", "aliases": [ "Weixin", "微信App", "腾讯微信" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet", "smartphone" ], "related": [ "health_qr_code", "line_messenger", "wechat_pay", "whatsapp" ], "desc": "2011年腾讯推出的超级应用，集通信、社交、支付与服务。" }, { "id": "zhihu", "name": "知乎", "nameEn": "Zhihu", "wikiEn": "Zhihu", "aliases": [ "知乎问答", "知乎社区" ], "year": 2011, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "social_networking_service" ], "related": [ "quora", "weibo" ], "desc": "2011年上线的中文知识问答社区，后扩展为内容平台。" }, { "id": "alexnet", "name": "AlexNet", "nameEn": "AlexNet", "wikiEn": "AlexNet", "aliases": [ "AlexNet深度网络", "Krizhevsky网络" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "backpropagation", "cuda", "imagenet" ], "related": [ "convolutional_neural_network", "deep_learning", "gpu" ], "desc": "Hinton团队2012年深度CNN，ImageNet夺冠，引爆深度学习革命。" }, { "id": "convolutional_neural_network", "name": "卷积神经网络", "nameEn": "Convolutional neural network", "wikiEn": "Convolutional neural network", "aliases": [ "CNN", "卷积网络", "LeNet" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "backpropagation" ], "related": [ "alexnet", "imagenet", "deep_learning" ], "desc": "卷积深度网络擅图像识别；1990年代起源，2012年随AlexNet成熟。" }, { "id": "crispr_gene_editing", "name": "CRISPR基因编辑", "nameEn": "CRISPR gene editing", "wikiEn": "CRISPR gene editing", "aliases": [ "CRISPR-Cas9", "基因剪刀", "Casgevy", "规律成簇间隔短回文重复" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "dna_double_helix", "python_language", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "gene_therapy", "synthetic_biology", "gene_drive", "prime_editing" ], "desc": "2012年实现精准廉价基因编辑，2023年Casgevy疗法获批。" }, { "id": "curiosity_rover", "name": "好奇号火星车", "nameEn": "Curiosity (rover)", "wikiEn": "Curiosity (rover)", "aliases": [ "Curiosity", "火星科学实验室", "MSL", "天空起重机" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "perseverance_rover", "new_horizons" ], "desc": "2012年天空起重机着陆，汽车级核动力火星巡视器。" }, { "id": "deep_learning", "name": "深度学习", "nameEn": "Deep learning", "wikiEn": "Deep learning", "aliases": [ "Deep neural network", "深度神经网络", "深度机器学习" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "backpropagation", "big_data", "gpu" ], "related": [ "alexnet", "convolutional_neural_network", "cuda", "large_language_model" ], "desc": "多层神经网络结合大数据与GPU训练的AI范式，2012年AlexNet引爆。" }, { "id": "didi", "name": "滴滴出行", "nameEn": "DiDi", "wikiEn": "DiDi", "aliases": [ "滴滴", "滴滴打车", "小桔科技" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "gps" ], "related": [ "uber", "online_food_ordering" ], "desc": "2012年成立的中国移动出行平台，合并快的后主导网约车。" }, { "id": "dna_data_storage", "name": "DNA数据存储", "nameEn": "DNA digital data storage", "wikiEn": "DNA digital data storage", "aliases": [ "DNA存储", "DNA硬盘", "DNA档案存储" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "information_theory", "next_generation_sequencing" ], "related": [ "hard_disk", "human_genome_project", "relational_database" ], "desc": "2012年用DNA编码数字信息，存储密度远超传统介质。" }, { "id": "electric_vehicle", "name": "现代化电动汽车", "nameEn": "Electric vehicle", "wikiEn": "Electric vehicle", "aliases": [ "电动汽车", "纯电动车", "新能源车", "Tesla", "特斯拉", "Model S", "Nissan Leaf", "聆风" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery", "automobile" ], "related": [ "gigafactory", "fuel_cell_vehicle", "autonomous_driving_lidar", "electric_two_wheeler" ], "desc": "2012年特斯拉Model S等引领，锂电驱动汽车电动化。" }, { "id": "gallium_oxide_bulk_crystal", "name": "氧化镓单晶", "nameEn": "Gallium oxide single crystal", "wikiEn": "Gallium oxide", "aliases": [ "β-Ga2O3", "氧化镓" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2012, 2015 ], "year_note": "2010 年代初相继实现氧化镓场效应管与大功率击穿演示", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "czochralski_process", "wide_bandgap_semiconductor" ], "related": [ "silicon_carbide", "gallium_nitride" ], "desc": "超宽禁带氧化镓能用熔体法长大大尺寸单晶，以低迁移率换极低导通损耗。" }, { "id": "hybrid_direct_bonding", "name": "混合键合", "nameEn": "Hybrid direct bonding", "wikiEn": "Direct bonding", "aliases": [ "铜-铜混合键合", "晶圆对晶圆键合" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2011, 2014 ], "year_note": "介质面对介面对加铜焊盘的量产键合在 2010 年代初用于堆叠成像芯片", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wafer_bonding", "chemical_mechanical_planarization" ], "related": [ "three_dimensional_ic", "through_silicon_via" ], "desc": "抛平到纳米粗糙度的介质面与铜焊盘同面直接键合，实现微米级互连间距堆叠。" }, { "id": "knowledge_graph", "name": "知识图谱", "nameEn": "Knowledge graph", "wikiEn": "Knowledge graph", "aliases": [ "Google知识图谱", "实体关系图", "Knowledge panel" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "wikipedia", "retrieval_augmented_generation", "large_language_model" ], "desc": "以实体与关系组织的结构化知识库，谷歌2012年用于语义搜索。" }, { "id": "neutrino_observatory", "name": "中微子实验", "nameEn": "IceCube Neutrino Observatory", "wikiEn": "IceCube Neutrino Observatory", "aliases": [ "IceCube", "冰立方中微子天文台", "大亚湾反应堆中微子实验" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ligo_gravitational_waves", "fast_telescope" ], "desc": "2012年大亚湾测得θ13，2013年冰立方捕获天体中微子。" }, { "id": "oculus_rift", "name": "VR头显", "nameEn": "Oculus Rift", "wikiEn": "Oculus Rift", "aliases": [ "虚拟现实头显", "虚拟现实头盔", "Meta Quest", "Oculus" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "microsoft_hololens", "apple_vision_pro", "nintendo_switch" ], "desc": "2012年众筹成功的Oculus Rift开启消费级虚拟现实浪潮。" }, { "id": "raspberry_pi", "name": "树莓派", "nameEn": "Raspberry Pi", "wikiEn": "Raspberry Pi", "aliases": [ "卡片电脑", "单板计算机", "RPi" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "personal_computer", "internet" ], "related": [ "arduino", "credit_card_system", "internet_of_things" ], "desc": "2012年推出的信用卡大小廉价单板计算机，推动创客运动。" }, { "id": "silicene_epi_layer", "name": "硅烯", "nameEn": "Silicene", "wikiEn": "Silicene", "aliases": [ "单层硅" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2012 年在衬底上外延确认蜂窝硅单层的形成；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "graphene", "wafer_electronics" ], "related": [ "epitaxy", "band_theory" ], "desc": "与石墨烯同构的蜂窝硅单层因屈曲而具可观能谷自旋特性，须依托衬底存在。" }, { "id": "wireless_charging", "name": "无线充电", "nameEn": "Inductive charging", "wikiEn": "Inductive charging", "aliases": [ "Qi充电", "感应充电", "电磁感应充电" ], "year": 2012, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "physics", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "fast_charging" ], "desc": "Qi标准2012年起进入诺基亚等手机，实现电磁感应充电。" }, { "id": "adc_drug", "name": "抗体偶联药物", "nameEn": "Antibody–drug conjugate", "wikiEn": "Antibody–drug conjugate", "aliases": [ "ADC", "抗体药物偶联物", "生物导弹", "Kadcyla", "Enhertu" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "nanomaterials" ], "related": [ "mass_spectrometry", "pd1_checkpoint_inhibitor", "quantum_dot" ], "desc": "单抗连接毒性药物，2013年Kadcyla开启精准化疗。" }, { "id": "chromecast", "name": "Chromecast", "nameEn": "Chromecast", "wikiEn": "Chromecast", "aliases": [ "谷歌电视棒", "投屏棒", "Google Cast" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet", "smartphone" ], "related": [ "smart_tv", "digital_media_player" ], "desc": "2013年谷歌推出的廉价投屏电视棒，手机即可推送流媒体。" }, { "id": "consumer_drone", "name": "消费级无人机", "nameEn": "DJI Phantom", "wikiEn": "DJI Phantom", "aliases": [ "大疆精灵", "航拍无人机", "四旋翼无人机", "DJI大疆" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "air_traffic_control", "gps" ], "related": [ "action_camera", "delivery_drone" ], "desc": "2013年大疆Phantom让四旋翼航拍无人机进入大众消费市场。" }, { "id": "cultured_meat", "name": "培养肉", "nameEn": "Cultured meat", "wikiEn": "Cultured meat", "aliases": [ "人造肉", "细胞培养肉", "实验室肉", "Clean meat", "栽培肉" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "synthetic_biology", "bioprinting_3d" ], "desc": "2013年首个培养肉汉堡问世，2020年新加坡率先上市。" }, { "id": "docker", "name": "Docker", "nameEn": "Docker (software)", "wikiEn": "Docker (software)", "aliases": [ "容器技术", "容器化", "Container", "Docker镜像" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "virtualization" ], "related": [ "kubernetes", "cloud_computing" ], "desc": "2013年开源的轻量级容器引擎，以镜像封装应用，重塑软件交付与运维。" }, { "id": "euv_lithography", "name": "极紫外光刻", "nameEn": "EUV lithography", "wikiEn": "EUV lithography", "aliases": [ "Extreme ultraviolet lithography", "High-NA EUV", "极紫外光刻" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2010, 2023 ], "year_note": "2010年原型机、2013年量产，High-NA为后续代际", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "photolithography", "laser", "laser_diode" ], "related": [ "photoresist", "wafer_electronics", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "以13.5纳米极紫外光刻画图形，先进节点的必需工序。" }, { "id": "fast_charging", "name": "快充", "nameEn": "Quick Charge", "wikiEn": "Quick Charge", "aliases": [ "VOOC闪充", "USB PD快充", "快速充电" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "wireless_charging" ], "desc": "2013年起Quick Charge等标准大幅缩短手机充电时间。" }, { "id": "google_glass", "name": "Google Glass智能眼镜", "nameEn": "Google Glass", "wikiEn": "Google Glass", "aliases": [ "谷歌眼镜", "智能眼镜", "Smartglasses" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "microsoft_hololens", "oculus_rift" ], "desc": "2013年推出的拍照显示一体智能眼镜，AR消费化先驱。" }, { "id": "offshore_wind_power", "name": "海上风电", "nameEn": "Offshore wind power", "wikiEn": "Offshore wind power", "aliases": [ "海上风力发电", "离岸风电", "大型海上风机" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wind_turbine_electric" ], "related": [ "floating_offshore_wind" ], "desc": "2013年伦敦阵列投产，海上风机迈向十兆瓦级大型化。" }, { "id": "reinforcement_learning", "name": "强化学习", "nameEn": "Reinforcement learning", "wikiEn": "Reinforcement learning", "aliases": [ "RL", "DQN", "深度Q网络", "深度强化学习", "RLHF", "人类反馈强化学习" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "alphago", "deep_learning", "chatgpt", "embodied_ai" ], "desc": "靠试错奖励学习的范式；2013年DQN达标人类，2022年RLHF对齐大模型。" }, { "id": "smart_lock", "name": "智能门锁", "nameEn": "Smart lock", "wikiEn": "Smart lock", "aliases": [ "August Smart Lock", "指纹锁", "电子门锁", "密码门锁" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "internet_of_things" ], "related": [ "smart_doorbell", "home_automation" ], "desc": "2013年前后普及的指纹、密码与手机远程开锁门锁。" }, { "id": "smartphone_biometrics", "name": "手机指纹与面容识别", "nameEn": "Touch ID", "wikiEn": "Touch ID", "aliases": [ "Face ID", "指纹解锁", "面容识别", "3D结构光解锁" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "apple_pay", "digital_identity" ], "desc": "2013年iPhone 5s指纹解锁，后发展为3D面容解锁与支付验证。" }, { "id": "telegram", "name": "Telegram", "nameEn": "Telegram (software)", "wikiEn": "Telegram (software)", "aliases": [ "电报", "Telegram Messenger" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "whatsapp", "line_messenger" ], "desc": "2013年推出的加密即时通信应用，以频道与机器人生态见长。" }, { "id": "thermocompression_die_stack_bonding", "name": "热压键合堆叠", "nameEn": "Thermocompression bonding stack", "wikiEn": "Thermocompression bonding", "aliases": [ "TC 键合", "热压扩散键合" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2013, 2016 ], "year_note": "金-金热压更早；2013 年前后因存储堆叠带宽需求重回主线", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "wafer_bonding", "flip_chip" ], "related": [ "three_dimensional_ic", "dram" ], "desc": "同时加热加压使金属面原子互扩散成键，把多层存储与逻辑芯片压成一体叠。" }, { "id": "topcon_hjt_solar_cell", "name": "TOPCon/HJT太阳能电池", "nameEn": "Heterojunction solar cell", "wikiEn": "Heterojunction solar cell", "aliases": [ "TOPCon", "隧穿氧化层钝化接触电池", "HJT电池", "异质结电池", "N型电池" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "solar_cell" ], "related": [ "perovskite_solar_cell" ], "desc": "2013年TOPCon问世，N型电池效率突破PERC上限。" }, { "id": "wechat_pay", "name": "微信支付", "nameEn": "WeChat Pay", "wikiEn": "WeChat Pay", "aliases": [ "微信转账", "微信红包", "WeChat Pay HK" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "wechat", "smartphone" ], "related": [ "alipay", "apple_pay", "mobile_payment", "qr_code_payment" ], "desc": "2013年上线，凭2014年红包大战普及的移动支付服务。" }, { "id": "word2vec", "name": "Word2vec", "nameEn": "Word2vec", "wikiEn": "Word2vec", "aliases": [ "词向量", "词嵌入", "Word embedding", "分布式表示" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "deep_learning" ], "related": [ "bert", "large_language_model" ], "desc": "谷歌2013年提出的词嵌入模型，开启文本分布式表示与预训练路线。" }, { "id": "zoom", "name": "Zoom", "nameEn": "Zoom (software)", "wikiEn": "Zoom (software)", "aliases": [ "Zoom会议", "云视频会议", "Zoom Cloud Meetings" ], "year": 2013, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "internet" ], "related": [ "skype", "webrtc" ], "desc": "2013年推出、疫情期间普及的云视频会议平台。" }, { "id": "adaptive_learning", "name": "自适应学习", "nameEn": "Adaptive learning", "wikiEn": "Adaptive learning", "aliases": [ "个性化学习系统" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2010年代随学习分析普及", "era": "intelligent", "category": "education_knowledge", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "intelligent_tutoring_system", "world_wide_web" ], "related": [ "mooc", "internet" ], "desc": "以算法实时诊断学情并个性化推送内容的学习系统" }, { "id": "apache_spark", "name": "Apache Spark", "nameEn": "Apache Spark", "wikiEn": "Apache Spark", "aliases": [ "Spark", "内存计算框架", "Spark RDD" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "big_data" ], "related": [ "cloud_computing", "tensorflow" ], "desc": "2014年成熟的开源分布式内存计算框架，弥补Hadoop迭代计算性能短板。" }, { "id": "apple_pay", "name": "Apple Pay", "nameEn": "Apple Pay", "wikiEn": "Apple Pay", "aliases": [ "苹果支付", "NFC支付", "刷手机支付" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "nfc" ], "related": [ "alipay", "digital_wallet", "nfc", "smartphone_biometrics" ], "desc": "2014年苹果推出的NFC近场支付，绑定指纹与信用卡。" }, { "id": "bahdanau_attention", "name": "注意力机制", "nameEn": "Attention (machine learning)", "wikiEn": "Attention (machine learning)", "aliases": [ "Bahdanau注意力", "加性注意力", "Attention mechanism", "Neural attention", "对齐与翻译" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "artificial_neural_network", "backpropagation", "recurrent_neural_network" ], "related": [ "neural_machine_translation", "recurrent_neural_network", "transformer_architecture" ], "desc": "巴达瑙等以软对齐动态聚焦相关词，注意力机制后成为Transformer核心。" }, { "id": "central_bank_digital_currency", "name": "央行数字货币", "nameEn": "Central bank digital currency", "wikiEn": "Central bank digital currency", "aliases": [ "CBDC", "数字法币" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2014年多国央行启动法定数字货币专项研究，其后陆续试点；词条导语与信息框均未检得该年份，降为批次断言", "era": "intelligent", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fiat_money", "digital_signature" ], "related": [ "stablecoin", "mobile_payment", "quantitative_easing" ], "desc": "央行直接对居民发行可编程的数字负债，现金与账户合为一体。" }, { "id": "continuous_glucose_monitor", "name": "动态血糖监测", "nameEn": "Continuous glucose monitor", "wikiEn": "Continuous glucose monitor", "aliases": [ "CGM", "持续葡萄糖监测", "FreeStyle Libre", "瞬感血糖仪" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "enzyme_concept", "microprocessor", "printed_circuit_board" ], "related": [ "artificial_pancreas", "bluetooth" ], "desc": "2014年瞬感等可穿戴CGM普及，连续监测血糖。" }, { "id": "cryptocurrency_hardware_wallet", "name": "硬件钱包", "nameEn": "Cryptocurrency wallet", "wikiEn": "Cryptocurrency wallet", "aliases": [ "加密硬件钱包", "Trezor", "Ledger", "冷钱包" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "bitcoin", "digital_wallet" ], "desc": "2014年Trezor首发的私钥离线签名设备，保障加密资产。" }, { "id": "fuel_cell_vehicle", "name": "氢燃料电池汽车", "nameEn": "Fuel cell vehicle", "wikiEn": "Fuel cell vehicle", "aliases": [ "FCEV", "燃料电池车", "Toyota Mirai", "丰田未来" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "necar_fuel_cell_vehicle" ], "related": [ "electric_vehicle", "green_hydrogen" ], "desc": "2014年丰田Mirai上市，氢燃料电池乘用车量产尝试。" }, { "id": "generative_adversarial_network", "name": "生成对抗网络", "nameEn": "Generative adversarial network", "wikiEn": "Generative adversarial network", "aliases": [ "GAN", "对抗生成网络", "GANS" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "deep_learning" ], "related": [ "diffusion_model", "stable_diffusion" ], "desc": "Goodfellow 2014年提出的生成器与判别器对抗训练的生成模型框架。" }, { "id": "hayabusa2", "name": "隼鸟2号", "nameEn": "Hayabusa2", "wikiEn": "Hayabusa2", "aliases": [ "はやぶさ2", "小行星龙宫采样", "隼鸟二号" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "osiris_rex" ], "desc": "2014年发射，2020年携小行星龙宫采样返回地球。" }, { "id": "ips_cell_therapy", "name": "诱导多能干细胞", "nameEn": "Induced pluripotent stem cell", "wikiEn": "Induced pluripotent stem cell", "aliases": [ "iPS细胞", "iPSC", "iPS细胞应用", "山中伸弥" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "electron_microscope", "microscope" ], "related": [ "bioprinting_3d", "gene_therapy", "organoid", "relational_database" ], "desc": "2014年日本完成首例iPS细胞视网膜移植临床试验。" }, { "id": "kubernetes", "name": "Kubernetes", "nameEn": "Kubernetes", "wikiEn": "Kubernetes", "aliases": [ "K8s", "容器编排", "Google Borg", "Kube" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "docker" ], "related": [ "cloud_computing", "amazon_web_services" ], "desc": "谷歌2014年开源的容器编排系统，成为云原生大规模部署的事实标准。" }, { "id": "pd1_checkpoint_inhibitor", "name": "PD-1免疫检查点抑制剂", "nameEn": "Checkpoint inhibitor", "wikiEn": "Checkpoint inhibitor", "aliases": [ "PD-1抑制剂", "Keytruda", "Pembrolizumab", "Opdivo", "免疫检查点疗法" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "adc_drug", "car_t_therapy", "python_language" ], "desc": "2014年Keytruda、Opdivo上市，解除肿瘤免疫刹车。" }, { "id": "phosphorene_2d_channel", "name": "磷烯", "nameEn": "Phosphorene", "wikiEn": "Phosphorene", "aliases": [ "单层黑磷", "black phosphorus" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2014 年机械剥离单层黑磷并演示高迁移率场效应管", "era": "intelligent", "category": "materials", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "graphene" ], "related": [ "silicon_transistor", "gaa_node_fet" ], "desc": "单层黑磷带隙可调且空穴迁移率高，但遇水氧易退化限制了工艺窗口。" }, { "id": "recurrent_neural_network", "name": "循环神经网络", "nameEn": "Recurrent neural network", "wikiEn": "Recurrent neural network", "aliases": [ "RNN", "LSTM", "长短期记忆", "GRU", "时间递归神经网络" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "backpropagation" ], "related": [ "neural_machine_translation", "deep_learning", "speech_recognition" ], "desc": "处理序列的循环网络，LSTM始于1997年；2014年seq2seq使其成熟。" }, { "id": "serverless_computing", "name": "无服务器计算", "nameEn": "Serverless computing", "wikiEn": "Serverless computing", "aliases": [ "Serverless", "函数即服务", "FaaS", "AWS Lambda" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cloud_computing" ], "related": [ "amazon_web_services" ], "desc": "按调用自动伸缩的事件驱动云服务，2014年AWS Lambda确立其形态。" }, { "id": "smart_doorbell", "name": "智能可视门铃", "nameEn": "Smart doorbell", "wikiEn": "Smart doorbell", "aliases": [ "Ring", "可视门铃", "门铃摄像头" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "internet_of_things" ], "related": [ "smart_lock", "wireless_security_camera" ], "desc": "2014年Ring带火的联网可视门铃，可远程查看并双向通话。" }, { "id": "smart_speaker", "name": "智能音箱", "nameEn": "Smart speaker", "wikiEn": "Smart speaker", "aliases": [ "Amazon Echo", "亚马逊Echo", "小爱音箱", "小度", "Google Home" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "voice_assistant", "internet" ], "related": [ "home_automation", "internet_of_things", "voice_assistant" ], "desc": "2014年亚马逊Echo开创，以语音助手控制内容与家居。" }, { "id": "speech_recognition", "name": "语音识别", "nameEn": "Speech recognition", "wikiEn": "Speech recognition", "aliases": [ "自动语音识别", "ASR", "端到端语音识别", "Deep Speech" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "deep_learning" ], "related": [ "recurrent_neural_network", "large_language_model" ], "desc": "将语音转文字的技术；2009年后深度学习大幅降错误率，2014年端到端成熟。" }, { "id": "stablecoin", "name": "稳定币", "nameEn": "Stablecoin", "wikiEn": "Stablecoin", "aliases": [ "Stablecoins", "Tether", "USDT", "锚定型加密货币" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "economy", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "bitcoin" ], "related": [ "ethereum", "decentralized_finance" ], "desc": "锚定法币或资产以保持币值稳定的加密货币，2014年Tether率先推出。" }, { "id": "thousand_dollar_genome", "name": "千元基因组", "nameEn": "$1,000 genome", "wikiEn": "$1,000 genome", "aliases": [ "1000美元基因组", "HiSeq X Ten", "百美元基因组" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "microprocessor", "next_generation_sequencing", "relational_database" ], "related": [ "human_genome_project", "python_language", "random_forest" ], "desc": "2014年Illumina实现千美元基因组，测序走向临床普惠。" }, { "id": "web3", "name": "Web3", "nameEn": "Web3", "wikiEn": "Web3", "aliases": [ "Web 3.0", "去中心化互联网", "链上应用" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet" ], "related": [ "blockchain", "cryptocurrency_hardware_wallet" ], "desc": "2014年提出、2021年走红的去中心化链上互联网应用范式。" }, { "id": "wireless_security_camera", "name": "家用智能摄像头", "nameEn": "Wireless security camera", "wikiEn": "Wireless security camera", "aliases": [ "智能摄像头", "Nest Cam", "Dropcam", "家用监控摄像头" ], "year": 2014, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "internet_of_things" ], "related": [ "smart_doorbell", "home_automation" ], "desc": "2014年Nest收购Dropcam后兴起的云端家用无线监控摄像头。" }, { "id": "edge_computing", "name": "边缘计算", "nameEn": "Edge computing", "wikiEn": "Edge computing", "aliases": [ "边缘运算", "Cloudlet", "雾计算", "Fog computing" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cloud_computing" ], "related": [ "internet_of_things" ], "desc": "将计算下沉到靠近数据源的网络边缘以降低时延，2015年随物联网兴起。" }, { "id": "ethereum", "name": "以太坊", "nameEn": "Ethereum", "wikiEn": "Ethereum", "aliases": [ "ETH", "智能合约", "Smart contract", "EVM" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "blockchain", "bitcoin" ], "related": [ "non_fungible_token", "decentralized_finance" ], "desc": "2015年上线、支持图灵完备智能合约的公链，催生DeFi与NFT应用生态。" }, { "id": "fan_out_wafer_level_packaging", "name": "扇出型晶圆级封装", "nameEn": "Fan-out wafer-level packaging", "wikiEn": "Fan-out wafer-level packaging", "aliases": [ "FOWLP", "扇出封装" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2009, 2016 ], "year_note": "2009 年前后提出嵌入重建晶圆方案，2010 年代中期大规模量产", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "advanced_packaging_technology", "epoxy_resin" ], "related": [ "chiplet_packaging", "smartphone" ], "desc": "把裸片埋进重建晶圆后在其上再布线扇出，省去基板做出大尺寸超薄封装。" }, { "id": "gene_drive", "name": "基因驱动", "nameEn": "Gene drive", "wikiEn": "Gene drive", "aliases": [ "基因驱动技术", "Gene drive", "归巢基因驱动" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "crispr_gene_editing", "markov_chains", "probability_theory" ], "related": [], "desc": "2015年基于CRISPR实现，让目标基因在种群强制遗传。" }, { "id": "hd_map", "name": "高精地图", "nameEn": "High-definition map", "wikiEn": "High-definition map", "aliases": [ "HD Map", "高分辨率地图", "自动驾驶地图", "车道级地图" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "autonomous_driving", "autonomous_driving_lidar", "beidou_navigation", "v2x_connected_vehicle" ], "desc": "厘米级三维地图，为自动驾驶提供车道级先验信息。" }, { "id": "ligo_gravitational_waves", "name": "引力波探测", "nameEn": "First observation of gravitational waves", "wikiEn": "First observation of gravitational waves", "aliases": [ "LIGO", "激光干涉引力波天文台", "GW150914" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [ "event_horizon_telescope", "neutrino_observatory" ], "desc": "2015年LIGO首次直接探测引力波，2016年公布。" }, { "id": "lpwan", "name": "低功耗广域网", "nameEn": "Low-power wide-area network", "wikiEn": "Low-power wide-area network", "aliases": [ "LPWAN", "LoRa", "NB-IoT", "LoRaWAN", "Sigfox" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet_of_things" ], "related": [ "fifth_generation_mobile", "zigbee" ], "desc": "2015年前后兴起的LoRa、NB-IoT等低功耗广域物联组网技术。" }, { "id": "microsoft_hololens", "name": "HoloLens混合现实头显", "nameEn": "Microsoft HoloLens", "wikiEn": "Microsoft HoloLens", "aliases": [ "HoloLens", "增强现实头显", "AR头显", "MR头显" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "google_glass", "apple_vision_pro", "oculus_rift" ], "desc": "2015年发布的独立全息增强现实头显，主打空间计算。" }, { "id": "new_horizons", "name": "新视野号", "nameEn": "New Horizons", "wikiEn": "New Horizons", "aliases": [ "New Horizons", "新地平线号", "冥王星探测器" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "curiosity_rover", "kuiper_belt_hypothesis" ], "desc": "2015年首次飞掠冥王星，2019年抵柯伊伯带天体。" }, { "id": "open_banking", "name": "开放银行接口", "nameEn": "Open banking", "wikiEn": "Open banking", "aliases": [ "开放金融", "账户数据可携带" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2015年欧盟支付服务指令修订案与英国开放银行决定同年出台", "era": "intelligent", "category": "economy", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet", "swift_network" ], "related": [ "mobile_payment", "credit_card_system", "central_bank_digital_currency" ], "desc": "法规强制银行向持牌第三方开放接口，账户数据支配权归客户。" }, { "id": "paris_agreement_climate", "name": "巴黎协定", "nameEn": "Paris Agreement", "wikiEn": "Paris Agreement", "aliases": [ "气候协定", "国家自主贡献" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2015年通过，2016年生效", "era": "intelligent", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "united_nations", "greenhouse_effect", "tiros_satellite" ], "related": [ "un_convention_on_the_law_of_the_sea", "carbon_capture_and_storage", "electricity_generation", "electrical_grid" ], "desc": "各国自报减排贡献并按统一规则定期盘点，把全球公地问题拆成可核查的国家账本。" }, { "id": "precision_agriculture", "name": "精准农业", "nameEn": "Precision agriculture", "wikiEn": "Precision agriculture", "aliases": [ "精确农业", "无人机植保", "智慧农业", "变量作业" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "delivery_drone", "beidou_navigation" ], "desc": "北斗导航、无人机与变量喷洒实现精细化田间管理。" }, { "id": "reusable_rocket", "name": "可回收火箭", "nameEn": "Reusable launch system", "wikiEn": "Reusable launch system", "aliases": [ "猎鹰9号", "Falcon 9", "火箭一级回收", "火箭复用" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "rocket_engine" ], "related": [ "dragon_spacecraft", "starship", "falcon_heavy", "starlink" ], "desc": "2015年猎鹰9一级回收成功，复用大幅压低发射成本。" }, { "id": "smartwatch", "name": "智能手表", "nameEn": "Smartwatch", "wikiEn": "Smartwatch", "aliases": [ "Apple Watch", "苹果手表", "Pebble" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "fitness_tracker", "wireless_earbuds", "voice_assistant" ], "desc": "2015年Apple Watch带动的腕上智能终端，集通知与健康监测。" }, { "id": "tensorflow", "name": "TensorFlow", "nameEn": "TensorFlow", "wikiEn": "TensorFlow", "aliases": [ "PyTorch", "Keras", "深度学习框架", "TF" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "deep_learning", "cuda" ], "related": [ "alexnet", "tensor_processing_unit" ], "desc": "谷歌2015年开源的深度学习框架，与PyTorch共同构成模型开发基础设施。" }, { "id": "thermoelectric_copper_pillar_bump", "name": "热铜柱凸点", "nameEn": "Thermal copper pillar bump", "wikiEn": "Thermal copper pillar bump", "aliases": [ "热电凸点", "铜柱凸点散热" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2013, 2016 ], "year_note": "在铜柱互连内集成薄膜热电堆的原型于 2010 年代中期报道", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "flip_chip", "thermoelectric_generator" ], "related": [ "through_silicon_via", "advanced_packaging_technology" ], "desc": "在倒装铜柱凸点里嵌入薄膜热电堆，主动抽运芯片局部热点的热量。" }, { "id": "vanadium_flow_battery", "name": "全钒液流电池", "nameEn": "Vanadium redox battery", "wikiEn": "Vanadium redox battery", "aliases": [ "钒液流电池", "VRB", "全钒氧化还原液流电池" ], "year": 2015, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "battery_energy_storage" ], "desc": "2015年北海道兆瓦级电站投运，长时安全储能路线。" }, { "id": "ai_accelerator", "name": "AI加速器", "nameEn": "AI accelerator", "wikiEn": "AI accelerator", "aliases": [ "AI芯片", "神经网络芯片", "NPU", "神经处理单元", "深度学习加速器" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "deep_learning" ], "related": [ "cuda", "tensor_processing_unit" ], "desc": "专为神经网络矩阵运算设计的加速芯片品类，2016年后随大模型训练爆发。" }, { "id": "alphago", "name": "阿尔法围棋", "nameEn": "AlphaGo", "wikiEn": "AlphaGo", "aliases": [ "AlphaGo", "AlphaGo Lee", "阿尔法狗" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "deep_learning", "reinforcement_learning", "convolutional_neural_network" ], "related": [ "alphafold" ], "desc": "DeepMind围棋AI，2016年4:1击败李世石，深度强化学习的标志性突破。" }, { "id": "artificial_pancreas", "name": "人工胰腺", "nameEn": "Automated insulin delivery system", "wikiEn": "Automated insulin delivery system", "aliases": [ "闭环胰岛素泵", "混合闭环系统", "MiniMed 670G" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "continuous_glucose_monitor", "cybernetics", "microprocessor" ], "related": [], "desc": "2016年首款混合闭环系统上市，自动调节胰岛素。" }, { "id": "delivery_drone", "name": "无人机配送", "nameEn": "Delivery drone", "wikiEn": "Delivery drone", "aliases": [ "Amazon Prime Air", "Zipline", "亚马逊Prime Air", "无人机快递", "无人机物流", "物流无人机", "美团无人机", "送货无人机", "配送无人机" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "air_traffic_control", "consumer_drone", "gps" ], "related": [ "evtol", "precision_agriculture" ], "desc": "2016年亚马逊、Zipline等开启小件与医疗物资无人机投送。" }, { "id": "esim", "name": "eSIM", "nameEn": "eSIM", "wikiEn": "ESIM", "aliases": [ "虚拟SIM卡", "嵌入式SIM", "eUICC" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "internet_of_things", "lpwan" ], "desc": "2016年起商用的嵌入式可编程SIM卡，便利可穿戴与物联网。" }, { "id": "fast_telescope", "name": "中国天眼", "nameEn": "Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope", "wikiEn": "Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope", "aliases": [ "FAST", "500米口径球面射电望远镜", "贵州天眼" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "telescope" ], "related": [ "james_webb_space_telescope", "neutrino_observatory" ], "desc": "2016年建成的全球最大单口径射电望远镜。" }, { "id": "general_data_protection_regulation", "name": "通用数据保护条例", "nameEn": "General Data Protection Regulation", "wikiEn": "General Data Protection Regulation", "aliases": [ "GDPR", "个人数据域外规" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2016年通过、2018年适用", "era": "intelligent", "category": "governance", "kind": "制度", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "internet", "world_wide_web", "universal_declaration_human_rights" ], "related": [ "e_government_initiative", "health_qr_code", "digital_identity", "pgp" ], "desc": "对可识别个人的数据设目的限制、同意与域外效力，违规成本按全球营业额比例计罚。" }, { "id": "gigafactory", "name": "锂电池超级工厂", "nameEn": "Gigafactory", "wikiEn": "Gigafactory", "aliases": [ "Gigafactory", "超级电池厂", "特斯拉超级工厂", "动力电池超级工厂" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery" ], "related": [ "battery_energy_storage", "electric_vehicle", "lfp_battery" ], "desc": "2016年特斯拉Gigafactory量产，动力锂电产能暴增。" }, { "id": "immersion_cooled_compute", "name": "浸没式液冷算力机柜", "nameEn": "Immersion cooling of computing hardware", "wikiEn": "Immersion cooling", "aliases": [ "浸没冷却", "相变浸没液冷" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2012, 2019 ], "year_note": "单相与双相浸没方案在 2010 年代中后期进入数据中心规模验证", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cloud_computing", "printed_circuit_board" ], "related": [ "gpu", "large_language_model" ], "desc": "整机浸入不导电冷却液，用液体换热带走高密度机柜功耗并省掉风机能耗。" }, { "id": "micius_satellite", "name": "墨子号量子卫星", "nameEn": "Micius (satellite)", "wikiEn": "Micius (satellite)", "aliases": [ "墨子号", "Micius", "QUESS", "量子科学实验卫星", "星地量子通信" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "physics", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "sycamore_processor" ], "desc": "中国2016年发射的世界首颗量子科学实验卫星，实现千公里星地量子密钥分发。" }, { "id": "neural_machine_translation", "name": "神经机器翻译", "nameEn": "Neural machine translation", "wikiEn": "Neural machine translation", "aliases": [ "NMT", "端到端机器翻译", "神经网络机译" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "recurrent_neural_network", "deep_learning" ], "related": [ "transformer_architecture", "large_language_model" ], "desc": "端到端编码器-解码器神经网络机译；2016年谷歌上线，取代统计机译。" }, { "id": "osiris_rex", "name": "奥西里斯-雷克斯采样探测器", "nameEn": "OSIRIS-REx", "wikiEn": "OSIRIS-REx", "aliases": [ "冥王号", "欧西里斯号", "贝努小行星采样" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "hayabusa2", "dart_mission" ], "desc": "2016年发射，2023年送回小行星贝努的采样。" }, { "id": "pokemon_go", "name": "宝可梦GO", "nameEn": "Pokémon Go", "wikiEn": "Pokémon Go", "aliases": [ "Pokemon GO", "精灵宝可梦Go", "AR手游" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 5, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "gps" ], "related": [ "google_glass", "oculus_rift" ], "desc": "2016年现象级AR手游，让增强现实与LBS首次大众化。" }, { "id": "post_quantum_cryptography", "name": "后量子密码", "nameEn": "Post-quantum cryptography", "wikiEn": "Post-quantum cryptography", "aliases": [ "抗量子密码", "量子安全密码", "PQC" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "NIST 2016 年启动标准化，2022 年公布首批格基算法", "era": "intelligent", "category": "algorithms_cs", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "cryptographic_hash_function", "public_key_cryptography", "rsa", "shors_algorithm" ], "related": [ "blockchain", "cryptographic_hash_function", "cryptography", "micius_satellite" ], "desc": "改用格、编码、哈希等量子机也难解的问题重建公钥体系，以防未来被破解。" }, { "id": "silicon_photonics_integration", "name": "硅光集成引擎", "nameEn": "Silicon photonics integration", "wikiEn": "Silicon photonics", "aliases": [ "硅基光电子", "硅光互连" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": [ 2008, 2018 ], "year_note": "硅基调制器与波导器件在 2010 年代中期起规模化出货", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "fiber_optics_comm", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "related": [ "laser_diode", "large_language_model" ], "desc": "用标准硅工艺集成波导与调制器，把光引擎搬到交换与算力芯片近旁。" }, { "id": "tensor_processing_unit", "name": "张量处理单元", "nameEn": "Tensor Processing Unit", "wikiEn": "Tensor Processing Unit", "aliases": [ "TPU", "Google TPU", "张量处理器" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "deep_learning", "cuda" ], "related": [ "ai_accelerator", "tensorflow" ], "desc": "谷歌2016年披露、为张量运算定制的ASIC，专为神经网络推理训练优化。" }, { "id": "tiktok", "name": "抖音（TikTok）", "nameEn": "TikTok", "wikiEn": "TikTok", "aliases": [ "抖音", "Douyin", "Musical.ly", "短视频应用" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "instagram", "youtube", "live_streaming" ], "desc": "字节2016年推出的全屏短视频应用，算法推荐风靡全球。" }, { "id": "upi", "name": "统一支付接口", "nameEn": "Unified Payments Interface", "wikiEn": "Unified Payments Interface", "aliases": [ "UPI", "印度统一支付", "UPI即时转账" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "internet" ], "related": [ "m_pesa", "mobile_payment", "qr_code_payment" ], "desc": "2016年印度推出的统一实时移动支付转接系统。" }, { "id": "vertical_farming", "name": "垂直农业", "nameEn": "Vertical farming", "wikiEn": "Vertical farming", "aliases": [ "垂直农场", "植物工厂", "室内立体种植" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "agriculture_food", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "precision_agriculture" ], "desc": "多层室内LED种植商业化，节水节地且不受气候限。" }, { "id": "wireless_earbuds", "name": "真无线耳机", "nameEn": "AirPods", "wikiEn": "AirPods", "aliases": [ "无线耳机", "TWS耳机", "AirPods蓝牙耳机" ], "year": 2016, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "smartwatch", "voice_assistant" ], "desc": "2016年AirPods引爆真无线立体声耳机与随身语音入口。" }, { "id": "artemis_program", "name": "阿尔忒弥斯计划", "nameEn": "Artemis program", "wikiEn": "Artemis program", "aliases": [ "阿耳忒弥斯计划", "重返月球计划", "Artemis", "SLS登月火箭" ], "year": 2017, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "rocket_engine" ], "related": [ "starship", "chinese_lunar_program", "commercial_space_station" ], "desc": "2017年启动、在建的重返月球计划，2022年首飞。" }, { "id": "battery_energy_storage", "name": "锂电储能电站", "nameEn": "Battery energy storage system", "wikiEn": "Battery energy storage system", "aliases": [ "电化学储能", "电网级电池储能", "Hornsdale电池电站", "特斯拉储能电站" ], "year": 2017, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery" ], "related": [ "gigafactory", "vanadium_flow_battery" ], "desc": "2017年特斯拉南澳百兆瓦储能电站投运，开启电网储能。" }, { "id": "car_t_therapy", "name": "CAR-T免疫疗法", "nameEn": "CAR T cell", "wikiEn": "CAR T cell", "aliases": [ "嵌合抗原受体T细胞", "Kymriah", "Tisagenlecleucel", "细胞免疫治疗" ], "year": 2017, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "gene_therapy", "pd1_checkpoint_inhibitor", "python_language" ], "desc": "2017年Kymriah获批，改造患者T细胞精准杀伤白血病。" }, { "id": "floating_offshore_wind", "name": "漂浮式海上风电", "nameEn": "Floating offshore wind", "wikiEn": "Floating offshore wind", "aliases": [ "漂浮式风电", "Hywind", "浮式海上风机" ], "year": 2017, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "offshore_wind_power" ], "related": [], "desc": "2017年全球首座漂浮式风电场Hywind在苏格兰投运。" }, { "id": "nintendo_switch", "name": "任天堂Switch", "nameEn": "Nintendo Switch", "wikiEn": "Nintendo Switch", "aliases": [ "Switch游戏机", "掌机主机二合一", "NS" ], "year": 2017, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "culture_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "video_game_console" ], "related": [ "cloud_gaming", "roblox" ], "desc": "2017年掌机与主机二合一的游戏机，推动主机社交化。" }, { "id": "non_fungible_token", "name": "非同质化代币", "nameEn": "Non-fungible token", "wikiEn": "Non-fungible token", "aliases": [ "NFT", "非同质化通证", "数字藏品", "ERC-721" ], "year": 2017, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ethereum" ], "related": [ "blockchain", "decentralized_finance" ], "desc": "链上唯一、不可互换的数字权属凭证，2017年ERC-721标准后用于数字藏品。" }, { "id": "transformer_architecture", "name": "Transformer架构", "nameEn": "Transformer (deep learning architecture)", "wikiEn": "Transformer (deep learning architecture)", "aliases": [ "Transformer", "变换器模型", "自注意力模型", "Attention Is All You Need" ], "year": 2017, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "bahdanau_attention", "deep_learning" ], "related": [ "bert", "chatgpt", "large_language_model", "parallel_computing" ], "desc": "2017年谷歌提出的自注意力架构，可并行训练，成为大模型统一基础。" }, { "id": "bert", "name": "BERT", "nameEn": "BERT", "wikiEn": "BERT (language model)", "aliases": [ "BERT", "Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers", "伯特模型" ], "year": 2018, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "transformer_architecture" ], "related": [ "large_language_model", "word2vec" ], "desc": "谷歌2018年双向预训练语言模型，横扫NLP基准，确立预训练-微调范式。" }, { "id": "falcon_heavy", "name": "重型猎鹰", "nameEn": "Falcon Heavy", "wikiEn": "Falcon Heavy", "aliases": [ "Falcon Heavy", "重型猎鹰火箭", "FH火箭" ], "year": 2018, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "reusable_rocket" ], "related": [ "starship" ], "desc": "2018年首飞，两枚助推器同步回收的重型火箭。" }, { "id": "rnai_therapeutics", "name": "RNA干扰药物", "nameEn": "Patisiran", "wikiEn": "Patisiran", "aliases": [ "Onpattro", "siRNA药物", "小干扰RNA药物", "Patisiran" ], "year": 2018, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nmr_spectroscopy", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "information_theory", "mrna_vaccine" ], "desc": "2018年Onpattro获批，用siRNA沉默致病基因。" }, { "id": "chinese_lunar_program", "name": "嫦娥探月工程", "nameEn": "Chinese Lunar Exploration Program", "wikiEn": "Chinese Lunar Exploration Program", "aliases": [ "嫦娥工程", "嫦娥四号", "嫦娥五号", "月背着陆" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "artemis_program", "curiosity_rover" ], "desc": "2019年嫦娥四号首落月背，2020年嫦娥五号采样返回。" }, { "id": "cloud_gaming", "name": "云游戏", "nameEn": "Cloud gaming", "wikiEn": "Cloud gaming", "aliases": [ "Stadia", "GeForce Now", "OnLive", "游戏串流" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "cloud_computing", "internet" ], "related": [ "netflix", "nintendo_switch" ], "desc": "2019年谷歌Stadia试水的云端渲染、跨端串流游戏模式。" }, { "id": "duffin_schaeffer_theorem", "name": "达芬-谢弗定理", "nameEn": "Duffin–Schaeffer theorem", "wikiEn": "Duffin–Schaeffer theorem", "aliases": [ "达芬-谢弗猜想", "Duffin-Schaeffer猜想", "度量逼近定理" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "math_pure", "kind": "原理", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diophantine_approximation" ], "related": [ "dirichlet_approximation_theorem", "kolmogorov_zero_one_law" ], "desc": "1941年提出、2019年证明，给出几乎所有实数可被有理逼近的度量充要判据。" }, { "id": "electric_aircraft", "name": "电动飞机", "nameEn": "Electric aircraft", "wikiEn": "Electric aircraft", "aliases": [ "电动航空器", "Solar Impulse 2", "阳光动力2号", "eBeaver" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery" ], "related": [ "evtol", "hydrogen_aircraft" ], "desc": "2019年首架商用电动水上飞机试飞，聚焦短途航线。" }, { "id": "electric_ship", "name": "电动船舶", "nameEn": "Electric boat", "wikiEn": "Electric boat", "aliases": [ "电动船", "全电动渡轮", "Ellen号", "电池动力船舶" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery" ], "related": [ "lng_dual_fuel_ship" ], "desc": "2019年全电动渡轮Ellen投运，船舶电池化起步。" }, { "id": "event_horizon_telescope", "name": "事件视界望远镜", "nameEn": "Event Horizon Telescope", "wikiEn": "Event Horizon Telescope", "aliases": [ "EHT", "黑洞成像", "首张黑洞照片", "M87*" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "ligo_gravitational_waves", "james_webb_space_telescope" ], "desc": "2019年发布首张黑洞照片M87*，2022年拍银河系黑洞。" }, { "id": "fifth_generation_mobile", "name": "5G", "nameEn": "5G", "wikiEn": "5G", "aliases": [ "第五代移动通信", "5G NR", "新空口" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "lte" ], "related": [ "internet_of_things", "lpwan", "wide_bandgap_semiconductor" ], "desc": "2019年韩美率先商用的第五代移动网，高速低时延连海量设备。" }, { "id": "foldable_smartphone", "name": "折叠屏手机", "nameEn": "Foldable phone", "wikiEn": "Foldable smartphone", "aliases": [ "Foldable phone", "Samsung Galaxy Fold", "华为Mate X", "可折叠手机" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone", "amoled_smartphone" ], "related": [ "smartphone" ], "desc": "2019年Galaxy Fold等开启的柔性OLED可折叠手机品类。" }, { "id": "prime_editing", "name": "先导编辑", "nameEn": "Prime editing", "wikiEn": "Prime editing", "aliases": [ "搜索替换基因编辑", "先导编辑器", "Prime editor" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "crispr_gene_editing", "python_language", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "gene_therapy", "relational_database" ], "desc": "2019年刘如谦团队发布，不切断双链即可精确改写碱基。" }, { "id": "starlink", "name": "星链", "nameEn": "Starlink", "wikiEn": "Starlink", "aliases": [ "Starlink", "星链卫星互联网", "卫星宽带星座" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "媒介", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "reusable_rocket", "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "beidou_navigation", "commercial_space_station", "internet" ], "desc": "2019年首批组网，万颗级低轨卫星互联网全球服务。" }, { "id": "sycamore_processor", "name": "悬铃木处理器", "nameEn": "Sycamore processor", "wikiEn": "Sycamore processor", "aliases": [ "Sycamore", "悬铃木", "谷歌量子芯片", "量子优越性", "Quantum supremacy", "IBM Q" ], "year": 2019, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "micius_satellite" ], "desc": "谷歌2019年53量子比特超导处理器，200秒完成超算万年任务，宣示量子优越性。" }, { "id": "beidou_navigation", "name": "北斗卫星导航系统", "nameEn": "BeiDou", "wikiEn": "BeiDou", "aliases": [ "北斗", "北斗三号", "BDS", "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "starlink", "hd_map", "precision_agriculture" ], "desc": "2020年北斗三号全球组网完成，提供高精度定位。" }, { "id": "commercial_space_station", "name": "商业空间站", "nameEn": "Axiom Station", "wikiEn": "Axiom Station", "aliases": [ "Axiom", "公理号商业空间站", "Orbital Reef", "私人空间站" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "原理", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "dragon_spacecraft", "starlink", "artemis_program" ], "desc": "2020年NASA签约公理号，商业空间站模块在建规划。" }, { "id": "covid19_vaccines", "name": "新冠疫苗", "nameEn": "COVID-19 vaccine", "wikiEn": "COVID-19 vaccine", "aliases": [ "新冠灭活疫苗", "腺病毒载体疫苗", "科兴", "CoronaVac", "国药疫苗", "阿斯利康疫苗", "卫星V" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cold_chain", "freeze_drying", "polio_vaccine", "refrigeration" ], "related": [ "internet", "mrna_vaccine", "relational_database" ], "desc": "2020年起灭活、腺病毒载体等多路线新冠疫苗上市。" }, { "id": "decentralized_finance", "name": "去中心化金融", "nameEn": "Decentralized finance", "wikiEn": "Decentralized finance", "aliases": [ "DeFi", "开放式金融", "链上金融", "流动性挖矿" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "ethereum", "stablecoin" ], "related": [ "non_fungible_token", "blockchain" ], "desc": "构建在智能合约上的链上借贷交易协议，2020年“DeFi之夏”规模爆发。" }, { "id": "diffusion_model", "name": "扩散模型", "nameEn": "Diffusion model", "wikiEn": "Diffusion model", "aliases": [ "Diffusion Models", "去噪扩散模型", "DDPM", "Score-based model" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "deep_learning" ], "related": [ "generative_adversarial_network", "stable_diffusion", "sora" ], "desc": "模拟加噪去噪过程的生成模型；2015年提出，2020年DDPM证明其实用性。" }, { "id": "dragon_spacecraft", "name": "龙飞船", "nameEn": "SpaceX Dragon", "wikiEn": "SpaceX Dragon", "aliases": [ "Dragon", "货运龙飞船", "载人龙飞船", "Crew Dragon", "乘员龙飞船" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "reusable_rocket" ], "related": [ "starlink", "artemis_program", "commercial_space_station" ], "desc": "2012年货运、2020年载人，商业飞船往返空间站。" }, { "id": "green_hydrogen", "name": "绿氢", "nameEn": "Green hydrogen", "wikiEn": "Green hydrogen", "aliases": [ "可再生能源制氢", "PEM电解槽", "质子交换膜电解水", "电解制氢" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "fuel_cell_vehicle", "hydrogen_aircraft" ], "desc": "2020年PEM电解槽项目落地，用绿电零碳制氢。" }, { "id": "health_qr_code", "name": "健康码", "nameEn": "Health Codes (Chinese mobile app group)", "wikiEn": "Health Codes (Chinese mobile app group)", "aliases": [ "防疫健康码", "健康行程码", "Health QR Code" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "governance", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "smartphone" ], "related": [ "digital_identity", "qr_code_payment" ], "desc": "2020年中国疫情期间推出的手机健康状态二维码通行系统。" }, { "id": "hydrogen_aircraft", "name": "氢动力航空", "nameEn": "Hydrogen-powered aircraft", "wikiEn": "Hydrogen-powered aircraft", "aliases": [ "氢能飞机", "空客ZEROe", "氢燃料电池飞机" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "electric_aircraft", "green_hydrogen" ], "desc": "2020年空客发布ZEROe氢能客机路线图。" }, { "id": "hyperloop", "name": "超回路列车", "nameEn": "Hyperloop", "wikiEn": "Hyperloop", "aliases": [ "Hyperloop", "超级高铁", "真空管道列车", "胶囊列车" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "high_speed_maglev" ], "desc": "2013年提出真空磁浮构想，2020年完成首次载人测试。" }, { "id": "large_language_model", "name": "大语言模型", "nameEn": "Large language model", "wikiEn": "Large language model", "aliases": [ "LLM", "大型语言模型", "大规模语言模型" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "transformer_architecture", "deep_learning" ], "related": [ "chatgpt", "foundation_model", "llama", "bert" ], "desc": "千亿参数级预训练语言模型，2020年GPT-3展示涌现能力，开启大模型时代。" }, { "id": "lfp_battery", "name": "磷酸铁锂电池", "nameEn": "Lithium iron phosphate battery", "wikiEn": "Lithium iron phosphate battery", "aliases": [ "LFP电池", "刀片电池", "Blade battery", "磷酸铁锂" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery" ], "related": [ "gigafactory", "sodium_ion_battery" ], "desc": "2020年刀片电池等推动LFP在车与储能大规模复兴。" }, { "id": "lng_dual_fuel_ship", "name": "LNG双燃料集装箱船", "nameEn": "CMA CGM Jacques Saadé", "wikiEn": "CMA CGM Jacques Saadé", "aliases": [ "LNG动力船", "达飞雅克·萨德号", "双燃料集装箱船" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "electric_ship" ], "desc": "2020年全球首艘LNG动力超大型集装箱船交付。" }, { "id": "mrna_vaccine", "name": "mRNA疫苗", "nameEn": "mRNA vaccine", "wikiEn": "MRNA vaccine", "aliases": [ "信使RNA疫苗", "mRNA平台技术", "辉瑞新冠疫苗", "BioNTech", "Moderna", "新冠mRNA疫苗" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "ptfe" ], "related": [ "covid19_vaccines", "information_theory", "rnai_therapeutics", "semiconductor_device_fabrication" ], "desc": "2020年辉瑞/BioNTech与Moderna新冠疫苗紧急上市。" }, { "id": "retrieval_augmented_generation", "name": "检索增强生成", "nameEn": "Retrieval-augmented generation", "wikiEn": "Retrieval-augmented generation", "aliases": [ "RAG", "检索增强", "外挂知识库" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "transformer_architecture" ], "related": [ "chatgpt", "knowledge_graph", "agentic_ai", "large_language_model" ], "desc": "让大模型先检索外部知识库再生成答案，2020年提出，缓解幻觉与时效问题。" }, { "id": "solid_state_battery", "name": "固态电池", "nameEn": "Solid-state battery", "wikiEn": "Solid-state battery", "aliases": [ "全固态锂电池", "固态电解质电池", "Solid-state battery" ], "year": 2020, "year_basis": "decade", "year_span": null, "year_note": "只知年代，取该十年代中点（规范 §3.8 规则 4）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "lithium_ion_battery" ], "related": [ "sodium_ion_battery" ], "desc": "2020年前后多家车企发布固态电池量产路线图。" }, { "id": "alphafold", "name": "AlphaFold", "nameEn": "AlphaFold", "wikiEn": "AlphaFold", "aliases": [ "AlphaFold2", "蛋白质结构预测AI" ], "year": 2021, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "convolutional_neural_network", "deep_learning", "relational_database", "x_ray_crystallography" ], "related": [ "alphago", "crispr_gene_editing", "human_genome_project" ], "desc": "DeepMind蛋白质结构预测系统，AlphaFold2达实验精度并开源。" }, { "id": "commercial_suborbital", "name": "商业亚轨道航天", "nameEn": "New Shepard", "wikiEn": "New Shepard", "aliases": [ "新谢泼德", "蓝色起源", "维珍银河", "VSS Unity", "亚轨道太空旅游" ], "year": 2021, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "rocket_engine" ], "related": [ "reusable_rocket", "dragon_spacecraft" ], "desc": "2021年维珍银河、蓝色起源相继完成亚轨道载人。" }, { "id": "electric_pickup", "name": "电动皮卡", "nameEn": "Rivian R1T", "wikiEn": "Rivian R1T", "aliases": [ "Rivian R1T", "F-150 Lightning", "Cybertruck", "电动皮卡卡车" ], "year": 2021, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "electric_vehicle" ], "related": [ "gigafactory" ], "desc": "2021年R1T开启量产交付，皮卡品类全面电动化。" }, { "id": "foundation_model", "name": "基础模型", "nameEn": "Foundation model", "wikiEn": "Foundation model", "aliases": [ "Foundation models", "基座模型", "基础大模型" ], "year": 2021, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "large_language_model" ], "related": [ "stable_diffusion", "chatgpt", "llama" ], "desc": "经海量数据预训练、可适配多下游任务的模型类别，2021年斯坦福定名。" }, { "id": "generation_iv_reactor", "name": "第四代核电", "nameEn": "Generation IV reactor", "wikiEn": "Generation IV reactor", "aliases": [ "四代堆", "高温气冷堆", "HTR-PM", "石岛湾核电" ], "year": 2021, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "small_modular_reactor" ], "desc": "2021年石岛湾高温气冷堆并网，四代堆首堆验证。" }, { "id": "github_copilot", "name": "GitHub Copilot", "nameEn": "GitHub Copilot", "wikiEn": "GitHub Copilot", "aliases": [ "Copilot", "AI代码补全", "AI结对编程", "代码大模型" ], "year": 2021, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "large_language_model" ], "related": [ "chatgpt", "agentic_ai" ], "desc": "2021年上线的AI编程助手，基于大模型实时代码补全与函数生成。" }, { "id": "high_speed_maglev", "name": "高速磁浮列车", "nameEn": "Maglev", "wikiEn": "", "aliases": [ "600公里磁浮", "CRRC高速磁浮", "Maglev", "磁悬浮列车" ], "year": 2021, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "maglev_train" ], "related": [ "hyperloop" ], "desc": "2021年中国时速600公里高速磁浮样车下线。" }, { "id": "james_webb_space_telescope", "name": "詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜", "nameEn": "James Webb Space Telescope", "wikiEn": "James Webb Space Telescope", "aliases": [ "JWST", "韦布空间望远镜", "韦伯望远镜" ], "year": 2021, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "earth_space", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "hubble_space_telescope" ], "related": [ "fast_telescope", "event_horizon_telescope" ], "desc": "2021年发射的红外旗舰望远镜，观测百亿光年外星系。" }, { "id": "perseverance_rover", "name": "毅力号火星车", "nameEn": "Perseverance (rover)", "wikiEn": "Perseverance (rover)", "aliases": [ "Perseverance", "机智号", "Ingenuity", "火星直升机" ], "year": 2021, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "curiosity_rover" ], "related": [ "dart_mission" ], "desc": "2021年着陆并实现首次地外动力飞行，采样本待返。" }, { "id": "sodium_ion_battery", "name": "钠离子电池", "nameEn": "Sodium-ion battery", "wikiEn": "Sodium-ion battery", "aliases": [ "钠电池", "Sodium-ion battery", "宁德时代钠电池" ], "year": 2021, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [], "related": [ "lfp_battery", "solid_state_battery" ], "desc": "2021年宁德时代发布钠离子电池，低成本锂电替代路线。" }, { "id": "chatgpt", "name": "ChatGPT", "nameEn": "ChatGPT", "wikiEn": "ChatGPT", "aliases": [ "GPT", "GPT-3", "GPT-4", "Generative pre-trained transformer", "生成式预训练变换器" ], "year": 2022, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "large_language_model", "reinforcement_learning" ], "related": [ "agentic_ai", "github_copilot", "reinforcement_learning", "transformer_architecture" ], "desc": "OpenAI对话大模型，2022年上线后破亿用户，引爆全球生成式AI浪潮。" }, { "id": "dart_mission", "name": "小行星偏转试验", "nameEn": "Double Asteroid Redirection Test", "wikiEn": "Double Asteroid Redirection Test", "aliases": [ "DART", "双小行星重定向测试", "行星防御撞击试验" ], "year": 2022, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "artificial_satellite" ], "related": [ "osiris_rex", "hayabusa2" ], "desc": "2022年成功撞击并改变小行星轨道，首次行星防御验证。" }, { "id": "embodied_ai", "name": "具身智能体", "nameEn": "Embodied agent", "wikiEn": "Embodied agent", "aliases": [ "具身智能", "具身AI", "Embodied AI", "VLA模型", "RT-2" ], "year": 2022, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "large_language_model", "reinforcement_learning" ], "related": [ "agentic_ai", "autonomous_driving" ], "desc": "大模型驱动机器人通过身体与环境交互完成任务，2022年SayCan等验证可行。" }, { "id": "gaa_node_fet", "name": "环绕栅纳米片晶体管", "nameEn": "2 nm process", "wikiEn": "2 nm process", "aliases": [ "Gate-all-around FET", "GAA", "Nanosheet transistor", "CFET", "2纳米工艺" ], "year": 2022, "year_basis": "circa", "year_span": null, "year_note": "环绕栅纳米片随2纳米节点于2022年后量产", "era": "intelligent", "category": "manufacturing", "kind": "器物", "importance": 2, "prereqs": [ "finfet", "atomic_layer_deposition" ], "related": [ "euv_lithography", "nanomaterials", "through_silicon_via", "transistor" ], "desc": "沟道成水平纳米片被栅极四面环绕的先进晶体管。" }, { "id": "matter_standard", "name": "Matter协议", "nameEn": "Matter (standard)", "wikiEn": "Matter (standard)", "aliases": [ "Matter", "智能家居互联标准", "Project CHIP" ], "year": 2022, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "info_media", "kind": "制度", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "internet_of_things", "home_automation" ], "related": [ "zigbee", "smart_speaker" ], "desc": "2022年发布的跨品牌智能家居统一互联标准，打破生态壁垒。" }, { "id": "microbiome_therapy", "name": "肠道菌群疗法", "nameEn": "Fecal microbiota transplant", "wikiEn": "Fecal microbiota transplant", "aliases": [ "粪菌移植", "FMT", "Rebyota", "微生态疗法" ], "year": 2022, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "chromatography", "mass_spectrometry", "steam_digester" ], "related": [ "gene_therapy", "vacuum_pump" ], "desc": "2022年Rebyota获批，移植肠道菌群治疗耐药感染。" }, { "id": "nuclear_fusion_ignition", "name": "核聚变点火", "nameEn": "National Ignition Facility", "wikiEn": "National Ignition Facility", "aliases": [ "NIF点火", "激光惯性约束聚变", "EAST人造太阳", "聚变净能量增益" ], "year": 2022, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "laser" ], "related": [ "iter", "nuclear_reactor" ], "desc": "2022年NIF首次聚变净能量增益，EAST屡破高温纪录。" }, { "id": "stable_diffusion", "name": "Stable Diffusion", "nameEn": "Stable Diffusion", "wikiEn": "Stable Diffusion", "aliases": [ "稳定扩散", "DALL-E", "Midjourney", "文生图", "AI绘画" ], "year": 2022, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "diffusion_model" ], "related": [ "generative_adversarial_network", "sora" ], "desc": "2022年开源的潜空间扩散文生图模型，与DALL-E共同引爆AIGC绘画。" }, { "id": "tiangong_space_station", "name": "天宫空间站", "nameEn": "Tiangong space station", "wikiEn": "Tiangong space station", "aliases": [ "中国空间站", "CSS" ], "year": 2022, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "2022年底以问天、梦天完成三舱构型", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "iss", "rocket_engine", "space_suit" ], "related": [ "artificial_satellite", "extravehicular_activity", "chinese_lunar_program" ], "desc": "中国三舱构型近地空间站，2022年建成转入应用。" }, { "id": "xenotransplantation", "name": "异种移植", "nameEn": "Xenotransplantation", "wikiEn": "Xenotransplantation", "aliases": [ "基因编辑猪器官移植", "猪心脏移植", "猪肾移植", "异种器官移植" ], "year": 2022, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "cold_chain", "crispr_gene_editing", "microscope", "ptfe" ], "related": [ "artificial_heart", "gene_therapy", "relational_database" ], "desc": "2022年基因编辑猪心脏首次植入人体患者。" }, { "id": "agentic_ai", "name": "智能体", "nameEn": "Agentic AI", "wikiEn": "Agentic AI", "aliases": [ "AI Agent", "自主智能体", "AutoGPT", "AI智能体" ], "year": 2023, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "large_language_model", "retrieval_augmented_generation" ], "related": [ "chatgpt", "embodied_ai" ], "desc": "能自主规划、调用工具并执行多步任务的LLM智能体，2023年AutoGPT兴起。" }, { "id": "evtol", "name": "eVTOL飞行器", "nameEn": "EVTOL", "wikiEn": "EVTOL", "aliases": [ "eVTOL", "电动垂直起降飞行器", "飞行汽车", "空中出租车", "EH216-S" ], "year": 2023, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "transport", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "electric_vehicle" ], "related": [ "electric_aircraft", "delivery_drone" ], "desc": "2023年中国颁全球首张eVTOL型号合格证并试飞。" }, { "id": "llama", "name": "LLaMA", "nameEn": "LLaMA", "wikiEn": "LLaMA", "aliases": [ "Llama", "Llama 2", "羊驼模型", "Meta开源大模型" ], "year": 2023, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "large_language_model", "transformer_architecture" ], "related": [ "foundation_model", "chatgpt" ], "desc": "Meta 2023年开放权重的大模型系列，低成本可微调，催生开源模型生态。" }, { "id": "small_modular_reactor", "name": "小型模块化反应堆", "nameEn": "Small modular reactor", "wikiEn": "Small modular reactor", "aliases": [ "SMR", "小型堆", "模块化小堆", "NuScale" ], "year": 2023, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "energy_power", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "nuclear_reactor" ], "related": [ "generation_iv_reactor" ], "desc": "2023年NuScale成首个获美NRC认证的SMR设计。" }, { "id": "starship", "name": "星舰", "nameEn": "SpaceX Starship", "wikiEn": "SpaceX Starship", "aliases": [ "Starship", "大猎鹰火箭", "BFR", "星艦" ], "year": 2023, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "space_exploration", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "reusable_rocket" ], "related": [ "falcon_heavy", "artemis_program" ], "desc": "2023年首飞试验，全复用的超重型深空运输系统。" }, { "id": "apple_vision_pro", "name": "Apple Vision Pro", "nameEn": "Apple Vision Pro", "wikiEn": "Apple Vision Pro", "aliases": [ "空间计算头显", "Vision Pro", "苹果头显" ], "year": 2024, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "工艺", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "microsoft_hololens", "oculus_rift" ], "related": [ "google_glass" ], "desc": "2024年苹果上市的空间计算头显，融合AR/VR与眼手交互。" }, { "id": "brain_computer_interface", "name": "脑机接口", "nameEn": "Brain–computer interface", "wikiEn": "Brain–computer interface", "aliases": [ "BCI", "Neuralink", "脑机融合", "大脑之门" ], "year": 2024, "year_basis": "batch_asserted", "year_span": null, "year_note": "", "era": "intelligent", "category": "life_medicine", "kind": "器物", "importance": 3, "prereqs": [ "digital_signal_processor", "microprocessor", "printed_circuit_board" ], "related": [ "convolutional_neural_network", "da_vinci_surgical_robot", "deep_learning" ], "desc": "2024年Neuralink完成首例人体脑机植入。" }, { "id": "sora", "name": "Sora", "nameEn": "Sora (text-to-video model)", "wikiEn": "Sora (text-to-video model)", "aliases": [ "OpenAI Sora", "文生视频模型", "文本生成视频" ], "year": 2024, "year_basis": "exact", "year_span": null, "year_note": "年份可在该词条正文/信息框检得（脚本取证）", "era": "intelligent", "category": "computing_systems", "kind": "器物", "importance": 4, "prereqs": [ "diffusion_model", "large_language_model" ], "related": [ "stable_diffusion" ], "desc": "OpenAI 2024年发布的文生视频模型，可按提示生成长达一分钟的视频。" } ]